Air defense - Russian air defense systems. Air defense
In 2006, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a decree “On the establishment professional holidays And memorable days in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation." According to this Decree, Air Defense Day is celebrated annually on the second Sunday of April. This year it is April 9th.
This is some modification of the date, which was established as a holiday in 1975. Then, by resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, April 11 was chosen as the holiday date. And five years later, the very modification in question was introduced - the holiday of the USSR Air Defense Forces began to be celebrated on the second Sunday of the second spring month.
Troops were created against air defense(air defense) to prevent enemy air strikes, and are designed to protect particularly important facilities, political centers, and industrial areas from air attack. Air defense troops ground forces cover the territory of military installations with military equipment and personnel deployed there.
The country's air defense forces consist of several segments, including anti-aircraft missile formations.
The emergence of air defense troops is directly related to the beginning of the use of aircraft in military affairs. As soon as aircraft began to be used for reconnaissance and attack of targets from the air, the need to effectively counter them immediately arose. And the first truly massive combat use of weapons air defense took place during the First World War.
The air defense forces developed and improved their “functionality” during the Great Patriotic War. At its beginning, there were 13 air defense districts on the territory of the USSR, but the troops at that time did not have their own aircraft. Soon fighters began to enter air defense service: I-15, I-16, I-153, which made it possible to more effectively protect the cities of the Soviet Union from enemy air attacks. Then the air defense forces received interceptor fighters: MiG-3, Yak-1, Yak-3, Yak-9, as well as foreign-made fighters.
During the war, anti-aircraft artillery continued to develop. By the beginning of 1945, on all fronts there were already 61 anti-aircraft artillery divisions of the RVGK (Reserve of the Supreme High Command), 192 anti-aircraft artillery regiment small caliber, 97 separate divisions of the RVGK.
The Great Patriotic War became a real test and a true baptism of fire for the Soviet air defense forces. The units showed their high fighting qualities when defending Moscow and Leningrad from enemy air strikes. Dozens of formations and units took part in repelling massive enemy air raids on Soviet cities.
Part of the forces of the air defense forces was involved in solving problems in the interests of the advancing fronts. They, together with the Air Force, carried out an air blockade of enemy groups (Stalingrad, Demyansk, Breslau), participated in breaking through enemy defenses (near Leningrad, on Kola Peninsula, in the Berlin direction).
The results of the actions of air defense troops are difficult to overestimate. Throughout the war Soviet troops air defense were used not only to attack air targets, but also during ground confrontation.
The statistics speak for themselves: during the battles, more than 7.5 thousand enemy aircraft, more than 1 thousand tanks, and 1.5 thousand guns were destroyed.
For military exploits during the war, 80 thousand soldiers from the air defense forces were awarded orders and medals, of which 92 people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
In Stalingrad (Volgograd), the feat of military personnel representing the air defense forces is immortalized, including in the form of the name of Zenitchikov Street.
The number of air defense troops during the war years increased almost 2 times, which at the same time confirms their effectiveness and says a lot about their contribution to the Great Victory.
The experience of the Great Patriotic War confirmed that air defense has become one of the main components of maintaining combined arms combat. Currently, the country's air defense troops are capable of hitting everything modern means air attack in any weather conditions and time of day.
Thanks to talent domestic designers, they acquired such properties as high maneuverability, the ability to intercept and destroy air attack weapons at large distances from defended objects. Today, the defense industrial enterprises of our country are developing and producing effective military equipment, and ammunition for this kind of weapon - anti-missile and air defense systems.
Now these are the S-400 “Triumph”, “Pantsir-S1” anti-aircraft missile systems, which have become widely known in the world, and not only.
Until the end of the current State Rearmament Program - 2020 - plans to receive the latest anti-aircraft missile systems S-500 "Prometheus". The characteristics of this complex will make it possible to combat hypersonic aerodynamic and ballistic targets, and it is not surprising that interest in them is already high, and not only in Russia itself.
Additional air defenses, according to recent reports official representative Russian Defense Ministry, Major General Konashenkov, will also be supplied to the needs of the Syrian army, which is not only fighting manifestations international terrorism, but also becomes a target for direct military aggression from the US side. First of all, we are talking about missile attack Syrian Air Force air base in Homs province. There is no information about what kind of air defense-missile defense systems will be supplied to Syria by the Russian Federation.
Returning to the date, it is worth noting that despite the holiday of the air defense troops of the ground forces, military personnel are still on combat watch.
"Military Review" congratulates all air defense troops and service veterans on their professional holiday!
AIR DEFENSE TROOPS (V. PVO), a branch of the Armed Forces (AF), designed to protect against enemy strikes from the air and from administrative space, industrial centers and regions of the country, armed forces groups, important military and other facilities (in the USSR and the Russian Federation since 1932 - a branch of the armed forces, in 1954-98 - a branch of the armed forces). B. Air defense included: troops missile and space defense, air defense aviation; anti-aircraft missile forces (ZRV); radio technical troops (RTV); special troops (engineers, communications, electronic warfare, radiation, chemical and biological protection, as well as formations and units of radio reconnaissance, technical, geodetic, engineering and airfield support and logistics). The air defense forces carried out their tasks independently and in cooperation with other types of armed forces and branches of the military.
The appearance of V. air defense is associated with the combat use of aircraft and other aircraft in the 1st world war. In Germany, France and Russia, guns were created for firing at aircraft, which contributed to the emergence of anti-aircraft artillery (AA). In 1915, detachments were formed in a number of countries to provide air cover for large cities and troops. fighter aircraft(IA). In 1915-16, barrage balloons began to be used as means of air defense, and anti-aircraft searchlights began to be used to support firing for air defense and IA operations at night. To detect an air enemy and notify troops about it, an air surveillance, warning and communications service (VNOS) was organized in Russia.
During the Civil War of 1917-22 in 1918, the first states of the anti-aircraft battery and anti-aircraft artillery battalion. The main work to improve air defense systems and equipment began during the years of military reform of 1924-25. In 1924, the 1st Regiment FOR the Red Army was formed in Leningrad, in 1925 fighter aviation brigades were created for the air defense of Moscow, and in 1927 - anti-aircraft brigades artillery brigade. In 1926, the ZA was divided into military and positional; a special department was formed at the Red Army Headquarters, which was responsible for developing issues of air defense of the USSR and organizing the air defense service in the troops. In 1928, the Regulations on Air Defense of the USSR were approved. In peacetime, the leadership of the country's air defense was entrusted to people's commissar for military and naval affairs through the Headquarters of the Red Army. On the territory of the military districts, these functions were performed by the commanders of the military forces. IN war time The direct leadership of air defense in the front-line and army areas of the theater of operations was carried out by army commanders. For the general leadership of the air defense of the entire country, by May 1930, the Red Army Headquarters created special department, which in May 1932 was transformed into the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army, directly subordinate to the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. In 1932, local air defense was approved as an integral part of the country's air defense. Air defense divisions were deployed for the defense of Moscow and Leningrad, and air defense brigades and regiments, as well as aviation brigades and IA squadrons, for the defense of other large installations. In May 1932, V. Air Defense was formalized as independent genus troops. In 1932, the first anti-aircraft guns were created artillery divisions, and in 1937-38 - air defense corps for the defense of Moscow, Leningrad and Baku. In 1939-40 the VNOS service received its first Detection radar RUS-1 and RUS-2. In December 1940, the Red Army Air Defense Directorate was transformed into the Red Army Air Defense Main Directorate. Since February 1941, air defense zones have been created in border and some internal military districts.
In total, by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the V. Air Defense had: 3329 anti-aircraft guns medium caliber, 330 small caliber, 650 machine guns, over 1.5 thousand searchlights, 850 barrage balloons, about 70 detection radars. To solve air defense problems, 40 aviation regiments were also allocated, numbering about 1.5 thousand aircraft. However, the beginning of the war showed the inadequacy of the organization and technical equipment air defense forces of the country's territory (TS) to the level of development of enemy air attack weapons. In November 1941, troops intended for air defense of the country's facilities were withdrawn from the subordination of the commanders of the military forces, fronts and fleets (with the exception of formations and units covering Leningrad). By the Decree of the State Defense Committee of November 9, 1941, the position of commander of the V. Air Defense of the CU was introduced, the headquarters of the V. Air Defense of the CU, the departments of the IA, ZA and other control bodies were created. The air defense of the CU is divided into air defense of the country and air defense of the troops. On the basis of the air defense zones of the European part of the USSR, corps (Moscow, Leningrad) and divisional air defense regions were formed. In January 1942, air defense aviation was formed as part of the country's Higher Air Defense as a branch of the military, to which 40 fighter aviation regiments were transferred from the Air Force. The Moscow corps region was reorganized into the Moscow Air Defense Front, the Leningrad and Baku regions - into the Leningrad and Baku Air Defense Armies. The country's air defense was entrusted with the task of combating enemy air attack weapons over the entire territory of the country within their reach. For the first time, the operational construction of air defense zones was not tied to the borders of land fronts and air defense. In June 1943, the country's air defense forces were divided into Western and Eastern fronts Air defense, which in December 1944 was reorganized into the Northern, Southern and Transcaucasian air defense fronts. In July 1943, the post of commander of the country's air defense was abolished due to the subordination of the country's air defense directly to the artillery commander of the USSR Armed Forces. By the end of the war, the country's air defense had 4 fronts (Western, South-Western, Central and Transcaucasian) and 6 air defense armies. In total, these formations included: Air Defense Air Fighter Army, 15 air defense corps, 4 air defense fighter aviation corps, 18 air defense divisions, 24 fighter aviation divisions Air defense, 5 separate air defense brigades. They were armed with about 3.2 thousand fighter aircraft, about 9.8 thousand medium-caliber and over 8.9 thousand small-caliber anti-aircraft guns, 5.4 thousand searchlights, 1.4 thousand barrage balloons, about 300 detection radars. When repelling enemy air raids, the country's air defense destroyed over 7.3 thousand enemy aircraft. For military exploits in the Great Patriotic War, over 80 thousand soldiers of the country's air defense were awarded orders and medals, 95 of them were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 29 formations and units received the title of guards, and 11 received an honorary title.
IN post-war years In the USSR, the air defense fronts and armies were reorganized. On their basis, 3 air defense districts and 2 separate air defense corps were created. In February 1946, the post of commander of the country's air defense was restored. In 1948-49, districts, armies and individual air defense corps were disbanded, and air defense districts of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd categories were created on their basis: in the border zone, subordinate to the commanders of the air defense forces, in inland areas country - to the commander of the air defense of the country, the air defense of naval bases was carried out by the air defense of the corresponding fleets. In 1954, the country's Air Defense Forces were reorganized from a branch of the armed forces into a branch of the Armed Forces. They included almost all the air defense forces of the USSR. The border of responsibility of the air defense of the country has been established (according to state border THE USSR). Air defense associations (districts, armies) and formations (corps, divisions) were created. The Air Force IA was quickly subordinated to the command of the country's Air Defense Forces. Only military air defense units of ground formations were left in the military districts, and naval air defense systems were left in the fleets. In the 1950s and 60s, air defense became multi-echelon and more maneuverable. In the military air defense of the country, they were distinguished as the branches of the RTV and ZRV troops. The country's military air defense received the following fighter aircraft: Mig-15, Mig-17, Mig-19, Yak-25, Su-9, Su-11, etc.; anti-aircraft artillery systems(with 57 mm, 100 mm and 130 mm guns) and air defense systems; new radars. In March 1967, the country's air defense included forces and means of missile attack warning, anti-missile, anti-space defense and space control. In 1980, the country's V. Air Defense was transformed into V. Air Defense. The command apparatus of the military air defense (air defense of the Ground Forces) is subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces. The air defense system was divided into air defense of the border territory and air defense of the internal regions of the country. On the territory of the border military district, responsibility for air defense was assigned to the commanders of the military forces; in the interior regions it remained centralized system leadership of V. Air Defense. In 1986, in the border areas in the main strategic aerospace directions, separate armies Air defense, directly subordinate to the commander-in-chief of the V. Air defense and the operational commander-in-chief of the troops of the directions. In 1992, V. Air defense on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as on the territories of the republics former USSR, which did not fall under their jurisdiction, became part of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation as a type of aircraft. In 1997, the missile and space defense troops were transferred from the Higher Air Defense Forces to the Strategic Missile Forces. In 1998, the Air Defense Forces were merged with the Air Force into one branch of the Armed Forces - the Air Force.
In the USA, air defense tasks for the country's territory are assigned to special command aerospace defense, in other countries - to the Air Force, which includes all air defense forces and means.
Lit.: Agrenich A. A. Anti-aircraft artillery. M., 1960; The country's air defense forces. M., 1968; Gatsolaev V. A. Anti-aircraft units in battle. M., 1974; Development of air defense. M., 1976; Batitsky P.F. Country's air defense troops. M., 1977; Andersen Yu. A., Drozhzhin A. I., Lozik P. M. Air defense ground forces. M., 1979; Air defense forces of the country in the Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945. M., 1981; Air defense of the country (1914-1995). M., 1998.
It has a history of more than a century, which began in the suburbs of St. Petersburg in 1890. The first attempts to adapt the existing artillery for firing at flying targets were made at the training grounds near Ust-Izhora and Krasnoe Selo. However, these attempts revealed the complete inability of conventional artillery to hit air targets, and of untrained military personnel to operate guns.
Start of air defense
The decoding of the well-known abbreviation means, that is, a system of measures to protect territory and objects from attack from the air. The first firing near St. Petersburg was carried out from four-inch cannons using ordinary bullet shrapnel.
This is exactly the combination technical characteristics revealed the inability of the available means to destroy airborne objects, the role of which was then performed by balloons and Balloons. However, based on the test results, Russian engineers received technical specifications for the development of a special gun, which was completed in 1914. Technically imperfect at that time were not only artillery pieces, but also the airplanes themselves, which are not capable of rising to a height exceeding three kilometers.
World War I
Before 1914, the use of air defense systems in combat conditions was not very relevant, since aviation was practically not used. However, in Germany and Russia the history of air defense begins already in 1910. The countries obviously anticipated an imminent conflict and tried to prepare for it, taking into account the sad experience of previous wars.
Thus, the history of air defense in Russia goes back one hundred and seven years, during which they have significantly developed and evolved from guns that fired at balloons to high-tech early warning systems capable of hitting targets even in space.
The birthday of the air defense system is considered to be December 8, 1914, when a system of defensive structures and means directed against air targets began to function on the approaches to Petrograd. To secure the imperial capital, an extensive network of observation posts was created on the remote approaches to it, consisting of towers and telephone points, from which information about the approaching enemy was reported to headquarters.
Fighter aircraft in the First World War
An integral part of the air defense system of any country and at any time is fighter aircraft, capable of neutralizing attacking aircraft at distant approaches.
In turn, effective operation requires a significant number of highly qualified pilots. It was for these purposes that the first Officer Aeronautical School in Russia was formed on Volkovo Pole near St. Petersburg in 1910, which aimed to train first-class aeronauts, as pilots were called at that time.
In parallel with the network of observation points, a system was created that received official name"Radiotelegraph defense of Petrograd." This system was intended to intercept communications of hostile pilots attacking the Russian army.
After the revolution
Deciphering air defense as air defense creates the illusion that the system is extremely simple and is intended only to shoot down enemy aircraft. However, already on the fields of the First World War it became clear that the troops faced numerous and complex tasks not only for control of the sky, but also for reconnaissance, camouflage and the formation of the front line of front-line aviation.
After the victory October revolution All air defense forces available on the territory of Petrograd came under the control of the Red Army, which began to reform and reorganize them.
The actual abbreviation of air defense and its decoding appeared in 1925, when the terms “country air defense” and “front line air defense” were first used in official documents. It was at this time that they were determined priority areas development of air defense. However, more than ten years passed before their full implementation.
Air defense of the largest cities
Since defense against air attacks required significant resources, both human and technical means, the Soviet leadership decided to organize air defense defense of several key cities of the USSR. These included Moscow, Leningrad, Baku and Kyiv.
In 1938, air defense corps were formed to protect against air attacks and Leningrad. An air defense brigade was organized for the defense of Kyiv. The transcript mentioning the means used to repel enemy air attacks is as follows:
- flak;
- aerial reconnaissance;
- communication and notification;
- anti-aircraft projectors.
Of course, to current situation Such a list of cases has little relevance, since over the past eighty years the structure has become significantly more complex, and the technology has become more universal. Besides, great importance Radio reconnaissance and information warfare now play a role in air defense.
By the beginning of World War II, early detection of enemy air forces and their destruction became especially important. To solve this problem, we are developing special means electronic intelligence. The first country to deploy a wide network of radar stations was Great Britain.
The first devices designed to control anti-aircraft fire were also developed there, which significantly increased its accuracy and increased density.
Current state of air defense
The decoding of the famous abbreviation is not in to the fullest meets modern realities, since today everything in the world higher value are acquiring non-contact methods of warfare based on missile weapons and special low-visibility aircraft.
In addition, the abbreviation PRO is increasingly used next to the abbreviation PVO, which denotes missile defense. Imagine effective air defense without using missile weapons today is impossible, which means that systems that are fundamentally important for the integration of various systems from anti-aircraft guns to radar warfare systems are becoming increasingly important.
In the age of the Internet, competent search and the ability to distinguish reliable information from the wrong one. Increasingly, users are looking for a decoding of the Air Defense Department of the Internal Affairs, which means the passport and visa department of the Department of Internal Affairs - the police department involved in passporting the population.
Air defense of the country - separate species armed support as part of measures to protect the state from air attack. The first units designed to combat the air threat were created in Russia even before the revolution, back in 1914. Equipped with light cannons and machine gun mounts, these formations successfully resisted German airplanes.
But the Great Patriotic War became the real readiness of the air defense system for the defense of the country. During air battles on the approaches to Moscow and Leningrad, Soviet anti-aircraft gunners inflicted damage on fascist aviation. Over the entire military period, the air defense units destroyed or disabled more than seven thousand enemy aircraft.
The importance of air defense for the state is so great that the country has a special Day of Air Defense Forces, which is celebrated every year on the second of April. The time for the holiday was not chosen by chance. It was in April that decisions were made regarding the organization of this type of troops, their formation and development.
Troops of constant combat readiness
Modern Russian air defense troops are a branch of the military whose functions include covering military and civilian targets and military formations from possible blows from air attack means of a potential enemy. Domestic air defense units are able to destroy aircrafts the enemy at the very different heights, regardless of flight speed.
In peacetime, air defense units maintain round-the-clock combat duty, vigilantly guarding the country's air borders and approaches to particularly important objects of strategic importance. If the need arises to participate in real combat operations, air defense troops will be able to conduct aerial reconnaissance, notify ground targets about attacks from the air and all accessible ways destroy enemy aircraft and other means of attack.
From the point of view of organizational structure, air defense troops consist of command and control bodies, hidden command posts, radio engineering and anti-aircraft missile units, as well as aviation. The units are distinguished by high mobility and survivability. Hidden from prying eyes, detection means and rocket launchers capable of identifying enemy aircraft at distant approaches and timely neutralizing enemy air attack weapons.
view Armed Forces THE USSR; designed to repel enemy air strikes on the most important administrative and political centers, industrial and other important facilities in the rear, armed forces groups, as well as on facilities that form the basis of economic and military power states. In terms of their combat capabilities, the country's air defense forces are capable of hitting all modern air attack weapons in any weather conditions and time of day. The main properties of the country's Air Defense Forces, as a branch of the Armed Forces, are high maneuverability and the ability to intercept and destroy air attack weapons at large distances from defended objects. They carry out their tasks in close cooperation with other branches of the Armed Forces. The country's air defense forces consist of military branches: anti-aircraft missile forces, air defense aviation and radio engineering troops, as well as special troops for various purposes. Organizationally, they consist of formations, units and subunits, units of special troops and rear services. Anti-aircraft missile forces are armed with missile systems of various ranges and for various purposes. The country's air defense aviation is armed with fighter-aviation interception systems, including supersonic fighter-interceptors with missile weapons, which are capable of intercepting and destroying enemy aircraft carrying air-to-ground missiles even before the line of launching missiles from aircraft. The main means of armament of radio technical troops are radar stations; these troops monitor the airspace, identify detected targets and notify the country's air defense forces, other branches of the Armed Forces and authorities about them civil defense, provide guidance of fighters to the target and the actions of anti-aircraft missile forces. In large capitalist states, protection administrative centers military-industrial and other important objects of the state from air strikes is assigned to air Force, which also includes anti-aircraft missile and other troops intended for air defense (see Air defense).
Development of Air Defense Troops and means of combating air enemy associated with the emergence and combat use of aviation in the 1st World War 1914-18. In 1913 in France, and then in 1914 in Russia and Germany, guns were developed for firing at air targets. The Russian army also began to adapt field guns and machine guns on special installations for this purpose. In 1915, aviation, barrage balloons, and anti-aircraft searchlights began to be used to cover troops and air defense of some large centers of the country. The first battery in the Russian army 75 mm naval guns, adapted for firing at aircraft, was formed in October 1914, and manufactured in 1915 anti-aircraft guns model 1914 and the world's first fighter aircraft RBVZ-S-16 was built. Anti-aircraft batteries of anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aviation squads are being created for the air defense of large centers of the country (Petrograd, Odessa, etc.), as well as troops and facilities of the front rear. To detect enemy aircraft, monitor their actions, alert air defense forces and means, as well as the population of cities about air danger, an air surveillance, warning and communication system (VNOS) is being created. In October 1917 several were formed anti-aircraft batteries on railway platforms, which were called the “steel anti-aircraft division”, which became one of the first air defense units in the Red Army. By the spring of 1918, there were 12 aviation fighter squads and more than 200 anti-aircraft (anti-aircraft) batteries that carried out the air defense mission of Petrograd, Moscow, Astrakhan, Baku, and Kronstadt. Preparation command personnel training of anti-aircraft gunners, observers and signalmen was carried out directly in air defense units, in special courses and in schools. The first school for anti-aircraft artillery command staff was created in 1918 Nizhny Novgorod. In Moscow, Petrograd, Tula and other cities, training teams were organized to train artillerymen, observers and telephone operators.
During Civil War 1918-20, based combat experience During the 1st World War, the tactics of the Air Defense Forces were further developed, the principles of building air defense of large points of the country were developed, and elements of the operational art of the Air Defense Forces were born. Due to rapid development in large imperialist countries bomber aircraft Communist Party, Soviet government took a number of measures to strengthen the country's air defense. In 1924-28, organizational forms of anti-aircraft artillery were further developed. In 1924 in Leningrad, the 1st Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment of the Red Army was formed from separate divisions, and in 1927 - the 1st Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade. The basis of the organizational structure of air defense in the 20s. consisted of air defense points that were part of the air defense sectors on the territory of border military districts, the command of which was responsible for air defense within the borders of the district. During the same period, a network of VNOS posts was created in the border strip and around the largest centers of the country. A department was created at the Red Army Headquarters in 1927, and in April 1930 - the Air Defense Directorate, which from 1932 reported directly to the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs. It exercised general leadership of air defense throughout the country, and also combined the activities of civilian departments, institutions and public organizations in this area. Local air defense management was carried out by the command of military districts. Air defense sectors were abolished. Army commander 1st rank S.S. Kamenev was appointed the first head of the Red Army Air Defense Directorate in July 1934.
In the 30s The air defense troops were equipped with new military equipment, their numbers increased, and highly qualified command and engineering personnel began to be trained. New air defense units and formations are being deployed and improved organizational structure and principles combat use. New domestic models of anti-aircraft guns are entering service with anti-aircraft artillery - 76.2- mm sample 1931 and 1938, 85 -mm and automatic 37 -mm model 1939, artillery anti-aircraft fire control devices PUAZO-2 in 1935 and PUAZO-3 in 1939. Fighter aviation is equipped with domestic aircraft I-15, I-16, I-15 bis, and since 1940 more advanced types - Yak-1, MiG -3 and in 1941 LaGG-3. The VNOS service received the first domestic detection radars RUS-1 in 1939, and RUS-2 in 1940. From 1934 to 1939, the anti-aircraft artillery fleet increased almost threefold, and fighter aircraft - approximately 1.5 times. A unified organizational structure of air defense units and subunits was established, and anti-aircraft artillery divisions were created in 1932. In 1937, corps, divisions and separate brigades Air defense. In 1940-41, the entire border territory of the country was divided into air defense zones (according to the number of military districts), which were divided into air defense regions. Military anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aircraft allocated for air defense of important centers of the country were not included in the air defense zones. In 1940, the Red Army Air Defense Directorate was transformed into the Main Air Defense Directorate and was headed by Colonel General N. N. Voronov.
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, formations and units of the country's Air Defense Forces were withdrawn from the subordination of the commanders of military districts and fleets (with the exception of Leningrad) and subordinated to the commander of the Air Defense Forces of the country's territory, whose position was introduced in November 1941 (first commander, Major General M . S. Gromadin). At the same time, air defense is divided into military air defense and air defense of the country's territory.
In 1941, on the basis of the existing air defense zones of the European part of the USSR, corps (Moscow, Leningrad) and divisional air defense regions were formed. In January 1942, fighter aircraft allocated for the defense of air defense facilities were subordinated to the air defense command of the country's territory. Since April 1942, the general leadership of the Air Defense Forces began to be carried out by the commander of the artillery of the Red Army through the established Central Headquarters of the country's Air Defense Forces and the Central Headquarters of Air Defense Fighter Aviation. The first operational formations of the Air Defense Forces are created - the Moscow Air Defense Front, the Baku and Leningrad Air Defense Armies. By the end of the war, the country's Air Defense Forces had 4 air defense fronts: Western, South-Western, Central and Transcaucasian, as well as 3 air defense armies - Primorsky, Priamursky, Transbaikal.
During the war, anti-aircraft artillery and air defense fighter aviation were organizationally formed as branches of the Air Defense Forces. Great development VNOS troops, searchlight units and air barrage balloons received. Operational-tactical formations of the country's Air Defense Forces, formations and units of military branches were created. The number of the country's air defense troops almost doubled during the war years. The high combat qualities of the country's Air Defense Forces were especially evident when defending Moscow, Leningrad and other cities, as well as the most important industrial areas and communications, from enemy air strikes. Dozens of air defense formations and units, hundreds of aircraft and thousands of anti-aircraft guns took part in repelling massive enemy air raids. The combat operations of front-line formations of the country's Air Defense Forces acquired the character of anti-aircraft operations, carried out, as a rule, in cooperation with neighboring formations and air defense formations, air defense forces and means of other types of Armed Forces (in the front-line zone - with front-line fighter aviation and military anti-aircraft artillery, and in coastal areas - with the air defense forces of the Navy). Part of the forces of the Air Defense Forces was involved in directly solving combat missions in the interests of the advancing fronts. For military exploits in the Great Patriotic War, over 80 thousand soldiers of the Air Defense Forces were awarded orders and medals, of which 93 were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 29 formations and units were awarded the title of Guards, and 11 were given honorary titles.
In 1948, the country's air defense forces were removed from the subordination of the artillery commander Soviet army and converted to independent species The Armed Forces of the USSR, the leadership of which was entrusted to the commander of the country's Air Defense Forces. In the late 40s - early 50s. New anti-aircraft artillery systems (57-, 100- and 130) began to enter service with the country's Air Defense Forces -mm anti-aircraft guns), gun-laying radars and fire control devices. Air defense fighter aircraft are being rearmed with jet fighters MiG-15, MiG-17 and supersonic MiG-19 fighters. VNOS troops received large quantities new technology and began to be called radio technical troops Air defense.
In May 1954, the position of Commander-in-Chief of the country's Air Defense Forces was established - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, which was held by Marshal of the Soviet Union L. A. Govorov. Subsequently, the commanders-in-chief were: Marshal of the Soviet Union S.S. Biryuzov (1955-62); Air Marshal V. A. Sudets (April 1962 - July 1966), Marshal of the Soviet Union P. F. Batitsky (from July 1966).
Since the mid-50s. in the development of the country's Air Defense Forces began new stage, caused by the adoption nuclear weapons and the rapid development of missiles for various purposes, carrier aircraft cruise missiles and radio-electronic technology. In this regard, the role and place of air defense in armed struggle and the demands placed on the country's Air Defense Forces, which were rearmed on a fundamentally new technical basis, increased. Forms and methods of conducting an insurmountable air defense were developed, capable of repelling the attacks of any enemy air attack. The possibilities for centralized command and control of troops and their maneuvers have been significantly expanded, and the forms and methods of using the country's Air Defense Forces have been improved. The combat operations of the country's Air Defense Forces are characterized by a large spatial scope, the participation of a significant number of troops, determination of goals, high tension, transience, activity and sudden changes in the situation.
In the air defense of capitalist states (USA, UK, France, Germany) in post-war period Various new modern air defense systems entered service. Special attention is devoted to the development of fighter aircraft and anti-aircraft missile systems for various purposes.
Lit.: CPSU about the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union. Sat. documents 1917-1958, M., 1958; Air Defense Forces of the Country, M., 1968; 50 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR, M., 1968; History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-1945, vol. 1-6, M., 1963-65.
V. D. Sozinov.
- - was created on August 29. 1941 in Sverdl. led by Pres. USSR Academy of Sciences acad. V.L. Komarov. His deputy steel acad. I.P.Bardin, E.V. Britske, S.G. Strumilin...
- - 1930, 65 min., b/w, Lensoyuzkino. genre: drama. dir. Eduard Ioganson, screenplay Vladimir Nedobrovo on the theme of Nikolai Beresnev, opera. Alexander Ginzburg, Georgy Filatov, art. Vladimir Egorov...
Lenfilm. Annotated Film Catalog (1918-2003)
- - a branch of the Armed Forces of the USSR, designed to combat enemy air, protect administrative-political, industrial-economic centers from air strikes, cover armed forces groups, important military and...
Glossary of military terms
- - formations, military units and subdivisions of the RF PS, an integral part of the RF PS. V.p.s. of the Russian Federation carry out the protection and protection of the State Civil Code of the Russian Federation, participate in the protection of WWII, TM, EEZ, KSh of the Russian Federation and their natural resources...
Border Dictionary
- - formations, units and subdivisions designed to carry out emergency rescue and other urgent emergency restoration and other work when eliminating the consequences of accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters...
civil protection. Conceptual and terminological dictionary
- - state military organization, which forms the basis of the Russian Civil Defense forces and is intended to protect the population, material assets from dangers arising during the conduct of military operations or as a result of these...
Glossary of emergency terms
- - monthly magazine of the Air Defense Forces. Published since 1931. Since the end of 1940, publication of the magazine was temporarily discontinued and resumed in April 1958...
Encyclopedia of technology
- - countries that have concluded an association agreement with the European Union, which provides some benefits in trade. In English: Associated statesSee. Also: European Union ...
Financial Dictionary
- - air space, within which air defense forces and means carry out fighting to protect protected facilities from enemy air...
- - "..."air defense bodies" - operational bodies of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, which are entrusted with the task of carrying out combat duty on air defense;.....
Official terminology
- - I or Polar countries Southern Hemisphere- see acc. articles and additions to them. II see South Polar countries...
- - or Polar countries Northern Hemisphere- see acc. article...
encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron
- - one of the main and most maneuverable branches of the country's air defense forces. Consists of fighter aircraft and auxiliary aviation units...
- - monthly magazine of the country's air defense forces. Published in the USSR since 1931. Since the end of 1940, publication of the magazine was temporarily discontinued and resumed in April 1958...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - a branch of ground forces designed to cover troops and important rear facilities from enemy air strikes...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - them. Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov - founded in 1956 in Kalinin...
Large encyclopedic dictionary
"Country's Air Defense Forces" in books
Chapter Ten ORGANIZATION OF COUNTRY DEFENSE. "MILITARY COMMUNISM"
From the book Soviet Economy in 1917-1920. author Team of authorsChapter Ten ORGANIZATION OF COUNTRY DEFENSE. "MILITARY
author Hattori Takushiro From the book Japan in the War of 1941-1945. [with illustrations] author Hattori TakushiroCHAPTER I CREATION OF THE COUNTRY'S DEFENSE SYSTEM AND POLITICAL STRATEGY
author Hattori TakushiroCHAPTER I CREATION OF THE COUNTRY'S DEFENSE SYSTEM AND POLITICAL STRATEGY United States counteroffensive on Pacific Ocean in its pace and scale it turned out to be much more powerful than our side expected. In this regard, all operations that were aimed at
6. Japanese Air Defense Organization
From the book Japan in the War of 1941-1945. author Hattori Takushiro6. Organization of air defense of Japan When organizing air defense of Japanese territory, the command of the ground forces proceeded from the following: the first line of defense of Japan in a war with Soviet Union must pass close to the continent, since Soviet aviation may begin
From the book Soviet Economy on the Eve and During the Great Patriotic War author Team of authorsChapter Three FURTHER RISE OF THE SOVIET ECONOMY. STRENGTHENING DEFENSE
"Bulletin of Air Defense"
From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(BE) of the author TSBAir defense forces of the country
TSBGround Forces Air Defense Forces
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (VO) by the author TSBFIGHTER AIRCRAFT REGIMENTS OF THE RED ARMY AND AIR DEFENSE FORCES OF THE COUNTRY'S TERRITORY THAT TOOK PART IN COMBAT OPERATIONS DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR 1941-1945.
From the author's bookFIGHTER AIRCRAFT REGIMENTS OF THE RED ARMY AND AIR DEFENSE FORCES OF THE COUNTRY'S TERRITORY THAT TOOK PART IN COMBAT OPERATIONS DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR 1941-1945. 1 GUARDS RED GUARDS ORDER OF THE RED Banner
FIGHTER AIR REGIMENTS OF THE RED ARMY AND AIR DEFENSE FORCES OF THE COUNTRY'S TERRITORY THAT TOOK PART IN COMBAT OPERATIONS DURING THE SOVIET-JAPANESE WAR OF 1945.
From the author's bookFIGHTER AIRCRAFT REGIMENTS OF THE RED ARMY AND AIR DEFENSE FORCES OF THE COUNTRY'S TERRITORY THAT TOOK PART IN COMBAT OPERATIONS DURING THE SOVIET-JAPANESE WAR OF 1945 3 FIGHTER AIRCRAFT AIR FORCE REGIMENT Previously – 534 fighter
Automation of air defense system control
From the book Computerra Magazine No. 43 dated November 21, 2006 author Computerra magazineAutomation of control of the air defense system Author: Sergey LeonovThe NORAD project of the joint air defense command of the North American continent provides for the use computer, hidden deep in the mountains of Colorado. The system will
Chapter 6 The state of air defense of the cities of the Volga region by the summer of 1943
From the book Swastika over the Volga [Luftwaffe against Stalin's air defense] author Zefirov Mikhail VadimovichChapter 6 The state of air defense of the cities of the Volga region by the summer of 1943 Gorky air defense The Gorky corps air defense region under the command of Major General of Artillery A. A. Osipov had the most big amount forces and means among the cities of the Volga region. Composed of five
Rear of the Air Defense Forces
From the book Marshal Bagramyan. “We experienced a lot in silence after the war” author Karpov Vladimir VasilievichRear of the Air Defense Forces The development of air attack means of a potential enemy, the increase in their range and firepower has created the need further development the country's air defense systems, their methods combat use And
In the year of the 100th anniversary of the creation of the air defense forces
From the book Equipment and Weapons 2014 04 authorsIn the year of the 100th anniversary of the creation of the air defense forces on February 28, 2014 in Cultural center The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation held the X Scientific and Technical Conference on the topic: “Results of the work of the East Kazakhstan Wind Farm for 10 years. Actual problems Russian Aerospace Defense Organization