What kind of air defense troops? Air defense forces of the country
Air and Missile Defense Troops
Air defense
The Air Defense Forces of the Russian Federation were, until 1998, an independent branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces). In 1998, the country's Air Defense Forces were merged with the Air Force into a new branch of the Russian Armed Forces - the Russian Air Force. In 2009-2010 All air defense formations of the Russian Air Force (4 corps and 7 air defense divisions) were reorganized into 11 aerospace defense brigades. In 2011, 3 air defense brigades of the Russian Air Force became part of a new branch of the Russian Armed Forces - the Aerospace Defense Forces.
It is necessary to distinguish the air defense troops of the Air Force of the Russian Federation and the aerospace defense brigade of the Russian Federation, which were previously organizationally part of the Air Defense Forces of the Russian Federation, from the Air Defense Troops of the Ground Forces.
Abbreviated name - VPVO of the Russian Armed Forces.
The tasks of the Russian Air Defense Forces (both an independent branch of the Russian Armed Forces and as part of the Russian Air Force, the Russian Air Defense Forces, the Russian Aerospace Forces) are: repelling aggression in the air sphere and protecting command posts of the highest echelons of state and military administration, administrative and political centers from air strikes , industrial and economic regions, the most important economic and infrastructure facilities of the country and groupings of troops (forces).
In 2015, the Air Force of the Russian Federation was merged with the Aerospace Defense Forces of the Russian Federation in a new branch of the RF Armed Forces - the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Federation, within which a new type of troops was organizationally allocated - the Air Defense Forces missile defense(PVO-PRO Troops).
Story
The date of formation is considered to be the date of creation of the Petrograd air defense system - December 8 (November 25), 1914.
In 1930, the Directorate (since 1940 - the Main Directorate) of Air Defense was created.
Since 1941 - air defense troops.
In 1948, the country's Air Defense Forces were removed from the subordination of the artillery commander and transformed into an independent branch of the Armed Forces.
In 1954, the High Command of the Air Defense Forces was formed.
In 1978, the transportable S-300PT air defense system was put into service (it replaced the older S-25, S-75 and S-125 air defense systems). In the mid-80s, the complex underwent a number of upgrades, receiving the designation S-300PT-1. In 1982, it was adopted by the air defense forces new option ZRS S-300P - self-propelled complex S-300PS, the new complex had a record a short time deployment - 5 minutes, making it difficult to vulnerable to enemy aircraft.
1987 became a “black” year in the history of the Air Defense Forces. On May 28, 1987, at 18.55, Matthias Rust’s plane landed in Moscow on Red Square. A serious imperfection became apparent legal basis for the actions of the duty forces of the country's Air Defense Forces and, as a consequence, the contradiction between the tasks assigned to the Air Defense Forces and the limited rights of the leadership in the use of forces and means. After the flight of Rust, three Marshals of the Soviet Union were removed from their posts (including the USSR Minister of Defense S.L. Sokolov, the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Defense Forces A.I. Koldunov), about three hundred generals and officers. The army has not seen such a personnel pogrom since 1937.
In 1991, due to the collapse of the USSR, the USSR Air Defense Forces were transformed into the Russian Federation Air Defense Forces.
In 1993, an improved version of the S-300PS complex, the S-300PM, was put into service. In 1997, the S-300PM2 Favorit air defense system was adopted.
Assessing the process of accelerating the physical aging of weapons and military equipment, the Defense Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation came to disappointing conclusions. As a result, a new concept of military development was developed, where it was planned to reorganize the branches of the Armed Forces by 2000, reducing their number from five to three. As part of this reorganization, it was necessary to combine in one form two independent species Armed Forces: Air Force and Air Defense Forces. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (RF) dated July 16, 1997 No. 725 “On priority measures to reform the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and improve their structure” determined the formation of a new type of Armed Forces (AF). By March 1, 1998, on the basis of the control bodies of the Air Defense Forces and the Air Force, the Directorate of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force and Main Headquarters Air Force, and the Air Defense and Air Force Forces are united into a new branch of the Russian Armed Forces - the Air Force.
By the time of the unification of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation into a single branch, the Air Defense Forces included: an operational-strategic formation, 2 operational, 4 operational-tactical formations, 5 air defense corps, 10 air defense divisions, 63 units of anti-aircraft missile forces, 25 fighter air regiments, 35 radio engineering units troops, 6 formations and reconnaissance units and 5 electronic warfare units. It was armed with: 20 aircraft of the A-50 radar surveillance and guidance complex, more than 700 air defense fighters, more than 200 anti-aircraft missile divisions and 420 radio engineering units with radar stations of various modifications.
As a result of the measures taken, a new organizational structure of the Air Force was created. Instead of air armies of front-line aviation, air force and air defense armies were formed, operationally subordinate to the commanders of the military districts. The Moscow Air Force and Air Defense District was created in the Western strategic direction.
In 2005–2006 Some of the military air defense formations and units equipped with S-300V anti-aircraft missile systems (ZRS) and Buk complexes were transferred to the Air Force. In April 2007, the Air Force adopted an anti-aircraft weapon missile system new generation S-400 "Triumph", designed to defeat all modern and promising means aerospace attack.
At the beginning of 2008, the Air Force included: an operational-strategic formation (KSpN) (formerly the Moscow Air Force and Air Defense District), 8 operational and 5 operational-tactical formations (air defense corps), 15 formations and 165 units. In 2008, the transition to the formation of a new look for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (including the Air Force) began. In the course of the events, the Air Force switched to a new organizational structure. Air Force and Air Defense commands were formed, subordinate to the newly created operational-strategic commands: Western (headquarters - St. Petersburg), Southern (headquarters - Rostov-on-Don), Central (headquarters - Yekaterinburg) and Eastern ( headquarters - Khabarovsk). In 2009–2010 a transition was made to a two-level (brigade-battalion) system of command and control of the Air Force. As a result, the total number of air force formations was reduced from 8 to 6, all air defense formations (4 corps and 7 air defense divisions) were reorganized into 11 aerospace defense brigades.
In December 2011, 3 brigades (4th, 5th, 6th) of the air defense forces of the operational-strategic aerospace defense command (formerly the Air Force Special Forces Command, formerly the Moscow Air Force and Air Defense District) became part of a new type of troops VS - Aerospace Defense Forces.
In 2015, the Aerospace Defense Forces were merged with the Air Force and formed a new branch of the Russian Armed Forces - the Russian Aerospace Forces.
As part of the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Federation, a new branch of troops has been organizationally allocated - the Air Defense and Missile Defense Forces (PVO-PRO Troops). The air defense and missile defense troops will be represented by air defense brigades and a missile defense formation.
As part of the further improvement of the air defense (aerospace) defense system, the development of a new generation of S-500 air defense systems is currently underway, in which it is planned to apply the principle of separately solving the problems of destroying ballistic and aerodynamic targets. The main task of the complex is to combat combat equipment ballistic missiles medium-range, and, if necessary, with intercontinental ballistic missiles in the final part of the trajectory and, within certain limits, in the middle part.
The Day of the Country's Air Defense Forces was celebrated in the USSR and is celebrated in the Russian Armed Forces on the second Sunday in April.
Operational-strategic formations of air defense forces of the USSR and Russia
Air defense districts
- associations of air defense troops, designed to protect the most important administrative, industrial centers and regions of the country, and armed forces groupings from air strikes. important military and other installations in established boundaries. IN armed forces USSR air defense districts were created after the Great Patriotic War on the basis of air defense fronts. In 1948, the districts were reorganized into air defense districts; in 1954, air defense districts were again created.
Moscow Air Defense District (since August 20, 1954):
Moscow Air Force and Air Defense District (since 1998);
Special Forces Command (since September 1, 2002);
Joint Strategic Aerospace Defense Command (since July 1, 2009);
Air and Missile Defense Command (since December 1, 2011);
1st Air and Missile Defense Army (since 2015).
1st Air Force and Air Defense Command
2nd Air Force and Air Defense Command
3rd Air Force and Air Defense Command
4th Air Force and Air Defense Command
Baku Air Defense District - formed in 1945 on the basis of the Baku Air Defense Army, in 1948 it was transformed into a district. Since 1954 - again a district. Abolished on January 5, 1980.
Compound
The air defense forces of the Russian Armed Forces included:
management (headquarters);
Radio technical troops;
Anti-aircraft missile forces;
Fighter aircraft;
Electronic warfare forces.
The location of the Main Headquarters of the Air Defense of Russia (USSR) is the village of Zarya, near the village of Fedurnovo, Balashikha district of the Moscow region (train from Kursky station towards Petushki station), or from the Gorkovsky highway, outside the city of Balashikha and the division named after. Dzerzhinsky.
Air defense systems in service with Russian air defense forces
S-400 air defense system (Since April 2007)
S-300 air defense system (Until 2007, anti-aircraft missile system medium-range S-300P was the basis anti-aircraft missile forces Russian Air Force.)
S-350 "Vityaz" air defense system (The S-350E "Vityaz" medium-range anti-aircraft missile system will enter service with the Russian troops by 2016. The new complex is intended to replace the S-300PS air defense system with V55R type missiles, the service life of which ends in 2015.)
ZRPK Pantsir-S1
ZRPK "Pantsir-S2" (from June 2015 the complex will begin to be supplied to the Air Force air defense forces)
Missile defense
Anti-missile defense (BMD) is a set of measures of reconnaissance, radio engineering and fire or some other nature (aerostatic missile defense, etc.), intended for the protection (defense) of protected objects from missile weapons. Missile defense is very closely related to air defense and is often carried out by the same complexes.
The concept of “missile defense” includes protection against a missile threat of any kind and all means that carry it out (including active protection of tanks, air defense systems fighting cruise missiles etc.), however, at the everyday level, when talking about missile defense, they usually mean “strategic missile defense” - protection from the ballistic missile component of strategic nuclear forces (ICBMs and SLBMs).
Speaking about missile defense, we can distinguish self-defense against missiles, tactical and strategic missile defense.
Self defense against missiles
Self-defense against missiles is the minimum unit of missile defense. It provides protection from attacking missiles only for the military equipment on which it is installed. Characteristic feature self-defense systems is the placement of all missile defense systems directly on the protected equipment, and all placed systems are auxiliary (not the main functional purpose) for this equipment. Self-defense systems against missiles are cost-effective for use only on expensive types of military equipment that suffer heavy losses from missile fire. Currently, two types of self-defense systems against missiles are actively developing: complexes active protection tanks and missile defense of warships.
Active protection of tanks (and other armored vehicles) is a set of measures to counter attack shells and missiles. The action of the complex can mask the protected object (for example, by releasing an aerosol cloud), or it can physically destroy the threat with a nearby detonation of an anti-shell, shrapnel, a directed blast wave, or in another way.
Active defense systems are characterized by extremely short reaction times (up to a fraction of a second), since the flight time of weapons, especially in urban combat, is very short.
An interesting feature is that to overcome the active protection systems of armored vehicles, the developers of anti-tank grenade launchers use the same strategy as the developers of intercontinental ballistic missiles to break through strategic missile defense - decoys.
Tactical missile defense
Tactical missile defense is designed to protect limited areas of territory and objects located on it (troop groups, industry and populated areas) from missile threats. The targets of such missile defense include: maneuvering (mainly high-precision aircraft) and non-maneuvering (ballistic) missiles with relatively low speeds (up to 3-5 km/s) and without means of overcoming missile defense. The reaction time of tactical missile defense systems ranges from several seconds to several minutes, depending on the type of threat. The radius of the protected area, as a rule, does not exceed several tens of kilometers. Complexes with a significantly larger radius of the protected area - up to several hundred kilometers - are often classified as strategic missile defense, although they are not capable of intercepting high-speed intercontinental ballistic missiles covered by powerful means of penetrating missile defense.
Existing tactical missile defense systems
Short range
Tunguska (only by external target designation through the external Command Post).
Thor
Pantsir-S1
Medium and long range:
Beech
S-300P all variants
S-300V all options
S-400 with any missiles
Strategic missile defense
The most complex, modernized and expensive category of missile defense systems. The task of strategic missile defense is to combat strategic missiles- their design and tactics of use specifically provide for means that make interception difficult - a large number of light and heavy decoys, maneuvering warheads, as well as jamming systems, including high-altitude nuclear explosions.
Currently, only Russia and the United States have strategic missile defense systems, while the existing systems are capable of protecting only from a limited strike (a single missile), and in most cases, over a limited area. In the foreseeable future, there are no prospects for the emergence of systems capable of reliably and completely protecting the country’s territory from a massive strike by strategic missiles. However, as more countries have, are developing, or could potentially acquire some long-range missiles, the development of missile defense systems capable of effectively protecting the country’s territory from a small number of missiles seems necessary.
Types of strategic missile defense
Boost-phase intercept
Takeoff interception means that the missile defense system attempts to intercept the ballistic missile immediately after launch, while it is accelerating with its engines running.
Destroying a ballistic missile on takeoff is a relatively simple task. Advantages of this method:
The missile (unlike the warheads) is large in size, clearly visible on radar, and the operation of its engine creates a powerful infrared stream that cannot be camouflaged. It is not particularly difficult to point an interceptor at such a large, visible and vulnerable target as an accelerating missile.
It is also impossible to cover an accelerating missile with decoys or dipole reflectors.
Finally, destroying a missile during takeoff results in the destruction of all its warheads along with it in one blow.
However, takeoff interception has two fundamental disadvantages:
Limited reaction time. The acceleration duration takes 60-110 seconds, and during this time the interceptor must have time to track the target and hit it.
Difficulty in deploying interceptors within range. Ballistic missiles, as a rule, are launched from deep in enemy territory and are well covered by their defense systems. Deploying interceptors close enough to engage incoming missiles is generally extremely difficult or impossible.
Based on this, space-based or mobile interceptors (deployed on ships or mobile installations). At this stage it may also be effective application laser systems with their short reaction time. Thus, the SDI system considered orbital platforms with chemical lasers and systems of thousands of tiny Diamond Pebble satellites, designed to hit take-off missiles with kinetic collision energy at orbital speeds, as means of takeoff interception.
Midcourse interception
Mid-trajectory interception means that the interception occurs outside the atmosphere, at the moment when the warheads have already separated from the missile and are flying by inertia.
Advantages:
Long interception time. The flight of warheads outside the atmosphere takes from 20 to 40 minutes, which significantly expands the ability to respond to missile defense.
Flaws:
Tracking warheads flying outside the atmosphere is challenging because they are small and do not emit radiation.
High cost of interceptors.
Warheads flying outside the atmosphere can be covered with maximum effectiveness by means of penetration. It is extremely difficult to distinguish warheads flying by inertia outside the atmosphere from decoys.
Terminal phase intercept
Re-entry interception means that the missile defense system attempts to intercept the warheads during the final stage of flight - as they re-enter the atmosphere near the target.
Advantages:
Technical convenience of deploying missile defense systems on one’s own territory.
A short distance from radars to warheads, which significantly increases the effectiveness of the tracking system.
Low cost of missile defense.
Reduced effectiveness of decoys and interference during re-entry: Lighter than the warheads themselves, decoys are more decelerated by air friction. Accordingly, the selection of false targets can be performed based on the difference in braking speed.
Flaws:
Extremely limited (up to tens of seconds) interception time
Small warheads and difficulty tracking them
No redundancy: If warheads are not intercepted at this stage, no subsequent defense echelon can exist
The limited range of interception systems at the terminal stage, which allows the enemy to overcome such defenses by simply sending more missiles at the target than there are missile defenses near the target.
History of strategic missile defense
Despite great difficulties and shortcomings, in the USSR the development of missile defense systems proceeded quite systematically and systematically.
First experiments
Research into the possibility of countering ballistic missiles in the USSR began in 1945 as part of the Anti-Vow project at the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy (Georgy Mironovich Mozharovsky’s group) and at several research institutes (Pluto theme). During the creation of the Berkut air defense system (1949-1953), work was suspended, then sharply intensified.
In 1956, 2 missile defense system projects were considered:
Zonal missile defense system "Barrier" (Alexander Lvovich Mints)
In a missile-hazardous direction, three radars with antennas looking straight up were installed one after another at intervals of 100 km. The attacking warhead sequentially crossed three narrow radar beams; its trajectory was built using three notches and the point of impact was determined.
System based on three ranges “System A” (Grigory Vasilievich Kisunko)
The project was based on a complex of a heavy-duty long-range detection radar and three precision-guided radars located along the perimeter of the defended area.
The control computer continuously processed the reflected signals, aiming the anti-missile missile at the target.
The project of G.V. Kisunko was chosen for execution.
The first missile defense complex in the USSR, chief designer G. V. Kisunko. It was deployed in the period 1956-1960 at the GNIIP-10 (Sary-Shagan) training ground specially built for these purposes in the Betpak-Dala desert. Launches of ballistic missiles into the interception area were carried out from the Kapustin Yar and, later, Plesetsk test sites in a triangle with a side of 170 km, at the vertices of which (sites No. 1, No. 2, No. 3) precision guidance radars were located. The B-1000 missile defense launcher was located in the center of the triangle (site No. 6), the interception was carried out on the atmospheric section of the trajectory (altitude 25 km) on a collision course. Control was carried out by a computer center with two computers, M-40 (implementation of the automatic cycle) and M-50 (processing of system information), designed by S. A. Lebedev.
On March 4, 1961, after a number of unsuccessful attempts, the B-1000 anti-missile missile, equipped with a fragmentation warhead, destroyed the warhead of the R-12 ballistic missile with the weight equivalent of a nuclear charge. The miss was 31.2 meters to the left and 2.2 meters in height. This is the first real interception of a target by a missile defense system in world practice. Before at this moment ballistic missiles were considered absolute weapons with no countermeasures.
Subsequently, 16 more interception attempts were carried out, 11 of which were successful. Research has also been carried out on positioning and measuring satellite trajectories. The work of System “A” ended in 1962 with a series of tests K1 - K5, as a result of which 5 nuclear explosions were carried out at altitudes from 80 to 300 km and their effect on the functioning of missile defense and early warning systems was studied.
System “A” did not enter service due to low reliability and low efficiency: the system ensured the destruction of only single short- and medium-range ballistic missiles at short distances from a protected object, however, as a result of work on it, a specialized training ground was built and vast experience was accumulated, which served further development missile defense systems in the USSR/Russia.
Missile defense systems of the Moscow industrial region
A-35
The creation began in 1958 with a resolution of the CPSU Central Committee. G.V. Kisunko was appointed chief designer. According to tactical and technical requirements, the system was supposed to provide defense of an area of 400 km² from an attack by Titan-2 and Minuteman-2 ICBMs. Due to the use of more advanced radars and anti-missiles with nuclear warheads, interception was carried out at a distance of 350 km in range and 350 km in altitude, guidance was carried out using a single-station method. The computer center operated on the basis of a dual-processor computer 5E92b (developed by V. S. Burtsev). Construction of A-35 facilities in the Moscow region began in 1962, but combat duty took a long time for a number of reasons:
The advanced improvement of attack weapons required a number of serious improvements.
The promotion of competing missile defense projects "Taran" by V. N. Chelomey and S-225 KB-1 led to a temporary halt in construction.
The growth of intrigue in the upper echelons of scientific and technical leadership led in 1975 to the removal of Grigory Kisunko from the post of chief designer of the A-35.
Upgraded A-35 system. Chief designer I. D. Omelchenko. Placed on combat duty on May 15, 1978 and in service until December 1990, the Danube-3U early warning radar continued to operate in the A-135 system until the early 2000s. In parallel, at the Sary-Shagan training ground, the A-35 “Aldan” firing range complex was built (site No. 52), which was used as a prototype and for training crews of the Moscow missile defense system in real combat shooting.
A-135
Further development of the missile defense system of the Moscow industrial region. General designer A. G. Basistov. Draft design in 1966, development began in 1971, construction began in 1980. Commissioned in December 1990. The Danube-3U long-range detection radar and the Don-2 multifunctional radar had phased array antennas. Two interception echelons, long-range transatmospheric and near-atmospheric with two types of interceptor missiles. A range shooting complex "Argun" was envisaged (sites No. 38 No. 51 of the Sary-Shagan training ground), but it was not completed. In accordance with the amendment to the ABM Treaty between the USA and the USSR of 1974 and the change of leadership, the Vympel Research and Production Association recognized this facility as unpromising, work on it was stopped, and launchers destroyed. The complex continued to function in a stripped-down version as the Argun-I measuring station until 1994.
A-235 "Samolet-M"
A promising missile defense system that will replace the A-135. The creation contract was signed in 1991. In August 2014, the start of testing missile defense systems for the A-235 complex was announced; completion of work on the project is scheduled for 2015.
Also in the USSR there were several unrealized projects of missile defense systems. The most significant of them are:
Missile defense system for the country's territory "Taran"
In 1961, on his own initiative, Chelomey proposed a system of defense for the entire territory of the USSR from a nuclear missile attack from the United States.
The project was based on interception in the middle section of the trajectory using a super-heavy anti-missile missile, which Chelomey proposed to create at the base intercontinental missile UR-100. It was assumed that the radar system deployed in the Far North would have to detect warheads approaching along transpolar trajectories and calculate approximate interception points. Then, anti-missile missiles based on the UR-100 were to be launched with inertial guidance at these design points. Precise guidance was supposed to be carried out using radar systems target designation and radio command guidance installed on anti-missile missiles. The interception was supposed to be using a 10-megaton thermonuclear warhead. According to Chelomey’s calculations, intercepting 100 Minuteman-class ICBMs would require 200 interceptor missiles.
The system was developed from 1961 to 1964, but was closed in 1964 by government decision. The reason was the rapid growth of American nuclear arsenal: From 1962 to 1965, the United States deployed eight hundred Minuteman-class ICBMs, which would have required 1,600 UR-100-based interceptor missiles to intercept them.
In addition, the system was subject to a self-blinding effect, since numerous detonations of 10-megaton warheads in outer space would create huge clouds of radio-opaque plasma and powerful EMP, disrupting the operation of the radar, which made subsequent interceptions extremely difficult. The enemy could easily overcome the Taran system by dividing its ICBMs into two successive waves. The system was also vulnerable to missile defense countermeasures. Finally, the frontline early warning radars, a key component of the system, were themselves extremely vulnerable to a possible pre-emptive strike that would render the entire system useless. In this regard, Vladimir Chelomey proposed using the created A-35 and S-225 as part of his “Taran” system, receiving, in the future, leadership over all anti-missile issues in the USSR. It must be said that the Taran project was considered by many to be unfinished and adventurous. Chelomey enjoyed strong support from the leadership of the USSR; his son worked in his design bureau Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU Sergei Khrushchev, this explains the closure of the project after the removal of N.S. Khrushchev in 1964.
S-225
Work began in 1961. General designer A.A. Raspletin.
An air defense and missile defense complex for protecting relatively small objects from single ICBMs equipped with means of overcoming missile defense and advanced aerodynamic targets. Active development phase from 1968 to 1978.
Distinctive features were a container transportable and quickly assembled design, the use of RTN with a phased array antenna RSN-225, new high-speed short-range interception missiles PRS-1 (5YA26) from OKB Novator (designer Lyulev). 2 testing complexes were built, “Azov” (site No. 35 Sary-Shagan) and a measuring complex in Kamchatka. The first successful interception of a ballistic target (an 8K65 missile warhead) was carried out in 1984. Presumably, due to the delay in the development of the anti-missile system and insufficient RTN energy for missile defense purposes, the topic was closed. The PRS-1 missile subsequently entered the short-range interception echelon of the A-135 complex.
It has a history of more than a century, which began in the suburbs of St. Petersburg in 1890. The first attempts to adapt the existing artillery for firing at flying targets were made at the training grounds near Ust-Izhora and Krasnoye Selo. However, these attempts revealed the complete inability of conventional artillery to hit air targets, and of untrained military personnel to operate guns.
Start of air defense
The decoding of the well-known abbreviation means, that is, a system of measures to protect territory and objects from attack from the air. The first firing near St. Petersburg was carried out from four-inch cannons using ordinary bullet shrapnel.
It was this combination of technical characteristics that revealed the inability of the available means to destroy airborne objects, the role of which was then played by aerostats and balloons. However, based on the test results, Russian engineers received technical specifications for the development of a special gun, which was completed in 1914. Technically imperfect at that time were not only artillery pieces, but also the airplanes themselves, which are not capable of rising to a height exceeding three kilometers.
World War I
Before 1914, the use of air defense systems in combat conditions was not very relevant, since aviation was practically not used. However, in Germany and Russia the history of air defense begins already in 1910. The countries obviously anticipated an imminent conflict and tried to prepare for it, taking into account the sad experience of previous wars.
Thus, the history of air defense in Russia goes back one hundred and seven years, during which they have significantly developed and evolved from guns that fired at balloons to high-tech early warning systems capable of hitting targets even in space.
The birthday of the air defense system is considered to be December 8, 1914, when a system of defensive structures and means directed against air targets began to function on the approaches to Petrograd. To secure the imperial capital, an extensive network of observation posts was created on the remote approaches to it, consisting of towers and telephone points, from which information about the approaching enemy was reported to headquarters.
Fighter aircraft in the First World War
An integral part of the air defense system of any country and at any time is fighter aircraft, capable of neutralizing attacking aircraft at distant approaches.
In turn, effective operation requires a significant number of highly qualified pilots. It was for these purposes that the first Officer Aeronautical School in Russia was formed on Volkovo Pole near St. Petersburg in 1910, which aimed to train first-class aeronauts, as pilots were called at that time.
In parallel with the network of observation points, a system was created that received official name"Radiotelegraph defense of Petrograd." This system was intended to intercept communications of hostile pilots attacking the Russian army.
After the revolution
Deciphering air defense as air defense creates the illusion that the system is extremely simple and is intended only to shoot down enemy aircraft. However, already on the fields of the First World War it became clear that the troops were faced with numerous and complex tasks not only in controlling the skies, but also in reconnaissance, camouflage and the formation of the front line of front-line aviation.
After the victory October revolution All air defense forces available on the territory of Petrograd came under the control of the Red Army, which began to reform and reorganize them.
The actual abbreviation of air defense and its decoding appeared in 1925, when the terms “country air defense” and “front line air defense” were first used in official documents. It was at this time that they were determined priority areas development of air defense. However, more than ten years passed before their full implementation.
Air defense of the largest cities
Since defense against air attacks required significant resources, both human and technical, the Soviet leadership decided to organize air defense defense of several key cities of the USSR. These included Moscow, Leningrad, Baku and Kyiv.
In 1938, air defense corps were formed to protect against air attacks and Leningrad. An air defense brigade was organized for the defense of Kyiv. The transcript mentioning the means used to repel enemy air attacks is as follows:
- flak;
- aerial reconnaissance;
- communication and notification;
- anti-aircraft projectors.
Of course, such a list has little to do with the current state of affairs, since over the past eighty years the structure has become significantly more complex and the technology has become more universal. In addition, radio reconnaissance and information warfare now play a great role in air defense.
By the beginning of World War II, early detection of enemy air forces and their destruction became especially important. To solve this problem, special electronic reconnaissance means are being developed. The first country to deploy a wide network of radar stations was Great Britain.
The first devices designed to control anti-aircraft fire were also developed there, which significantly increased its accuracy and increased density.
Current state of air defense
The decoding of the well-known abbreviation does not fully answer modern realities, because today everything in the world higher value are acquiring non-contact methods of warfare based on missile weapons and special low-visibility aircraft.
In addition, the abbreviation PRO, which refers to missile defense, is increasingly being used next to the abbreviation PVO. It is impossible today to imagine effective air defense without the use of missile weapons, which means that systems that are fundamentally important for integration are becoming increasingly important various systems from anti-aircraft gun to radar warfare systems.
In the age of the Internet, competent search and the ability to distinguish reliable information from incorrect information is of great importance. Increasingly, users are looking for a decoding of the Air Defense Department of the Internal Affairs, which means the passport and visa department of the Department of Internal Affairs - the police department involved in passporting the population.
Air defense is a set of measures to ensure the reflection of aggression in the aerospace sphere and protection from attacks by enemy aerospace attack weapons.
The Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces (Air Defense Forces) are a branch of the military designed to protect troops and facilities from enemy air attack weapons during combined arms formations and combat operations.
APPEARANCE
The tasks of combating air targets appeared at the end of the 19th century. The first experimental firing at aerial targets (balloons and aerostats) took place in Krasnoe Selo in 1891. The need was identified to create special anti-aircraft guns and rangefinders. First world war The air defense troops received the first impetus for development. On December 8, 1914, the “Instructions for Aeronautics in the Area of the 6th Army” came into force, regulating the air defense of the Russian capital. Two artillery regiments were placed around Petrograd, barely waist-length, at a distance of 30-40 and 6-15 km from the city. The regiments were armed with conventional 76 mm field guns mounted on special machines, and long-barreled machine guns. This made it possible to fire at airplanes flying at altitudes of up to 5 km. Aviation schools began to train specialists to fight airplanes—future fighter pilots. In 1916, barrage balloons also began to be used as a means of air defense to protect large populated areas. During the First World War, the principles of air defense of the country's facilities and troops were first established. During the First World War, not a single enemy aircraft penetrated air space Petrograd.
THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the air defense of the USSR included 13 zones, three corps, two divisions, nine air defense brigades, 39 brigade areas Air defense. The number of air defense personnel was 182 thousand people.
By the beginning of the war, the rearmament of air defense troops was not completed. The anti-aircraft artillery lacked the new 37 mm automatic and 85 mm anti-aircraft guns. In fighter aviation, 46% of the aircraft fleet were obsolete aircraft. The new high-speed Yak-1 and MiG-3 fighters were clearly not enough.
In July 1941 State Committee Defense is taking a number of measures to strengthen the cover of large industrial and transport facilities. An example of organizing air defense of a large industrial center was the air defense of Moscow. It was carried out by the First Air Defense Corps and the 6th Air Defense Fighter Aviation Corps. At the beginning of massive German air raids, these formations consisted of: over 600 fighters, more than 1 thousand medium and small caliber guns, approx. 350 machine guns, 124 air barrage balloon posts, 612 VNOS posts, 600 anti-aircraft searchlights.
As a result of skillful management, only 2.6% of total number aircraft, the air defense troops defending Moscow destroyed 738 enemy aircraft.
In June 1943, the Office of the Commander of the Air Defense Forces of the country was disbanded. After the reorganizations, by April 1944, the Western and Eastern fronts were created, as well as the Transcaucasian air defense zone, which in the same year were reorganized into the Northern, Southern and Transcaucasian fronts. The air defense troops successfully completed their tasks. They ensured the defense of industrial facilities and communications. Only a few enemy planes broke through, as a result of which the shutdowns of enterprises and disruptions in the movement of trains on certain sections of the railways were short-lived. Carrying out their tasks, the air defense forces of the country destroyed 7,313 Luftwaffe aircraft, of which 4,168 by fighter aircraft and 3,145 by anti-aircraft artillery, machine-gun fire and barrage balloons.
During the air defense war, anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aircraft were organizationally formed as branches of the military.
MODERN AIR DEFENSE FORCES OF THE GROUND FORCES
Currently, the Air Defense Forces are entrusted with the following main tasks: carrying out combat duty in air defense; conducting reconnaissance air enemy and notification of covered troops; destruction of enemy air attack weapons in flight; participation in the conduct of missile defense in theaters of military operations. Organizationally, air defense troops ground forces consist of military command and control bodies, air defense command posts, anti-aircraft missile (missile and artillery) and radio technical formations, military units and divisions. They are capable of destroying enemy air attack weapons over the entire range of flight speeds and altitudes: extremely low - up to 200 m, low - from 200 to 1000 m, medium - from 1000 to 4000 m, high - from 4000 to 12,000 m and in the stratosphere - more than 12,000 m.
Formations, military units and air defense units are equipped with anti-aircraft missiles (various in reach, channel and guidance methods), anti-aircraft artillery, anti-aircraft gun-missile systems and man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems.
Depending on the range of destruction of air targets, they are divided into short-range systems - up to 10 km, short-range - up to 30 km, medium-range - up to 100 km and long range- more than 100 km.
Further development of air defense forces implies an increase in mobility, survivability, secrecy, degree of automation and fire performance. It is necessary to increase the parameters of the affected area, reduce the reaction time and the weight and size characteristics of anti-aircraft missile and missile-artillery systems.
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3799There are many different abbreviations found in military literature. Behind each of them is hidden either weapons or military equipment, or certain type or branch of the military. Army pilots foreign countries have special respect for the Russian abbreviation PVO, which stands for “anti-aircraft defense”.
Air defense - the country's air shield
Air defense of the country - separate species armed support as part of measures to protect the state from air attack. The first units designed to combat the air threat were created in Russia even before the revolution, back in 1914. Equipped with light cannons and machine gun mounts, these formations successfully resisted German airplanes.
But the real test of the readiness of the air defense system for the defense of the country was the Great Patriotic War. During air battles On the approaches to Moscow and Leningrad, Soviet anti-aircraft gunners inflicted significant damage on fascist aviation. Over the entire war period, air defense units destroyed or disabled more than seven thousand enemy aircraft.
The importance of air defense for the state is so great that the country has established a special holiday - Air Defense Forces Day, which is traditionally celebrated every year on the second Sunday of April. The time for the holiday was not chosen by chance. It was in April that the most important decisions were made regarding the organization of this type of troops, their formation and development.
Troops of constant combat readiness
Modern Russian air defense troops are a branch of the military whose functions include covering military and civilian facilities and military formations from possible attacks from air attack weapons of a potential enemy. Domestic air defense units are able to destroy aircrafts the enemy at the very different heights, regardless of flight speed.
In peacetime, air defense units maintain round-the-clock combat duty, vigilantly guarding the country's air borders and approaches to particularly important objects of strategic importance. If the need arises to participate in real combat operations, air defense troops will be able to conduct aerial reconnaissance, notify ground targets about the threat of attack from the air and all accessible ways destroy enemy aircraft and other means of attack.
From the point of view of organizational structure, air defense troops consist of command and control units, hidden command posts, radio engineering and anti-aircraft missile units, as well as aviation. The units are distinguished by high mobility and survivability. Hidden from prying eyes, detection means and rocket launchers capable of identifying enemy aircraft at distant approaches and timely neutralizing enemy air attack weapons.
Major General BURMAN Georgy Vladimirovich
Head of the defense of Petrograd against air attack (1914-1915). Head of the air defense of Petrograd and Tsarskoe Selo (1915). Head of defense against air attack of the imperial residence in Tsarskoe Selo and Petrograd (1915-1917). Head of the air defense of Petrograd (1917-1918).
Russian military leader.
On military service from September 1883. Graduated from the 1st Cadet Corps (1883), Nikolaev Engineering School (1886). He served in the following positions: teaching in the senior class of a sapper battalion school, commanding a company, directing a school for soldiers’ children, heading a non-commissioned officer class, and serving as a battalion adjutant. Since 1905 . - Adjutant Inspector General for Engineering of the Military Department, from August 1908 - Head of the Officer Electrical School (OESH).
During the First World War, while remaining the head of the OES, he headed the air defense in the following positions: head of the defense of Petrograd against air attack (from November 30, 1914); head of the air defense of Petrograd and Tsarskoe Selo (from 05/11/1915); head of defense against air attack of the imperial residence in Tsarskoye Selo and Petrograd (from 07/22/1915); head of the air defense of Petrograd (from 08/31/1917). At the same time, from May 1916, he was Chairman of the Committee under the Main Military-Technical Directorate for the Construction of Permanent Radio Stations. Under his leadership and with his personal participation, an air (anti-aircraft) defense system was created for Petrograd and its environs.
In the years Civil War in Russia: head of the Military Electrical Engineering School (VESh, until 03.1918 - Petrograd, until 03.1919 - Sergiev Posad), assistant to the military head of the Military Council of the Petrograd region (03-04.1918), from March 1919 to February 1922 - inspector of engineering schools and courses , at the same time reorganized VES into the electrical engineering department of the Soviet Engineering School of the Red Army command staff, and. Head of this department (04/03/1919), then was seconded to the department (04/07/1919). He was arrested unjustifiably and placed in prison where he died of typhus (1922).
Awards: Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class. (1895), St. Anne 3rd Art. (1898), 2nd Art. (1904), St. Vladimir 3rd Art. (1909).
General of Artillery KHOLODOVSKY Nikolai Ivanovich
Acting as non-staff chief of air defense of the Odessa Military District (1916-1917).
Russian military leader.
In military service since September 1869. Graduated from the Poltava Cadet Corps (1869), Mikhailovsky Artillery School (1872, 1st category).
He served in the following positions: company commander of the Kyiv Fortress Artillery (09.1877 - 08.1886), battalion commander (05.1885 - 08.1886), head of practical training (08.1886 - 11.1893), commander of the fortress artillery battalion (11.1893 - 04.1898). From April 1898 - commander of the Kwantung Fortress Artillery, from August 1900 - head of the artillery unit of the Kwantung Region, from February 1903 - assistant chief of artillery of the Amur Military District. In January-February 1904 - at the disposal of the Chief artillery control. Participant in the Russian-Japanese War (1904 - 1905): general for special assignments under the Viceroy of His Imperial Majesty in the Far East (03.1904 - 08.1905). Boss siege artillery Manchu armies (08.1905 - 05.1907). From May 1907 - chief of artillery of the Odessa Military District, from January 1916 - chief of the district artillery department of the OdVO. In February 1916 . involved in solving the problems of air defense (AD) of the district, and. non-staff chief of the Odessa Military District (06.1916 - 01.1917). Chief of artillery supplies for the armies of the Romanian Front (1917). Later - in exile.
Awards: Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class. with swords (1903), St. Stanislaus 1st Art. (1904), St. Anne 1st Art. with swords (1906), St. Vladimir 2nd Art. (1911), White Eagle (1915); foreign awards.
Major General FEDOROV I.A.
Chief of Air Defense of the Odessa Military District (1917)
Russian military leader.
In 1916, in the reserve ranks of the district artillery department of the Odessa Military District. From January to April 1917 and. non-staff chief of air defense of the district, since April - full-time head of air defense of the Odessa Military District.
In December 1917, due to disagreement with the tasks assigned to the military leadership of air defense, he was removed from his position.
Air Defense Forces (until March 1998)
Divisional Commander BLAZHEVICH Joseph Frantsevich
Air defense inspector and head of the air defense service of the Red Army (1930).
Soviet military leader.
In military service since September 1910. Graduated from the Vilna Infantry Military School (1913), Military Academic Courses for Higher Command Staff of the Red Army (1922). During the First World War: in command positions from the head of a reconnaissance team, platoon commander to battalion commander, lieutenant colonel. In October 1917 he was sent to enter the Academy General Staff, in February 1918 he was transferred to the reserve. In July 1918 he joined the Red Army.
During the Civil War: assistant regiment commander of the Moscow Division, head of the operational department of the group of forces of the 5th Army (1918), commander of the 1st Simbirsk separate rifle brigade, 3rd brigade of the 27th rifle division, 26th and 27th Infantry Divisions (1919), commander of the 59th Infantry Division (until 12.1920), commander of the 1st Army of the Turkestan Front (12.1920-01.1921). Since September 1922 . commander rifle corps in the Volga, then in the Belarusian Military District. Since 1926 . in the Main Directorate of the Red Army - inspector of the rifle-tactical department. Air defense inspector (since 12.1929). Directly participated in the formation of one of the first air defense formations for the defense of Moscow. Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters, at the same time an air defense inspector and head of the Red Army Air Defense Service (05 - 10.1930). With his direct participation, the country's first general air defense plan for 1930-1933 was developed. And founding documents on the organization of air defense, including regulations on the country's air defense. Since December 1930 . - inspector, then head of the air defense inspection, from October 1933 - deputy head of the air defense department of the Red Army.
Unreasonably repressed (1939). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).
Awards of the Russian Empire, republics before 1918 not identified (in the service record dated July 22-1920 it is indicated that I.F. Blazhevich had “all the insignia of military distinction in the old army” and presented himself in 1915 G. to the ranks of “lieutenant” and “staff captain” ahead of schedule “for military distinction”).
Awards of the RSFSR, USSR: 2 Orders of the Red Banner (1920, 1924).
Divisional Commander KUCHINSKY Dmitry Alexandrovich
Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters (air defense, 1930-1931).
Soviet military leader.
In military service since 1916. He graduated from an accelerated course at the Alekseevsky Military Engineering School (1917), the Military Academy of the Red Army (1922), and advanced training courses for senior command personnel (1926).
In the First World War: commander of an engineer semi-company, then company commander, warrant officer. Chairman of the regimental committee (from 11.1917), later headed the demobilization commission of the rifle corps. Since May 1918 - in the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: senior instructor of the 1st Moscow Cavalry Regiment (05-12/1918), commander of a separate combined cavalry division (01-03/1919).
After the war - in responsible staff positions: senior assistant to the division chief of staff for operational affairs, chief of staff of the 3rd combat sector of the Tambov province, head of socio-economic sciences of the Military Academy of the Red Army (1921 - 1922). In 1922 - 1923 - service in the troops of the OGPU of the Republic as head of school and educational institutions, head of the military service department, inspector. From April 1924 at the Red Army Headquarters: head of the 1st department organizational management(04 - 11.1924), head of the department of organizational and mobilization management (11.1924 - 04.1925). From April 1925 - assistant, from November of the same year - deputy head of the same department. In September 1926 - head of the 1st department of the 2nd directorate of the Red Army Headquarters. Since August 1928 - Chief of Staff of the 14th Rifle Corps. Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters (air defense, 10/01/1930 - 01/31/1931).
Took an active part in the preparation general program deployment of active air defense units for 1930-1932. for the defense of the country's main points and facilities in border military districts. From February 1931 - chief of staff of the Ukrainian (from May 1935 - Kyiv) military district, at the same time from November 1934 - member of the Military Council of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR. In April 1936 - head and commissar of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army.
Unreasonably repressed (1938). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).
Awards: (not installed).
Brigade commander MEDVEDEV Mikhail Evgenievich
Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters (from April 1932 - Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army) (1931-1934).
In military service since October 1915. Graduated from the accelerated course of the Vladimir Infantry Military School (1916), Officer machine gun courses (1916), incomplete accelerated course of the Academy of the General Staff (1919), Military Academic Courses for the Higher Command of the Red Army (1922), accelerated course of the Academy of the General Staff at the Higher Military School of Observer Pilots (1924).
In the First World War - head of the machine gun team, staff captain. From January 1917 - in the ranks of the Red Guard, then - the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: chief of staff of the brigade, commander of the Gomel fortress brigade, 1st Kazan and 32nd (08.1919 - 09.1920) rifle divisions. After the war - head of a rifle division (1922). Since July 1924 - assistant for operational combat to the chief of the Air Force of the Leningrad Military District, then chief of staff of the district Air Force (until 09.1926). Since September 1926, head of the 3rd department (Air Force and Air Defense) of the operational directorate of the Red Army Headquarters. In 1928 he was transferred to the reserve of the Red Army with a secondment to the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR for appointment as head of the faculty defense industry on air defense courses. Here he also headed the training courses for senior air defense instructors. Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters (during its reorganization in April 1932) - the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (04.1931 - 07.1934).
He took an active part in the preparation of guidance documents on the organization of air defense, including regulations on local air defense units, and on air defense air defense units of the country's territory. In July 1934, he was removed from his position, in August he was transferred to the reserves, and later transferred to the reserve (1935). Head of the construction of the Western Railway hospital in Pokrovsky-Glebov.
Unreasonably repressed (1937). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).
Russian Awardsnot identified before 1918.
Awards of the RSFSR: Order of the Red Banner (1922).
Commander 1st rank KAMENEV Sergey Sergeevich
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (1934-1936).
Soviet statesman and military leader. He graduated from the Vladimir Kiev Cadet Corps (1898), the Alexander Military School (1900, 1st category). Nikolaev Military Academy of the General Staff (1907, 1st category).
Served in the following positions: battalion adjutant of the 165th Infantry Regiment (1900 - 1904), company commander (11.1907 - 11.1909), assistant to the senior adjutant of the headquarters of the Irkutsk Military District (11.1909 - 02.1910), senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 2nd Cavalry Division (02.1910 - 11.1911), assistant to the senior adjutant of the headquarters of the Vilna Military District (11.1911 - 09.1914).
During the First World War: senior adjutant of the quartermaster general's department of the 1st Army headquarters (09.1914 - 04.1917), elected commander of the 30th Pavlovsk infantry regiment (04 - 11.1917), elected chief of staff of the 15th Army Corps, then 3rd army (11.1917 - 04.1918), colonel (1915).
From April 1918 - in the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: military leader of the Nevelsky district of the Western section of the veil detachments (04-06.1918), commander of the 1st Vitebsk infantry division(06-08.1918), military leader of the Western section of the curtain and at the same time military leader of the Smolensk region (08.1918). From September 1918 to July 1919 (with a break in May 1919) - commander of the troops of the Eastern Front. Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic and member of the RVSR (07/08/1919 - 04/1924). Since April 1924 . - Inspector of the Red Army, member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, from March 1925 - Chief of Staff of the Red Army, remaining in the position of inspector - chief leader of all military academies in tactics. Chief Inspector (11.1925 - 08.1926), from August 1926 - Head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army, from May 1927 - Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR (05.1927 - 06.1934). Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (07/01/1934 - 08/25/1936), since November 1934 - member of the Military Council under the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR.
Actively took measures to improve the logistics of air defense formations and units, improve general structure air defense of the country's territory.
August 25, 1936 died from heart attack. Later, he was unfoundedly accused of anti-Soviet activities. Completely rehabilitated (1956).
Awards: Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class. (1912), Red Banner (1920); Honorary revolutionary weapon with the Order of the Red Banner (1921); Golden weapons with the Order of the Red Banner (1922); Order of the Red Banner of Khorezm, Red Crescent, 1st class. Bukhara People's Soviet Republics (1922).
Commander 2nd rank SEDYAKIN Alexander Ignatievich
Head of the Red Army Air Defense Directorate (1937).
Soviet military leader, military theorist.
In military service since 1914. He graduated from the accelerated course of the Irkutsk Military School (1915), Military Academic Courses for Higher Command Staff of the Red Army (1923).
During the First World War: commander of an infantry platoon, company, battalion, head of a regiment's machine gun team, staff captain. Chairman of the regimental soldiers' committee (from 03.1917), the military revolutionary committee (MRC) of the 5th Army of the Northern Front (from 11.1917).
At the beginning of 1918, he took part in the formation of the first regiments and divisions of the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: military commissar of the Pskov Rifle Division (05 - 08.1918), commander of an infantry regiment and brigade on the Eastern Front (08 - 12.1918). From January 1919 - assistant to the commander of the Group of Forces of the Kursk (from February - Don) direction and the 13th Army, in August - military commissar of the headquarters of the Southern Front. From September 1919 - head of the 31st Infantry Division, from February 1920 . - 15th Infantry Division. Since October 1920 . headed the 1st, then 10th reserve brigades. In March 1921, he led the Southern Group of Forces of the 7th Army in suppressing the Kronstadt Uprising. Military commandant of the Kronstadt fortress (1921), commander of the troops of the Karelian region of the Petrograd military district (1921 - 1922). From November 1923 - commander of the 5th Red Banner Army in the Far East, from March 1924 - troops of the Volga Military District. Since 1926, deputy head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army, then inspector of infantry and armor of the Red Army, member of the permanent military conference at the Main Military Council of the Red Army. Since March 1931, chief and commissioner Military Technical Academy Red Army in Leningrad, and in 1932 - head of the combat training department of the ground forces of the Red Army.
During this period he devoted Special attention development of the theory and practice of military affairs, took part in the development of the theory of deep combat and operations. Deputy Chief of Staff of the Red Army and inspector of higher military educational institutions of the Red Army (1934 - 1936). Head of the Air Defense Department of the Red Army (25.01 - 01.12.1937). With his direct participation, proposals were developed for the formation of air defense corps for the defense of Moscow, Leningrad, Baku, and air defense divisions for Kyiv. Appointed commander of the air defense of the Baku region, whose leadership he did not manage to join.
December 2, 1937 arrested, unreasonably repressed (1938). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).
Awards: 2 Orders of the Red Banner (1921,1922).
Major General KOBLENTS Grigory Mikhailovich
Acting chief of air defense of the Red Army (1938).
Soviet military leader. He graduated from the Military Academy of the Red Army (1924), advanced training courses for senior command personnel (1929).
Member of the First World War, second lieutenant. During the Civil War in Russia - commander of the 1st machine gun regiment named after V.I. Lenin.
After the war: Chief of Staff of the 26th Infantry Division (1922). Head of the Department of the Administration of Military Educational Institutions of the Red Army (1930 - 1932), head and military commissar of the united Belarusian military school named after the Central Executive Committee of the BSSR (1932-1933). From April 1933, he headed the 1st Department (Air Defense Services) in the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army. Acting Head of the Air Defense of the Red Army (04-11.1938). Later - full-time deputy head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army. Since February 1939 - teaching at the Military Academy named after. M.V. Frunze, head of the 2nd faculty (air defense).
During the Great Patriotic War: chief High school Air defense and at the same time deputy commander of the Gorky corps air defense region (1942 - 1943). From May 1944 - Deputy Commander of the Southern Air Defense Front, from March 1945 - Deputy Commander of the 3rd Air Defense Corps.
During Soviet-Japanese war(1945): Chief of Staff of the Amur Air Defense Army, then Chief of Staff of the Far Eastern Air Defense Army (07.1947), Deputy Chief of Staff Far Eastern District Air defense. Discharged from active military service to the reserve (1947).
Awards: Order of Lenin, 2 Orders of the Red Banner, Order of the Patriotic War 1st class, Order of the Red Star, medals.
Major General of Artillery POLYAKOV Yakov Korneevich
Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (1938-1940).
Soviet military leader.
In military service since May 1915. Graduated from the Artillery School of Commanders of the South-Western Front (1920), Artillery Advanced Courses for Commanders (1926), Advanced Courses for Anti-Aircraft Artillery Commanders (1932), Advanced Courses for Air Defense Anti-Aircraft Artillery Commanders (1936).
During the First World War - fireworks in artillery units. Demobilized (after 11/1917). In the Red Army for mobilization (from 11/1918). During the Civil War in Russia: platoon commander, battery.
After the war: commander artillery battalion, assistant commander of an artillery regiment. Since December 1932 - commander of an air defense regiment in the Belarusian Military District, since August 1937 - commander of a separate air defense brigade. Head of the Red Army Air Defense Directorate (10/31/1938 - 06/1940). Under his leadership, measures were taken to deploy an air defense system in the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, the Baltic republics and Moldova, which became part of the USSR in 1939 - 1940.
From June 1940 - assistant to the commander of the Far Eastern Front Group for Air Defense, from August - assistant to the commander of the Far Eastern Front for Air Defense, from May 1941 - also commander of the Far Eastern Air Defense Zone.
During the Soviet-Japanese War (1945) - commander of the Amur Air Defense Army of the 2nd Far Eastern Front. Since October 1945 - Commander of the Far Eastern Air Defense Army, since June 1946 - Deputy Commander of the Far Eastern Air Defense District. In July 1947, he was transferred from active military service to the reserve (due to illness).
Awards: Order of Lenin, 2 Orders of the Red Banner, Order of the Red Star; medals of the Russian Empire and the USSR.
Lieutenant General KOROLEV Mikhail Filippovich
Head of the Red Army Air Defense Directorate (1940).
Soviet military leader. In military service since 1915. Graduated from the Artillery Advanced Courses for Command Staff of the Red Army (1926), Artillery Command and Technical Advanced Courses (1934).
During the First World War - a junior non-commissioned officer in artillery units of the Southwestern Front. In June 1919 he was mobilized into the Red Army.
During the Civil War in Russia: platoon commander, battery. After the war: commander of a horse artillery division (from 1924), then chief of artillery of the horse corps. Since June 1938, head of the air defense department of the headquarters of the Kyiv Military District, since December - head of the Leningrad artillery advanced training courses for command personnel.
Lieutenant General Alexander Golovko- appointed Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces - Commander of the Air and Missile Defense Forces in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin No. 394 from 01.08.2015