Dental system of insectivorous mammals. Orders Insectivores and Chiroptera
INSECTIVORE
(Insectivora),
order of primitive mammals. Usually small animals, varied in appearance and lifestyle. The five-fingered limbs are equipped with claws. The muzzle is elongated and pointed, with an elongated nose protruding far beyond the skull. Teeth so-called insectivorous type. The incisors are often long, forming something like pincers; canines are always present, but usually resemble adjacent incisors or premolars; molars are covered with sharp tubercles. Eyes and ears are usually small and inconspicuous. The brain for placental mammals is primitive; cerebral hemispheres smooth, without grooves. Insectivores are widespread throughout to the globe, but are absent in Australia and most of South America. Modern views are divided into four clearly distinct superfamilies:
1) tenrecs (Tenrecoidea), which include tenrecs, golden moles and otter shrews; 2) hedgehogs (Erinaceidea), combining hedgehogs and gymnurs; 3) shrews (Soricidea): shrews, muskrats, moles and shrews; 4) jumpers (Macroscelididea).
Some biologists place the tupai in the latter subfamily, considered primates in other systems. The appearance of insectivores is quite varied. Burrowing species, such as moles, are covered with soft, velvety fur, the pile of which lies in any direction, which facilitates movement through tight underground passages. These animals' two strong, shovel-shaped front paws are excellent for digging. Hedgehogs are covered with spines, and the African otter shrew (Potamogale), which leads a mainly aquatic lifestyle, has a long and laterally flattened tail. Other's aqueous forms , shrew and muskrats, adaptations to life in water are also well expressed - fringes or combs of coarse hair on hind legs and tail help them swim. The jumpers living in Africa are distinguished by their very long hind limbs and tail, which help them make powerful jumps to escape their pursuers. The main food of the representatives of the order consists of insects and their larvae, worms and other small invertebrates. Hedgehogs often eat various fruits, and the otter shrew and crustaceans. Some miniature species They have an insatiable appetite, and often the amount of food they eat per day exceeds their weight. own body. Insectivores are not as fertile as, say, rodents, but up to 20 embryos can be found in the body of a female tenrec.
Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .
See what "INSECTIVORE" is in other dictionaries:
- (Insectivora), order of mammals. The most ancient and primitive of the placentals appeared, apparently, at the beginning of the Cretaceous; descended from pantotheriums. N.'s ancestors are the possible ancestors of all other placentals. Most limbs... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
Organisms, animals, some plants that feed primarily on insects. See also Insectivorous plants. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. Chisinau: Main editorial office of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Dedu. 1989 ... Ecological dictionary
INSECTIVORE, the most ancient and primitive animals among viviparous mammals. Insectivores include hedgehogs, shrews, moles, etc. There are about 450 species, widely distributed. Most are active at night. The main food is insects... Modern encyclopedia
Order of mammals. The most ancient and primitive of placental mammals. Body length from 3 to 45 cm. 7 8 families, approx. 300 species. Widely distributed (absent in Australia and almost all of America). Insectivores include slittooths,... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
INSECTIVORE, small detachment MAMMALS (Insectivora), many of which eat insects. Distributed almost throughout the world, some varieties live underground, others on the surface, as well as in rivers and ponds. Majority… … Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
- (Insectivora) order of mammals, relatively small, living mostly on or in the ground, less often in water or in trees. Their body is covered with hair or, in addition, with needles. The end of the muzzle protrudes beyond the lower jaw and often looks like... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
INSECTIVORE- INSECTIVORAS, Insectivora, order of mammals (Mammalia); small or small plantigrade animals; have numerous small and sharp teeth, which are poorly differentiated, due to which canines are often indistinguishable from incisors. Molars with... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia
Polyphyletic group of animals E... Wikipedia
- (Insectivora) order of mammals. Body length from 3 (little shrew, small shrew) to 39 cm (tenrec). The head is elongated, usually ending in a movable proboscis. The eyes are small, some are hidden under the skin. The body is covered with a short... ... Big Soviet encyclopedia
- (Insectivora) order of mammals, relatively small, living mostly on or in the ground, less often in water or in trees. Their body is covered with hair or, in addition, with needles. The end of the muzzle protrudes beyond the lower jaw and often looks like... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
Books
- Charles Darwin. Works in nine volumes, Charles Darwin. Moscow - Leningrad, 1935, State Publishing House biological and medical literature. Publisher's binding. The publication is supplied with drawings and maps. The set is in good condition.…
Type chordates, subphylum vertebrates, class mammals, subclass placentals, orders...
Class mammals
Mammals are the most highly organized class of vertebrates. Their body sizes are different: the dwarf shrew has 3.5 cm, blue whale- 33 m, body weight 1.5 g and 120 tons, respectively. The main progressive features of mammals are as follows: 1. high level development of central nervous system; 2. viviparity and feeding of the cubs with the product of the mother’s body - milk; 3. The ability for thermoregulation is developed.
The coat, and in some cases the subcutaneous fat layer, is of great importance in regulating heat transfer. These features, as well as a number of other organizational features, made it possible for mammals to become widespread in a wide variety of conditions. The total number of species of modern mammals is approximately 4.5 thousand.
Order insectivores
The hemispheres of the brain are small and lack convolutions. The teeth are poorly differentiated. Fangs rarely have a typical shape and large size. The facial region of the majority is elongated into a movable proboscis. Many species have scent glands. Insectivores are medium-sized and very small animals. Among insectivores there are terrestrial, aquatic and arboreal species. In the fauna of Russia there are species of three families: moles (common and Siberian moles), hedgehogs (common and long-eared hedgehogs), shrews (common shrew and water shrew).
Order Chiroptera
The only group of mammals adapted to real flight in the air. They serve as wings leathery membranes, located between very long fingers forelimbs, sides of the body, hind limbs and tail. The sternum bears the keel, to which the pectoral muscles are attached, driving the wings.
The organs of touch, in addition to the usual tactile corpuscles and vibris, are represented by numerous thin hairs scattered on the surface of the flight membranes and auricles. Vision is weak. Hearing is extremely subtle. Lifestyle is twilight and nocturnal. Bats are distributed throughout the globe, except the Arctic and Antarctic. Species: long-eared bats, noctules, bats, leather bats, pipistrelle bats, horseshoe bats.
Squad of rodents
Most rodents are small and medium-sized animals that feed primarily or exclusively plant foods. In this regard, their dental apparatus is unique. There are no fangs. Due to the diet of coarse plant foods, the intestinal tract is long. All species have a cecum that acts as a “fermentation vat.” Most species are characterized by the ability to reproduce quickly, which is associated with early puberty and a large number of young born. Among them there are terrestrial, underground and semi-aquatic species.
Many species are important objects of the fur trade: squirrel, muskrat, marmots, beaver. Among rodents there are many agricultural pests and species that spread dangerous diseases, such as plague. Includes the following families: Squirrel family (gophers, marmots, squirrels, chipmunks), Mouse family (mice - house, forest, field; rats - gray and black), Hamster family (muskrats, hamsters, gerbils, lemmings, voles).
Order Lagomorpha
Lagomorphs do not have canines and the incisors are separated from the molars by a wide space (diastema). Unlike rodents, the stomach of lagomorphs consists of two sections: the fundic, where only bacterial fermentation of food occurs, and the pyloric, where food is digested only in the presence of the enzyme pepsin. It is believed that the similarity of rodents and lagomorphs is only external (convergent). There are two well-defined families in the order: Family Hare (Representatives of the family are characterized by elongated hind legs and very long ears. White hare, Brown hare, sand hare, wild rabbit), Family of pikas or haymakers (Daurian, northern, steppe pikas).
Predatory squad
The order of carnivores unites mammals that are, to one degree or another, adapted to feeding on animal food. Most species hunt animals, less often they use carrion. The general appearance and body size of carnivores are very different. This order includes tiny weasels and mighty bears. Basic common feature is the structure of the dental system. The collarbones are vestigial or absent. The forebrain is well developed and covered with convolutions. The stomach is simple, the intestines are relatively small. The uterus is bicornuate. The testes are in the scrotum, there is a penis bone. Monogamous, breed once a year. The most common representatives of the following four families: Canine family (wolf, fox, corsac fox, arctic fox), Cat family (tiger, leopard, leopard, lynx), Bear family (brown, black, white), Mustelidae family (sable, pine marten, ermine , Siberian weasel, light polecat, sea otter, acclimatized species - American mink).
Order Perissodactyls
Large ungulates in which the axis of the limb passes through the third finger, which receives preferential development. The degree of reduction of the lateral fingers varies in different groups, which is associated with greater or lesser adaptability to fast running. There are no collarbones. The stomach is simple. One pair of nipples in the groin area. There are three families in the order: Horse family( kulan donkey, zebra, Przewalski's horse),
Rhinoceros family( Indian rhinoceros, African white rhinoceros), Tapir family( mountain, Central American, black-backed).
Order Artiodactyls
Usually large, herbivorous animals with the ability to run quickly. In this regard, their legs are usually long; the terminal phalanges of the fingers bear the hooves. The third and fourth fingers are developed to the same extent, and the axis of the limb runs between them. The second and fifth fingers are more or less underdeveloped. When walking, the limbs can only move in one plane; there are no collarbones. Herbivores. The stomach in most species is complex, consisting of several sections; rarely simple.
Order Pinnipeds
The general shape of the body is elongated, spindle-shaped. The neck is shortened and does not have a pronounced interception. The limbs are shortened and modified into flippers. The coat is reduced to one degree or another. Subcutaneous fat deposits are very well developed, performing the functions of thermal insulation, as well as protecting the body from mechanical damage and reducing the density of the animal. Most species do not have an external auricle, but their hearing is very good. The sense of smell is well developed. Vision, on the contrary, is weak. Dental system in basic features it is similar to that of terrestrial predators, but the differentiation of teeth is less pronounced.
Order Cetaceans
An extremely unique group of mammals whose entire life is spent in water. Their body is spindle-shaped, streamlined, with a disproportionately large head. There is no cervical interception. The forelimbs are turned into flippers, the hind limbs are absent. Only two rudimentary bones are preserved from the pelvic girdle, not connected with axial skeleton. The skin is bare. There are no sweat or sebaceous glands. There is one pair of mammary glands. The nipples open into pocket-shaped sinuses. Subcutaneous fat is very developed. There are no auricles, but the hearing organ is well developed. Toothed whales have a developed ability for echolocation. Vision is well developed.
Order primates
These are ancient mammals whose ancestors were insectivores. Body length ranges from 12 cm ( dwarf lemur) up to 180 cm and above (gorilla). The order includes two suborders of different external structure - monkeys and prosimians. Monkeys are characterized by a strong development of the cerebral hemispheres, the cortex of which forms a complex system of convolutions and grooves. Plantigrade animals with well-developed five-fingered grasping limbs adapted for climbing trees. The first finger (thumb) can be opposed to the rest. The fingers of monkeys have flat nails; prosimians more often have claws. There is a collarbone.
They feed mainly on mixed food with a predominance of plants. They live in herds, rarely in pairs. Reproduce all year round. Among prosimians, a large number of species of lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers are known. Among the monkeys, the best known are capuchins, marmosets, monkeys and apes. Greater primates include the gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbons and humans.
ORDO INSECTIVORA BOWDICH, 1821
Placental mammals are small in size. Body length from 3.5 cm. ( smallest sizes in the small-feeding class) in the dwarf shrew and up to 44 cm in the large shrew rat hedgehog. The muzzle is elongated, usually ending in a small proboscis. The external ears are small and may be absent in some representatives. The eyes are small, sometimes on varying degrees reduction. The limbs are four- or five-fingered, plantigrade, all fingers are armed with claws. The hairline is usually short th, soft, poorly differentiated; sometimes the body is covered with spines. The skin contains sebaceous, primitive sweat and specific glands. Nipples from 2 to 12.
The skull is elongated in the facial region and flattened. The maxillary bones are part of the orbital walls and separate the lacrimal bone from the palatine bone. The orbital wings of the palatine bone are reduced in size. The cheek bones are small or absent at all. The zygomatic arches are poorly developed or absent. The tympanic bones are often ring-shaped and do not form auditory tympani. The radius and ulna are separated from each other, and the tibia and fibula are often fused together at knee joint. All insectivores have a collarbone, with the exception of the otter shrew. Os penis available at least in moles and tenrecs.
The olfactory lobes (macromatic type) are highly developed in the brain. The hemispheres are almost without grooves and convolutions (hedgehogs, shrews and jumpers have only Sulcus rhinalis lateralis) (Brauer and Schober, 1970). The stomach is simple. The cecum may be absent. The uterus in females is bicornuate, the placenta is discoidal. The testes in males are located in the abdominal cavity, under the skin in the groins or in the scrotum in front of the genitals.
Thus, insectivores are characterized by a number of features due to which they should be considered more primitive than other placental mammals: small sizes, plantigrade limbs, weakly heterodont teeth, tubercular molars, underdeveloped auditory tympani.
They lead a terrestrial, underground, semi-aquatic or arboreal lifestyle. Most of them are nocturnal; some have 24/7. They feed mainly on insects, although there are also predators among them. Insectivores are polygamous. Pregnancy 11-43 days. There is usually one litter per year, rarely more. There are up to 14 cubs in a litter. Sexual maturity is reached at the age of 3-4 months to two years. Economic importance relatively small. A number of species benefit forest and agriculture by eating harmful insects. Some species (mole) are of commercial importance.
![](https://i0.wp.com/zooeco.com/Images/Talpa%20europaea5.jpg)
Distributed throughout the world, with the exception of Australia, most of South America, Greenland and Antarctica. Insectivores are the most ancient and primitive among placental mammals. The ancestors of modern insectivores were, apparently, the ancestors of all other placental mammals. The separation of insectivores from Pantotheria probably occurred sometime at the beginning of the Cretaceous. The most ancient fossil remains of insectivores are known from the Upper Cretaceous deposits North America(Gypsonictops). Among modern families insectivores, most of which have deeply adapted to specific living conditions and, in connection with this, have undergone significant changes, the most primitive is the hedgehog family. Shrews and moles probably diverged from hedgehog-like ancestors around the end of the Eocene or the beginning of the Oligocene. Findings of fossil remains of other modern families date back to the Miocene (tenrecs, golden moles and jumpers) or Oligocene (snaptooths).
The order is dominated by small and very small animals. The majority have a wedge-shaped head, with an elongated proboscis-shaped nose. The body of most animals is covered with smooth, thick, velvety fur, while a few have coarse bristly hair or short spines. Limbs are designed differently depending on lifestyle. Many insectivores are characterized by odorous (musk) glands.
The dental system is primitive. The number of teeth is from 44 to 26. A set of 44 teeth is considered the initial (most primitive) for higher animals. The premolar teeth of insectivores are clearly divided into two categories by structure - small premolars and large, or large, premolars. Small preradicals occur in representatives of different genera and families different number, so they have great importance in taxonomy, and large premolars only one on each side in the upper and lower jaws. Large molars are adjacent to small molars, and are always larger in size than small molars: and have 2 or 3 roots, often with several sharp peaks. On the molars, cutting ridges (commissures) pass between the sharp apices, forming a pattern similar to the letter W or V. Teeth of this structure are called insectivorous teeth.
The brain of insectivores has a relatively large olfactory region, and the size of the hemispheres is small, many without grooves and do not cover the cerebellum on top. From the senses greatest development reaches the organs of smell and touch. The organs of vision in almost all are poorly developed; in some, the eyes are completely hidden under the skin. Due to poor brain development conditioned reflexes They are produced slowly and quickly lost (faded).
Insectivores are one of the oldest groups higher animals. Their fossil remains are known from Upper Cretaceous deposits Mesozoic era. The time that has passed from then to the present day is about 135 million years. Their origin is associated with the Jurassic animal-like creatures of the subclass of pantotheriums, the order of trituberculates. http://www.floranimal.ru/orders/2339.html
Lesson type - combined
Methods: partially search, problem presentation, reproductive, explanatory and illustrative.
Target: mastering the skills to apply biological knowledge V practical activities, use information about modern achievements in the field of biology; work with biological devices, tools, reference books; conduct observations of biological objects;
Tasks:
Educational: the formation of cognitive culture, mastered in the process of educational activities, and aesthetic culture as the ability to have an emotional and value-based attitude towards objects of living nature.
Educational: development of cognitive motives aimed at obtaining new knowledge about living nature; cognitive qualities of a person associated with mastering the fundamentals of scientific knowledge, mastering methods of studying nature, and developing intellectual skills;
Educational: orientation in the system moral standards and values: recognition of the high value of life in all its manifestations, the health of one’s own and other people; environmental consciousness; nurturing love for nature;
Personal: understanding of responsibility for the quality of acquired knowledge; understanding the value of adequately assessing one’s own achievements and capabilities;
Cognitive: ability to analyze and evaluate the impact of factors environment, health risk factors, consequences of human activities in ecosystems, the impact of one’s own actions on living organisms and ecosystems; focus on constant development and self-development; the ability to work with various sources of information, transform it from one form to another, compare and analyze information, draw conclusions, prepare messages and presentations.
Regulatory: the ability to organize independent completion of tasks, evaluate the correctness of work, and reflect on one’s activities.
Communicative: formation of communicative competence in communication and cooperation with peers, understanding of the characteristics of gender socialization in adolescence, socially useful, educational and research, creative and other types of activities.
Technologies : Health conservation, problem-based, developmental education, group activities
Types of activities (content elements, control)
Formation of students’ activity abilities and abilities to structure and systematize the subject content being studied: teamwork- study of the text and illustrative material, compilation of the table “Systematic groups of multicellular organisms” when advisory assistance student experts followed by self-test; pair or group performance laboratory work with the advisory assistance of a teacher followed by mutual verification; independent work based on the material studied.
Planned results
Subject
understand the meaning of biological terms;
describe the structural features and basic life processes of animals of different systematic groups; compare the structural features of protozoa and multicellular animals;
recognize organs and organ systems of animals of different systematic groups; compare and explain reasons for similarities and differences;
establish the relationship between the structural features of organs and the functions they perform;
give examples of animals of different systematic groups;
distinguish the main systematic groups protozoa and multicellular animals;
characterize the directions of evolution of the animal world; provide evidence of the evolution of the animal world;
Metasubject UUD
Cognitive:
to Work with different sources information, analyze and evaluate information, transform it from one form to another;
write theses, different kinds plans (simple, complex, etc.), structure educational material, give definitions of concepts;
carry out observations, perform elementary experiments and explain the results obtained;
compare and classify, independently choosing criteria for the specified logical operations;
build logical reasoning, including establishing cause-and-effect relationships;
create schematic models with highlighting essential characteristics objects;
identify possible sources necessary information, search for information, analyze and evaluate its reliability;
Regulatory:
organize and plan your educational activities— determine the purpose of the work, the sequence of actions, set tasks, predict the results of the work;
independently put forward options for solving assigned tasks, anticipate the final results of the work, choose the means to achieve the goal;
work according to plan, compare your actions with the goal and, if necessary, correct mistakes yourself;
master the basics of self-control and self-assessment for making decisions and making informed choices in educational, cognitive and educational and practical activities;
Communicative:
listen and engage in dialogue, participate in collective discussion of problems;
integrate and build productive interactions with peers and adults;
adequately use verbal means for discussion and argumentation of one’s position, compare different points of view, argue one’s point of view, defend one’s position.
Personal UUD
Formation and development of cognitive interest in the study of biology and the history of the development of knowledge about nature
Techniques: analysis, synthesis, inference, translation of information from one type to another, generalization.
Basic Concepts
Diversity of mammals, division into orders; general characteristics of units, the relationship between lifestyle and external structure. The importance of mammals in nature and human life, the protection of mammals.
During the classes
Updating knowledge ( concentration when learning new material)
Choose the correct answer option in your opinion.
1. How many species of marsupials are there?
2. What is the marsupial bursa used for?
For water storage
For bearing babies
For food storage
3. What do kangaroos eat?
Insects
Plant food
4. How do kangaroos move?
Somersaults
Jumping
5. Which representative of marsupials eats fish?
River possum
Marsupial wolf
6. What trees do koalas live in?
On the pines
On eucalyptus
7. What is a koala called?
Marsupial mole
Marsupial bear
Marsupial
8. As one of the representatives marsupial lives in the soil?
Marsupial cat
Marsupial mole
With possum
9. How big can an adult kangaroo reach?
2 meters
10. Where do marsupials not live?
In Australia
In North America
In Asia
Learning new material(teacher's story with elements of conversation)
Order Insectivores.
Brief description of the squad. This includes animals of medium and small size, with an elongated muzzle ending in a proboscis. Insectivores include hedgehogs, moles, muskrats, shrews, and shrews. The largest representative of the order is the common desman, up to 22 cm long, with an equally long scaly tail, compressed from the sides. All insectivores, except hedgehogs, have short fur. The smallest representative is the tiny shrew, up to 4 cm long. Animals of this order are considered ancient mammals.
Vital important organs representatives of this order retained the primitive features that were inherent in ancient animals. Thus, the cerebral hemispheres of the brain of insectivores contain almost no convolutions, the skull has an elongated shape, the teeth are sharp, tuberculate, and are difficult to divide into groups. Most of the animals that belong to this group are small in size, the skin is represented by short soft hairs or short spines, and the paws have five toes. Many of these creatures are basically night look life, but some are active during the day. From the name of the order it is clear that the basis of their diet consists of various insects
Garden warrior. Secret life European hedgehog
Mole - also shining example insectivores. These representatives of mammals have many character traits of this class, but there are also distinctive features. The skin of moles, unlike the hedgehogs discussed above, is presented in the form of short dark hair. The front paws of these animals have a rather specific appearance for insectivores - they are enlarged, they have long claws, as they are designed for convenient digging of the ground. Moles live in the ground, where they make burrows with numerous nests and tunnels. Here it is convenient for them to find food in the form of earthworms, larvae of various insects, etc. Another distinctive feature the mole has underdeveloped eyes - since it lives underground, it practically does not need them; The main sensory organ is the nose. -
how moles behave on the ground
Mole—Mole
Shrews. Speaking about which animals are insectivores, we need to mention them. Each of us has heard about this funny animal at least once. It is as widespread on the Eurasian continent as the “brothers” described above. These animals are found almost everywhere except Australia, South America and Antarctica. These are small creatures, covered with thin fur, active at any time of the day. They feed, of course, on insects and... other small animals that are found in the ground, as is clear from their name. Sometimes they also eat seeds. The shrew family includes shrews and shrews. They bring great benefits, like hedgehogs, destroying many harmful insects.
Shrews
Shrew!
Little-known representatives of this order
Now let’s talk about those representatives of the detachment we are considering, whom not everyone knows, so to speak, by sight (well, or in the face). So, what animals are insectivores? For example, the tenrec family. These creatures are very similar to hedgehogs; previously they were even classified as one family. Tenrecs live in Madagascar and the Comoros Islands. This is very ancient family insectivores, whose representatives have been known since Cretaceous period. They, like hedgehogs, have spines, usually dark in color. Some species have on them yellow spots. Interesting feature mentioned animals have an extremely low metabolism and absolutely low temperature body, which is not usually characteristic of mammals.
Tenrecs. bristlyhedgehogs
Another interesting and little-known ordinary people species - slittooth. These are insectivorous animals, differing quite large sizes. Their habitat is Cuba and Haiti. They are similar to large shrews or rats, but have more long legs and, unlike rats, a longer snout like a proboscis. It is interesting that the slittooth belongs to the few poisonous mammals; the poison is secreted by a gland, the duct of which is located on the lower jaw. Listed in the Red Book. The jumper is also an example of an insectivorous animal. Most of all, it resembles a jerboa, and lives in Africa. The basis of its diet consists of termites, other insects, seeds, and small fruits.