Signs of weather phenomena in the surrounding world. How to read a weather map

Weather maps provide a simplified representation of the current or forecast weather in a particular area. The most common weather map is the surface map, which will be discussed in this article. At first glance it may seem that the analysis of a surface map is quite challenging task, but with a little practice you can do it in no time.

Steps

Part 1

Clarify general meteorological concepts for yourself. What people care about most is precipitation, which in meteorology (the science of weather) refers to any form of water that falls on earth's surface. Types of precipitation include rain, hail, snow and sleet.

For interpretation weather conditions One of the most important components is the ability to analyze the consequences caused by changes atmospheric pressure.

• High pressure implies dry weather, while low pressure usually indicates the presence of moist air or even precipitation. Region high pressure is an air mass consisting of denser air that is colder and/or drier than outside. Thus, heavy air flows down and away from the center pressure system
• High pressure implies dry weather, while low pressure usually indicates the presence of moist air or even precipitation. - like water spilled on the ground. In areas of high pressure the weather tends to remain clear or clear. low pressure is an air mass consisting of air that is less dense because it is wetter and/or warmer. Ambient air pulls toward the center of the pressure system, while light air soars upward, which often leads to increased cloudiness or precipitation, as the moist air cools as it rises. This effect is clearly visible when invisible water vapor contained in the air, as a result of contact with the outside of cold glass, is forced to condense into droplets. But drops will not begin to form if the glass is not cold enough. Thus, the formation of rain as a result of rising low pressure air is only possible if the air is cold enough for water vapor to condense into heavy enough to become suspended. drops. Clouds are just drops of water that, due to their light weight, are held in place by the rising air current.
• Areas of very low air pressure tend to form hurricanes (if they haven't already). It also results in the formation of cloud cover that moves across the sky. When moist air rises very high, it leads to the formation thundercloud. The collision of very high pressure air with warm, moist air very low pressure results in tornadoes.

1. Study the weather map. You may see it on television news, the Internet, or your local newspaper (other sources include magazines and books, but the maps in these may be out of date). Due to their low price and reliability, newspapers are the most convenient source weather map. This map can be cut out and carried with you while you learn to interpret the symbols.

   Analyze small areas of the weather map. It is advisable that you use maps for a small area - they are easier to interpret. Working with a large-scale map can be overwhelming for beginners. As you explore the map, pay attention to locations, lines, arrows, patterns, colors, and numbers. All elements have meaning and are different from each other.

   Consider the movement of a cold front. Symbols such as these indicate the possibility of heavy rain and high speed wind. Blue lines with triangles on one side are used on weather maps to depict cold fronts. The vertices of the triangles indicate the direction in which it is moving cold front.

   Let's consider the movement of a warm front. Typically, as a front approaches, there is a gradual increase in precipitation in the form of rain and subsequent sudden warming and clearing after the front passes. If the warm air mass is unstable, weather conditions may include prolonged thunderstorms. A red line with semicircles on one side indicates warm front. The side on which they are located indicates the direction of movement of the warm front.

   Let's consider the front of occlusion. It occurs when a cold front merges with a warm one. The movement of the front is accompanied by various weather phenomena (even thunderstorms), which depend on whether the occlusion front is warm or cold. The passage of an occlusion front usually brings with it drier air (lower dew point). The purple line with semicircles and triangles on one side represents the occlusion front. The side on which semicircles and triangles are located indicates the direction of movement of the front.

   Let's consider a stationary front. Denotes a fixed boundary between two different air masses. Such fronts are characterized by long periods continuous rains, which linger for a long time in one area and advance in waves. Semicircles on one side and triangles on the other indicate that the front is not moving in any direction.

Determining wind direction produced according to a weather vane. The observer stands near the mast under the weather vane, observes the average position of the weather vane for two minutes and determines the side of the horizon from which the wind is blowing. The wind direction is taken to be one of the main 16 directions, to which the average position of the weather vane is closer.

Table 1. Symbols for indicating atmospheric phenomena

Cloud Observation carried out before taking readings from instruments in the meteorological booth. Cloudiness is assessed according to the following criteria: cloudless - clear sky, slightly cloudy - approximately 25% of the sky is covered with clouds; average cloudiness - about half the sky is occupied by clouds; partly cloudy - 75% of the sky is covered with clouds; overcast— the whole sky is covered with clouds.

Atmospheric phenomena(precipitation, fog, dew, etc.) are noted in the log if they occurred half an hour before or after the observation period or continued at the time of observation.

Air temperature measured precisely during observation hours. When working with an emergency thermometer, you should adhere to the following rules:

• regardless of the thermometer scale division, readings are made with an accuracy of 0.1 °C;
• In mercury thermometers, the uppermost position of the meniscus apex is measured, and in alcohol thermometers, the position lowest point concave surface of the meniscus;
• First, tenths are counted, and then whole degrees;
• due to the high sensitivity of the thermometer, readings must be made as quickly as possible, trying not to breathe on the thermometer;
• if the thermometer readings go beyond the scale, then the limit reading on the scale is recorded, preceded by a sign > (greater than) or< (меньше);
• When reading, the observer's eye should be at the same level with the end of the thermometer's liquid column.

Air humidity determined by a psychrometer or hair hygrometer. The Augusta psychrometer is the main instrument for determining relative air humidity. It can be used at temperatures not lower than -10 °C. It consists of two thermometers. One of them is wrapped in damp cloth. Based on the temperature difference between two thermometers using psychrometric tables, they determine relative humidity air. Hygrometer readings are recorded in whole scale divisions. After the countdown, you need to move the arrow slightly to the left, to smaller divisions of the scale, and check whether it returns to its original position.

Precipitation observations. The amount of precipitation is measured once a day. A few minutes before the observation period, remove the precipitation gauge bucket and close it with a lid, and put an empty bucket in its place. Precipitation is poured into a measuring glass and calculated in whole divisions. If there is precipitation in the bucket in the form of snow or hail, the measurement is made after it has melted at room temperature. To obtain the final result in millimeters of water layer, divide the measured amount by 10 and record the resulting value in a journal.

Measurement produced using an aneroid barometer. At the time of taking readings, it must be in a horizontal position. To obtain a more accurate result, lightly tap the aneroid glass with your finger, and then record the position of the end of the arrow with an accuracy of 0.1 mm Hg. Art. When counting, the end of the arrow should be in the center of vision of the observer's eye. The barometric tendency is the difference between the pressure just measured and the previous value. It can be positive (pressure rises) or negative (pressure drops).

Processing of information collected during the observation period:

• Average daily values ​​of temperature, atmospheric pressure and air humidity are calculated.
• Progress graphs are being built average daily temperatures, pressure and air humidity.
• The constructed graphs are analyzed. Periods of growth, decline and stability of the main meteorological characteristics. Special attention it is necessary to pay attention to atmospheric phenomena, the cloudiness that corresponded to them.
• Based on the analysis, weather types with characteristic temperatures, pressure and humidity, as well as cloudiness and atmospheric phenomena. Weather types from brief description are written in the output.

Every day there are changes in weather conditions. Kids starting from kindergarten, learn to characterize, describe and recognize natural phenomena. In each group, starting from younger age, a nature calendar hangs on the walls, where children daily note the phenomena that occur outside the window. This is done using weather symbols drawn on the poster.

In each age group The number of symbols is increasing as children's knowledge expands. They will learn many new weather phenomena. In the article we will look at all the known symbols and their diversity, how children are taught to determine the weather, wind direction, measure temperature and distinguish between types of clouds.

Weather calendar for the younger group of kindergarten

Kids are not yet familiar with all the subtleties of natural phenomena; they distinguish only a few basic definitions of weather. When the sky is shining bright sun and there are no clouds, then the day is considered sunny, and the child turns the arrow with its tip towards the drawn sun. When it's raining outside, the arrow turns to the image of a cloud with drops.

If the weather is cloudy, the sun is hidden behind the clouds, then the arrow turns to a picture in which the cloud half blocked the sun. In winter, when it snows, the child points to the image of a cloud with snowflakes. Conventional weather signs for kids are more like pictures. This way children can immediately see what they have to choose.

Determining the weather in the middle group

On this calendar weather there are more symbols, but they are still represented by pictures. Weather phenomena such as thunderstorms and rainbows are added. Children already know that not every rain is accompanied by thunder and lightning. There is also a picture of precipitation with a rainbow. The guys get acquainted with this phenomenon during summer rain when the sun illuminates droplets in the air. You can also see a rainbow while the teacher is watering flowers or next to the fountain.

There is also one more of the new conventional weather signs - wind. First, children learn to understand his presence. For this, a weather vane, ribbons, windmills, and just pieces of paper are used. You can see the foliage on the trees from the window of the group room. If there is wind outside, the leaves move, and when there is no wind, they remain motionless.

Conventional signs of weather phenomena for older preschoolers

This nature calendar shows how much more weather phenomena preschoolers already know. This scheme can also be used in primary school schools. Children learn to distinguish calm weather from weak or strong gusty, squally winds.

Also, the guys can already understand how much the air temperature has changed. It varies - hot, warm, cool or completely cold. On the table of weather symbols, the following is distinguished: temperature scale images of people different colors. If it is hot, then the person is orange, if warm, then the person is yellow. But the frozen people are drawn in cold shades. In cool weather - blue, in frosty days- blue.

Lessons from the world around us

Conventional weather signs at school are studied according to the generally accepted notation system in the world. These are no longer pictures, but symbols, the meaning of which cannot always be guessed from appearance. The direction of the wind is indicated by an arrow facing some direction of the world. Children should be able to distinguish and correctly show all four main cardinal directions, as well as intermediate ones, for example, the northeast or southwest wind. The direction is determined by a weather vane.

This calendar also records the air temperature, which is measured on a thermometer outside the school window. Sometimes children keep a weather calendar for a whole month, filling in workbook empty cells in which only symbols are entered.

To fill out the table correctly, the signs must be memorized. Some are easy to learn. For example, snow is indicated by a snowflake, dew is like a drop on the grass, ice is slippery road, so the wavy line is drawn.

How the wind strength is noted is also easy to remember. Calm is just an arrow, and as its strength increases, the number of lines on it also increases.

When studying signs, it is important to come up with some comparisons and analogies for the child. This will make it easier to remember everything. Children need to understand the value of such observations. Such information collections are also used in weather reports; they are useful for Agriculture and comparison of the weather on a given day in different years. Scientists are studying changes in weather conditions on the planet, knowledge helps to plant seeds in the soil in time so that they do not freeze and produce healthy shoots.

WEATHER SIGNS

WEATHER SIGNS

Conventional signs, which in meteorology, for example. on special (synoptic) maps, indicate various meteorological phenomena, for example:

Samoilov K. I. Marine dictionary. - M.-L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941

Meteorological signs

conventional signs, applied on synoptic maps to indicate various meteorological conditions.

EdwART. Explanatory Naval Dictionary, 2010

See what "METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS" is in other dictionaries:

Conventional signs that indicate various meteorological phenomena (for example O rain, U frost, O dry fog, etc.). Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Some phenomena closely related to weather cannot be accurately measured; however, indicating them can sometimes provide an important feature for characterizing and predicting the weather. For such phenomena in meteorological journals and printed tables... ...

See weather signs. Samoilov K.I. Marine dictionary. M. L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941 ... Marine Dictionary

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