The meaning of the South Russian Workers' Union in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, BSE. “South Russian Union of Workers” and “Northern Union of Russian Workers” Creation of the South Russian Union of Workers

History of creation and existence

Charter of the South Russian Union of Workers

Raising the question of the need to fight for political freedoms as an integral part common struggle for building socialism was taken from Marxism and distinguished the charter of the “Union” from other populist programs built on utopian socialism and anarchism. However, the charter of the “Union” did not give a clear idea of ​​the class struggle of the proletariat and, on the whole, was still more populist than Marxist.

The Odessa “Union” included workers from the following Odessa industries: factories of the Bellino-Fenderich and Goulier-Blanchard family; printing houses; companies producing gold jewelry; railway workshops; numerous enterprises in the working-class area of ​​Slobodka-Romanovka. The “South Russian Workers' Union” numbered up to 60 members, around whom 150-200 sympathizing workers were grouped. The most active - F. I. Kravchenko, N. B. Naddachin, S. S. Naumov, M. P. Skvery, I. O. Rybitsky, M. Ya. Lyakhovich - carried out propaganda, tried to give a political hue to the two strikes that took place By economic reasons During the time the “Union” existed, they distributed illegal literature among the workers, printed in their printing house, and attracted new members to the “Union.” Members of the "Union" collected money for Slavic peoples Balkan Peninsula, fighting for independence, for the rebel Herzegovinians, established connections with emigration, received illegal publications from

"South Russian Workers' Union", the first workers' revolution. Lit. organization in Russia. Originated in Odessa in 1875. The formation of the "Union" was facilitated by fast development Odessa as a trade and industry and a port city, in which workers from different regions of Russia were concentrated. Russian literature penetrated Odessa. revolutionary emigration. Creation of "Yu.s.r." was prepared by the activities of the Odessa circle Tchaikovsky(headed by F.V. Volkhovsky), mug br. Zhebunevs and I.M.’s mug Kovalsky, who in 1872-74 carried out propaganda in workers' self-education circles. In the beginning. 1875 workers' circles of the factories Bellino-Fenderich, Gulier-Blanchard and others were founded under the leadership. E.O. Zaslavsky savings and loan cash desk (later the “Brotherly Cash Fund of Odessa Workers”), which became the core of the “Union”. In July 1875, at a meeting of members of the cash register, the formation of the “Union” was finalized, the name and charter, drawn up by Zaslavsky under the influence of the charter of the 1st International, were adopted. It stated that workers could achieve recognition of their rights “only through a violent revolution, which would destroy all privileges and advantages and make labor the basis of personal and social well-being.” The goals of the "Union" are to promote the idea of ​​liberating workers from the yoke of capital, uniting them to fight the economic crisis. and political in order. Raising the question of the need for politics. struggle sharply distinguished the charter of the "Union" from other populists. 1st half programs 1870s V.I. Lenin wrote that the first workers' organizations in Russia "... demanded political rights for the people, wanted to fight for these rights, and Russian socialists then mistakenly considered the political struggle to be a retreat from socialism" (Political collection. op. , 5th ed., vol. 4, p. 245). However, the charter of the “Union” did not give a clear idea of ​​the class struggle of the proletariat and, in general, did not go beyond the framework of populism. worldview. The "Union" established contacts with the workers of Rostov and Chisinau. The Odessa branch consisted of 6 groups: workers from the Bellino-Fenderich, Blanchard factories, a group of typesetters, goldsmiths, workers from the railway workshops and Slobodka-Romanovka. "Yu. With. r." numbered up to 60 members, around whom 150-200 sympathizing workers were grouped. The most active were F.I. Kravchenko, N.B. Naddachin, S. S. Naumov, M.P. Skveri, I. O. Rybitsky, M. Ya. Lyakhovich and others conducted propaganda, introduced workers to illegal literature, attracted new members to the “Union,” and participated in organizing 2 strikes. Members of the "Union" responded to the struggle of the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula by collecting money in favor of the rebel Herzegovinians, established connections with emigration, and received illegal publications from London. In the end 1875 - beginning 1876 ​​"South S.R." was destroyed as a result of betrayal. 15 people brought to trial by the Special Presence of the Governing Senate. On May 23-27, 1877, the first political meeting took place. trial of the revolutionary workers. Zaslavsky, Rybitsky and Kravchenko were sentenced to hard labor, the rest - to different periods imprisonment and exile.

B. S. Itenberg.

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia was used.

Literature:

South Russian Workers' Union. Sat. Art. and materials, [Nikolaev], 1924;

South Russian Workers' Unions, M., 1924;

Labor movement in Russia in the 19th century, Sat. documents and materials, vol. 2, part 2, M., 1950;

Yushchenko F. O., Swedish Union of Rob1tnik!v, XapKie, 1971;

Itenberg B. S., "South Russian Union of Workers." Emergence and activity, M., 1974;

Pershina Z. V., Essays on the history of the revolutionary movement in the south of Ukraine, K.-Od., 1975.

South Russian Workers' Union (“South Russian Union of Workers”,)

the first workers' revolutionary political organization in Russia. It arose in Odessa in 1875. The formation of the “Union” was facilitated by the rapid development of Odessa as a commercial, industrial and port city, in which workers from different areas Russia. Russian literature penetrated into Odessa revolutionary emigration. Creation of "Yu. With. R." was prepared by the activities of the Odessa circle of Chaikovites (See Tchaikovtsy) (leader F.V. Volkhovsky), the circle of the Zhebunev brothers and the circle of I.M. Kovalsky (See Kovalsky), who in 1872-74 carried out propaganda in workers’ circles of self-education. At the beginning of 1875, workers' circles of the Bellino-Fenderich, Gullier-Blanchard and others factories founded, under the leadership of E. O. Zaslavsky (See Zaslavsky), a savings and loan bank (later the “Brotherly Cash Fund of Odessa Workers”), which became the core of the “Union”. In July 1875, at a meeting of members of the cash register, the formation of the “Union” was finally formalized, the name and charter, drawn up by Zaslavsky under the influence of the charter of the 1st International, were adopted. It argued that workers could achieve recognition of their rights “only through a violent revolution that will destroy all privileges and advantages and make labor the basis of personal and social well-being.” The goals of the “Union” are to promote the idea of ​​liberating workers from the yoke of capital, uniting them to fight the economic and political order. Raising the question of necessity political struggle sharply distinguished the charter of the “Union” from other populist programs of the 1st half of the 1870s. V.I. Lenin wrote that the first workers’ organizations in Russia “... demanded political rights for the people, wanted to fight for these rights, and Russian socialists then mistakenly considered political struggle a retreat from socialism” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5 ed., vol. 4, p. 245). However, the charter of the “Union” did not give a clear idea of ​​the class struggle of the proletariat and, in general, did not go beyond the framework of the populist worldview. The "Union" established contacts with the workers of Rostov and Chisinau. The Odessa branch consisted of 6 groups: workers of the Bellino-Fenderich and Blanchard factories, a group of typesetters, goldsmiths, railway workers. workshops and Slobodka-Romanovka. "YU. With. R." numbered up to 60 members, around whom 150-200 sympathizing workers were grouped. The most active - F. I. Kravchenko, N. B. Naddachin, S. S. Naumov, M. P. Skveri (See Skveri), I. O. Rybitsky, M. Ya. Lyakhovich and others carried out propaganda, introduced workers with illegal literature, attracted new members to the “Union”, participated in organizing 2 strikes. Members of the “Union” responded to the struggle of the Slavic peoples of the Balkan Peninsula by collecting money in favor of the rebel Herzegovinians, established connections with emigration, and received illegal publications from London. At the end of 1875 - beginning of 1876 "Yu. With. R." was destroyed as a result of betrayal. 15 people were put on trial by the Special Presence of the Governing Senate. On May 23-27, 1877 the first political process

in the case of the revolutionary workers. Zaslavsky, Rybitsky and Kravchenko were sentenced to hard labor, the rest to various terms of imprisonment and exile. Lit.: South Russian Workers' Union. Sat. Art. and materials, [Nikolaev], 1924; South Russian Workers' Unions, M., 1924; The labor movement in Russia in the 19th century, Sat. documents and materials, vol. 2, part 2, M., 1950; Yeschenko F. O., Pivdennorossiysky Union of Robotniks, Kharkiv, 1971; Itenberg B. S., “South Russian Union of Workers.” Emergence and activity, M., 1974; Pershina Z. V., Essays on history revolutionary movement

in the south of Ukraine, K. - Od., 1975.

B. S. Itenberg.. 1969-1978 .

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia

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The first attempt to create an independent workers' organization was made in Odessa in May 1875.

The head of the “South Russian Union of Workers” was the intellectual worker E. O. Zaslavsky. Program and organizational principles " South Russian Union” were formulated in its charter. The main goal of this organization is the elimination of the socio-economic and political system that existed in Russia; the main means of achieving this goal is a violent coup. For the success of social and economic liberation, the charter stated, the unification of workers was necessary. This provision was very valuable; its inclusion in the charter testified to the familiarity of its authors with the Charter of the First International, developed by K. Marx. The influence of the Charter of the First International was reflected in the propaganda by members of the “ South Russian Union» principles of internationalism. He united the workers different nationalities, provided assistance and support to the struggle of the Slavic peoples against the Ottoman yoke.
However, according to the charter " South Russian Union"reflected some influence of the utopian socialism of the populists: it did not highlight the special, leading role of the working class in the democratic struggle, exaggerated the importance of propaganda, and did not formulate clearly enough political objectives proletariat. Nevertheless, the creation of an independent class organization of workers and the growing interest in the development of the labor movement in Europe indicated that advanced workers began to liberate themselves from the influence of populism.
In December 1878, disparate circles of workers in St. Petersburg united into a single organization - “ Northern Union Russian workers." " Northern Union" united about 200 active members and another 200 sympathizers. The Union was headed by mechanic V.P. Obnorsky and carpenter S.N. Khalturin. Concerned about the organizational unification of workers, members of the Northern Union established contacts with working groups in other industrial centers countries, helped to carry out strikes, supported the struggle of Polish workers.
Program " Northern Union", reproduced in the underground printing house of "Land and Freedom" (January 1879), was framed in the form of an appeal "To the Russian workers." In formulation ultimate goal- replacement of the state with a “federation of free communities” - the influence of populism is also visible. The program proclaimed the need to abolish private property to land and the establishment of communal land tenure. Workers must unite into associations that organize production and own the instruments of production. The statement of the “Northern Union” is very important that the fate of the social revolution in Russia depends on the workers and that the tasks Russian workers are closely related to the tasks of social democracy Western Europe. The program clearly spoke of the need for political struggle. She formulated political demands - freedom of speech, press and assembly, the destruction of estates, the introduction free education, replacement of the army with the general arming of the people, etc. Requirement political freedoms and recognition of the need for political struggle is a big step forward compared to populist organization"Land and Freedom". The Earth Volts criticized " Northern Union"for imitating the program of German Social Democracy (in particular, for introducing political demands into the program), however, the leaders " Northern Union“stood on the position of international unity and political struggle necessary for the complete social liberation of the proletariat. The program of the “Northern Union of Russian Workers” testified to the growth of class consciousness among the advanced proletarians of Russia, to the fact that they went further than the populists, who did not understand the importance of political struggle.
In January 1879, as a result of betrayal, some of the leaders were arrested " Northern Union", including V.P. Obnorsky. S. N. Khalturin hid from the police and, together with the populists, became interested in terrorist methods of struggle. The remaining leaders at large " Northern Union"in 1880 the first workers' newspaper- “Working dawn”. It looked like a leaflet. The newspaper characterized the situation of the workers and called on them to unite to fight the employers and the government. The destruction of the printing house by the police and the arrest of the newspaper's circulation virtually ended the activities of the Northern Union of Russian Workers.
This short-lived organization had great importance in the history of the labor movement in Russia. The activities of the Northern Alliance contributed to the awakening of the class consciousness of the proletariat. Reflecting on the experience of the international labor movement, the leaders of the “Union” introduced it to the workers of Russia and called on them to international unity. The first class organizations of the proletariat took their first steps in uniting the workers. Organizational activities The first workers' unions were prepared by the rise of the labor movement in the 80s of the 19th century.

South Russian Workers' Union

the first workers' political organization in Russia. In July 1875 in Odessa, at a meeting of members of the cash register, the formation of the “Union” was formalized, the name and charter were adopted, which stated that workers could achieve recognition of their rights “only through a violent revolution that would destroy all privileges and advantages and make labor the basis of personal and social welfare." The goals of the "Union" are to promote the idea of ​​liberating workers from the yoke of capital, uniting them to fight the economic and political order. The "Union" established contacts with the workers of Rostov and Chisinau. The Odessa branch consisted of 6 groups: workers of the Bellino-Fenderich, Blanchard factories, a group of typesetters, goldsmiths, railway workshop workers and Slobodka-Romanovka. Members of the "Union" responded to the struggle of the Slavic peoples of the Balkan Peninsula by collecting money in favor of the rebel Herzegovinians, it was established connections with emigration, received illegal publications from London. In late 1875 - early 1876, 15 people were put on trial. The first political trial of the revolutionary workers took place on May 23-27. Kravchenko was sentenced to hard labor, the rest to various terms of imprisonment and exile.

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"South Russian Workers' Union" in books

CHAPTER V NORTHERN UNION OF RUSSIAN WORKERS