Phenomena of cyclone and anticyclone table. Cyclones and anticyclones
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A noun is an independent part of speech. How to recognize it among other parts of speech, how to determine its category, lexical and grammatical categories? How not to make mistakes when writing case endings? There are answers to all these questions. Let's figure it out together.
Noun as part of speech
Nounscombine the names of a wide variety of objects and phenomena, namely:
- names of specific things and objects (textbook, pen, table, coat);
- names of living things (tiger, tit, duty officer, teacher);
- names of various substances (tin, water, oxygen, nitrogen);
- titles various phenomena nature (blizzard, heat, powder, lightning);
- names of various phenomena public life (anniversary, holiday,wedding, revolution);
- names of abstract properties and signs, actions and states (childhood, purity, blue, old age, joy).
Proper and common nouns
Nouns are divided by meaning .
TO own Nouns are words that name unique objects:
- names, surnames, patronymics of people, (Alexander, Sergeevich, Pushkin), animal names (Zorka, Mukhtar, Bim);
- geographical names (Moscow, Africa, Caucasus, Russia, Don);
- astronomical names (Sun, Mars, Mercury);
- names of newspapers, magazines, works of literature, ships, etc. (“Peasant Woman” (magazine), “Pravda” (newspaper), “White-fronted” (story), etc.)
- names of revolutionary holidays (Great Patriotic War, French Revolution)
TO common noun nouns include words that are generalized names of homogeneous objects (mountains, village, writer, etc.)
Common nouns can turn into proper names: Earth is a planet and earth is land, soil.
Nouns, animate and inanimate
Animated nouns most often name objects of living nature and answer the question Who ? (doctor, cook, parrot, president)
Inanimate nouns serve as names inanimate objects, items flora and answer the question What ? (nature, planet, fir, pine, road)
Inanimate nouns include nouns like crowd, flock, people, children, etc.
Gender of nouns
Most nouns refer to one of three kinds:
- To male (house, table, dad, boy);
- To female (mother, grandmother, winter, tablecloth);
- To average (field, grain, window, event)
Some nouns with endings-a, -ican refer to both female and male persons (orphan, slob, smart girl, poor thing, fidget), such words are called nounsgeneral kind .
Words that are used only in the plural form have no gender (scissors, vacation).
Number of nouns
Nouns are used in the form singular, when they denote one object ( notebook, clearing, bush), and in the plural form, when denoting several objects ( books, albums, houses, plants).
only singular form:
- set names identical persons, objects (collective nouns): students, children, youth, teachers;
- name of objects with real value: iron, rye, millet, porcelain, milk;
- name of quality or characteristic: stuffiness, blueness, darkness;
- name of action or state: running around, boredom, reading, swimming;
- proper names as names of individual items: Moscow, Voronezh, Yenisei;
- words: burden, flame, stirrup, udder.
Some nouns have plural form only:
- Names of composite and paired items: trousers, swings, sleds, watches, tongs;
- Names of materials and their waste, residues: perfumes, yeast, sawdust, cream, sweets, canned food;
- Names of time periods, games: day, weekdays, holidays, tag, chess;
- Names of actions and states of nature: twilight, frost, sunrise, troubles;
- Some geographical names: Alps, Athens, Sokolniki, Carpathians.
Noun cases
There are six cases in Russian. Case is determined by questions.
The nominative case is always used without prepositions.
Initial form noun - nominative case (I.p.) singular.
The remaining cases are called indirect , they can be used with prepositions.
Declension of nouns
Exists three Declension of nouns:
- TO first Declension includes nouns female and male kind with endings - a, -i(mother, aunt, uncle, young man).
- Co. second Declension includes masculine nouns with a zero ending and neuter nouns with endings -o, -e(d fen, ear, field, lake).
- TO thirddeclension includes nouns feminine With soft sign at the end (area, help, daughter).
Neuter nouns in -me (burden, time, stirrup, flame, name, banner, tribe, crown, udder, seed) and a masculine noun path are called divergent.
Unyielding are nouns that have the same form in all cases. For example, the word coat- indeclinable noun: I bought a coat (V.p.), a beautiful coat (I.p.), I dream of a coat (P.p.).
Indeclinable nouns include:
- Many nouns of foreign origin with final vowels -o, -e, -i, -u, -yuand with final shock- a: metro, radio, taxi, kangaroo, menu.
- Foreign language surnames denoting females and ending with a consonant
- Russian and Ukrainian surnames in -about, -them: Karpenko, Sedykh, Dolgikh.
- Compound abbreviated words of alphabetic and mixed nature: Youth Sports School, VDNKh, Gorono.
Most undecided inanimate nouns of foreign origin refer to neuter: new muffler, delicious popsicle. TO masculine - coffee, shampoo, tulle. TO female - kohlrabi, ave.
Unbowed animate nouns of foreign origin refer to feminine, if they denote female persons: madam, lady, miss, to male, if they refer to males or animals: Mister, chimpanzee, cockatoo.
It is only at first glance that it seems that a noun is a very simple part of speech. In fact, it has many variations in spelling, pronunciation and usage. The general grammatical meaning of the noun and all the most important points will be noted in this article. Here we will outline everything you need to know about this part of speech in order to avoid making stupid mistakes in pronunciation and writing. Some people don’t know what the role of a noun is in a sentence. Let’s look at it in more detail in our article.
What part of speech is this
First of all, you should understand the general grammatical meaning of the noun. There shouldn't be any problems here. Since everyone knows that a noun refers to independent units speech and denotes an object. You can ask him only two questions: who? or what?
It should be remembered that a noun can mean:
- things (for example, computer, closet, telephone);
- people (woman, man, child, youth);
- substances (tea, borscht, milk);
- all living beings (dog, horse, tiger, microbe);
- various events and natural phenomena(hurricane, rain, war);
- various actions, properties of substances, traits (beauty, jump, anger).
Thus, the general grammatical meaning of the noun will not cause difficulties in learning. The rule is easy to remember. All primary school children know him.
Rank
If the general grammatical meaning of the noun is clear, then you can move on to the next section, which will tell you in more detail about this part of speech. The noun is divided into four categories:
- Own.
- Common nouns.
- Animated.
- Inanimate.
First of all, you should consider proper and common nouns.
From the first name we can conclude that proper nouns are specific names that can denote only one object or person and nothing else.
This includes not only the names of people, but also the names of animals, as well as the names of ancient gods, which students often forget. This list also includes the names of cities and countries, as well as other geographical objects. Next are the names of planets, galaxies and all other astronomical names. Also, proper nouns include the names of all holidays, names of enterprises and organizations, public services etc.
It is important not to lose the boundaries between names, since in the Russian language the transition of a common noun into a proper one and vice versa is allowed.
This is followed by animate and inanimate nouns. Here the situation is a little simpler. The main thing to remember in this section is that only people and animals can be animate. All other nouns are inanimate.
It is also worth remembering that when an animate noun is placed in plural, then the forms of the accusative and genitive cases are the same. And in the plural, inanimate forms have the same accusative and nominative forms.
Case category
This section provides for the division of a noun into indeclinable and indeclinable. The second group includes small quantity words that have the same form in any case. All other words are declined according to cases and change their word form.
Number category
A noun has three number groups:
- words that have two forms: both singular and plural: finger - fingers;
- words that appear only in the singular: cereals, peas, carrots;
- noun only in the plural: day, perfume, rake.
Genus category
Nouns that can be put in the singular form have a gender category. They can be divided into male, female and neuter. Eat separate group nouns that belong to the general gender, but there are not many of them.
To determine the gender of a noun, you must agree it with an adjective, verb or participle.
An interesting category is general gender. This includes about 200 words of the Russian language. All of them in most cases relate to colloquial speech. These are the words that stand in nominative case singular and have the ending -a. Usually they characterize an object or person according to some characteristic. They give speech certain colors and emotions. To make it clearer, these words include: drunkard, glutton, crybaby and others.
There are some words in the Russian language whose gender is difficult to determine. It is recommended to simply remember such words so as not to make mistakes. One of these words is the word "coffee". Many people classify it as neuter, but no. “My coffee” is always masculine.
Declension
In the Russian language there are three nouns into which nouns are divided. Determining the declension of a noun is quite simple; you just need to remember the gender category and ending.
Thus, the first declension includes masculine and feminine nouns that have the ending -a, -ya in the nominative case. The second declension are masculine nouns that do not have an ending, or, as Russian language teachers say, they have null ending and neuter gender with endings -о, -е. And the third declension is feminine nouns that do not have an ending.
The use of nouns in literary speech
Use of nouns in artistic speech- this is very important point. Unfortunately, school curriculum does not provide for the consideration of such a topic, but it is extremely necessary for students. Often in high school, students begin to make mistakes in their essays and find it difficult when the teacher asks them to find a metaphor in the text that is expressed by a noun.
In general, in literary text a noun can be more than just a metaphor. It can give the text certain colors, emotions, and expression. Teachers need to emphasize this to make it easier for children to compose essays and analyze literary texts.
Conclusion
The article described in detail the general grammatical meaning of the noun, its categories, declensions and usage options.
You should pay attention to nouns only in the plural; you need to know such words by heart. Pay special attention to gender and declensions.
If you take the process of learning a language seriously, then serious problems you won't have it.
A noun is a part of speech that denotes an object.
In grammar, a subject is everything that can be asked about - who is this? or What is this? For example: who is this? - student, paratrooper, pioneer; or What is this? -newspaper, work, joy, demonstration.
Nouns are, for example, names of things (book, scissors), names of substances ( water, gold, gasoline), names of phenomena ( thunderstorm, frost, flood, fire, war), feature names ( speed, whiteness, courage), names of actions and states ( walking, running, running around, sleeping, illness), etc.
Proper and common nouns.
Nouns are either proper or common nouns.
Common nouns include those nouns that are suitable for many similar objects. Proper nouns include those nouns that name individual objects to distinguish them from other homogeneous objects. For example, common nouns: city, river, writer; proper names: Moscow, Volga, Pushkin.
Common nouns are written with a lowercase letter. Proper names are written with a capital letter.
Proper names, for example, are: 1) first names, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms and nicknames of people: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Maxim Gorky, Ilya Muromets; 2) animal names: Kashtanka, Barbos, Vaska (cat), Kholstomer (horse); H) names of seas, cities, mountains, streets, constellations, etc.: Baltic Sea, Kyiv, Elbrus, Kirovsky Prospekt. Twins, 4) names of books, newspapers and magazines, factories, factories, collective farms, etc.: “The Inspector General*, “Pravda”, “Red Dawn” (factory), “Partizan” (collective farm).
Nouns denoting animate and inanimate objects.
Nouns can denote animate and inanimate objects. Nouns denoting animate objects include the names of people and animals.
Nouns denoting animate objects usually answer the question Who? For example: Who is this? - a man, an artist, a watchman, a tree, a wolf. Nouns denoting inanimate objects answer the question What? For example: What is this? - a pine tree, a book, an airplane, a tractor
Note. The names of animals can also answer the question what? For example: What did you buy? - Goose. What's flying? - Fly.
The declension of nouns denoting animate objects is somewhat different from the declension of nouns denoting inanimate objects.
Animate nouns have the form accusative case plural (and in masculine and singular) coincides with the genitive case form.
I see who? (vin. pad.) - students, student, horses.
No one? (gen. fall.) - students, student, horses.
In inanimate nouns, the accusative plural form (and in the masculine singular) coincides with the nominative case form.
I see what? (win. pad.) - airplanes, plane.
What is this? (named after pa d.) - airplanes, airplane.
Note. Animate nouns include not only the names of people and animals, but also the names of objects that seem to be alive for some reason. For example: I dress dolls and fly a kite.
Gender of nouns.
Each noun belongs to one of three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine or neuter. You can add the word to a masculine noun my: plant (my), beast (my), way (my); You can add the word to a feminine noun my; factory (mine), youth (mine), thing (mine); You can add the word to a neuter noun mine: building (mine), pen (mine), time (mine).
There are nouns that can have a meaning of both masculine and feminine, depending on whether they refer to a man or a woman (creep, glutton, gape, bully, sleepyhead, crybaby, orphan). For example: Ivan Andreevich accepted into his family the daughter of an acquaintance, an orphan. Ivan had neither father nor mother - he flew as a small child and was left an orphan.
Number of nouns.
Most nouns have two numbers: singular and plural.
The singular number stands for one subject comrade, city, friend, book, sea, banner.
Plural denotes several or many things: comrades, cities, friends, books, seas, banners.
However, not all nouns are used in both numbers. Thus, only in the singular are many nouns used that denote various substances: gold, milk, kerosene, sugar; many nouns that denote a group of objects as one whole: teaching, youth, foliage(compare with plural nouns: teachers, leaves); many nouns that denote names of actions and characteristics: escape, youth, breadth.
Note. Some nouns with a real meaning can be used in the plural to denote different types of a substance: wines, oils, cereals, stainless steels.
There are significantly fewer nouns that have only a plural. These include, for example, the words: sleigh, tongs, gates, twilight, vacation. Some names of localities and mountain ranges are also used only in the plural: Sokolniki, Kholmogory, Carpathians, Alps. Nouns used only in the plural do not differ by gender.
The concept of declination.
In a sentence, the same noun can have different endings. It depends on what the noun is in the sentence and what word it is associated with. Our homeland is rich and powerful. We love our Motherland. Free people live in our homeland, happy people. Get ready to defend the Motherland! In these sentences the noun homeland is associated with different words and plays different roles. That's why it has different endings. This change in the noun is called case change, or declension.
Thus, cases show the nature of the connection between the noun and the words to which it refers.
There are six cases in the Russian language. Each case has its own meaning and answers some question, with the help of which it is easy to determine this case.
Nominative - Who? or what?
Genitive - whom? or what?
Dative - to whom? or what?
Accusative - whom? or what?
Creative - by whom? or what?
Prepositional - about whom? or about what?
All cases except the nominative are called indirect.
The role of a noun in a sentence and the most important meanings of cases.
A noun is in the nominative case.
1) Subject: Spring has come (what?). Collective farmers (who?) went to field work.
2) Predicate: Flycatcher is a (what?) plant. A whale is (what?) not a fish.
3) Appeal: Peter, goodbye.
Nouns in other cases are for the most part additions, and sometimes definitions or circumstances.
Accusative case.
A noun in the accusative case usually denotes the object to which the action of the verb directly passes. For example: I'm reading a book. I love music.
In addition, the accusative case for prepositions in, on, over, behind indicates the direction of action: into the city (cf. in the city), on the wall (cf. on the wall), under your feet (cf. under your feet), across the river (cf. beyond the river).
Genitive.
I. After verbs.
1) After verbs with negation, the genitive case denotes the object, the transition of action to which is negated.
Compare:
I'm reading a newspaper. I haven't read the newspapers yet.
He drinks raw water. Don't drink raw water.
The fighter told an interesting story. Interesting cases He didn’t talk about his military life.
2) The genitive case denotes an object to which, although the action of the verb extends, but not to the whole, but only to part of it. In these cases, the genitive case is equivalent in meaning to the accusative case with the words several, some amount.
For example:
Drink wine (all that there was). Drink wine (a glass, a shot glass, a certain amount in general). Buy pencils (which were) Buy pencils (several), needed or all that were available).
3) After some verbs with the meaning avoid, fear or expect, achieve. For example: to be afraid of infection, to beware of colds, to avoid meeting, to seek happiness, to achieve fame.
II. After nouns.
1) The genitive case denotes a person, an object to which what is expressed by another noun belongs or to which belongs.
For example: father's house, birch leaves, a child's eyes, table legs, mother's love, a partisan's story, a son's request, a sniper's shot, the enemy's retreat, the whiteness of the snow, the dampness of the room, the minutes of the meeting.
2) The genitive case denotes the object to which the action expressed by the verbal noun passes.
For example: storing things (cf. store things), washing dishes (cf. wash dishes), loading luggage (cf. load luggage), conquering cities (cf. conquer cities) etc.
3) The genitive case denotes an object that modifies another noun. For example: Ministry of Education, commander of the tenth rifle division.
4) The genitive case after nouns expressing measure, quantity, denotes the object being measured.
For example: a glass of wine, a kilo of flour,
5) Genitive after comparative degree denotes the object with which it is compared. For example: This cotton wool whiter than snow"A wolf is stronger than a dog. He's the best...
Dative.
A noun in the dative case denotes the person or thing for whom something is done. I give a letter to a friend. Wrote a letter to my father.
Instrumental case.
noun in instrumental case means:
1. Weapon of action: I write with a pen. Lubricate the wound with iodine. This also includes expressions like: beaten by hail, flooded with water, wounded by a bullet.
2. The agent in those sentences where the subject is the object to which the action is directed: The hut is built by carpenters (cf. Carpenters build a hut). The room is illuminated by electricity (cf. Electricity illuminates the room).
3. Method of action (to the question to and to?): fly in a flock, rush like an arrow, stand in a pillar.
4. After some verbs, the object to which the action passes, i.e., is used in the sense of the accusative case: manage a factory, engage in crafts, take an interest in sports.
5. In addition, the instrumental case can serve as a predicate, that is, it is used in the meaning of the nominative case: My father was a peasant (cf. My father was a peasant). It was a joke (cf. It was a joke).
Prepositional
A noun in the prepositional case always depends on some preposition, and therefore the prepositional case has no independent meaning. However, after prepositions in, on the prepositional case indicates the place where the action takes place: in the city (cf. into the city), on the steppe (cf. on the wall).
Indeclinable nouns.
Some nouns in Russian are not inflected. These include, for example: 1) borrowed from foreign languages words ending with a vowel sound: depot, coat, pince-nez, coffee, hummingbird, kangaroo, 2) foreign proper names ending with a vowel sound: Heine, Zola, Chicago; 3) foreign names on a consonant sound, as well as Russian surnames on -ich, if they refer to females: from citizen Hoffman, Pushkarevich, but from citizen Hoffman, Pushkarevich.
Some groups of our complex abbreviated words also do not decline, for example, words consisting of only consonant letters in writing: Komsomol, USSR, RSFSR.
Types of noun declensions.
Not all nouns are declined the same way.
Different nouns in the same singular case can have different endings. For example, nouns wave, table, square in the dative case singular they have the ending -e, -u, -their wolf, table, area, and in the instrumental case they have endings yu (-oh), -om -yu: wave-oh (volm-oh), table-oh, area.
Based on singular case endings, all nouns are divided into three declensions.
First declension.
The first declension includes nouns with the ending -a, -i in the nominative singular: wolf, earth, army. All of them are feminine, with the exception of some nouns denoting male persons: young man, uncle, Vanya.
Notes. 1. Creativity. pad. has two endings: or -oh, -oh, -wave, earth, or -oh, -oh, wave, earth. In colloquial speech endings are mainly used -oh, -oy(s). 2. In animate beings. wine pad. plural numbers coincides with gender. fallen., and for inanimate beings. - with him. pad.: I saw foxes(animate object); I saw the mountains(inanimate object). 3. When two consonants coincide at the end of the stem in gender. pad. plural numbers, in most cases, a fluent vowel appears ( board - boards, sister - sisters, drop - drops).
Spelling of case endings of the 1st declension.
Singular.
1. Nouns of the 1st declension can have a base on a hard and soft consonant. After hard consonants, letters are written in endings a, s, y, o; after soft ones - letters respectively I, i, yu, e (or e): wolf - earth, waves - earth, wave - earth, wave - earth.
2. Unstressed endings are written in the same way as stressed endings (except for endings after sibilants and ts; see below, paragraph 4). Therefore, nouns in -a, -i in date and sentence pad. units numbers always end in e: to the capital, to the village, to the statue (compare to the earth); about the capital, about the village, about the statue (compare about the earth), In the clan. pad. units numbers, the same nouns have the endings -ы, -и. from the capital, from the village, from the statue (compare from the ground).
3. Nouns have -iya in gender, date. and sentence pad. at the end it is written -i: army - from the army, to the army, about the army.
4. Nouns with a sibilant base (f, w, h, sch) And ts in creative work pad. units numbers, contrary general rule(see above, paragraphs 1 and 2), have the ending -oh, if the accent falls on the ending, or ending -her (-her), if the emphasis falls on the base: border, noodles, candle, sheep, but lodge, cloud, grove, street.
Plural.
1. Nouns have -iya in gender. pad. plural the numbers at the end are written -y: army-armies, station - stations.
2. Nouns begin with -ya with an unstressed ending ( guest, singer) in gen. pad. plural numbers are written - y: host, singer.
3. Nouns have -ya with a stressed ending (article, judge) in genus pad. plural numbers are written -ey: articles, judges.
4. For nouns -nya with a preceding consonant or th in genus pad. plural there are no numbers at the end -n:.tower-towers, bathhouse - bathhouse, slaughterhouse - slaughterhouse. Exceptions: village- villages, young lady - young ladies, kitchen - kitchens.
5. Nouns with a sibilant stem have gender. pad. plural the number ь is not written at the end: clouds, groves, puddles, burdens.
Second declension.
The 2nd declension includes words of the masculine gender without a case ending in them. pad. units numbers: table, horse, edge, proletarian, as well as neuter words in -a, -e, -e: window, rags, sea, building.
Basic samples.
Comment. Vin. pad. Nouns of the 2nd declension do not have a special ending. For masculine nouns denoting animate objects, it coincides with gender. fallen; for nouns denoting inanimate objects - with it. pad. For example: I see (who?) a horse, a comrade, but I see (what?) a table, a nail. Nouns have neuter wines. pad. always matches him. pad.
Spelling of case endings of the second declension.
1. Nouns of the 2nd declension, like nouns of the 1st declension, can have a base on a hard or soft consonant. After hard consonants, letters are written in endings a, y, oh, s, and after soft ones - accordingly I, yu, e (or ё), and: table - horse, stone; table - horse, stone; table - horse, stone; tables - horses, stones.
2. Unstressed endings are written in the same way as stressed endings (except for endings after sibilants and ts). Therefore, in the sentence. pad. is written e; about the people, about the inhabitants, about the region, about skill, about health, about happiness (compare about the table, about the horse).
3. For nouns -ii, -ie (proletarian, building) in sentence pad. at the end it is written -ii: about the proletarian, about the building.
4. Into creativity. pad. units numbers after sibilants and ts, if the emphasis falls on the ending, it is written -ohm; if the stress falls on the stem, it is written -I eat: with a knife, with a hut, with my face, but with a lily of the valley, a comrade, with my heart.
5. Masculine nouns with a hissing sound at the end b not written: doctor, ivy, knife, reed.
6. Neuter nouns in them. and wine pad. multiply, numbers usually have endings -A, -i- window- windows, dwelling - dwellings, dress - dresses, zoaniya - zoaniya.
7. Neuter nouns have -ies in genus pad. plural numbers are written at the end -y- knowledge - knowledge, desire - desires.
In neuter nouns -ye in genus pad. multiply, numbers are also usually written -y: gorge - gorges, cookies - cookies, estate - estates, outback - outback; But gun - guns, dress - dresses.
8. Masculine nouns in -ts (father, finger) in genus -pad. multiply, numbers have -ov if the accent falls on the ending; if the stress falls on the stem, then it is written -ev fathers, mowers. but fingers, mountaineers.
Features of case endings of the second declension.
Singular.
1. Some nouns of the 2nd declension of the masculine gender, which denote inanimate objects, in the genitive case, along with the usual form in -a, -ya, form the form in u-, -o. These endings occur predominantly: 1) in nouns denoting a substance, especially when indicating its quantity or part: a glass of tea, a kilo of sugar, a pack of tobacco, drank kvass(not all kvass, but part of it); But tea cultivation, production of sugar, kvass, supply of tobacco, peas, 2) for some nouns with a preposition: without counting, out of fear; 3) for some nouns with prepositions from, to, from, with when denoting place or time: from the forest, to the house, from the edge, from birth, from hour to hour.
2. In the prepositional case, some nouns of the 2nd declension of the masculine gender, along with the usual ending -e, have endings -у, -у, always with the emphasis transferred to this ending. The endings -у, -у are used with the prepositions in, on when denoting a place: in the smoke, at the post, on the bridge, in the garden, on the edge; but about the siege, about the place, about the region.
Note. The end of the family and sentence pad. units numbers is a remnant of the disappeared declension. In the Old Russian language, masculine nouns were declined in a different way. So, the word son is in the family. and sentence pad. had an ending -y: son. There were few nouns inclined according to this type. Over time, they all began to incline according to the 2nd declination (like a table). However, the end of the race. and sentence pad. -у has been preserved, spreading to a number of nouns that never had it: from the forest, on the shore (instead of from the forest, on the shore).
Plural. Nominative.
1. A number of masculine nouns in them. pad. plural numbers, has accented endings -th, -i: gaze, sides, take care, fight, suppers, edges, teachers.
2. Some masculine and neuter nouns in them. pad. plural numbers have endings -ya: brother-brothers, chair-chairs, ear - ears, wing - wings, feather - feathers, link - links. The indirect cases of these words in the plural are formed from the stem im. pad. plural numbers: brothers-brothers-brothers etc.
In some cases, nouns are plural. number on -i and on -a, -ya, -ya have different meanings. For example, bellows (blacksmith's) - bellows (animal); abacus (calculation device) - bills (lists of goods with prices, etc.): bread (baked) - bread (in the field); wires (of someone) - wires (electrical); teeth (of an animal) - teeth (of a car); sheets (paper) - leaves (in plants); roots (in plants - roots (vegetables).
3. Neuter nouns na -ko in them. pad. plural numbers have an unstressed ending their face - faces, glass - glass, window - windows; but from the army - troops, from the cloud - clouds with emphasis on the ending -a. End -And also have nouns: shoulders, ears, knees, eyes.
Note. Nouns in the Old Russian language, in addition to singular and plural forms, also had dual forms. The dual number was used when talking about paired or two objects. Over time, the dual number in the Russian language disappeared. But some traces of the dual number have survived to this day. So, for example, the form shoulders is an old form of the dual number and originally denoted two shoulders. After the loss of the dual number, the shape shoulders began to denote the plural. And the old plural of shoulder was shoulder. This form is found even among writers of the 19th century; for example, in Turgenev we read: The scarf rolled off her head and onto her shoulders.
The remainders of the dual number are also the words: knees (instead of the knee), horns (instead of the horns), eyes (instead of the eyes), sides (instead of the sides), etc.
4. Masculine nouns in -anin, -yanin, which designate people by class, nationality, place of residence, etc., in plural. including the abbreviated suffix -an, -yan, and in them. pad. plural numbers end in -e: peasant - peasants, Englishman - Englishmen, northerner - northerners.
5. Masculine nouns -onok, -onok, which denote cubs, plural. numbers usually have suffixes -yat, -at, and in them pad. plural numbers have endings -a: chicken - chickens, mouse - little mice.
6. Nouns have sky, miracle in plural. number before the end there is an increase -ee-: heaven, miracles.
1. Some nouns are masculine in gender. pad. plural numbers have no ending and are similar to it. pad. units numbers (soldier - many soldiers, eyes - many eyes, stockings - many stockings). Nouns also do not have endings
-ee(s); battle - battles, barns - barns, custom - customs, stream - streams.
-yev: chairs - chairs, leaves - leaves, branches - branches, with the exception of: sons - sons, friends - friends and princes - princes.
5. Neuter nouns ending in im, pad. units numbers starting with -o, and in them. pad. plural numbers starting with -ya, in gender. pad. plural numbers also end in –ev:
Third declension.
The 3rd declension includes feminine words without a case ending in them. pad. units numbers (door, horse, rye).
Sample
Spelling of third declension case endings.
1. In them. and wine pad. units numbers for nouns of the 3rd declension (feminine) are always written -ь, including after hissing ones: steppe, steel, rye, mouse, oven, thing.(Compare the spelling of masculine nouns with hissing ones: doctor, comrade, pencil, knife)
2. Nouns of the 3rd declension in gender, date. and sentence pad. units numbers have the same ending -and: at the horse, to the horse, on the horse.
3. Creativity. pad. units numbers ending in -yu: above the square, with life, with a thing.
Features of case endings of the third declension.
1. Some nouns of the 3rd declension in creation. pad. plural numbers can, on a par with the usual ending -pit, have and ending -мь: doors-doors, bones-bones (lie down).
2. Nouns mother and daughter in all cases except im. and wine units numbers have an increment -er-: mothers, daughters, mother, daughter, mothers, daughters etc.
3. The noun path (the only word of the 3rd declension, masculine) is inflected according to the 3rd declension, but in creative. pad. units numbers have an ending -yom: by.
Plural. Genitive.
1. Some nouns are masculine in gender. pad. plural numbers have no ending and are similar to it. pad. units numbers ( soldier - a lot of soloat, eye - a lot of eyes, stocking - a lot of stockings). Nouns also do not have endings -anin, -yanin, -yonok, -onok (peasant - peasants, citizen - citizens; child - children, October - October).
2. Masculine nouns starting with -th gender. pad. plural numbers usually have an ending -ee (-ee); battle - battles, barns - barns, custom - customs, stream - streams.
3. Masculine nouns with sibilants in gender. pad. plural numbers usually have an ending -ey: winnings, - winnings, knife - knives, doctor - doctors, comrade - comrades (compare: horse - horses, dove - pigeons).
4. Masculine nouns that are in them. pad. plural numbers have the ending -ya, in gender. pad. plural numbers have endings -yev: chairs - chairs, leaves - leaves, branches - branches, except: sons - sons, friends - friends and princes - princes.
5. Neuter nouns ending in im, pad. units numbers starting with -o, and in them. pad. plural numbers starting with -ya, in gender. pad. plural numbers also have endings log - logs - logs; link - links - links; feather - feather-feathers.
Neuter nouns in -mya have some peculiarities in declension.
Sample.
Suffixes of nouns.
Suffixes of nouns are divided into two groups: 1) using only suffixes from verbs, adjectives and nouns, words with a new meaning are formed: write - writer, old - old man, fish - fisherman; 2) with the help of other suffixes from nouns, new nouns are formed, denoting the same objects, but with a hint of diminutive, augmentative, endearing and dismissive.
The Russian language has a significant number of suffixes that form the names of persons.
1. The name of a person according to his characteristic action is formed using suffixes:
-tel; teacher, writer, hobbyist;
Nick; pilot, translator, peddler;
Shchik, -lschik; appraiser, packer, cleaner;
Ets, -lets: catcher, fighter, breadwinner;
Ar: plowman, baker, clerk, bell ringer;
L-a; sang and sang.
2. The name of a person on a subject characteristic of his activity or profession is formed using suffixes:
tradesman: mason, greengrocer, glazier;
Chick: newspaper man, coin man;
Nick: shoemaker, butcher, baker;
Ak, -Yak: fisherman, sailor.
3. The name of a person based on its characteristic feature is formed using suffixes:
-ik: old man, smart guy, modest person;
Ak, -yak: simpleton, stranger, poor, good-natured;
Ets: brave man, sloth;
Oy: strong, baby, silly;
Un: chatterbox, talker, screamer;
Ach: reckless driver, strongman.
4. The name of the linden tree is based on its affiliation with the political or scientific direction, public organization etc. is formed using suffixes:
-ist: communist, Marxist, Pushkinist, signalman;
Etz: Komsomol member, Leninist, Nakhimov member.
5. The name of a person based on belonging to a particular nationality, place of residence, etc. is formed using suffixes:
-Ec: Spaniard, Leningrader;
Anin, -yanin, -in: southerner, northerner, peasant, Bulgarian, Tatar;
Ich: Muscovite, Kostroma.
6. The name of a female person is formed using suffixes;
Its-a (vm- masculine in -ec)g handsome - beauty, breadwinner - wet-nurse;
Бя (from masculine in -un)\ runner - runner, talker - talker.
Note. The names of female persons from the nouns na -chik, -schik, -ik are formed by replacing k with ts: newspaperman - newspaperwoman, packer - packer, smart guy - smart girl.
II. The name of a place or room is formed using suffixes:
-(l)-n-i: bakery, sheepfold, bedroom, dyeing room; -(l)-search: shelter, dwelling, conflagration.
III. The names of tools and things according to their purpose are formed using suffixes:
-yak-a: seeder, thresher, winnower:
Nick, flax: teapot, wallet, gravy boat, alarm clock;
Silt: sharpener, chisel,
Nitsa: sugar bowl, ashtray, teapot.
IV. The names of qualities are formed using suffixes:
-ness (-is): clarity, speed, youth, freshness, fluidity;
From-a (-et-a): simplicity, breadth, vanity, poverty; .
Traits: cunning, daring, heroism.
Inside: whiteness, curvature;
V. The name of the action is formed using suffixes:
-ka; chopping, chopping, signing, walking;
Nya, -otnya, -ovnya: fussing, running around, chattering, chattering;
Anie, -enie; teaching, writing, desire, preparation, teaching, striving;
-(e) craft: gardening, arrangement;
Lba: threshing, walking, asking, shooting.
VI. Nouns with a collective meaning are formed using suffixes:
-stvo: teaching, students;
Eh: crow, beast, rottenness.
VII. Nouns with the meaning of singularity are formed using suffixes;
-ina, inca: pea, pearl, grain, grain of sand.
VIII. The names of young animals are formed using the suffixes -yonok (-onok): kitten, bear cub.
II. Suffixes of the second group.
1. Diminutive meanings are indicated using suffixes;
-ik: table, mound, house;
Chick: ^glass, cabinet, suitcase;
Ok, -ok: breeze, mushroom, circle, light
Ka: head, handle; pine, song;
Points, -points: twig, stick, notebook, penny, bench, cup;
Ets, -tso(-tse), -itse, -etso: loaf, tree, window, mirror, dress, coat;
Enk-a, -onk-a: mummy, birch, little fox;
Ushk-a, -yushk-a: auntie, willy, neighbor, mother;
Yshk-o: sun, nest, grain, bucket.
2. Disparaging connotations of nouns are indicated using suffixes:
-ishk-o, -ishk-a: little town, little man, braggart;
-yonk-a, -onk-a: hut, fur coat, nag.
3. Magnifying shades of nouns are indicated by using suffixes:
-isch-e, -isch-a: house, hands.
Spelling suffixes.
1. -ik> -ek. To distinguish the suffixes -i/s, -ek (-ok), we must remember that when a word is declined, the suffix -ik retains the vowel sound, and the suffix -ek (-ok) loses the vowel sound: key-ik
Spelling particles Not with nouns.
The particle is not written together with a noun:
1) if without a particle Not noun is not used: adversity, bad weather, slob, indignation;
2) if by adding a particle a new word is not formed, which can be replaced by another word similar in meaning: enemy is an enemy, misfortune is trouble.
The particle is not written separately with nouns if there is or is implied opposition: It's not true(a lie). He's not my friend(but only an acquaintance).