The countries of South America have access to the oceans. Foreign European countries with access to the sea
Humanity has already for a long time actively uses existing marine reserves. It was the sea and ocean that gave impetus to the formation of the modern world. But still not all states globe have access to it.
Which countries
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Currently, 44 states have no access to the sea. North America is a continent where there are no such countries.
They are also absent in Australia, since the entire continent is occupied by one state with access to the ocean.
Let's consider how states that do not have access to the world were divided into parts of the world. open sea:
In Africa
In fact, it is Africa that has the most inland countries.
Ethiopia lost its access to the sea in 1993, after years of war and the secession of Eritrea, and South Sudan in 2011 following its own secession from the Republic of Sudan.
Full list of inland African countries:
Republic | Capital Cities |
Botswana | Gaborone |
Burkina Faso | Ouagadougou |
Burundi | Bujumbura |
Zambia | Lusaka |
Zimbabwe | Harare |
Malawi | Lilongwe |
Mali | Bamako |
Niger | Niamey |
Rwanda | Kigali |
Uganda | Kampala |
South Sudan | Juba |
Kingdom of Lesotho | Maseru |
Kingdom of Swaziland | Mbabane (unofficial - Lobamba) |
CAR | Bangui |
Chad | N'Djamena |
Federal Democratic Republic Ethiopia | Addis Ababa |
In Europe
Quite a few European countries do not have access to the open sea. But due to developed international relations Usually this does not cause any major difficulties.
Let's consider which states in Europe do not have access to big water currently:
Countries | Capital Cities |
Republic of Austria | Vein |
Principality of Andorra | Andorra la Vella |
Vatican | Vatican |
Hungary | Budapest |
Principality of Liechtenstein | Vaduz |
Czech | Prague |
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg | Luxembourg |
Republic of Belarus | Minsk |
Republic of Macedonia | Skopje |
Moldova | Kishinev |
Republic of San Marino | San Marino |
Serbia | Belgrade |
The Slovak Republic | Bratislava |
Swiss Confederation | Bern (no official capital) |
In the above list of 14 states, 2 unrecognized and 2 partially recognized republics are sometimes also included.
Right of States to access the high seas
If a state does not have access to the sea, then it is usually called inland.This situation may pose a significant challenge to its development and economic growth. And sometimes even pose a security threat.
The UN became concerned about this problem back in 1982. As a result, all countries, regardless of geographical location received the right to access the sea.
Currently, the problem is being actively solved through various international agreement between a landlocked country and transit states that have own exit to the water. For example, a similar agreement was concluded between the Czech Republic and Poland.
According to the norms international law, inland countries can enjoy on equal terms with others on the high seas:
- Carry out shipping.
- Do fishing.
- Lay a variety of pipelines and cable lines.
- Take flights.
Nobody prohibits inland countries from having their own fleet under their own flag.
But similar ships are assigned to the ports of other states on the basis of various international agreements.
Main problems
The main problems of inland countries were identified quite a long time ago. Access to the sea has long meant access to major trade routes, and therefore the possibility of faster economic growth.
The countries of foreign Europe that do not have access to the sea experienced the influence of this factor especially strongly. In fact, they found themselves blocked by their neighbors.
The ocean also provided the opportunity for colonial powers to develop in their time. They have made significant progress through the development of new lands.
The development of the land route has significantly changed the situation to date. Due to railways and road transport countries received new development opportunities trade relations and economic growth.
But even in our time, many different goods and resources are often delivered using sea transport. The country's lack of access to the sea can create certain difficulties for it.
Neighboring countries may use restrictions or complete blocking of the transit of goods through their territories to put pressure on them.
In fact, they have the opportunity to simply block access to the sea to an inland country, for example, based on economic or military interests.
Oceanic and sea waters occupy about 70% of the Earth's surface. Moreover, every fourth state on the planet does not have access to the World Ocean. These countries are frankly unlucky, because the sea is the most important factor economic development.
Which countries are landlocked? And how do they solve this geographical problem?
Without access to the ocean...
So which countries are landlocked? Foreign Europe and Africa have the most such states: 14 and 16, respectively. But on the North American continent there is not a single such country. Moreover, this is where the state with the world’s longest coastline- Canada (over 200 thousand kilometers!).
Since ancient times the sea has vital importance in the development of states. Thus, it was thanks to its unique geographical position that Great Britain was able to become the most powerful empire in the world at one time. With the advent railway the role of maritime transport has decreased somewhat. Nevertheless, having access to the sea is still important: both from an economic and from a military-strategic point of view.
Which country is landlocked? Kazakhstan immediately comes to mind. It is the largest state in the world, bordered exclusively land borders(unless, of course, we take into account the Caspian Sea, which is only called a sea, but is not one in essence). By the way, 9 out of 15 post-Soviet republics after the collapse of the USSR found themselves without access to the World Ocean.
Which country is landlocked in Africa? There are many such states on the “dark continent”. First of all, it is worth mentioning Ethiopia, within which about 90 million people live. Thus, it is the largest country by population without a sea.
Which countries are landlocked: list and map
There are 44 such states in total. All of them are marked on the map below green. Among them are two countries that are doubly unlucky: Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan. They not only do not have access to the ocean, but also border on the same failed states. IN Western literature These two countries have their own specific term: double landlocked countries.
Which countries are landlocked? Perhaps we should list them. Besides 44 independent states This list also includes a number of unrecognized and partially recognized entities. Among them are Kosovo, PMR and others.
So which countries are landlocked? In Europe it is:
- Czech Republic.
- Austria.
- Switzerland.
- Slovakia.
- Hungary.
- Serbia.
- Macedonia.
- Belarus.
- Moldova.
- Luxembourg.
- Liechtenstein.
- Andorra.
- San Marino.
- Vatican.
- Kosovo.
- Transnistria (PMR).
- South Ossetia.
Asia has no access to the sea following countries:
- Armenia.
- Azerbaijan.
- Kazakhstan.
- Mongolia.
- Uzbekistan.
- Tajikistan.
- Turkmenistan.
- Kyrgyzstan.
- Afghanistan.
- Nepal.
- Butane.
- Laos.
- Nagorno-Karabakh.
In Africa, the following states have no access to the ocean:
- Ethiopia.
- Niger.
- Uganda.
- Mali.
- Botswana.
- Zimbabwe.
- Zambia.
- Burkina Faso.
- Burundi.
- Malawi.
- Lesotho.
- Swaziland.
- Rwanda.
Which countries are landlocked in South America? There are only two such states:
- Paraguay.
- Bolivia.
Life without the sea: problems and solutions
The main difficulty caused by the country's isolation by land is the difficulty of exporting its products to the world market. According to estimates World Bank, the delivery of one unit of cargo from a non-maritime state is almost twice the cost of a similar delivery from a coastal state. In addition, countries that do not have maritime boundaries, are more vulnerable militarily and strategically.
One way or another, the level of economic development depends not only on the geographical location of the state. After all, among inland countries there are states that are highly developed in all respects, such as Austria or Switzerland.
How in modern world is the problem of isolation from the ocean being solved? Different countries they do it differently. Thus, the Czech Republic entered into an agreement with Poland on the operation of the seaport in Szczecin. Now in the Polish city you can see ships flying Czech tricolors. Kazakhstan, for example, is actively building roads and pipelines on its territory, while simultaneously establishing relations with neighboring China.
Paraguay is also landlocked. However, the territory of this country is crossed by the largest water artery- Parana River. Small cargo ships and boats can freely navigate it Atlantic Ocean.
Right of access to the sea
If anyone doesn’t know, all states on the planet without exception have the right to access the open ocean. And this right has been protected by the UN for several decades in a row. How is it implemented in practice?
Landlocked countries enter into special treaties with their landlocked neighbors and then use their territories as transit zones. Subject to certain agreements, they can station their fleet in foreign ports. Moreover, states isolated from the sea have the right to conduct full-fledged fishing in the open ocean.
Chile and Bolivia: war over the sea
Arriving in La Paz, all tourists are surprised by the following inscription on the wall of the maritime museum: “The coast was and will be Bolivian.” They are even more surprised by the fact that this South American country has its own naval forces. Moreover, Bolivia celebrates Sea Day every year. How can this be explained, since this country lost its access to the sea more than a century ago?
The so-called Pacific War of 1879-1884 (War of the Pacific) is one of the saddest pages in the history of Bolivia. Wanting to get the richest deposits of saltpeter on the coast, the Chileans treacherously attacked Bolivia. As a result of a long war, the latter lost the province of Antofagasta, thereby finding itself completely cut off from the ocean.
Bolivia continues to make territorial claims against Chile to this day. However, from a legal point of view, they hardly have a chance of implementation. Nevertheless, Bolivians continue to firmly believe in their “sea dream.”
Ukraine and Moldova: profitable exchange of territories
After the breakup Soviet Union The young independent republics were forced to solve a number of acute and pressing problems. Thus, the Ukrainian Budzhak was cut off from the rest of the country. The Republic of Moldova, in turn, was desperately looking for its way to the sea.
In the end two neighboring countries agreed to a mutually beneficial exchange: Ukraine ceded 800 meters of the Danube bank near the village of Giurgiulesti to Moldova for the construction of a port. The Moldovans, for their part, transferred land with a road near the village of Palanca to the Ukrainians for free land communication with Izmail, Reni, Kiliya and others settlements Budjaka.
As a result of this exchange, Moldova gained access to the Danube and, as a consequence, to the Black Sea. In a short time, a large port was built near the village of Giurgiulesti oil terminal, which is capable of receiving and serving both river and sea vessels. Every year this port brings about 10 million lei in income to the Moldovan treasury.
Finally
Now you know which countries are landlocked. There are 44 such states in total. The largest among them are Kazakhstan and Mongolia, and the smallest are the Vatican and San Marino. In addition, 4 more unrecognized countries of the world are deprived of access to the ocean: Kosovo, PMR, South Ossetia and Nagorno-Karabakh.
Today, there are four dozen individual states. But due to the peculiarities of their geographical location, not each of them has its own access to the sea. This directly affects the development of the country for better or worse.
Importance of sea access
Historically, countries located on sea coasts are initially in a more advantageous position relative to inland states. Many of them have been inextricably linked with the sea since ancient times. This primarily concerns Greece, Italy, and Spain, which have access to the Mediterranean Sea.
Rice. 1 Sea Bay
Since ancient times, state access to the sea presupposed the presence of important trade relations necessary for the development of both large and small states. As humanity developed, transport structures actively developed. It is not surprising that those states that immediately had access to the oceans received a clear advantage.
Even in today's dynamic world, maritime transport of goods plays a huge role in global trade. Therefore, when there are no approaches to the seas, this creates a number of obstacles for the dynamic development of inland countries.
In ancient times, the lack of access to the sea by a state or city was one of the main reasons for the outbreak of hostilities. Such territories were vital for full economic development.
European countries with access to the sea coast
The list of foreign European countries with access to the sea is as follows:
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- France;
- Spain;
- Belgium;
- Lithuania;
- Norway;
- Bulgaria;
- Croatia;
- Albania;
- Germany;
- Holland;
- Ukraine;
- Poland;
- Iceland;
- Greece;
- Slovenia;
- Romania.
Among the many modern European countries 14 states are deprived of their own access to sea coast. The organization of approaches to the sea of their day is thought out at the global level in order to prevent infringement of their rights.
The importance of access to the sea
Foreign European countries without access to the sea have to look for ways to solve this problem. Historically, coastal approaches have been a major aspect of economic development. The sea area is home to many of the largest water routes, many of which connect millionaire cities.
Rice. 2. European seaside resort
Although modern politicians strive to jointly solve this problem, the lack of their own approaches to the sea significantly hampers the development of the tourism industry and trade. Thus, all imported goods take much longer to be delivered due to the need to undergo additional customs control.
Today the frontier of European countries is quite wide, it includes a large number of regions. Moreover, some of these isolated ones do not have access to the sea.
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That is why there are certain features of the economic activity, there are some difficulties when tourists visit them.
General aspects
Traveling to the countries of the European Union is becoming more and more popular every year. There are several reasons for this at the same time.
First of all, this concerns Italy, Spain, and many other countries. But it is important to note that the process of crossing the border is difficult for many.
And not only because of the need to obtain an EU visa, the cost of which is about 35 euros.
Some European countries are simply landlocked. As a result, they can only be reached by land or by plane. This process has its own characteristics and subtleties.
You will need to read them all carefully. This is the only way to avoid standard errors and problems related to registration, as well as the very fact of moving.
It is important to note that quite a long time ago, prominent scientists noted in their works that having access to the sea is one of the main conditions for the rapid economic development of a state.
That is why many countries that do not have such a trade route are left without the opportunity to develop quickly enough.
The reason for this is the inability to obtain certain technologies and information - but it should be noted that this happened only in certain cases.
Today, such an approach is no longer so relevant due to the banal availability of other means of communication. This applies to both informational and physical ones.
It will not be difficult to get from one state to another in a few hours by plane or train. Many countries have established simplified border crossing methods among themselves.
This means either a complete absence of a visa or a simplified process for obtaining one. This point will need to be worked out in advance - before the trip.
It should be noted that a trip to Germany and other countries European Union can be carried out with one visa - since its validity extends to all countries belonging to the EU.
Today there are many subtleties, nuances and features associated with obtaining a visa. And also crossing the border.One of the countries that is landlocked is Liechtenstein. It is important to remember a number of features similar state- It was previously part of Austria.
List of states on the map
The list of landlocked countries in Europe is relatively small. However, you need to familiarize yourself with the full list of them in advance.
This will allow you to avoid quite a lot of problems during the journey. And she herself
Europe is divided into several sectors based on parts of the world depending on the presence/absence of access to the sea:
- Western European countries;
- regions of Eastern Europe;
- Southern Europe.
Western
The list includes:
- Austria;
- Luxembourg;
- Liechtenstein;
- Switzerland.
This list is small, but these simple examples You can easily get acquainted with all the subtleties and features of travel.
If possible, you should choose countries that have access to the sea. This will greatly diversify your vacation with a trip to the beach.
That is why, before making such a trip, you need to carefully familiarize yourself with the geography of the places.
Eastern
The list of countries in Eastern Europe includes a fairly wide list of states. But it should be noted that the list of landlocked countries is relatively small.
Such a list necessarily includes the following:
- Czech Republic;
- Slovakia;
- Hungary;
- Slovakia.
It is for this reason that there is virtually no fleet in these countries, as well as some difficulties with the delivery of goods.
It should be noted that this process has its own characteristics and nuances. When planning a vacation, it is best to work out this point in advance. This is the only way to avoid many difficulties and problematic situations.
South
In the south of Europe there are most of the countries that, for a number of reasons, are landlocked:
- Azerbaijan;
- Afghanistan and Armenia;
- Butane;
- Kazakhstan;
- Laos;
- Mongolia and many others.
The main reason for this is precisely the remoteness to the center of the continent. Moreover, all the states listed above have relatively low level development.
Nevertheless, tourism in these regions is quite developed. That is why it will be possible to easily prepare all necessary documents for travel.
Nuances of geographical location
Given geographical location has its own characteristics. The main ones include, of course, the following:
The main legislative document that determines the possibility of using sea spaces even in the absence of direct access to them is the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, Part X.
This right is exercised through the use of passages to the sea in transit. Moreover, inland countries fly their own flag.
These are necessarily based in foreign ports. Today there are quite a large number various organizations who are engaged in providing their own Vehicle for transportation.
This procedure has certain features and nuances. You will need to familiarize yourself with all of them in advance.
Many companies specialize in precisely such nuances associated with such rights. For example, Czech ships use the port of Szczecin on the basis of an agreement with the country of Poland.
There are a large number of subtleties related to legal norms and international standards.
Separately, it is worth noting that when crossing transit zones by citizens of countries that do not have access to the sea, no visas are required.
On this moment there are many nuances. Some difficulties may arise during cargo transportation.First of all, it should be noted that problems with paperwork may also arise. The landlocked countries of foreign Europe are quite vast.
Video: general characteristics states
For example, the Republic of Belarus (a country in Europe) has no access to the sea (maritime borders). However, this did not stop the US State Department from declaring that this country has maritime borders (there is this joke about Psaki on the Internet):
There are forty-four such states in total, most of them are located in Africa and Europe. I will not list them, since they are already in other answers.
And here it is on the map:
The only two continents that do not have purely continental countries without access to the sea are North America and Australia. There are already 2 such countries in South America - Paraguay and Bolivia. And in Europe, Asia and Africa there are approximately the same number of such countries. In Asia, these are Bhutan, Nepal, two countries in the Himalayas, Laos, a country next to Vietnam, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan - countries Central Asia. The Caspian Sea gives access to the sea to Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan. And another Asian country is Armenia. Total 9 countries (12 excluding the Caspian Sea)
In Europe: dwarf Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Vatican, Luxembourg. Large ones are Switzerland, Austria, Macedonia, Serbia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Moldova and Belarus. In total there were 14.
I know the geography of Africa the worst, but there are 16 countries there, including the newly formed South Sudan and recently landlocked Ethiopia, so I have no reason to doubt this number.
But various semi-recognized states can increase total number landlocked countries are Transnistria, South Ossetia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Waziristan, Kosovo and others.
Just Poland has access to Baltic Sea. In Europe, Belarus, the Czech Republic and Moldova are landlocked. In Africa, Congo, Niger, Chad and Zimbabwe. And in Asia, Tibet and Tajikistan. And also Kyrgyzstan. And the whole Mongolia.
More than 40 states in the world do not have a maritime border.
Two South American countries, 12 Asian, 14 European and 16 African.
Among them, two states stand out, Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan, which border those countries that are also landlocked.
Among the so-called continental states without access to the oceans, the largest is Kazakhstan, which borders only inland sea, Caspian.
And the next largest country that has no maritime borders is Mongolia.
From unrecognized states V Lately Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, and South Ossetia were added.
The following European states do not have direct access to the sea:
Moreover, these states may have access to the sea through rivers flowing through their territory and through the territories of neighboring states that have access to the sea.
The following African countries are landlocked:
From Asian countries:
At the same time, of the above, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have access to the Caspian Sea (which is a lake), and through it and through a number of canals - to the Black Sea.
Of the countries in South America, only two states are landlocked:
The countries of Uzbekistan and Liechtenstein are interesting - they are landlocked themselves and border only with Stragas, which are also landlocked.
I will try to list all the countries (states) that do not have access to the sea or ocean. There are about fifty of them.
14 European countries: Austria, Andorra, Belarus, Vatican City, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Switzerland.
13 Asian countries: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, South Ossetia.
Two South American countries: Bolivia, Paraguay.
16 African countries: Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Swaziland, Uganda, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, South Sudan.
There are 44 such states, most in Africa:
South Sudan
Central African Republic
Swaziland
Zimbabwe
Burkina Faso
Botswana
Azawad (unrecognized state).
In Asia, countries without access to the World Ocean are:
Azerbaijan, Armenia, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan ( largest state landlocked), Bhutan, Laos, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, South Ossetia.
In Europe:
Austria, Andorra, Belarus, Vatican City, Hungary, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Transnistria, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Switzerland.
There are only two such countries in South America - Bolivia and Paraguay.
P.S. For Olga Andreeva, map of Poland :)
In addition to those previously written above, you can add Jordan - it is landlocked. And in the context of the question (...do not have access to the sea or the ocean?) Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan have access to the sea. Just like Poland or Georgia. The sea is the sea and it doesn’t matter what is internal.
It turns out that there are not so few such states, and among them there are both large and very tiny. A small example is the well-known Vatican. On the contrary, a huge example is the no less famous Kazakhstan. There are about forty such countries, the exact number is difficult to say, since political map In the world, not all countries are recognized by one or another state. But the entire list has already been given in previous answers, 44 are indicated..