Secondary material resources. Theoretical aspects of VMR
SECONDARYRESOURCES - raw materials, materials, products and production waste that are generated during the production of products and can be subsequently used in the production process in the manufacture of new products. The use of VR is, as a rule, economically preferable to the extraction, enrichment and preparation of primary resources. Main types of VR: scrap and waste of ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals, waste petroleum products, waste paper, rubber-containing waste. Thanks to their use, production costs and specific capital investments are reduced, and the rate of economic growth is accelerated. The main sources of waste are production and consumption waste. Classification of secondary material resources
Classification feature /Types of waste(s)
1. Sphere of education – about. material production and services (metal shavings, wood shavings, sawdust); O. consumption (waste paper, cullet, polymers, textile materials)
2. Directions of application – o., used in various branches of material production (recycled raw materials); unused o. (lack of technical, technological and organizational economic conditions their processing)
3. Possibility of use - o., not subject to additional. processing (have not lost their original properties); o., subject to additional processing due to partial or complete loss of original properties
4. Physical state - liquid. (used alkalis, waste petroleum products); hard o. (scrap, waste of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, wood waste); gaseous o. (various waste gases)
5.Chemical composition - organic o. (o. processing of agricultural products, food waste); inorganic o. (about mineral and artificial raw materials); chemical o. (o. agronomic ores, fin spar)
6. Degree of toxicity - poisonous o. (used processed acids, radioactive o.); non-toxic items (metal and wood, used packaging and packaging materials, textiles).
7. Place of use - negotiable o. (products of our own production, used in the same or other technological processes); commodity items supplied to enterprises from other branches of material production.
8.Volumes and dimensions - small-tonnage, medium-tonnage and large-tonnage; small-sized, medium-sized and large-sized. Industrial waste is the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products generated during the production of products or performance of work and which have lost all or part of their original consumer properties. Consumer waste is products and materials that have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical or moral wear and tear. In practice, a distinction is made between unused waste, for which there are currently no conditions for use; secondary raw materials that can currently be reused in national economy. State program of use the most important species secondary resources in the national economy of the USSR for 1986-1990. and for the period up to 2000, it is planned to increase the use of secondary raw materials over 15 years by more than 2 times, bringing its share in the consumption of the most important types of raw materials and materials to 18-20%, replacing primary raw materials and materials with production and consumption waste, growth production capacity for processing secondary raw materials and expanding the areas of their use in industry and construction. According to the 12th Five-Year Plan in 1990, the use of VR involved the release of primary raw materials, materials and fuel in the amount of 40 billion rubles.
Regulatory and legal support for the consistent implementation on the territory of Ukraine of the principle of responsibility of the manufacturer and/or owner for the collection and processing of their products after their use. The sequence of implementation of this principle presupposes: the initial establishment by authorized bodies and their subsequent expansion of the list of products to which the principle applies; determination of the mechanism, standards for collection, processing and recycling, deadlines for implementation and measures of responsibility of the manufacturer for the use of its products (for example, imposing sanctions, establishing standards, etc.). By analogy with European countries, the primary types of products to which the principle of producer responsibility could be extended could be motor vehicles, containers and packaging (metal, polymer, glass, cardboard and paper), motor oils, consumer goods containing harmful substances (mercury-containing lamps, batteries, etc.).
14. Optimization of environmental management. The main ways of optimization: taking into account social and environmental aspects, introducing low-waste technologies, recycling, resource and energy saving. These are the most appropriate solutions in the use of certain resources and natural systems based on the general state. strategic approach and forecast, taking into account the interests of various industries and households, both in this moment time and taking into account the future; this is a change in the environmental management strategy itself, its continuous improvement in order to overcome negative consequences on a global scale. Optimized decisions can also be made in relation to private regional problems (choice of methods for developing PI, flooding of land for hydropower purposes, etc.). Optimization is also expressed in the growth rate of procurement and extraction of raw materials exceeding the growth rate of the resulting products. This means that the raw materials entering production must be used more fully and without unproductive waste and losses.
The problem of optimizing the interaction between society and the natural sphere is primarily regional. The region's environment is impacted by a wide variety of industries and facilities located within the region and even beyond its borders. The results of this impact are diverse, affecting in one way or another the entire natural environment, since it consists not of isolated, but of closely interconnected elements, of regional combinations of resources and conditions that complement each other. Each natural area has its own approach to the set of quality requirements and the pace of greening production.
Among the main environmental problems of the region are:
The need to green production and social spheres of the largest industrial districts and nodes;
Water problems;
Increasing the degree of complexity in the use of mineral and forest resources;
Intensification of land resource use;
Protection and rational use of recreational resources.
Aspects of environmental management:
Ecological (imply taking into account when making decisions the internal laws of the functioning of ecosystems, considered in factorial and population ecology: the nature and direction of ongoing successions, the trophic structure of biocenoses, the state of their constituent populations))
Geography (involves taking into account, when making decisions, the internal heterogeneity and characteristics of the territories that are affected: landscapes and the geocomponents that form them, as well as natural economic territorial systems. Since natural economic territories simultaneously exist on earth systems that correspond to different stages of development of both society and environmental situations, taking into account the geographical aspects of environmental management also presupposes the use of the traditional method for geography of “substituting time with space” when forecasting the environmental consequences of economic decisions).
Economic (involves taking into account when making practical decisions the economic relations operating in natural economic territorial systems, forecasting the environmental consequences of economic decisions, as well as the use of economic levers in order to optimize natural resources; legal and social political aspects of environmental management - analysis of the influence of legislation and the resulting legal relations in society on the state of natural environment, as well as the use of legal instruments (laws and regulations, legal actions) in order to optimize environmental management; technological, which involves analysis and assessment of the environmental friendliness of technical solutions and technologies used or planned for use, as well as a constant search for technical solutions to environmental problems and ways to optimize environmental management.
Waste-free technology- this is an ideal production model, which in most cases is currently not implemented in to the fullest, but only partially (hence the term “low-waste technology” becomes clear). However, there are already examples of completely waste-free production. The main directions for creating low- and waste-free industries: integrated use of raw materials and energy resources; improvement of existing ones and development of fundamentally new ones
technological processes and production and related equipment; introduction of water and gas circulation cycles (based on effective gas and water treatment methods); cooperation in production using waste
some industries as raw materials for others and the creation of waste-free TPK.
Recycling is the reuse of a resource after it has been processed to make it suitable for that purpose.
Energy saving- implementation of legal, organizational, scientific, production, technical and economic measures, aimed at the efficient (rational) use (and economical expenditure) of fuel and energy resources and the involvement of renewable energy sources in economic circulation. Resource saving- a set of measures for the thrifty and efficient use of production facts (capital, land, labor).
Resource-energy-saving technologies assume that the production and sale of final products is carried out with minimal consumption of substances and energy at all stages of production. At the same time, the impact on natural systems and man should be the least. Here the requirement is put forward to fully account for the costs of primary components of nature at the intermediate stages of their processing, transportation, storage, per unit of production.
15. integral resource rule: sectors of the economy competing in the use of specific natural systems inevitably cause damage to each other, the more significantly they change the jointly exploited ecological component or the entire ecosystem (in their entire hierarchy) as a whole. (This is especially noticeable in the example of small peoples leading traditional economies. Thus, the barbaric pollution of soil, rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water with waste from production, thoughtless deforestation led to a significant reduction in the areas for conducting traditional sectors of the economy, the liquidation of most fishing grounds. This is a direct consequence the law of internal dynamic equilibrium. For example, in the water sector - hydropower, transport, public utilities, irrigated agriculture and fisheries mutually reduce development opportunities within the framework of dividing resources into natural, or natural (including in this concept the natural conditions of farming), labor and. The material rule of the integral resource covers all the mentioned groups (Fig.). At the same time, labor resources are involved in integration both biologically (man is one of the consumers) and socio-economically - through resources for maintaining ecological balance and resources. block of material resources. In turn, this block is closely connected with natural and labor resources, since everything received by humanity in the form material assets, ultimately extracted from nature through the application of labor. At the same time, nature serves as a source of information that is often lost due to irrational environmental management, for example, when stratigraphically significant layers are disrupted rocks, loss of key minerals, destruction of ecosystems and littering nearest space, which already hinders astronomical observations. The competitive use of resources affects both all aspects of natural systems and their individual components. So far, this competition is mainly of a local economic and natural nature. World market natural resources, or there is no “ecological” market yet, which cannot be considered normal given the global impact of humanity on nature. The criteria for environmental management are special assessments of environmental management. They reflect its focus, quality, and efficiency. environmental management criteria- a sign of assessment, determination or classification of ecology. systems, processes and phenomena. The criteria are very important for ecology. justification of the project, environmental direction, forecasting, environmental assessment of environmental management activities. The scale of criteria in environmental management should be built taking into account three types of criteria: environmental protection, anthropoecological and economic. Environmental management is assessed in the process of monitoring geosystems. At the same time, a series of maps is constructed: assessments of regional natural resources over time; assessments of natural resource factors in the development of social and economic systems; assessments of changes in geosystems as a whole. Should be considered chain reactions and long-term consequences of using natural resources. resources.
16. Accounting for geosystemic and environmental consequences of the use of natural resources, laws of environmental management and socio-ecological aspects of environmental management. Natural resources- these are the means of subsistence without which a person cannot live and which he finds in nature. These are water, soils, plants, animals, minerals that we use directly or in processed form.
When talking about the use of natural resources, we must not forget about their accounting. The main mechanism and main methodological technique is monitoring the state of natural resources according to a certain scheme and nomenclature and in accordance with the global monitoring system. Ukraine, with its geopolitical position, cannot remain aloof from global resource problems.
The mechanism for taking into account the environmental factor at all stages of production should include continuous provision of environmental support for economic activities, which includes an assessment of the impact on the environment, environmental assessment, environmental audit (revision) and other types of environmental support for economic activities.
The most complete information base for the purposes of environmental and economic analysis can be obtained from environmental passports. Environmental certification is intended for a documentary description of the environmental and economic characteristics of the main objects of environmental protection activities - enterprises and territorial production complexes.
The environmental passport of an enterprise contains regulatory, reference, factual and reporting information on the environmental intensity and environmental friendliness of production, as well as the main environmental and economic indicators of the enterprise's activities.
ecological aspects of environmental management - taking into account, when making decisions, the internal laws of the functioning of ecosystems considered in factorial and population ecology: the nature and direction of ongoing successions, the trophic structure of biocenoses, the state of their constituent populations;
(OPTIONAL!) The concept of “geosystem” covers the entire hierarchical series of natural geographical unities - from the geographical shell to its elementary structural divisions - facies. The presence of different levels of structure and organization of geosystems makes it possible to select as an object of study and evaluation the rank that best suits the solution of a specific problem. The objects can be large regional natural systems such as landscape zones, and fractional ones - landscapes.
The main principle of environmental management is an integrated approach to the assessment of geosystems.
When studying the nature of territorial manifestations of anthropogenic activity, first of all, the regional features of the structure and differentiation of natural environments and processes within natural-technogenic complexes are taken into account. At the same time, the laws of nature apply in a natural environment changed under the influence of anthropogenic factors.
Based on geosystem concepts, a unique landscape approach has emerged that is used in planning and territorial regulation of environmental management.
1. Economic assessment of natural resources is a reflection of the useful consumer properties of an individual natural resource in monetary terms. It can be carried out by various methods, taking into account the methods of development of a certain natural resource, its location, the dynamics of demand and the benefits received from exploitation.
Currently, the economic assessment of natural resources is carried out using three main methods: cost-based; rental; mixed.
2. Environmental and economic assessment, or (more accurately) ecological-socio-economic - a “three-dimensional” approach to events, phenomena, resources and objects based on the recognition of the equal importance of environmental, social and economic components. Consists of an environmental assessment taking into account the dynamics of impact, determination of the social significance of events, phenomena, resources and objects (also in dynamics), their economic assessment and is integrated into a certain systemic community of a certain (and defined in natural indicators, points or monetary units) importance for life and development of society. It can be applied to both natural and material assets. Special meaning in O. e.-s.-e. has a dynamic approach, consideration of events, phenomena, resources and objects (objects) in time: what is insignificant now can become valuable over time and, conversely, lose its former value.
4. Price– monetary expression of the value of a product within the framework of the political economy of socialism – a reflection of the level of socially necessary labor costs for the production of a unit of output. When applied to natural resources, price is a reflection of their economic evaluation, one of the methods of which is the determination of differential rent arising as a result of the application of social labor to limited natural resources of different quality and location, i.e., the monetary expression of the normative economic effect from their exploitation. To this value should be added the social price and the environmental price.
The price of natural resources is their national economic value (economic, socio-ecological and cultural), reflected by the sum of economic and non-economic assessments, in turn based on Chap. arr. on the application of varying amounts of social labor to limited natural resources of varying quality and location.
5. Direct regulation methods are implemented with the help of administrative and legislative instruments, clearly defined prohibitions and restrictions in the field of environmental pollution. In accordance with this definition, direct regulation methods include:
Standardization, the essence of which is the development and mandatory adherence to environmental standards, guidelines and progressive standards;
Environmental assessment, the tasks of which include creating conditions for the implementation of the principles of damage prevention and identifying expected direct and indirect consequences for the environment at the design stage of the facility, as well as facilitating the implementation of laws and monitoring their implementation;
Planning of the sphere of environmental management, the purpose of which is to select the optimal option for economic and environmental activities, calculate the necessary funds, develop indicators of environmental quality, norms of possible intake of harmful substances, etc.;
Payments for emissions (discharges) of pollutants into the environment.
6. The essence of indirect regulation methods environmental management consists in the use of incentives, rather than coercive methods. These methods involve a minimum of government intervention. The method of economic deterrence is understood as preventing the emergence and development of environmentally dirty technologies and methods of production.
There are two principles for economic containment of environmentally polluting production:
principle of environmental priority;
principle of correspondence.
Environmental priority means that when using natural resources and solving other issues related to the environment, preference should always be given to protecting human life and health, ensuring favorable conditions for life, work and leisure of the population.
The principle of correspondence means that for optimal development of society, the ever-increasing needs of people must correspond to the actual availability of natural resources. The method of economic containment of environmentally dirty production includes: payments for standard and above-standard consumption of natural resources, payments for limit and above-limit environmental pollution, fines for violation of environmental legislation, etc.
7. Energy resources– any sources of mechanical, chemical and physical energy, natural and artificially activated. They are divided into: those involved in the constant circulation and flow of energy - solar energy, cosmic, sea tides and tides, geothermal, gravitational and pressure energy, atmospheric electricity, terrestrial magnetism, energy of spontaneous chemical reactions and natural atomic decay, bioenergy, secondary forms of energy; deposited energy resources – oil, natural gas, coal, shale, peat; artificially activated energy sources – atomic Energy, thermonuclear.
8. Thermal energy- a form of energy associated with the movement of atoms, molecules or other particles that make up a body. Thermal energy is an imprecise term. Heat, like work, is not a type of energy, but only a way of transmitting it. Essentially, thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of the structural elements of a substance (be it atoms, molecules or charged particles).
In the thermal power industry, electricity is produced at thermal power plants (TPPs), using chemical energy from organic fuels. They are divided into:
Steam turbine power plants, in which energy is converted using a steam turbine unit;
Gas turbine power plants, in which energy is converted using a gas turbine unit;
Combined-cycle power plants, in which energy is converted using a combined-cycle plant.
Thermal power engineering on a global scale predominates among traditional types; 39% of the world's electricity is generated from oil, 27% from coal, 24% from gas, that is, only 90% of the total output of all power plants in the world. The energy of such countries as Poland and South Africa is almost entirely based on the use of coal, and the Netherlands - gas. The share of thermal power engineering in China, Australia, and Mexico is very large.
9. Nuclear energy and energy Nuclear energy is a branch of energy dealing with the production of electrical and thermal energy by converting nuclear energy.
Atomic energy is the energy released during the transformation of atomic nuclei. The source of atomic energy is the internal energy of the atomic nucleus. A more accurate name for atomic energy is nuclear energy. There are two ways to obtain nuclear energy: the implementation of a nuclear chain reaction of fission of heavy nuclei; implementation of a thermonuclear reaction of fusion of light nuclei. The development of industrial society is based on the constantly growing level of production and consumption of various types of energy.
As is known, the production is based on thermal and electrical energy lies the process of burning fossil energy resources - coal, oil or gas, and in nuclear energy - the fission of the nuclei of uranium and plutonium atoms during the absorption of neutrons.
The scale of extraction and consumption of energy resources, metals, water and air to produce the amount of energy necessary for humanity is enormous, and resource reserves are rapidly declining.
Nuclear energy has not yet passed the tests of efficiency, safety and public goodwill. Its future now depends on how effectively and reliably control over the construction and operation of nuclear power plants will be exercised, as well as how successfully a number of other problems, such as the disposal of radioactive waste, will be resolved. The future of nuclear energy also depends on the viability and expansion of its strong competitors - coal-fired thermal power plants, new energy-saving technologies and renewable energy resources.
Nuclear energy has an extremely negative impact on environment. Representatives of various anti-nuclear campaigns often claim that nuclear energy contains "hidden emissions" of gases that have a negative impact on the environment. But according to all modern information and calculations, nuclear energy, even compared to solar or hydropower, which are considered practically environmentally friendly, contains a fairly low level of carbon.
10.Hydropower and energy Hydropower is energy concentrated in the flow of water masses in channel watercourses and tidal movements. The energy most often used is falling water. To increase the difference in water levels, especially in lower reaches rivers, dams are being built.
The hydropower of the seas and oceans is great. The world's tidal energy resources are estimated at 26,000 billion kWh/year. In its simplest form, the scheme for using tidal energy is as follows: in a pool fenced off from the sea, during high tide, a level difference is created between the sea and the pool, and during low tide, between the pool and the sea, which, with sufficient pressure, ensures the operation of turbines in both directions of water movement.
Problems and prospects for use
Hydroelectric power stations are another energy source that claims to be environmentally friendly. At the beginning of the 20th century, the world's large and mountainous rivers attracted attention, and by the end of the century, most of them were blocked by cascades of dams that provided cheap energy.
However, this led to huge damage for agriculture and nature: the lands above the dams were flooded, in the areas below, the groundwater level fell, huge expanses of land were lost, going to the bottom of giant reservoirs, the natural flow of rivers was interrupted, the water in reservoirs rotted, and fish stocks decreased. On mountain rivers, all these disadvantages were minimized, but one more was added: in the event of an earthquake capable of destroying the dam, the disaster could lead to thousands of casualties. Therefore, modern large hydroelectric power plants are not truly environmentally friendly.
11.Solar energy and energy Solar energy is a branch of non-traditional energy based on the direct use of solar radiation to produce energy in some form. The leading environmentally friendly source of energy is the Sun.
Current state and prospects for use. Currently only a small part is used solar energy due to the fact that existing solar cells have a relatively low efficiency and are very expensive to manufacture. Experts say that solar energy alone could cover all conceivable energy needs of humanity for thousands of years to come. But it faces many problems associated with the construction, placement and operation of solar power plants on thousands of square kilometers of the earth's surface. Therefore the general specific gravity solar energy has been and will remain quite modest. During the production of photocells, the level of pollution does not exceed the permissible level for enterprises in the microelectronics industry. Modern photocells have a service life of 30-50 years. The use of cadmium bound in compounds in the production of certain types of solar cells, in order to increase the conversion efficiency, raises the complex issue of their disposal, which also does not yet have an acceptable solution from an environmental point of view, although such elements are insignificantly widespread and cadmium compounds in modern production are already a worthy replacement has been found.
A solar battery is one of the generators of alternative types of energy that convert solar electromagnetic radiation (in other words, light) into electricity. It is the object of solar energy research. The production of solar panels is developing rapidly in a variety of directions.
A solar collector is a device for collecting solar energy carried by visible light and near-infrared radiation.
A solar power plant is an engineering structure that converts solar radiation into electrical energy. The methods for converting solar radiation are different and depend on the design of the power plant.
material technogenic resource
Regarding the use in the production process, from the position of the natural-material approach, the elements of material resources are most fully presented in the works of M.V. Makarenko and O.M. Makhalina, M.A. Matushkin, V.S. Gevorkyan, V.I. Stepanova. They include raw materials, basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products, components, fuel, and energy. This composition, in our opinion, includes all the basic components, but at the same time material waste production, in our opinion, it is advisable to consider them as a separate type (provided that they can be reused both in our own and in other productions). Thus, from the standpoint of the natural-material approach, all MRs can be classified based on their origin, as shown in Fig. 1, distinguishing primary (originally removed from nature), derivative (formed from primary during the production process) and secondary (waste reused in the production process).
Drawing. 1 - Classification of material resources from the perspective of the natural-material approach based on origin
Secondary material resources, also include those wastes for which technical, technological, organizational and economic conditions for processing and further use currently do not exist or are absent. Secondary material resources that can currently be reused in production are often called secondary raw materials (scrap metal, waste paper, glass containers, etc.). Part of this waste, which can be used in production without additional processing, as well as the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products and fuel, which are in the process of transformation source material into the finished product do not lose their original properties and, with reduced requirements, can be reused; they are called business waste.
In contrast to primary MR associated with the extraction and processing of raw materials, and derivatives formed during the production process, secondary material resources are collected and procured.
Any waste can be considered as secondary material resources (SMR), since they can be used for economic purposes, either partially (i.e. as an additive) or completely replacing traditional types material, raw materials and fuel and energy resources, and main feature such resources is their constant reproducibility in the process of material production, provision of services and final consumption. IN Russian Federation VMRs are used in almost all industries. At the same time, the scale and degree of processing of various types of waste materials vary significantly depending on the resource value of the waste, from ecological situation, due to their properties as environmental pollutants, and - most importantly - from specific economic conditions that determine the profitability of using waste in a particular type of production.
Traditional types of secondary raw materials - scrap and waste metals, high-quality waste polymers, textiles, waste paper are easy to collect and recycle. Complex multi-component waste, as well as contaminated waste, are practically not processed. The latter include mixed and contaminated petroleum products, used tires, laminated paper packaging waste, sludge and sludge. treatment facilities, galvanic sludge, etc.
Waste as an object of management and government regulation, on the one hand, they pollute the environment, and on the other, they are secondary material resources (SMR). At the same time, the main property of waste as SMR is constant “reproduction”, which gives grounds to classify it as one of the varieties of renewable material, raw materials and fuel and energy resources.
According to estimates of the Federal State Institution NITsPURO, the resources of large-tonnage types of SMR in the form industrial waste were reproduced in 2009 in the amount of 2.7-3.4 billion tons. More than 90% of them are waste from mining and mineral processing (Table 1).
Table 1
Assessment of the amount of formation of the most important types of SMR and the level of their use (for 2009)
Name of waste |
Education, million tons |
Usage rate, % |
Waste from mining and processing |
||
Scrap ferrous metals |
||
Ashes and slags from thermal power plants |
||
Halite waste |
||
Blast furnace slag |
||
Wood waste |
||
Phosphogypsum |
||
Steel slag |
||
Waste paper |
||
Pyrite cinders |
||
Sulfite liquors |
||
Tires are worn out |
||
Polymer waste |
||
Textile waste |
||
Waste sulfuric acid |
||
Cullet |
||
The use of VMR in the Russian Federation is carried out practically eski in all industries. However, the scale and level of use are characterized by significant unevenness and depend on the resource value of waste, on the environmental situation arising in connection with their treatment as environmental pollutants, and, most importantly, on the prevailing economic conditions that determine the profitability of each specific type production using waste.
The highest rates of use of waste as secondary raw materials on an industrial scale are characterized by ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper industry, industry building materials. (Table 2). Made entirely or almost entirely from recycled materials individual species paper and cardboard, household products made of polyethylene (boxes, buckets, watering hoses, film, etc.). Waste as secondary material resources. Published by Recyclers.ru LLC - 2007/3/3.
table 2
Assessment of the share of secondary raw materials in the production of the most important types of industrial products
In Russia average level the use of recycled materials can be decrease by about 1/3, which is 2-2.5 times lower than more developed countries. At the same time, the level of processing of solid waste as secondary raw materials on average does not exceed 4-5%. As a result, there are significant losses of material, raw materials and fuel and energy resources (FER) contained in waste, and at the same time, intensive accumulation of unused waste in the environment continues at a rate of 2-2.5 billion tons/year, which is approximately 60-70 % of the amount of their education per year. Ultimately, despite the measures taken by the Government of the Russian Federation to ensure environmental safety, ecological situation in many regions of Russia, due to the impact of unused waste, it is not improving.
The problem is complicated by the fact that in the foreseeable future there are no prerequisites for a significant reduction in waste generation. The amount of production waste will continue to increase due to increased volume industrial production against the backdrop of maintaining and even reducing the concentration of minerals in raw materials extracted from the subsoil. Consumer waste will grow at an even higher rate due to the rapid growth in the level of final consumption, including household, computer and radio-electronic equipment, household items, clothing, cars, etc.
Reasons leading to high costs for collecting and processing consumer waste:
- 1. The need to create a special production infrastructure, including collection points for recyclable materials and procurement enterprises;
- 2. The complexity of sorting and disaggregating complex waste into individual components by type of material, as well as their cleaning, washing and disinfection, checking for the presence of radioactive and other hazardous materials;
- 3. Significant energy consumption for crushing them and producing secondary raw materials or semi-finished products from them;
- 4. Reduced equipment productivity due to the presence of impurities and debris in the processed waste (this especially applies to the processing of polymer waste).
SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS, or recyclable materials - secondary material resources collected (harvested) and prepared for reuse in the national economy as raw materials (scrap metal, waste of ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals, waste lubricating oils, defective parts, waste paper, etc. ).[...]
Secondary material resources (SMR) are a set of production and consumption waste that can be used as the main or auxiliary material for production. These also conventionally include by-products and associated products, which are not yet fully used and which represent a potential reserve of material resources for industry.[...]
Secondary energy resources (SER) are the energy potential of products, waste, by-products and intermediate products generated in technological installations, which can be partially or fully used to supply energy to other consumers at the enterprise itself. outside of it. VER are divided into flammable, thermal and mechanical. Combustible RES - waste or by-products that can be used as fuel; thermal - physical heat from exhaust flue gases of process furnaces, physical heat from material flows, cooling water after heating equipment, etc.; mechanical - the energy of compressed gases generated (or used) in technological processes.[...]
Secondary material resources of ferrous metallurgy: Spraa.: In 2 vols. / Ed. L.A. Smirnova. - M.: Economics, 1986. - T.2. - 344 pp.[...]
Secondary material resources in the oil refining and petrochemical industries. M., TsNIITEN ftekhim, 1976. 44 pp. [...]
Secondary material resources. Terms and Definitions.[ ...]
SECONDARY MATERIAL RESOURCES - production and consumption waste that can be reused in the national economy in the form of resources with other properties in order to most rationally satisfy public consumption.[...]
Recycling and disposal of waste at the stages of molding and production of complex glass fiber includes the capture of lubricant vapors, cleaning Wastewater methods of membrane filtration and electroflotation (concentration reduction reaches 84-99.5%), recycling of glass fiber waste. The latter occupies a special place, since in the production of fiberglass, waste in the form of individual threads, coils, strands, often with inclusions of glass drops and a binder of complex chemical composition, accounts for 15 - 30%. Problems of industrial ecology, requirements for low-waste industries and glass melting technologies predetermined the main options rational use the resulting waste as secondary material resources (SMR). Heterogeneous composition of waste, its specific properties(hardness, abrasiveness, etc.) create the main difficulties of reuse as a charge component in glass melting processes. For example, adding 2 - 45% BMP in the form of granules and powder to a traditional or compacted charge allows you to save raw materials, fuel and reduce environmental pollution.[...]
Secondary material resources of the pyrolysis process include sulfur-alkaline wastewater generated during the purification of hydrocarbon gas from hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. After appropriate preparation they are used in pulp and paper industry for kraft pulping. The experience of recycling sulfur-alkaline wastewater has confirmed the feasibility of their preparation as part of ethylene production. Since the salt composition of the wastewater fluctuates over a wide range due to dilution with water during the process of washing the pyrogas, these wastewater must be evaporated (Fig. 54). To remove polymer compounds, the wastewater is washed aromatic hydrocarbons, and then evaporated.[...]
Utilization of secondary material resources in metallurgy / K.A. Cherepanov, G.I. Chernysh, V.M. Dinelt, Yu.I. Sukharev. - M.: Metallurgy, 1994. - 224 p. [...]
Along with the utilization of secondary material resources, there are great opportunities in the use of secondary fuel and energy resources (RES) of technological installations and, first of all, the heat of waste flue gases of metallurgical equipment and heating furnaces. If we consider that the cost of energy and fuel for the production of industrial products reaches 15% of its cost, it becomes obvious that this aspect of production deserves the closest attention.[...]
A massive consumer of secondary material resources is the construction industry and the building materials industry, which, for example in the USSR, use more than 30 million tons of blast furnace slag annually. The experience of using slag at the Azovstal plant and the Novokuznetsk Iron and Steel Works is indicative. Slag from Azovstal dumps is removed by water for the construction of dams and other structures, making way for the beach. The Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant introduced powerful complex for processing steelmaking slag, producing crushed stone for various purposes and fertilizers for acidic soils.[...]
Along with the use of secondary material resources, there are great opportunities in the use of secondary fuel and energy resources. For many years, the utilization of waste flue gases from metallurgical equipment and furnaces has been used to heat water and air. It is carried out using heat exchange regenerators and recuperators. New, more advanced methods of heat recovery and installations for their implementation are being developed. However, only a small fraction of the possible, economically justified level of consumption of secondary energy resources is actually used.[...]
The use of secondary natural and material resources, including household waste (industrial, municipal and rural), is expanding. In some cases, secondary resources become the main raw materials, saving effort, money and energy. The expanded exploitation of recreational resources in the broad sense of the term (resort, tourism resources - national and international, museum and cultural sites, local recreation, sports and recreation, etc.) promises a lot. All people need rest outside the depressing everyday environment, and this need is growing all the time with the urbanization of our lives.[...]
When mixed with the benzene-toluene fraction, unsulfurized bottom residues and secondary material resources from polystyrene processing are converted into a charge of the required composition, which is sent for destruction.[...]
A clear example of the use of secondary material resources in Fig. 19.15, which shows a diagram of the use of cullet in various industries industry.[...]
Payment for the disposal of waste, which is secondary material resources, which are subject to further processing and are raw materials or materials in other industries, is set at the level of contract prices for these resources existing in the republic, territory and region.[...]
The use of secondary material resources is of particular importance, which allows saving raw materials, energy and reducing environmental pollution. Thus, the production of aluminum from scrap metal requires only 5% of the energy consumption from the smelting of bauxite, and the remelting of 1 ton of secondary raw materials saves 4 tons of bauxite and 700 kg of coke, while simultaneously reducing emissions of fluoride compounds into the atmosphere by 35 kg. [...]
To create rational schemes for processing secondary material resources - waste within one enterprise or territorial complex Flexible technological systems (FTS) can be used.[...]
Production and consumption wastes are secondary material resources (SMR), which can currently be reused in the national economy. However, they can be toxic and dangerous. Such wastes, in certain quantities or concentrations, pose a potential hazard to human health or the environment.[...]
Production and consumption wastes are secondary material resources (SMR), which can currently be reused in the national economy. [...]
Nikitin Yu. N. In the book: Rational use of secondary material resources. [...]
The issue of recycling secondary resources also has important environmental significance there, since TPKs, as a rule, are sources of massive environmental pollution.[...]
The use of production and consumption waste (secondary material resources) and the conversion of unused waste into used waste has great importance for environmental protection because it frees us from the neutralization, burial or destruction of these wastes, and also, as a rule, reduces energy and other costs, which in itself reduces environmental pollution and turns out to be economically beneficial. [...]
Assessment of the economic efficiency of using secondary material resources becomes more complete taking into account indirect costs.[...]
Calculation of waste generation standards related to secondary material resources is carried out on the basis of specific indicators for the formation of solid waste, as well as cleaning materials during the maintenance of machinery and equipment during the operation and maintenance of motor vehicles.[...]
Heavily contaminated waste is unsuitable for use as secondary material resources due to its heterogeneity and low quality. They can be used to obtain liquid products by destruction, and also as fuel.[...]
An important element improving the material resource planning system taking into account the use of waste is the development of a scientifically based classification of secondary material resources. The creation of such a classification in combination with organizational and technical measures will make it possible to more clearly organize accounting and control over the dumping, storage and distribution of waste and establish the most rational directions for their processing and use.[...]
Chemical industry is mainly a supplier of secondary material resources and only in some cases its raw material base is based on waste from other industries. Therefore, the growth of production of chemical enterprises within certain industrial complexes or centers must be linked to the capabilities of enterprises processing these wastes. [...]
Thus, the parameters by which waste is characterized as secondary material resources (SMR) can be presented in the form of the structure shown in Fig. 19.8.[...]
Taking into account the economic and environmental significance of the use of secondary material resources, a special resolution was adopted by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR “On strengthening efforts to save and rationally use raw materials, fuel, energy and other material resources.” The issue of serious shortcomings in the use of secondary material resources in the national economy at the end of 1984 was considered by the CPSU Central Committee.[...]
Organizational and technical techniques and operations ensure resource conservation for individual chemical plants and territorial-industrial complexes through the rational use of natural resources, the most complete regeneration and recovery of secondary material resources and the reduction of production waste.[...]
Flexible technological complex for the production of styrene and a-methylstyrene. Taking into account the needs for styrene, the possibilities of combined production of styrene, the need for qualified use of secondary material resources generated at various enterprises in relatively small quantities, and taking into account the possibilities of using reserves of traditional equipment, a flexible technological complex for the production of styrene and a-methylstyrene has been developed based on the integrated processing of raw materials and secondary resources (technological flexibility).[...]
Plasma-chemical method. This method is promising for the neutralization and disposal of industrial sludge. complex composition. Processing organic waste in a low-temperature plasma stream makes it possible to obtain high-purity synthesis gas and other valuable organic mixtures in the form of secondary material resources.[...]
As a result of experimental studies carried out in the framework of solving the assigned problems, the possibility of deducing from technological process and recycling of a significant proportion of hydrocarbon inclusions using secondary material resources from soda production.[...]
Due to the growth in the range and amount of waste, there is a need to create special centers, summarizing waste data. Therefore, in all leading sectors of the national economy, editorial offices have been formed to compile industry directories of secondary material resources. The work of these editorial offices is supervised by a specially created editorial board under the USSR State Planning Committee. At the same time, regional directories of this kind are being developed. The final result of this work should be the creation of an automated information retrieval system for secondary material resources on a regional and industry basis.[...]
A strict, unambiguous definition of the concept of “industrial waste” has not been formulated. Typically, this term refers to a variety of compositions and physical and chemical properties residues characterized by potential consumer value (suitability for useful use) and being by their nature secondary material resources (BMP), the use of which in material production as a rule, it requires certain additional operations in order to give them the necessary properties or clearly fix these properties.[...]
The development and implementation of a coherent and technically sound system of specific standards for all types of waste per unit of production, the subsequent gradual tightening of these standards in combination with economic incentive measures will help achieve the lower limit of waste generation at enterprises. In this case, waste will turn into secondary material resources for other industries. Thus, we have come to the planned indicators for the use of waste, which together can form the corresponding section of the State Plan for Economic and Social Development.[...]
Currently, the question remains open about the general economic and technical strategy for the transition to waste-free technology within enterprises, territorial production complexes and the industry as a whole. Certain capabilities of the systems that together constitute a separate enterprise have quite limited limits, primarily due to the fact that the generated waste represents potential secondary material resources for other industries. In this case, in the existing sectoral structure organizational and technical measures should be introduced aimed at bringing waste to commercial products, which can already be transferred to enterprises in other industries.
Firstly, the resources of many materials on Earth are limited and cannot be replenished in a time frame comparable to the time of existence human civilization.
Second, once materials are released into the environment, they typically become pollutants.
Thirdly, waste and products that have completed their life cycle are often (but not always) a cheaper source of many substances and materials than natural sources.
Often, any production and consumption waste is called “recyclable materials” (short for “recycled raw materials”). This is not true. Firstly, it is not possible or advisable to reuse any waste in the national economy, and secondly, some waste can only be reused by converting it into energy. Distinctive feature secondary material resources is that they can not be used for their intended purpose, but are potentially suitable for reuse in the national economy to obtain raw materials or products. For example, a tin can that is opened by a consumer cannot be reused for its original purpose as a food container, but can be processed by melting down into raw materials for the manufacture of metal products, including new tin cans. Respectively, secondary raw materials They name only those production and/or consumption wastes that, by their nature, are material resources intended for recycling, directly or after additional processing, as raw materials or products.
Waste that is reused with the release of thermal and/or electrical energy is not a secondary raw material; such waste is called secondary energy resources.
Classification of secondary raw materials:
· Waste paper: paper, cardboard, newspapers, textiles, packaging;
· Glass: glass containers, broken glass;
· Scrap metal: ferrous, non-ferrous, precious;
· Chemicals: acids, alkalis, organics;
· Petroleum products: oils, bitumen, asphalt;
· Electronics: products, boards, batteries, mercury lamps, wires;
· Plastics: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), high-density polyethylene (LDPE) and low-density polyethylene (HDPE), ABS plastic, polystyrene (PS)
· Rubber: tires, rubber;
Biological: food waste, fats, sewage disposal;
· Wood: branches, shavings, foliage
· Construction: brick, concrete;
· Wastewater.
General energy waste is divided into three types:
inevitable losses in a technological unit or installation;
domestic energy waste uses that are returned back to the process unit (installation) due to regeneration or recycling and, as a result, reduce the amount of primary energy supplied while maintaining a constant amount of energy input into the process unit;
energy waste external use , representing secondary energy resources (SER),
-energy potential of product waste, by-product and intermediate waste generated in technological installations (systems), which is not used in the installation itself, but can be partially or fully used to supply energy to other installations.
A technological unit or installation that is a source of waste energy, which can be used as useful energy, is called a source unit or installation - a source of renewable energy resources.
The generation of energy carriers (water steam, hot or chilled water, electricity, mechanical work) by reducing the energy potential of the VER carrier is carried out in a recycling plant.
The energy potential of waste and products is classified according to the energy reserve in the form of chemically bound heat (combustible VER), physical heat (thermal VER), potential energy of excess pressure (VER overpressure). The potential of combustible SERs is characterized by lower heat combustion Q n, thermal - enthalpy difference h, excess pressure - the work of isentropic expansion L. In all cases, the unit of measurement for energy potential is kJ/kg, or kJ/m 3 .
VER can be used in the following areas:
Fuel - using combustible waste that is not suitable for further processing as fuel;
Thermal (refrigeration) - using the heat of exhaust gases of furnaces and boilers, the heat of main, intermediate and by-products, waste heat of hot water, steam and air and overpressure energy resources;
Power - using mechanical and electrical energy generated by renewable energy resources;
Combined - for the production of heat (cold), electrical or mechanical energy. Waste processing should be distinguished from disposal.
Under waste disposal the following is understood:
1. use of waste at various stages life cycle products (primary use) and waste management of these products, from their collection to burial and/or destruction; or
2. ensuring primary and/or secondary use or recycling of waste, packaging and end-of-life or rejected products and materials.
Thus, the concepts of “recycling” and “recycling” intersect. Thus, waste processing may include their recycling in terms of recycling, and recycling may include waste processing in cases where it is technically possible, technologically necessary or required by law. On the other hand, recycling does not consider recycling where the waste can be used directly in products without processing. According to some experts, in addition to secondary resources and production and consumption waste, resources that cannot be found are also subject to recycling. direct application.
When designing modern products look at her recyclability- a set of indicators that ensure effective disposal of waste generated during its production and operation and after withdrawal from circulation.
Also, waste recycling should not be equated with recycling(syn. recycling, English recycling). This term in Russian technical language has a special meaning: it is used to denote the process of returning waste to the processes of technogenesis. In other words, recycling is a process, and waste processing is an activity consisting of branches of activity and many various processes. In this sense, recycling is one of the elements of waste management, which in turn is part of waste processing. Waste recycling is carried out reuse waste for the same purpose, for example glass bottles after their appropriate safe processing and marking (labeling), or by returning waste after appropriate processing into the production cycle (for example, cans - into steel production; waste paper - into paper and cardboard production, etc. .) .
The relationship between the categories of secondary material resources and waste is currently not clearly established, therefore, there are three main points of view regarding the concept of secondary material resources. According to the first, the concept of secondary material resources is broader than the concept of waste. Authors who adhere to this position note that in addition to waste integral part secondary material resources are associated and by-products. It seems to us that this interpretation of the term secondary material resources includes in their composition associated and by-products, which are essentially finished products, as well as that part of the waste, the use of which is impossible at this stage development of science and technology.
The second approach to the terms secondary material resources and waste erases the difference between them. In accordance with it, secondary material resources include production and consumption waste generated in the national economy. In our opinion, in this case, secondary material resources also include that part of the generated waste, the processing of which is difficult due to technological limitations in the national economy, which is hardly advisable.
And finally, we can highlight another point of view, according to which the applied nature of the concept of secondary material resources limits the range of waste included in it only to those that, at a given stage of development of science and technology, can be used in the national economy. Therefore, the authors consider the following types of waste to be secondary material resources:
* remnants of raw materials and materials formed during the manufacturing process and which have not completely lost the use value of the original raw materials and materials; they can be used in the national economy as raw materials or additives;
* products of physical and chemical processing of raw materials that are not the purpose of production, which can be used after processing as finished products or raw materials for further processing;
* products obtained during the extraction and enrichment of mineral resources that are not the purpose of this production process and can be used in the national economy after additional refinement as materials, raw materials for subsequent processing or finished products.
The classification feature of production stages is taken into account here. One should agree with this definition with some adjustments. Remains of raw materials and materials may have consumer properties, but not use value, since the latter characterizes the finished product.
Thus, the concept of secondary material resources is not identical to the concept of waste and the main difference is the presence of consumer properties and the possibility of their use.
As new consumer properties of various types of waste are identified, they are included in the composition of secondary material resources. However, since there is always waste, the use of which is limited by the technical capabilities of production, the concept of secondary material resources cannot be synonymous with the concept of waste. One should completely agree with the authors of the work, who believe that the applied nature of secondary material resources limits the range of waste included in it only to those that at this stage of the development of science and technology can be used in the national economy. In other words, the main criterion that distinguishes secondary material resources from waste is the scientific and technical possibility of using the latter at a given time. Consequently, by secondary material resources it is necessary to understand only that part of the waste of raw materials and materials generated as a result of the irrational use of natural raw materials, which can be reused at this stage of the development of science and technology.
The object of our research is waste generated in the subsoil use system, and, taking into account the above, it would be fair to call part of the mining waste secondary mineral resources, by analogy with general concepts waste and secondary material resources. The role and place of secondary mineral resources in common system waste using the example of the metallurgical industry is presented in Fig. 1 and 2.
Recycled raw materials. In scientific and regulatory literature, the term secondary raw materials is used, which implies the possibility of its use. Thus, in a number of works, various materials and products are considered as secondary raw materials, which after initial full use can be reused as raw materials. This means that the term secondary raw materials often duplicates the concepts of secondary material resources and waste. As the analysis shows, this term is used mainly in relation to consumer waste and, thus, is synonymous with the concept of secondary material resources in relation to this part of the waste.
Fig.1. Place of secondary mineral resources of metallurgy
in the waste system
More on the topic Secondary material resources:
- MATERIAL RESOURCES. ANALYSIS OF EFFICIENCY AND USE OF MATERIAL RESOURCES
- MATERIAL RESOURCES. ANALYSIS OF THE PROVISION OF THE ENTERPRISE WITH MATERIAL RESOURCES
- The concept of material resources. Indicators of use of material resources
- 27. Resource conservation in environmental management. Secondary resources.