World Council of Finno-Ugric Peoples. International connections
The 7th World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples, which meets every four years, has recently ended in Lahti. 173 delegates and more than 300 observers discussed the issues of preserving their native languages and culture, relations with the authorities and subsoil users, the extinction of old and the emergence of new diasporas for three days. As a result, it became obvious to everyone that the forum needs serious changes.
Tension and wariness of some delegates appeared already on the eve of the congress. To a seemingly standard question about plans and expectations from the Congress, asked ten days before the start of the forum, none of the delegates from Finland, Estonia or Hungary answered. On the other hand, a letter came from Estonia with doubts about the objectivity of all Russian journalists in general. For the first time in 30 years of practice, I came across the fact that a priori, in fact, they are accused of unprofessionalism just because you are from Russia. I wanted to understand what kind of people are going to this congress on behalf of entire nations and why some of them are so politicized?
Enthusiastic neighbor
Immersion in ethnic themes began on the Moscow-Helsinki train. In Tver, a 19-year-old Finnish guy got into a compartment, speaking Russian very tolerably.
Of course, I am a Finn, but my mother is Russian, - Mikael explained slightly drawling words, - I visited my grandmother and relatives in the Tver village.
It turned out that every year a young Finn who "visits" his Russian relatives is studying to be a builder, admires the modern architecture of the Russian capital, and his entire phone is filled with photographs of Moscow City: "This is very difficult to build!". However, he did not hear that the entire Finno-Ugric world is now gathering in the Finnish town of Lahti, and he has no idea who will represent him there as a Finn. This put me on my guard - and then who do the people who are going to the World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples represent?
With questions about the forum, the name and program of their chosen delegate, I pestered local Finns for half a day already in Lahti - both in a noisy shopping center and in a quiet park on the lake, but the answer was only bewilderment.
Different approaches
Of the 23 Finno-Ugric peoples, only three - Hungarians, Finns and Estonians live outside of Russia, the rest - the vast majority - in our country. A few months ago, all the Finno-Ugric republics of Russia held congresses of peoples, where the election of delegates to the Congress was very emotional. Therefore, with a certain degree of certainty, we can say that behind each delegate of the Russian Finno-Ugric peoples there is a certain number of tribesmen. And imagine my surprise when it turned out that in other countries everything was completely different.
Delegate from Estonia Aivar Rukkel I saw an ad on the Internet, left an application, and now he is already presenting Estonians at the World Congress. Aivar is sure that few people in his native Pärnu know about this Congress.
- I am engaged in ethnic tourism and I hope to find new contacts here, primarily in Russia for business development.
Zsuzsa Shalansky delegate from Hungarians also believes that few people in Hungary know about the Congress. She laughed out loud when I asked how many Hungarians she represented. Their delegation was formed from a narrow circle of people who are professionally engaged in Finno-Ugric studies and human rights activities in relation to national minorities, mostly outside their native country.
“We even had empty seats in the delegation,” Zhuzha admits. – We came to get to know each other, to make contacts, so that later we could work together on international grants.
In a word, what is happening in Lahti is called Congress of Nations possible only with a very big stretch, it would be more correct to talk about the Congress of Finno-Ugric national activists, but it's not the same thing.
small stubborn tree
The status of the Congresses is traditionally raised by the presence of the presidents of the Finno-Ugric countries. However, not all of them behave adequately. Presidents Finland and Hungary they did not go beyond the bounds of decency, they tried to talk about common humanitarian problems, for example, about globalization, which has become a challenge to the preservation of ethnic diversity. But the President Estonia Toomas Ilves, who had a month and a half left to be in his post, went all out and tried to politicize the cultural forum.
Ilves suddenly declared that he could not calmly watch how the raw material economy is crowding out traditional culture, and "the snow is turning red from the suffering of the indigenous peoples of Siberia because of the work of oil companies."
In the end, he compared the Finno-Ugric peoples with a small but stubborn tree. This funny character is already participating in the third Finno-Ugric congress and invariably with anti-Russian rhetoric. All this is all the more strange because in Estonia itself there are a lot of problems with respect for the rights of national minorities, and in particular with the rights of the Setos, who, unlike Russia, are simply not recognized as people there.
What is the lighthouse sad about?
– I dream that small nations, especially those that live on the border, are not used for political purposes, – Helyu Lighthouse- The Seto delegate from the Pskov region was clearly upset by this demarche of the Estonian leader. – After all, we came here to communicate, and if anyone has problems, we solve them at home. For example, as we were recognized as an indigenous people in 2010, they immediately adopted the regional program: they let a regular bus into our village, bought agricultural equipment, started repairing houses, put the museum-estate in order.
Delegate from Finns publicist Willy Ropponen For many years he has been interested in Russia, he is a member of the Association of Finnish Artists and Writers, he dreams of reviving interest in Russia in Finland through ethnic tourism. He immediately conspiratorially announced that an alternative congress was soon gathering in a restaurant nearby, where he also intended to take part in order to “discuss more openly and critically” among young people. According to rumors from social networks, about 20 people gathered at the restaurant for alternative Finno-Ugric gatherings, and it did not happen not so much because of heavy rain that prevented people from getting there, but because of a lack of interest.
Looking for a format
Mikhail Vasyutin- a representative of the Mari delegation, Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Mari El was at all seven congresses and believes that the current turning point:
– It is no longer possible not to notice the dissonance in the difference in the formation of delegations from peoples. If elections are held in Russia at congresses of peoples, new faces are constantly appearing and we can talk about the development of the movement and the continuity of generations, then our foreign colleagues demonstrate the opposite approach.
For 24 years, the same people have been coming from them. We have not only known all their names for a long time, but also learned all their positions. Moreover, for some reason their activity is always directed not at common Finno-Ugric problems, but at attempts to interfere in the affairs of Russia, as if our peoples are not self-sufficient. Although the Association of Finno-Ugric Peoples (AFUN) is working effectively to discuss our internal Russian affairs.
Unjustified mentor notes caused bewilderment and disappointment of the majority of Russian delegates. Foreign reports about the alleged displacement of the Finno-Ugric population in Russia by Tatars and Russians looked strange. and vice versa, the most curious and lively practitioners were just from the Russian regions. For example, the unique experience of working in Petrozavodsk publishing house in the Karelian language. The question of whether it was worth going abroad to hear your own people sounded constantly on the sidelines.
And yet it was worth it! At least in order to once again see how powerfully and differently the Finno-Ugric peoples in Russia are developing today, how they preserve their originality not in words, but in deeds. Almost all Russian delegates proudly put on national costumes for the opening, but the majority of foreign Finno-Ugric peoples were ashamed of folk clothes, preferring to complement the usual European costume with small ethnic details - brooches, scarves, headbands.
Change of leader
6 terms in a row - 24 years the position of chairman of the advisory committee of the Finno-Ugric peoples was held by a veteran of the Komi national movement Valery Markov. The Congress thanked him for his work, and later he admitted that he did not expect how large the modest initiative that arose back in 1992 in Syktyvkar would grow, when, again, our Russian Finno-Ugric peoples for the first time offered to gather and look at each other to kindred peoples.
“Of course, the very form of the congress must change,” Markov believes.
How exactly is a big question, someone sees the future of the congress as an advisory platform for professional experts. Others are almost supra-parliamentary organizations. But the new chairman of the advisory committee of the Finno-Ugric peoples will now embody the ideas - Tatiana Kleerova from the Union of the Karelian people. She is also a veteran of the movement, a quarter of a century in the national asset and is very optimistic, she believes that the most important thing for the movement is to constantly ... change, and for each people to preserve their identity in their country and not only preserve traditions, but also create something new on their basis .
It is difficult to say how quickly and what exactly the congress will be able to modify today, but it is known for sure that the Eighth World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples will meet in 2020 in Estonian Tartu.
Margarita Lange
President of the Guild of Interethnic Journalists
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
Udmurt State University
Higher College of Social and Political Sciences
Department of Modern and Contemporary History and International Relations
Graduate work
World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples
in the system of regional international relations.
Supervisor:
The work is approved for defense ________________
Head of Department ___________________
Izhevsk 2001
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………… | 3 |
Chapter 1 I World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples..…………………….. | 6 |
1.1 Prerequisites for the creation of the Congress of Finno-Ugric peoples ……………… | 6 |
1.2 I World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples …………………………… | 13 |
Chapter 2 II World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples ……………………… | 16 |
2.1 Policy Section ………………………………………………………………. | 17 |
2.2 Economy Section …………………………………………………………….. | 18 |
2.3 Culture section ………………………………………………………………. | 19 |
2.4 Health, Demography, Ecology and Child Protection Section, youth and families …………………………………………………………………… |
20 |
2.5 Media section …………………………………………………………………… | 21 |
2.6 Youth Section ………………………………………………………………… | 21 |
Chapter 3 III World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples …………………….. | 25 |
3.1 Section – politics ……………………………………………………………. | 25 |
3.2. Section - culture and education ……………………………………………. | 31 |
3.3 Section - ecology and healthcare ……………………………………….. | 39 |
3.4. Section - copper and information systems ……………………………... | 39 |
4 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………. | 42 |
5 Introduction note …………………………………………………………… | 45 |
6 Note to Chapter 2 …………………………………………………………… | 46 |
7 Note to the conclusion ………………………………………………………… | 47 |
8 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………….. | 48 |
9 Appendix 1 ………………………………………………………………….. | 49 |
10 Annex 2 …………………………………………………………………… | 52 |
Introduction
At the turn of the century and millennium, a great reassessment of values takes place in the life of mankind.
Something goes into the irretrievable past, and what used to be in the shadows, was in oblivion, comes to the fore. Similar words apply to all spheres of life in modern society; it is the personal life of individuals and the public life of entire nations. In a rapidly changing world, each nation strives to preserve itself and at the same time seeks a basis for rapprochement with other nations. This basis for the Finno-Ugric society is linguistic kinship, because. all these peoples are part of the same Finno-Ugric language family.
Why the Finno-Ugric peoples? First of all, because the author of this diploma lives in Udmurtia; because more than once I had to visit international gatherings of high school students of the Finno-Ugric peoples (1995, 1996) and therefore I saw firsthand how connections are established between such, at first glance, different representatives of peoples as Hungarians and Komi, Finns and Udmurts.
Every person has the right to his own language and his own culture. This is enshrined and guaranteed by international conventions, which is especially important for small peoples living apart, i.e. applies to the Finno-Ugric peoples.
I think that it is no secret to anyone that the Finno-Ugric peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation, due to a number of historical, socio-economic, territorial, psychological factors, are in a rather difficult situation. Virtually everyone has a negative population growth rate; the number of people speaking their native language is declining; old traditions are forgotten. This list can be continued further, however, I think it becomes clear why the peoples of the Finno-Ugric linguistic community, fully aware of the threat to their identity, found it necessary to integrate and jointly resist the threat of oblivion of their language and culture.
All these processes began with international conferences of Finno-Ugric scholars in 1960. They contributed to the expansion of interaction between peoples and deepening the knowledge of the surrounding world about these peoples. Since 1985, there have been numerous scientific and political events and studies devoted to the analysis of the situation of the Finno-Ugric peoples - economic situation, demography, language situation, legal status of these peoples. And since 1992, Finno-Ugric public organizations began to be active, which is confirmed by the creation of the Association of Finno-Ugric Peoples (AFUN), the holding of the I Congress of the Finno-Ugric Peoples of the Russian Federation. The goals and objectives of these events were to consolidate the efforts and coordinate the actions of the Finno-Ugric peoples in the struggle for survival, revival, and further development.
Today, the Finno-Ugric movement has reached the international level. The Consultative Committee of the Finno-Ugric Peoples takes part and holds many international events to discuss the linguistic, cultural and other problems of the peoples.
I would like to note the absence of any serious research on the Finno-Ugric movement, its influence on the life of the Finno-Ugric society.
Basically, collections of documents adopted at various congresses, conferences and other events are printed; declarations, resolutions, statutes, as well as reports and speeches by participants in these events. This work also used the reports of various societies and the report of the Advisory Committee of the Finno-Ugric Peoples on the work done.
The methodological basis of the work was the reports of the congress participants, collections of documents; reports of various societies and the Advisory Committee.
The first chapter is based on the research of K. I. Kulikov, Yu. The second chapter is based on the research of Dr. Nanovski D., as well as the Report of the Advisory Committee of the Finno-Ugric peoples for 1996-2000. And the third chapter is based on the resolution of the Third Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples, and various documents from this event.
Target
In this work, the following tasks are set: to trace the prerequisites for the formation of the Finno-Ugric movement, the creation, holding and results of all three World Congresses of Finno-Ugric peoples, as well as the role and achievements of this event for modern Finno-Ugric society. The tasks set correspond to the structure of the work, consisting of an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion.
Chapter 1
I World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples
1.1 Prerequisites for the emergence of the Congress of Finno-Ugric peoples
The turn of the 20th - 21st centuries is a period of transformations unprecedented in the history of Russia, which can rightfully be called extraordinary. There is a change from one socio-political and economic formation to another, a most acute struggle of opposites takes place, a clash between the new and the old, progress against regression, revolutionary against counter-revolutionary. In addition to will and desire, huge masses of people, entire nations are involved in this fight. At the same time, not all peoples, primarily those belonging to the Finno-Ugric community, have a critical mass of resistance in order to withstand and protect themselves from this destructive process.
The reason for this peculiarity of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia is that they have a number of specific ethno-political and ethno-cultural features that have developed in the course of historical development and determine their special position in Russian society in modern conditions.
1. These peoples are part of the same ethno-linguistic community, have common features of life, culture, the same level of socio-economic;
2. For a long period, they experienced the influence of political, military, socio-economic and other factors from external forces, primarily Russian feudal-monarchist colonial rule (XVI-XX centuries). The natural course of their social and political development was disrupted almost simultaneously by Russian colonization, which deformed the internal processes of the emergence of early class relations and forcibly implanted the Russian version of feudalism;
3. In pre-revolutionary Russia, they did not have their own administrative, political and cultural centers, being completely alienated from the system of power, they did not accumulate experience in public administration;
4. These peoples, in their absolute majority, until the beginning of the 20th century. were agricultural.
5. Common to all these peoples was that they were unable to develop a consolidating national ideology, to create the forces of the national intelligentsia and the nobility;
6. After the October Revolution, the process of self-determination and the creation of the statehood of these peoples also had specific features: it was caused to a greater extent not by the peoples themselves, but by external forces. From the very beginning, the national-state construction of these peoples was aimed at creating underdeveloped states in the form of autonomous regions and districts, which, in terms of legal status, did not differ at all from other administrative-territorial entities. The program goal of the state formations of the Finno-Ugric peoples was not actual self-determination, but compensation for the damage caused to their historical development by the tsarist regime, equalizing the cultural and economic levels of development of the indigenous population with the Russian. The difference in the level of development in comparison with the Russian, also not particularly distinguished by a high degree, among these peoples was so blatant that it was Russia's shame before the civilized world.
International Congress of Finno-Ugric Studies(English) International Congress for Finno-Ugric Studies, Latin: Congressus Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum; CIFU) is the largest scientific meeting of Finno-Ugric scholars from different countries, held every five years. The first congress was organized in 1960 in Budapest, and the tenth anniversary congress in the capital of Mari El, in Yoshkar-Ola.
About the congress
International Congress of Finno-Ugric Studies ( MKFU, CIFU) is a forum for the scientific community of Finno-Ugric studies, and in the broad sense of Uralistics. The meetings are attended by representatives of academic circles of both Finno-Ugric and non-Finno-Ugric peoples. The first congress in 1960 was attended by less than a hundred participants, while the tenth in 2005 had about six hundred. Linguistics traditionally occupies a leading place in the topics of congresses, but other sections of Finno-Ugric studies (Uralistics) are also included, such as ethnography, folklore, archeology, anthropology, history, literary criticism, cultural studies.
Each congress, as a rule, begins with plenary sessions with presentations by leading scientists. The work continues in sections, symposiums are held, round tables are organized. Scientific work is accompanied by cultural events, concerts, excursions. The texts of the reports read at the meetings are printed and published in a special series of MKFU. For example, the texts of the reports of the 10th Congress filled six volumes.
Bodies, organization
Congresses are held in different cities, in turn, in countries with a Finno-Ugric population. The place and scientific program of the congresses is determined International Committee om, and organizational (including financial) issues are resolved by local organizing committee om the next congress.
International Committee of Congresses of Finno-Ugric Studies (MKKFU, ICFUC) is a non-governmental and non-profit organization, not a legal entity. Its main task is to ensure the regularity, continuity and high scientific level of congresses. MKKFU works in close contact with individual national committees of Finno-Ugric studies.
The Committee consists of full and honorary members. The co-optation of new full members is carried out by secret ballot.
The meeting of the committee takes place during the work of the next congress. At a meeting for a period of five years, consisting of five members, the Executive committee who works between congresses. One of the members of the Executive Committee is elected President of the ICFFU, he will also be the President of the next congress.
History
Creation
The idea of creating an international scientific forum of Finno-Ugric scholars arose already in the 1930s. In 1947, the first All-Union Conference of Finno-Ugric Studies was organized in the Soviet Union. In 1955, in the Hungarian city of Szeged, and in 1958 in the city of Helsinki, conferences were held with the participation of foreign Finno-Ugric scholars. An international congress on the initiative of Hungarian and Finnish scientists and public figures was first organized in 1960. At the same time, the International Committee (MKKFU) was created, consisting of ten members: Paul Ariste, Péter Hajdú, Erkki Itkonen, György Lakó, Maitinskaya, Clara Evgenievna, Gyula Ortutay, Paavo Ravila, Serebrennikov, Boris Alexandrovich, Wolfgang Steinitz, Kustaa Vilkuna.
Congresses
- , CIFU I. Hungary , Budapest .
- , CIFU II. Finland, Helsinki.
- , CIFU III. USSR, Estonian SSR, Tallinn.
- , CIFU IV. Hungary, Budapest.
- , CIFU V. Finland , Turku .
- , CIFU VI. USSR, Komi ASSR, Syktyvkar.
- , CIFU VII. Hungary , Debrecen .
- , CIFU VIII. Finland, Jyväskylä.
- , CIFU IX. Estonia, Tartu.
- , CIFU X. Russia , Mari El , Yoshkar-Ola .
- , CIFU XI.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples- “a forum for the representation of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples, which is independent of governments and political parties and in its activities is based on the Declaration on Cooperation of the Finno-Ugric Peoples of the World” (from the resolution of the First Congress, Syktyvkar, 1992).
The World Congresses were established by the 1st All-Russian Congress of the Finno-Ugric Peoples (1992, Izhevsk, Udmurtia). Objectives: preservation and development of the Finno-Ugric languages and cultures, protection of the rights and interests of the Finno-Ugric peoples, activation of interregional and international Finno-Ugric scientific, cultural and social contacts at the state-public and interstate levels, strengthening the national identity of ethnic groups and self-perception as a single spiritual and cultural community.
World Congresses are convened once every 4 years (in each Olympic year). The coordinating body of the World Congress is Advisory Committee, which is formed from an equal number of representatives from each nationality. The decisions of the Congress are advisory in nature for the Finno-Ugric peoples and are decisive in the work of the Consultative Committee.
World Congresses of Finno-Ugric Peoples
- I. -December 3 of the year - Russia, Komi Republic, Syktyvkar.
Organizer: Committee for the Revival of the Komi People - Komi vojtoros sovmödan komitet. A Declaration on cooperation between the Finno-Ugric peoples was adopted.
The 1st Congress (1992, Syktyvkar) was attended by 14 delegations of the Finno-Ugric peoples and 3 parliamentary (278 delegates). A declaration was adopted on the basic principles, goals and objectives of cooperation between the Finno-Ugric peoples; The Consultative Committee of the Finno-Ugric Peoples was created. The 2nd Congress (1996, Budapest, Hungary) was attended by 18 delegations of the Finno-Ugric peoples. In addition to the plenary session, the work of the sections of politics, economics, culture, demography and health, the media, the Youth Association Council (MAFUN) was organized. More than 600 delegates, guests and observers from 21 Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples, representatives of official government structures, international organizations, including UNESCO , EU , MEPs , President of Hungary, Finland, Estonia.
With the financial support of the Advisory Committee and the Fund for the Development of the Cultures of the Finno-Ugric Peoples, the journal Finno-Ugric Bulletin is published in Russian and English.
- II. -August 21 of the year - Hungary, Budapest.
Organizer: Hungarian National Society of the World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples. The plenary session of the congress was opened by the President of Hungary, it was held in the building of the Parliament of Hungary. - III. -December 13 of the year - Finland, Helsinki, Finland Palace.
Organizer: Society Finland-Russia - Suomi-Venäja Seura in association with the Matthias Castrén Society. For the first time, the presidents of all three Finno-Ugric nation-states - Estonia, Hungary and Finland - were present. - IV. -August 19 of the year - Estonia, Tallinn.
Organizer: Institution of Fenno-Ugria - Fenno-Ugria Asutus. - V. -June 30 of the year - Russia, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansiysk.
The congress took place for the first time outside of Europe, in Siberia. The opening ceremony was attended by the presidents of Hungary, Russia, Finland and Estonia. - VI. -September 7 of the year - Hungary, the city of Siofok.
- VII. June 15-17 of the year - Finland, the city of Lahti.
Organizer: Society "Finland-Russia". The opening was attended by Finnish President Sauli Niinistö, Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves and Hungarian President Janos Ader.
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Notes
Literature
- Second World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples. Budapest, 1996. - Debrecen, 1999
- Mishanina V.I. Marston pichefkst - marston teft // Moksha. - 2000. - No. 6.
- Encyclopedia of Mordovia, O. A. Bogatova.
Links
- (Russian). Fenno-Ugria. Retrieved February 3, 2012. .
- (Russian). Fucongress.org. Retrieved February 3, 2012. .
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An excerpt characterizing the World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples
And, glancing around the room, he turned to Rostov, whom he did not deign to notice the position of childish irresistible embarrassment, turning into bitterness, and said:- You seem to be talking about the Shengraben case? You were there?
“I was there,” Rostov said with anger, as if by this he wanted to offend the adjutant.
Bolkonsky noticed the state of the hussar, and it seemed funny to him. He smiled slightly contemptuously.
- Yes! Lots of stories about this stuff!
“Yes, stories,” Rostov spoke loudly, looking at Boris and then Bolkonsky with furious eyes, “yes, there are many stories, but our stories are the stories of those who were in the very fire of the enemy, our stories have weight, and not stories of those staff thugs who receive awards without doing anything.
“Which do you suppose I belong to?” - calmly and especially pleasantly smiling, said Prince Andrei.
A strange feeling of anger and at the same time respect for the calmness of this figure was united at that time in the soul of Rostov.
“I’m not talking about you,” he said, “I don’t know you and, I confess, I don’t want to know. I'm talking about staff in general.
“And I’ll tell you what,” Prince Andrei interrupted him with calm authority in his voice. - You want to insult me, and I am ready to agree with you that this is very easy to do if you do not have sufficient respect for yourself; but you will agree that both the time and place are very badly chosen for this. One of these days we will all have to be in a big, more serious duel, and besides, Drubetskaya, who says that he is your old friend, is not at all to blame for the fact that my physiognomy had the misfortune not to please you. However,” he said, getting up, “you know my name and you know where to find me; but do not forget,” he added, “that I do not consider myself or you offended at all, and my advice, as a man older than you, is to leave this matter without consequences. So on Friday, after the show, I'm waiting for you, Drubetskoy; goodbye, ”concluded Prince Andrei and went out, bowing to both.
Rostov remembered what he had to answer only when he had already left. And he was even more angry because he forgot to say it. Rostov immediately ordered his horse to be brought in and, after taking a dry farewell to Boris, rode off to his place. Should he go to the head quarters tomorrow and call in this fractious adjutant, or, in fact, leave the matter as it is? was a question that tormented him all the way. Now he thought with malice about how pleased he would be to see the fright of this small, weak and proud little man under his pistol, then he felt with surprise that of all the people he knew, he would not want so much to have his friend like this adjutant he hated.
On the next day of Boris' meeting with Rostov, there was a review of the Austrian and Russian troops, both fresh, who had come from Russia, and those who had returned from the campaign with Kutuzov. Both emperors, the Russian with the heir to the Tsarevich and the Austrian with the Archduke, made this review of the allied 80,000th army.
From early morning, smartly cleaned and cleaned troops began to move, lining up on the field in front of the fortress. Then thousands of feet and bayonets with fluttering banners moved and, at the command of the officers, stopped, turned around and formed up at intervals, bypassing other similar masses of infantry in different uniforms; then with measured stomp and rattling sounded elegant cavalry in blue, red, green embroidered uniforms with embroidered musicians in front, on black, red, gray horses; then, stretching out with its copper sound of trembling on carriages, cleaned, shiny cannons and with its own smell of overcoats, artillery crawled between the infantry and cavalry and was placed in designated places. Not only generals in full full dress uniform, with impossibly thick and thin waists and reddened, propped up collars, necks, in scarves and all orders; not only pomaded, dressed-up officers, but every soldier, with a fresh, washed and shaved face and cleaned up to the last possible shine with ammunition, each horse, groomed so that, like satin, its wool shone on it and hair to hair lay wetted mane, - everyone felt that something serious, significant and solemn was happening. Each general and soldier felt their insignificance, conscious of themselves as a grain of sand in this sea of people, and together they felt their power, conscious of being part of this huge whole.
Intense chores and efforts began from early in the morning, and at 10 o'clock everything came into the required order. Rows lined up on the vast field. The whole army was stretched out in three lines. Cavalry in front, artillery in back, infantry in back.
Between each row of troops there was, as it were, a street. Three parts of this army were sharply separated from one another: the combat Kutuzovskaya (in which the Pavlogradites stood on the right flank in the front line), army and guard regiments that had come from Russia, and the Austrian army. But all stood under one line, under one command and in the same order.
CONGRESSES OF THE FINNO-UGRIAN PEOPLES
Congresses of Finno-Ugric peoples as a form of association of kindred peoples at the socio-political level arose at a certain stage in the historical development of the Russian state, in the changed system of international relations.
The rapid consolidation of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia, on the one hand, and the exit of the Russian Federation as an independent state from the state of a "closed society" to the international arena, on the other hand, became the trends at the intersection of which the idea of the spiritual unification of all Finno-Ugric peoples became a reality.
In the early 1990s in the Finno-Ugric regions of the Russian Federation, national movements aimed at reviving the languages and maintaining the cultures of the Finno-Ugric peoples have already clearly shown themselves. To achieve these goals, various forms of social and political activity were used. Quite successfully, the national movement operated in Komi, where a close-knit group of like-minded scientists, public figures, writers, and journalists formed.
The Committee for the Revival of the Komi People came up with the initiative to create an Association of Finno-Ugric Peoples of Russia. In February 1992, a meeting of a number of authorized representatives of national congresses, socio-political and national-cultural movements of the Finno-Ugric regions of Russia took place in Syktyvkar, convened on the initiative of the Revival Committee, at which the Association was established. And in May of the same year, the First All-Russian Congress of the Finno-Ugric Peoples took place in Izhevsk.
The desire for unification was so strong that at the congress in Izhevsk it was finally decided to hold the World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples at the end of 1992 in Syktyvkar. The venue for the congress was not chosen by chance. In 1992, laws were adopted in the republic on state languages, on the status of the congress of the Komi people, which was only a distant prospect for other Finno-Ugric regions. The Committee for the Revival of the Komi People entered into close contact and a process of dialogue with the authorities of the republic.
In Komi, preparations for the Congress rapidly unfolded. The main organizational burden fell on the Committee for the Revival of the Komi People. The Supreme Soviet of the Komi SSR (Chairman of the Presidium - Spiridonov Yu.A.) supported this initiative.
The Society for Friendship of the Peoples of Finland and the Soviet Union (Secretary General - Merja Hannus) and Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Hungary to the Russian Federation D. Nanovski provided special support and assistance to the organizers of the congress.
I World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples.
It was attended by 14 delegations of the peoples of Russia, Hungary, Finland, Estonia, three parliamentary delegations. The congress was attended by 278 delegates. The Russian Federation was very widely represented: Komi, Karelia, Udmurtia, Mari El, Mordovia, Komi-Permyatsky, Nenets, Yamal-Nenets, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs, Kirov, Perm, Tyumen, Leningrad, Vologda, Sverdlovsk regions.
The main theme of the congress was: "The Finno-Ugric world: reality and prospects". The delegates of the congress adopted a Declaration on the basic principles, goals and objectives of cooperation among the Finno-Ugric peoples of the world, which stated that the World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples is a voluntary association of equal kindred peoples, open to the whole world, who intend to defend their vital interests before the entire world community based on the principles of European humanism and international law.
In the Declaration, along with the expression of the desire of the Finno-Ugric peoples for cooperation, for the joint development of national traditions, languages and culture, the goal was proclaimed "the implementation of international norms in the field of the right of peoples to self-determination, the rights of indigenous peoples, national minorities and human rights."
The congress adopted the "Appeal to the Parliaments and Governments of the Russian Federation and the Finno-Ugric Republics that are part of it." Taking into account the peculiarities of the political life of Russia, the appeal was accepted only by delegates from the Russian Federation.
At the congress it was decided to create a Consultative Committee of the Finno-Ugric Peoples. The task of the Consultative Committee is to coordinate the actions of national organizations to achieve common goals and protect the interests of the Finno-Ugric peoples in international organizations and forums, including the UN. At the first meeting of the Consultative Committee of the Finno-Ugric peoples on February 22, 1993 in Syktyvkar, the Chairman of the Committee for the Revival of the Komi People V.P. Markov was elected its chairman.
The First Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples marked the beginning of a new stage in Finno-Ugric cooperation. After the congress, scientific, cultural and social contacts between the Finno-Ugric regions and countries became more active. A significant event in this period was the trip of the President of the Republic of Hungary A. Gents to the Finno-Ugric regions of Russia (Republic of Mordovia, Republic of Mari El, Udmurt Republic, Komi Republic, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug). The visit of the President of the Republic of Hungary became extremely important for the Finno-Ugric world, as it raised the international relations of the Finno-Ugric regions of Russia to a completely new level.
II World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples.
The venue of the congress was due to the fact that in 1996 Hungary celebrated the 1100th anniversary of finding the homeland by the Hungarians. President of the Republic of Hungary Arpad Genz delivered a welcoming speech at the congress.
18 delegations of peoples took part in the work of the second congress. At the congress, in addition to plenary sessions, the work of six sections was organized: politics, economics, culture, demography and health, mass media, youth (a meeting of the Council of the Youth Association of Finno-Ugric Peoples (MAFUN). The Congress developed recommendations from the sections and the final document - the Resolution.
The Second World Congress summed up the results of the past period, gave a high appraisal to the First World Congress in Syktyvkar as an event of historical scale. The Congress confirmed the importance for the Finno-Ugric peoples of ensuring the right to national self-determination in accordance with generally recognized international norms and principles. The congress emphasized that the processes of revival and development of cultures and languages, the national self-consciousness of the Finno-Ugric peoples remain the subject of special attention and care. The work of the Advisory Committee was highly appraised at the congress.
III World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples.
More than six hundred delegates from the Finno-Ugric peoples, representatives of official government structures and international organizations took part in its work. Twenty-one delegations of Finno-Ugric peoples gathered in Helsinki, three more than at the II Congress in Budapest. The congress was attended by: Finnish President Tarja Halonen, Hungarian President Ferenc Madl, Estonian President Lennart Meri. At the congress, an address to the participants of the congress by Russian President Vladimir Putin was read. For the first time the congress was attended by official representatives of European structures - UNESCO, the EU, deputies of the European Parliament.
The main topic of the third congress is "The Finno-Ugric world in the 3rd millennium - development prospects". The work of the congress was held in four sections: politics, culture and education, ecology and health care, media and information systems. At the same time, the MAFUN Congress was held in Helsinki at the same time.
In the report of the Advisory Committee at the congress, it was stated that the unification of the Finno-Ugric peoples within the framework of the congress made it possible to make much progress in solving the problems of all Finno-Ugric peoples. As a positive moment, it was noted that the Finno-Ugric national organizations in Russia have focused on a constructive dialogue with the authorities and administration, have taken the path of finding a compromise and have achieved a lot in this direction. It was emphasized that one of the main tasks for the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Russian Federation remains to counteract the processes of linguistic and cultural assimilation.
The congress noted the great assistance provided by the governments of Finland, Hungary, Estonia in support of the languages and cultures of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia. All these countries have adopted state programs to support the Finno-Ugric peoples of the Russian Federation.
At the conclusion of the work of the third congress, the final Resolution was adopted, which determined the main directions of work for the next four years. In the resolution, the congress set the task of asking Hungary, Finland, Estonia and the Russian Federation to declare an international decade of the Finno-Ugric peoples.
As part of the work of the congress, a meeting of the Consultative Committee of the Finno-Ugric Peoples was held, at which V.P. Markov.
IV World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples.
The main task of the congress was the preservation and development of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples and their cultures as part of the heritage of all mankind. The World Congress is aware that the solution to the problems of assimilation and the loss of national identity depends mainly on the policies of states and on the attitude of young people to their culture, language and history.
The work of the congress was held in four sections: mass media and information systems; culture; health, demography and ecology; language and education.
In 2004, the Advisory Committee was replenished with new members. At the meeting of the KKFUN in Võru (April 2004), the committee members Kven (Norway) and Setu (Estonia and Russia), who previously had observer status, were received.
It was noted at the congress that the protection of human rights, indigenous peoples and national minorities is a matter not only of the domestic policy of the country, but of the entire international community. Therefore, it is important, along with the inclusion of international human rights standards and the rights of national minorities in national legislation, to use the mechanisms of international legal instruments that do not require ratification by states and have direct legal force.
Promising in this regard is the cooperation of all countries through various international organizations, primarily the Council of Europe and the OSCE, and Hungary, Finland, and Estonia - within the framework of the European Union.
Recently, there has been a decrease in the number of most Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples, and the scope of their languages is narrowing. First of all, the younger generation suffered losses where they are deprived of the opportunities for socialization in their own national cultures.
The Congress recommended that the Advisory Committee organize an international conference of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples in 2006 to analyze the intermediate results of the implementation of the recommendations of this Congress, with wide coverage of its results in the media.
The Congress noted that the accession to the European Union of Estonia and Hungary was an encouraging development. The developing dialogue between the European Union and the Russian Federation also opens up new prospects for cooperation between all Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples. The active involvement of young people in these processes gives a new impetus to our entire movement.
V World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples
From June 28-30, 2008 in Khanty-Mansiysk (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra, Russian Federation) the V World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples was held.
More than 300 delegates from 21 Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples, representatives of government agencies, international organizations, media workers, scientists, cultural and art workers took part in its work. The presidents of Hungary, Russia, Finland and Estonia took part in the congress. This was a clear evidence of the importance of Finno-Ugric cooperation.
The main theme of the congress is "Identity and the changing world". The work of the congress was held in five sections: "Ethnopolitics and Law", "Culture", "Language and Education", "Media and Mass Media", "Health, Demography and Family".
During the work of the congress, the participants noted many positive developments that have taken place in recent years. The Congress showed the relevance and constructiveness of the chosen course for the preservation and development of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples and their cultures as part of the heritage of all mankind.
As a result of the work of the V World Congress, the final Resolution was adopted, which determined the main directions of work for the next four years. It emphasizes that non-governmental organizations, including the national organizations of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples, are becoming one of the important factors in building civil society in the Finno-Ugric countries.
The resolution notes that, despite many positive developments, the majority of Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples are declining, there is a change of identity under the influence of the external environment in the modern world. Taking into account the analysis of the situation, the congress proposed the adoption of certain decisions in the field of ethnopolitics and law, language rights and education, culture, media and information systems, demography, health and ecology.
Congress recognizes that a huge achievement over the past four years in the field of protecting human rights and indigenous peoples is the adoption by the UN General Assembly on September 13, 2007 of the Declaration on the Rights of the World's Indigenous Peoples, which has been prepared by the international community together with indigenous peoples for more than 20 years. Since 1993, the Advisory Committee of the Finno-Ugric Peoples has been participating in the preparation of this historic document in the work of the annual sessions of the UN Working Group on Indigenous Populations (Geneva) and as part of the UN Working Group to finalize the draft Declaration of the Rights of the World's Indigenous Peoples.
In solving these problems, international cooperation, first of all, all-European cooperation, is very important. The Finno-Ugric peoples enrich the cultural palette of Europe and contribute to the cultural dialogue between Russia and the European Union.
As part of the work of the congress, a meeting of the Consultative Committee of the Finno-Ugric Peoples was held, at which V.P. Markov.
VI World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples
The forum brought together about 600 representatives of the peoples of this language branch from Russia, Estonia, Finland and Hungary.
The main theme of the Congress "Preservation of the languages of the Finno-Ugric peoples" was discussed at the breakout sessions "Ethnopolitics and Law", "Language and Education", "Culture", "Information Technology and Media", "Health, Demography and Ecology", where the participants shared positive experience on the ground and discussed the prospects for further work. There was also a round table on youth issues. As a result of multilateral discussions, the delegates adopted a Congress Resolution, in which they appealed to all representatives of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples of all countries to speak their native languages, use them in everyday and public life; to teach Finno-Ugric languages to children, including involving representatives of the middle and older generations; expand the use of Finno-Ugric languages in mass media and social networks; act more actively as initiators and catalysts in the formation and development of civil society as a basis for successful activities in the name of realizing our goals and objectives.
The delegates determined the new composition of the International Consultative Committee of the Finno-Ugric Peoples. The Republic of Komi is represented by V.P. Markov and S.I. Gabov. At the meeting of the Consultative Committee of the Finno-Ugric Peoples, Valery Petrovich Markov was elected chairman.
The VII World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples will be held in 2016 in the city of Lahti (Finland).