World Atomic Energy Organization. International Atomic Energy Agency
Today, globalization penetrates into all spheres of public life. After the end of World War II, international organizations began to be actively created that promote cooperation between countries and help resolve conflicts. Thus, in 1957, the international organization IAEA was created, which set as its goal control over atomic energy.
IAEA: main characteristics
Since the named organization is a specialized agency of the UN, there are 6 main languages in which meetings are held and documents are created. These include English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese and Russian.
Purpose and main functions of the IAEA organization
The main goal of the IAEA is prevention in the interests of aggression. The main function of the agency is to encourage developments around the world to use nuclear potential for peaceful, civilian purposes. The IAEA is also an intermediary between participating members in the exchange of theoretical and practical materials. The legislative function of the International Atomic Energy Agency is to develop basic safety standards and promote health protection. Also, the represented body is authorized to prevent the use of nuclear potential for military purposes.
During the second half of the 20th century, there was an active process of reducing nuclear potential. The Soviet Union and the United States sought to achieve parity. However, with the collapse of the USSR, the problem of nuclear weapons again became relevant. Today, events are unfolding in the geopolitical arena that could plunge the world into a nuclear war. And the IAEA, as an international organization, is trying with all its might to prevent the outbreak
Organizational structure of an international organization
The governing structure of the IAEA is the General Conference, whose members are all participants in the organization, and the Governing Council, consisting of 35 states. The structure also includes a Secretariat, headed by the Director General.
Today, 168 countries of the world are members of the organization. And the General Conference convenes annually.
IAEA funding
The financial basis of the IAEA is the regular budget and voluntary contributions. The total amount of funds averages about 330 million euros annually. The participating countries are trying to actively invest financial resources in the development of this organization.
Activities in the field of nuclear weapons regulation
The creation of nuclear weapons has become a threat to humanity. In this regard, an international structure was needed to control its non-proliferation. On November 24, 1969, within the framework of the activities of the IAEA, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) was ratified.
According to the document, a country is considered to have nuclear weapons if it produced them before 1967. Owners of nuclear potential do not have the right to transfer it to other countries. The five states that possessed nuclear weapons (Great Britain, the USA, the USSR, France and China) committed not to direct them against other states.
A special point of the agreement is the desire to reduce, and ultimately completely eliminate, nuclear potential in the world.
The NPT is an example of cooperation and interaction between countries. However, not everyone agreed to sign this agreement. Israel, India and Pakistan refused to join the international treaty. Many believe that Israel has nuclear capabilities, which, in turn, is prohibited by the NPT. The DPRK signed the agreement, and later withdrew its signature. This may also indicate that the country has nuclear weapons.
IAEA: liquidation of the Chernobyl accident
In April 1986, an emergency occurred in the USSR - an explosion occurred at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl. The IAEA as an international organization could not stand aside.
Through her efforts, financial and material resources were collected, which were sent to the Soviet Union to eliminate the consequences of the terrible catastrophe. IAEA staff carried out various examinations to identify the causes of the explosion at the power plant. To date, Chernobyl remains in the area of attention of the IAEA. Expeditions are regularly carried out to the emergency site, where experts check the condition of the sarcophagus, which was built at the site of the accident in 1986.
The Chernobyl disaster prompted the development of recommendations in the event of man-made accidents.
The International Atomic Energy Agency, abbreviated as IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA - official website iaea.org) is an organization whose purpose is to develop international relations in the field of the use of “peaceful atoms”. Simply put, the IAEA's job is to ensure that nuclear energy technologies are not used for military purposes.
History of the creation of the IAEA
The IAEA, as an organization, was established in New York on July 29, 1957, with headquarters in Vienna, Austria. Initially, it included 56 states, among which were the USSR and others. As of February 2016, the organization consists of: In addition to its headquarters in Vienna, the IAEA maintains offices in Switzerland, the USA, Canada and Japan, as well as laboratories in Monaco and Austria and a research center in Italy.
Goals and objectives of the IAEA
The purpose of creating the IAEA was to be the independence of this organization in the general UN system. At the same time, the Agency has always carried out only supervisory functions to control the proliferation of nuclear technologies, and not punitive ones. In addition to its oversight mission, the IAEA develops various health and safety standards related to nuclear power and its negative consequences. Thus, the Agency supports various programs to combat cancer.
All IAEA tasks can be divided into three parts:
- Promoting the peaceful uses of nuclear energy;
- Control over the use of nuclear energy for military purposes;
- Creation of information standards for nuclear safety, as well as solutions to the consequences of nuclear disasters.
Activities of the International Atomic Energy Agency
The IAEA regularly conducts various kinds of scientific seminars and forums on the development of nuclear technologies, and also sends its specialists to various countries to assist in research, primarily from a safety point of view.
The IAEA also performs a control function, as mentioned above, regarding the peaceful use of nuclear technologies, as was the case in particular during the construction.
The issue of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons is considered an important milestone in the organization's activities. In particular, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons was prepared back in 1968. However, it has not yet been signed by countries such as India, Pakistan, North Korea and Israel. The latter denies the presence of nuclear weapons, however, several nuclear research centers operated in the country, in particular, which could produce weapons-grade plutonium.
Regarding safety issues, the IAEA has developed a special international scale of nuclear events - ( I international N uclear E vent S cale), which consists of 7 levels and classifies incidents at nuclear facilities according to the severity of the consequences.
Directors General of the IAEA
From the founding of the organization to 1961, the head of the IAEA was the American Sterling Cole. After him, two Swedes rose to the post of Secretary General of the Agency - Sigvard Eklund (1961-1981) and Hans Blix (1981-1997).
Perhaps the most prominent figure in the post of Secretary General was the fourth leader, the Egyptian Mohammed ElBaradei, who worked from 1997 to 2009. His time in office was remembered for the conflict with the United States over the issue of Saddam Hussein's nuclear weapons in Iraq. As history has shown, the Agency was right. And in 2005, the IAEA and ElBaradei received the Nobel Peace Prize for their work to prevent the spread of nuclear energy for military purposes.
The current Secretary General of the IAEA is Japanese Yukiya Amano, elected on December 1, 2009.
ElBaradei and Yukiya Amano at the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony
International Atomic Energy Agency
It is proposed to rename this page to the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Explanation of reasons and discussion - on the page Wikipedia:Towards renaming/July 24, 2012. Do not remove the flag for renaming until the end of the discussion. |
The IAEA Statute was approved at the founding conference in New York on October 26, 1956 and came into force on July 29.
Activity
The IAEA convenes international scientific forums to discuss issues of nuclear energy development, sends specialists to various countries to assist in research work, provides interstate intermediary services for the transfer of nuclear equipment and materials, performs control functions and, in particular, monitors that assistance provided directly by the agency or with its assistance, was not used for any military purposes. Much attention in the activities of the IAEA is paid to issues of ensuring the safety of nuclear energy, especially after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986.
IAEA and nuclear non-proliferation
The most important area of activity of the IAEA is ensuring the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the IAEA is charged with verifying the fulfillment of the obligations of its parties. The Agency's control functions - the so-called IAEA guarantees- have the goal of preventing countries that do not have nuclear weapons from switching nuclear energy from peaceful uses to the creation of nuclear weapons.
With the conclusion of the NPT, non-nuclear-weapon parties committed to enter into agreements with the Agency that provide for IAEA oversight of all their peaceful nuclear activities.
The Department of Safeguards, established within the IAEA Secretariat, ensures control over nuclear installations and materials by examining relevant accounting documents, checking the work of operators at nuclear installations, and conducting random measurements at “key points” of installations. For these purposes, it is widely practiced to send inspectors to the field.
Security Analysis and Assessment Tools
Over the years, the IAEA has developed the following safety analysis and assessment tools:
The IAEA also develops guidelines and advisory normative documentation:
IAEA and USA
At the same time, there is an opinion (expressed primarily by the American leadership) that the IAEA, in connection with the expansion of the geography of research in the field of creating nuclear weapons that occurred in the 1990s, should be more active in conducting inspections and investigations of alleged violations NPT. It is indicated that the organizational structure of the IAEA has not undergone the necessary changes in order to meet the new requirements.
Russian intelligence services grossly interfere in the verification process, and Russia's position on plans to strengthen the agency's powers is dictated directly by President Putin, who views the IAEA as an arena for confrontation with the United States
Composition and organizational structure
As of December 2009, the IAEA included 151 states.
The governing bodies are the General Conference of all member countries convened annually, the Board of Governors from 35 states, which directs the practical activities of the Agency, and the Secretariat, which carries out the day-to-day work (headed by the Director General).
The headquarters of the IAEA is located at the International Vienna Centre. In addition, the IAEA maintains regional offices in Canada, Geneva, New York and Tokyo, laboratories in Austria and Monaco, and a research center in Trieste (Italy) administered by UNESCO.
Directors General of the IAEA
Mohammed ElBaradei
Mohamed ElBaradei (born 1942) is a career diplomat from Egypt. AlBaradei took up this post in 1997 and was re-elected twice - to and.
For some time, the United States categorically opposed the re-election of Mohamed ElBaradei for another term in 2005.
At the same time, the United States referred to the so-called “Geneva Rule” - an agreement by 14 major donor countries that one person cannot head international organizations for more than two terms. ElBaradei himself enjoyed the support of the overwhelming majority of members of the IAEA Board of Governors, including Russia.
However, on June 9, 2005, the US State Department announced that it would vote for the election of Mohamed ElBaradei. Apparently, the United States was unable to obtain the necessary number of votes from member countries of the IAEA Board of Governors to remove him, and ElBaradei was the only candidate nominated within the time limit established by the regulations.
Yukiya Amano
Yukiya Amano (born 1947) is a Japanese diplomat and international civil servant of the United Nations and its affiliates. He held various positions in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Since 2005 - Ambassador of Japan to the IAEA. Since December 1, 2009 - Director General of the IAEA.
Nobel Peace Prize
On October 7, the Nobel Committee in Oslo announced the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to the International Nuclear Energy Agency and its head, Mohamed ElBaradei. The presentation of the prize, which amounts to 10 million Swedish kronor, took place in December 2005 in the Norwegian capital.
Notes
see also
- World Association of Nuclear Power Operators
Links
- Report of Academician V. A. Legasov to the IAEA on the Chernobyl accident. August 25, 1986 Vienna. IAEA Expert Conference.
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Coordinates: 48°14′02″ n. w. / 16°24′58″ E. d.
The Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) will meet on July 2 for a closed session dedicated to the election of a new director general. Five people are vying for this position: Jean-Paul Poncelet (Belgium), Ernest Petrich (Slovenia), Yukiya Amano (Japan), Abdul Samad Minty (South Africa) and Luis Echavarri (Spain).
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is the world's leading international governmental forum for scientific and technical cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear technology.
The IAEA was created within the United Nations (UN) in 1957. The IAEA Statute was approved at the founding conference in New York on October 23, 1956 and came into force on July 29, 1957.
The organization's members are 146 states (as of May 2009).
Organizational goals: promoting the development of nuclear energy and the practical use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes; promoting the implementation of disarmament policies throughout the world; ensuring that nuclear materials and equipment intended for peaceful uses are not used for military purposes; implementation of a system of control over the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons; providing assistance in carrying out research work in the field of nuclear energy and the practical use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes; providing information on all aspects of nuclear science and technology.
The most important area of activity of the IAEA- ensuring the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. In 1968, 102 countries signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the IAEA is charged with verifying the fulfillment of the obligations of its parties. The Agency's control functions - the so-called IAEA safeguards - are aimed at preventing countries that do not have nuclear weapons from switching atomic energy from peaceful uses to the creation of nuclear weapons. Inspection can only take place on the basis of an agreement with the state in which the inspection is to be carried out. Acceptance of guarantees is voluntary. IAEA control extends to dozens of countries around the world, including states with developed nuclear industries. The United States, Great Britain, France, China, and Russia have voluntarily placed nuclear installations under Agency guarantees. IAEA safeguards also apply to 95% of nuclear installations outside the five above-mentioned states. There are currently 225 safeguards agreements in force with 141 states.
Organization structure
Governing bodies of the IAEA are the General Conference, the Board of Governors, the Secretariat.
The General Conference is the highest body of the agency. Consists of representatives of all countries included in the organization, elects the Board of Governors and controls the work of the secretariat, elects the General Director.
The General Conference meets once a year.
The Board of Governors consists of 35 managing directors and is the agency's executive body. It has the authority to make decisions that are binding on all IAEA member countries. The Board of Governors usually meets five times a year.
The Secretariat is an administrative body that includes a nuclear energy and safety department in charge of nuclear energy and reactor issues, nuclear safety, environmental protection and scientific and technical information, an isotope research department, a technical cooperation department and an administration department. The Secretariat, headed by the Director General, is responsible for implementing the IAEA program after its approval by the Council and the General Conference.
The General Director is elected for a term of 4 years.
IAEA Headquarters located in Vienna. In addition, the IAEA has regional offices in Toronto, Geneva, New York and Tokyo, laboratories in Austria and Monaco and a research center in Trieste, managed by UNESCO.
Since 1997, the organization has been headed by Mohamed ElBaradei, a professional diplomat from Egypt. He was re-elected to this post twice - in 2001 and 2005.
In 2005, the International Nuclear Energy Agency and its head, Mohammed ElBaradei, won the Nobel Peace Prize.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
arms race nuclear war
IAEA (eng. IAEA, abbr. International Atomic Energy Agency) is an international organization for the development of cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy. Founded in 1957. The headquarters is located in Vienna (International Vienna Centre).
The main goal of the Agency's work is to establish the fact that work in the nuclear field has not switched to military purposes. By signing an agreement, the state guarantees that it does not conduct research in the military field; this agreement is called a guarantee agreement. The IAEA is a purely technical body. It cannot give a political assessment of the activities of a particular state. The IAEA has no right to speculate - the Agency works only with available facts, basing its conclusions solely on the tangible result of inspections. The IAEA safeguards system cannot physically prevent the diversion of nuclear material from peaceful to military purposes, but only makes it possible to detect the diversion of safeguarded material or the misuse of a safeguarded facility and initiate consideration of such facts at the UN.
Main functions of the IAEA:
* encouraging development and research in the field of the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes;
* encouraging the exchange of experience in research;
* ensure that a peaceful atom does not turn into a military one;
* development, implementation and adaptation of standards in the field of health and safety.
The prerequisites for the beginning of the formation of the IAEA safeguards system lie in the launch of nuclear programs of the leading states of the world during the Second World War. The idea of creating an international control system first arose among scientists working within the Manhattan Project. It is believed that one of the greatest physicists of the 20th century was the first to formulate such thoughts. Danish Niels Bohr. Gradually, politicians began to think more and more about the problems posed by Bohr and other scientists.
As a result, at the end of 1945, the United States, England and Canada proposed the creation of the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC). The USSR responded to this proposal. On January 24, 1946, at the first meeting of the UN General Assembly, a Resolution was adopted on the establishment of such a Commission. However, the leaders of the USA, England and the USSR understood that transferring the issue to the UN would not in any way interfere with their national plans for the construction and development of nuclear infrastructure, and most importantly, the creation of atomic weapons, and therefore considered the UN Commission a convenient format for camouflaging their true intentions. The IAEA was created in 1957 in accordance with the UN decision of December 4, 1954, and is part of the UN system, with which it is connected by a special agreement; The IAEA Statute was approved at the founding conference in New York on October 26, 1956 and entered into force on July 29, 1957. In accordance with the agreement and the IAEA Statute, the Agency must submit annual reports on its activities to the General Assembly and, if necessary, the Security Council and ECOSOC.
The most important area of the IAEA's activities is ensuring the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the IAEA is charged with verifying the fulfillment of the obligations of its parties. The Agency's control functions - the so-called IAEA safeguards - are aimed at preventing countries that do not have nuclear weapons from switching atomic energy from peaceful uses to the creation of nuclear weapons.
Ensuring the Agency's safeguards system is carried out on the basis that states do not use nuclear materials for the creation and production of nuclear weapons.
The safeguards system is based primarily on control of the use of nuclear materials and installations, carried out on site by IAEA inspectors. Inspection can only take place on the basis of an agreement with the state in which the inspection is to be carried out. Acceptance of guarantees is voluntary. Safeguards agreements were concluded with 118 states, including 102 countries that signed the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
The safeguards system was strengthened in 1970, when the NPT came into force in 1968. In the first half of the 70s, the so-called comprehensive safeguards system was developed (until the early 70s, countries could choose what to put under guarantee, and the comprehensive safeguards system obligated to transfer the entire list of nuclear activities to the IAEA), the state is obliged to inform the IAEA about the available nuclear materials and the installations on which it can be used, the state is obliged to report all changes, the IAEA organizes inspections depending on the amount of material produced. In the early 90s, a new stage in the development of the safeguards system was associated with the illegal nuclear activities of Iraq, when the state seemed to be under control, but was still developing weapons. An additional protocol was developed according to which the IAEA has the right to unlimited inspection of the territory of a nuclear facility, the right to access all buildings of a nuclear facility and take samples wherever they want.