Perception of information through hearing. The practical benefits of knowing about your type of perception
But on the Russian Internet there are a whole bunch of sources.
- Everyone knows that a person perceives 90 percent of information through the eyes.
- As you know, visual information makes up 69%, but these percentages also include manner of speaking, posture, facial expressions, gestures, posture, and gait.
- Scientists have proven that 80 percent of the information we perceive is received by us through the organs of vision.
- We perceive 80-85 percent of all information through vision. Visual information is the same 80-85 percent unconscious.
- It has been scientifically proven that we perceive 80 percent of information through vision.
- AND scientists confirm this: only ten percent of information is perceived by ear, and the rest ninety - visual.
- The main percentage of information received by a person is perceived by sight (83%), of which 40% is remembered.
- It has long been known and proven more than once that 60 percent of all incoming information is absorbed by a person using the eyes.
- It is estimated, however, that a person receives up to 91 percent of all information through the visual channel, i.e. through the eyes
- we must remember the psychology of perception: a person perceives 70 percent of information through vision, it dominates, intercepts the viewer’s attention...
- through the organs of vision, according to experts, we get more than 90 percent information from the outside world.
In general, if anyone can send me a reliable link, I will be grateful.
UPDATE: ...vision, our most important sense that accounts for about 40 percent of our sense input... from http://www.creatingtechnology.org/papers/vision.htm
Have you ever thought about how we see things? How do we pick them out from the entire visual diversity of the environment with the help of sensory stimuli? And how do we interpret what we see?
Visual processing is the ability to make sense of images, allowing humans (and even animals) to process and interpret the meaning of the information we receive through our vision.
Visual perception plays an important role in everyday life, helping with learning and communicating with others. At first glance it seems as if perception occurs easily. In fact, behind the supposed ease lies a complex process. Understanding how we interpret what we see helps us design visual information.
A balanced infographic involves the proper use of visual representation (for example, charts, graphs, icons, images), an appropriate choice of colors and fonts, a suitable layout and site map, etc. And we must not forget about the data, its sources and topics, which is no less important. But today we will not talk about them. We will focus on the visual side of information design.
Psychologist Richard Gregory (1970) was convinced that visual perception depends on top-down processing.
Top-down processing, or conceptually driven processing, occurs when we form a picture of the big picture from small details. We make assumptions about what we see based on expectations, beliefs, prior knowledge, and previous experiences. In other words, we are making an educated guess.
Gregory's theory is supported by numerous evidence and experiments. One of the most famous examples is the hollow mask effect:
When the mask is turned to the hollow side, you see a normal face
Gregory used Charlie Chaplin's rotating mask to explain how we perceive the hollow surface of a mask as bulges based on our beliefs about the world. According to our previous knowledge of facial structure, the nose should protrude. As a result, we subconsciously reconstruct the hollow face and see a normal one.
How do we perceive visual information according to Gregory's theory?
1. Almost 90% of information received through the eyes does not reach the brain. Thus, the brain uses previous experience or existing knowledge to construct reality.
2. The visual information that we perceive is combined with previously stored information about the world that we have acquired through experience.
3. Based on various examples of the theory of top-down information processing, it follows that pattern recognition is based on contextual information.
Information Design Tip #1, based on Gregory's Visual Inference Theory: Enhance the data with an appropriate theme and design; use a meaningful headline to set key expectations; Support your visuals with expressive text.
2. Sanoka and Sulman's experiment on color relationships
According to numerous psychological studies, combinations of homogeneous colors are more harmonious and pleasant. While contrasting colors are usually associated with chaos and aggression.
In 2011, Thomas Sanocki and Noah Sulman conducted an experiment to study how color combinations affect short-term memory - our ability to remember what we just saw.
Four different experiments were conducted using harmonious and disharmonious color palettes. In each trial, participants were shown two palettes: first one, then a second, which had to be compared with the first. The palettes were shown at a certain time interval and several times in random combinations. The subjects had to determine whether the palettes were the same or different. Also, the experiment participants had to evaluate the harmony of the palette - a pleasant/unpleasant combination of colors.
Below are 4 examples of palettes that were shown to participants in the experiment:
How do colors affect our visual perception according to Sanocki and Sulman's theory?
- People remember better those palettes in which the colors are combined with each other.
- People remember palettes that contain a combination of only three or fewer colors better than those that contain four or more colors.
- The contrast of adjacent colors affects how well a person remembers a color scheme. In other words, this means that the color difference between context and background can enhance our ability to focus on the context.
- We can remember quite a large number of color combinations at the same time.
Thus, the results of the experiment indicate that people are better able to absorb and remember more information when perceiving images with a contrasting but harmonious color scheme, preferably with a combination of three or fewer colors.
Information design tip #2, based on Sanoka and Sulman's experiment: Use as few different colors as possible in complex content; increase the contrast between the visual information and the background; choose themes with a harmonious combination of shades; use disharmonious color combinations wisely.
Binocular rivalry occurs when we see two different images at the same location. One of them dominates, and the second is suppressed. Dominance alternates at certain intervals. So, instead of seeing a combination of two pictures at the same time, we perceive them in turn, as two images competing for dominance.
In a 1998 experiment, Frank Tong, Ken Nakayama, J. Thomas Vaughan, and Nancy Kanwisher concluded that if you look at two different images at the same time, the effect of binocular rivalry occurs.
Four trained people took part in the experiment. As stimuli, they were shown images of a face and a house through glasses with red and green filters. During the perception process, there was an irregular alternation of signals from the two eyes. The subjects' stimulus-specific responses were monitored using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
How do we perceive visual information according to Tong's experiment?
- According to MRI data, all subjects showed active binocular rivalry when they were shown dissimilar pictures.
- In our visual system, the binocular rivalry effect occurs during visual processing. In other words, during the short period of time when the eyes are looking at two dissimilar images located close to each other, we are not able to determine what we are actually seeing.
David Carmel, Michael Arcaro, Sabine Kastner and Uri Hasson conducted a separate experiment and found that binocular rivalry can be manipulated using stimulus parameters such as color, brightness, contrast , shape, size, spatial frequency or speed.
Manipulating contrast in the example below causes the left eye to perceive a dominant image, while the right eye perceives a suppressed image:
How does contrast affect our visual perception according to the experiment?
- Manipulating contrast causes the stronger stimulus to be dominant for a greater amount of time.
- We will see a fusion of the dominant image and part of the suppressed one until the effect of binocular rivalry arises.
Information Design Tip #3 Based on the Binocular Rivalry Effect: n Don’t overload the content; use themed icons; highlight key points.
4. The influence of typography and aesthetics on the reading process
Did you know that typography can influence a person's mood and ability to make decisions?
Typography is the design and use of type as a means of visual communication. Nowadays, typography has moved from the field of book printing into the digital sphere. Summarizing all possible definitions of the term, we can say that the purpose of typography is to improve the visual perception of text.
In an experiment, Kevin Larson (Microsoft) and Rosalind Picard (MIT) found out how typography affects a reader's mood and ability to solve problems.
They conducted two studies, each involving 20 people. Participants were divided into two equal groups and given 20 minutes to read an issue of The New Yorker magazine on a tablet. One group received a text with bad typography, the other - with good typography (examples are given below):
During the experiment, participants were interrupted and asked how much time they thought had passed since the start of the experiment. According to psychological research (Weybrew, 1984), people who find their activities enjoyable and are in a positive mood report spending significantly less time reading.
After reading the texts, the experiment participants were asked to solve the candle problem. They had to attach the candle to the wall so that the wax would not drip, using push pins.
How do we perceive good typography and its impact?
- Both groups of participants misestimated the time spent reading. This means that reading was a fun activity for them.
- Participants who were presented with text with good typography significantly underestimated their reading time compared to participants who were presented with text with poor typography. This means that they found the first text more interesting.
- None of the participants who read the text with poor typography were able to solve the candle problem. While less than half of the second group completed the task. Thus, good typography influenced the ability to solve problems.
Information design tip #4, based on Larsen and Picard's experiment on the influence of typography: Use readable fonts; separate text from images; do not overlay pictures or icons on the text; leave enough white space between paragraphs.
5. Perception of the essence of the scene according to Castellano and Henderson
Have you ever wondered what the expression “a picture says a thousand words” really means? Or why do we perceive images better than text?
This does not mean that the image tells us all the information we need. A person simply has the ability to grasp the main elements of a scene at one glance. When we fix our gaze on an object or objects, we form a general idea and recognize the meaning of the scene.
What is scene perception? According to Nissan Research & Development researcher Ronald A. Rensink:
“Scene gist, or scene perception, is the visual perception of the environment as an observer at any given time. It includes not only the perception of individual objects, but also such parameters as their relative positions, as well as the idea that other types of objects are encountered."
Imagine that you see certain objects that represent two signs with symbols, and a diagram that symbolizes a fork and indicates two different paths. Most likely, the following scene appeared in front of you - you are in the middle of the jungle/forest/highway and there are two paths ahead that lead to two different destinations. Based on this scene, we know that a decision must be made and one path must be chosen.
In 2008, Monica S. Castelhano of the University of Massachusetts Amherst and John M. Henderson of the University of Edinburgh studied the effect of color on the ability to perceive the essence of a scene.
The experiment included three different trials. Students were shown several hundred photographs (natural or man-made objects) under different conditions for each test. Each image was shown in a specific sequence and time point. Participants were asked to respond “yes” or “no” when they saw details that matched the scene.
Normal and blurred photographs were presented with color and monochrome photographs, respectively.
To determine the role of colors in the perception of the essence of a scene, anomalous colors were used for the following example photographs:
How do we perceive visual information based on Castellano and Henderson's findings?
- The subjects grasped the essence of the scene and the target object within seconds. This means that people can quickly understand the meaning of a normal scene.
- The subjects were faster at matching color pictures than black and white ones. Thus, color helps us understand a picture better.
- In general, colors determine the structure of objects. The better a color matches the way we typically perceive the world, the easier it is for us to understand the meaning of the image.
Information Design Tip #5 Based on Castellano and Henderson's Scene Perception Research: Use appropriate icons or pictures to represent data; arrange content in the correct sequence; use familiar colors for important objects.
conclusions
Understanding how people perceive visual information helps improve infographics. Summarizing the conclusions of the experiments reviewed, we bring to your attention key tips for visual information design:
1. Layout and design
- The theme and design should be consistent with the information.
- Don't overcrowd your page's infographics.
- Use themed icons.
- Arrange content in proper sequence.
- Use headings to set key expectations.
2. Video sequence
- Visuals should accompany the text.
- Show important numbers in graphs and charts.
- Use the right pictures and icons to represent your data.
- Reduce the number of colors for complex content.
- Make the contrast higher between important visual information and the background.
- Use harmonious theme colors.
- Use disharmonious colors wisely.
- Use regular colors for important objects.
4. Typography
- Choose readable fonts.
- Leave plenty of white space between the title and the text or image.
- Do not overlay pictures or icons on text.
- Provide sufficient spaces between characters.
Now that you know the ins and outs of creating beautiful and compelling infographics, it's up to you!
Do you know that by understanding your type of perception (who you are: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, digital) you can increase the quality and speed of your learning and be able to convey your thoughts to a person with high accuracy? How to determine the types of information perception and how to use this knowledge in communication and learning will be discussed in detail in this article.
A ten-year-old child who was considered completely incapable of learning was brought to a wise teacher. Parents complained that no matter how hard they tried, they could not teach their son the simplest arithmetic. No matter how hard they tried to fold sticks, apples, or point with their fingers, nothing came out. He couldn't learn to add and subtract. The teacher talked to the boy for a few minutes. Then he asked his parents to sit aside while he taught their boy to count. Then the teacher asked the boy to stand up and jump over the pebbles. At first the boy simply jumped over the stones. Then the teacher said: “Look, do one jump, then a second, and then jump twice more. How many times did you jump in total?” And suddenly the boy answered - 4. Then the boy jumped and counted even more; in one day he mastered arithmetic, which ordinary children master in six months. The parents sat with their mouths open.
Why was this possible? The teacher was wise. He understood that this boy needed to be taught a lesson so that he managed to perceive. He didn’t just hear, but perceived it in the way that was most understandable to him.
Today we will talk about what types of perception there are, and how understanding the types of perception of information helps in relationships and learning. And also about how to determine your type of perception.
In the simplest approximation, there are four types of information perception: visual, auditory, kinaesthetic, digital.
Channels of perception: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, digital
A person perceives information through the main five channels: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, olfactory. And after perception, the information is processed in our head, and the interesting thing is that it is processed on the basis one dominant system.
There are four main types of sensory systems:
- Visual. When the visual information processing system is dominant: shape, location, color.
- Auditory. The auditory information processing system is dominant: sounds, melodies, their tone, volume, timbre, purity
- Kinesthetic. Sensory information is dominant: touch, taste, smell, sensation of textures, temperature
- Digital. Associated with the logical construction of internal dialogue.
One should not think that the dominance of one means the weakness of the other. Just one of the systems most often is the starting, leading. It is the leading system that launches the thinking process and becomes the impetus for other mental processes: memory, representation, imagination.
For example, you are told, “Imagine the soft fur of a cat.” In order to visualize fur, you must first imagine a cat, and only then remember how soft its fur is. The auditory person first imagines the sounds of a cat (purring, meowing), and then can remember other sensations. The kinaesthetic sense immediately senses the touch of fur, and only then the visual image. Digital needs to say cat to himself and, after internal speech, imagine the image of a cat and fur.
Each of us sees the image of a cat in our heads, but for some it pops up immediately, and for others through their dominant system. The trigger system helps quickly translate stimulus into images in our brain. That is why understanding your leading system allows you to individually and accurately create the principle of perception and memorization of any information.
How to determine the types of information perception? Test to determine the type of perception
There are several ways to determine your type of perception and find out who you are: auditory, visual, kinesthetic, digital. Let's look at a few.
1. Self-observation. Look, what do you use most often during mental activity? How are your thoughts organized? Vivid pictures and images (visual), sensations (kinesthete), sounds and intonations (auditory), inner speech, logical connections, meanings (digital).
2. Below is a small list of words. After reading, try to understand what was the first thing that came to your mind, with what element did the idea begin? And what happened later?
- Soft touch velvet
- Musician playing violin
- Medicine
- Airplane taking off
If the first thing your idea started with is a picture, an image, then most likely you are a visual person. If the image began with sounds, and only then pictures were presented, then you are an auditory learner. If you needed to physically imagine how objects are located or you quickly developed bodily sensations - kinesthetic, and if you needed to say a word to make it appear - digital.
3. Take a short psychological test according to the method " Diagnostics of the dominant perceptual modality S. Efremtseva»
You can download it directly and, by answering the questions, determine your type of perception. Verification test: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, digital
4. Observe yourself and notice Which type of short-term memory Is yours most developed? What do you grasp quickly and easily: pictures, sounds, sensations, logical connections? What is easier for you to remember?
5. People of each type of perception use certain phrases in their speech and expressions specific to their leading, triggering system. However, I do not recommend relying on this particular test to determine what type you are. It can give an error in a number of cases when a person has trained himself to communicate in a certain way, use this method only as a complement to the above methods.
How can you determine who you are: visual, auditory, kinaesthetic or digital by speech?
Carefully monitor your speech and write down exactly the phrases that you use to indicate your opinion and your actions. Most often, a person of a particular type of perception uses phrases characteristic of this modality.
Visual
Uses words and phrases associated with visual actions: I didn't see, I saw, I noticed, I think it was colorful and great, it looks, focus, contrast, perspective, you see.
Audial
Phrases with auditory phrases: I can’t understand what you’re saying; didn't hear; I heard it; I recently heard; glad to hear from you; I heard it; the idea sounds tempting.
Kinesthetic
This type of perception is characterized by phrases that show them emotional and bodily responses: I can't stand it; it's disgusting; it is so sweet; goosebumps; so pleasantly warm; it was a powerful experience. Often their nonverbal signs are very indicative; facial expressions and gestures are telling and reflect the state and emotions of a person, even if there are not many nonverbal signs themselves.
Digital
Digitals are paying attention on logic and connections. A specific set of words is not typical for them: phrases of auditory and kinesthetic types may appear. Digital people often ask: what is the point of this; I don’t understand how this is connected; I would like to bring everything into a system; we need to streamline this somehow. However, such expressions are typical of most types with a good sense of organization. Therefore, identifying digital from speech must be done with great care.
Each type has its own characteristics that affect its perception of surrounding information, any educational processes, and interaction with other people. Let us analyze the characteristics of people of different types of perception.
Visual, auditory, kinesthetic, digital in the learning process
If you study a lot, go to courses, trainings, read, then understanding your own type of perception will help you organize your own learning process with maximum benefit.
Visuals
The basis of their learning is visual information. For visual people, hearing and vision form a single whole, therefore, if such a person only heard the material (but did not see), then with a high degree of probability the information will be quickly forgotten. Visual learners instantly absorb all visual information, so it is most beneficial to use all methods and techniques for visually presenting the material:
- mind maps
- scheme
- graphics
- illustrations
- photos
- demonstration models
- experiments, experiments
Visual learners learn best through visual examples, where they see the material they are learning in real time. Primary memory is visual. They remember well the location of objects, paths, roads, and are well oriented in space. Some noise is not critical for a visual learner; he can concentrate in an environment of some noise and successfully study the material.
Visual learners perceive text information well and are able to quickly learn speed reading.
Audial
Uses the auditory perception channel as a trigger. Inner speech is moderately developed. They perceive lectures, music, conversations, and dialogues well. They clearly and effectively maintain the line of conversation and conversation; often it is during the conversation that they grasp the meaning of the material being studied. Silence is necessary when concentrating. If you are an auditory learner, then be sure to listen to lecture material and audio courses. Learn together with others, discussing the topic being studied, thinking out loud about the problem.
Kinesthetic
Receives information through actions and movements. He remembers any actions and practical exercises well. He perceives all information best through practical exercises and experiments, where he tests the information received with his own hands in practice. Information of a practical nature is especially well perceived: what moves and how, where to click.
It is important for kinaesthetic learners to feel, touch, smell, taste and fully experience the subject being studied. People of this type are very active, love and enjoy working. And they don’t like inaction. It is for kinesthetic learners that the saying “Movement is life” has a special meaning. It is very difficult for kinaesthetic people to maintain focus, they are easily distracted, it is difficult for them to sit still for a long time, or to do routine work.
Digital
They are well trained in all sciences that have strict logic and consistency: mathematics, physics, mechanics, technology. Such people often work in areas where there is a lot of research, mathematical and static processing, and programming. The main thing for digital is to understand the logic and connections in the material, to organize what is being studied into a system with clear cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, during your studies, try to build the logic of the entire topic being studied. For this you can use:
![](https://i2.wp.com/razvitie-intellecta.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/digital.jpg)
Visual, auditory, kinaesthetic, digital in communication
Visuals
“You meet people by their clothes...” the beginning of this famous proverb applies entirely to visual people. They attach significant importance to a person’s appearance and always pay attention to how a person looks, what clothes he is wearing, what facial features he has, how he moves.
When communicating, they can look into the eyes calmly and for a long time. Visual contact, inverted posture in communication, open postures are extremely important for the visual person. At the same time, they do not like to be close to their interlocutor and keep their distance. The main thing is to see well. Representatives of this type of perception quickly intuitively read the signals of body language and facial expressions, often without noticing it. Sometimes it seems to them that just by looking at them they know the thoughts of another person.
If you need to impress a visual person, try to pay the most attention to external beauty. The environment, your clothes, gait, facial expressions, and gestures should be as inviting as possible. To prove your words, provide clear examples, graphs, drawings, and be sure to demonstrate your arguments using samples and experiments. Show a picture instead of numbers: visual learners will have difficulty understanding the difference between 1000 and 10,000, but a visual example of the difference will convince them in most cases.
Visual artists themselves are good storytellers. They can imagine amazingly vivid and detailed pictures and talk about them for hours.
Audial
A conversation with an auditory student is often very pleasant. Auditory learners themselves are demanding of their speech; they speak measuredly, with competent changes in intonation. It’s nice to listen to them, it’s nice to talk to the auditory. But auditory learners themselves are very demanding of the speech of their interlocutors; they cannot tolerate errors in speech, incomprehensible and distorted speech. It is absolutely forbidden to shout or raise your voice at auditory learners; this will lead to alienation of the person. Audials are always a pleasure to listen to; they are wonderful storytellers and no less wonderful interlocutors, who can understand at a glance by their intonation and manner of speech.
Kinesthetic
Kinesthetic learners are especially sensitive to spatial surroundings and distances between interlocutors. Close people are allowed into the personal zone, but people they don’t know well are kept at a distance. For kinesthetes, an invasion of their personal zone is offensive, and they begin to experience strong negative emotions. It is best to gain the attention and trust of the kinaesthetic through actions, joint affairs, and common activities.
If you have to remember something, it is better to write it or draw it yourself. Conversations and verbal evidence will make the least impression on a person of this type of perception. And the kinaesthetic always strives to touch and stroke close people. Physical contact is important to him.
Digital
They are insensitive in communication and rarely show emotions in public. Particular attention is paid to the semantic, substantive part of the conversation. Beautiful but empty speech is unpleasant to them. With digital, it is best to get to the point in a conversation, proving the logic and correctness of your words with numbers and facts.
Features of each type of perception
Visuals
The peculiarity of this type of people is that they are receptive to what is visible. They appreciate beauty in the surrounding space and do not tolerate disorder or dirt well. In the life of a visual person there are many ideas, dreams, dreams. They are often generators of ideas, since they can create completely unusual associations and connections in their imagination.
Audial
They perceive the world around them, paying especially close attention to sounds. They love music, melodies, and can often hum to themselves and hum songs. Sensitive and receptive to conversations, auditory people have acute hearing and good memory, especially auditory memory. They often choose as their occupation everything related to music, melodies, and oratory.
Kinesthetic
Kinesthetics are very sensitive to everything that happens around them. Their bodily and emotional sensations are closely intertwined. They love bodily comfort, the convenience of the surrounding space. Uncomfortable clothing or a thread tickling their neck can irritate a kinaesthete student. They love deep personal discussions, communication with emotional exchange, discussion of how others feel. For the kinesthete, touch has the deepest meaning and great value.
Digital
People of this type of perception are rarer. They tend to perceive the world around them through inner speech, through dialogue with themselves. Such people are primarily focused on the perception of meaning, logic, and consistency. Digital people always strive to understand and comprehend the essence of what is happening. They may be sensitive and vulnerable, but the world is interesting to them from the point of view of understanding meaning and logic, patterns. In a stressful situation, it is digitals that best maintain composure and calm, and can maintain clarity of thought and perception of the surrounding space.
Strictly speaking, the distribution of people into visual, auditory, kinaesthetic, and digital types is very simplified. In fact, each of these types can be mixed, or maybe with a different leading hemispheric system, which increases the number of options. But we'll talk about this later.
Of course, in each of us there is no pure one type of perception, sometimes they are mixed, sometimes the type of perception is different in a calm and emergency environment, in different situations. But understanding your leading system will allow you to better assimilate any information, understand your interlocutor and better convey your thoughts to him. Understanding your type of perception (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, digital) will allow you to understand how to study specifically for you, taking into account your individual characteristics.
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Every day you learn something new that you didn't know before, i.e. you receive new information. (This is the knowledge you get at school, this is the information you get from books, this is the news you hear on the radio or from the people you communicate with).
Information is information about the world around us.
People and living beings receive primary information about the world around us through their organs sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell.
We receive most information through the organs of vision:
With our eyes we perceive letters, numbers, pictures, we distinguish the color, shape, size and arrangement of objects.
But can you completely trust your senses?
Pictures of optical illusion: circle size. Which of the circles located in the middle is larger?
The figure shows two segments. Which one is longer?
Looking at the drawing, you can observe the illusion of color perception. In fact, the circles on different squares are the same shade of gray.
To obtain more accurate information, in addition to the senses, people have long used various devices and instruments:
ruler, protractor, thermometer, barometer, scales, compass, telescope, microscope, etc.
A person can present the information received in the form of recordings, images, sounds, etc.
Types of information by way of perception
For humans, information is divided into types depending on the type of receptors that perceive it.Visual - perceived by the organs of vision. We see everything around us.
Auditory - perceived by the hearing organs. We hear sounds around us.
Tactile - perceived by tactile receptors.
Olfactory - perceived by olfactory receptors. We feel the aromas around us.
Gustatory - perceived by taste buds. We taste.
Types of information by presentation form
Let us consider only those types of information that are “understood” by technical devices (in particular, a computer).
Text information | A text in a textbook, an essay in a notebook, a line from an actor in a play, a weather forecast broadcast on the radio. In oral communication (personal conversation, telephone conversation, radio broadcast of a play), information can only be presented in verbal, text form. |
Numerical information | Multiplication table, arithmetic example, score in a hockey match, train arrival time, etc. Pure numerical information is rarely found, except on math tests. Most often, a combined form of information presentation is used. Example. You received a telegram: “Meet the twelfth. The train arrives at eight in the evening.” In this text, we understand the words “twelfth” and “eight” as numbers, although they are expressed in words. |
Graphic information | Drawings, diagrams, drawings, photographs. This form of information presentation is the most accessible, as it immediately conveys the necessary image (model) |
Musical (sound) information | All we hear is human speech, music, birdsong, car horns, etc. |
Multimedia (multimedia, combined) | Color graphics are combined with sound and text, moving video and three-dimensional images. |
A person’s perception of information is carried out through his senses. In this regard, they all play a significant role, but vision and hearing are especially important in this regard, because through them a person receives the main part of information.
Visual acuity is largely determined by the characteristics of the visual analyzer, but it is also associated with an increase in background brightness. When the contrast between the objects in question and the background on which they are located decreases, visual acuity decreases.
It is precisely as a result of the limited visual acuity of a person in large classrooms that tables, as a rule, do not fulfill their purpose as a visual teaching aid. The fact is that the data in them is usually presented in too small a font, which makes it difficult to perceive. Letter size on the board also plays an important role. The results of special experiments showed that if students are at a distance of 3 meters from the board, for normal perception the size of the letters on the board should be at least 2 centimeters. When this distance increases to 6-7 meters, the letters should already be at least 5 centimeters high.
In order to establish the desired size of letters to be written on the board in a given classroom, the teacher can measure the length of the classroom in steps and divide this number of steps: for a woman - by 4, and for a man - by 3, i.e. a letter 1 cm high will be visible at a distance of 4 female or 3 male steps.
Gives the best results combined exposure to visual and auditory information, since the organs of vision and hearing increase the coefficients of stimuli, affecting long-term memory. Studies have shown that a person remembers 15% of the information he receives in speech form and 25% in visual form; if both of these methods of transmitting information are used simultaneously, he can perceive up to 65% of the content of this information. This implies the role of audiovisual teaching aids (cinema, educational television, computer videos accompanied by speech and music). According to B.G. Ananyev, through the visual system perception occurs at three levels: sensation, perception and representation, and through the auditory system - at one level, at the level of representation. This means that when reading, information is perceived by a person better than by hearing.
It has been established that up to 20% of information received through the hearing organs can be lost, since a person’s thoughts flow 8-10 times faster than speech. In addition, there are always distracting factors (reaction to external stimuli), moreover, every 5 - 10 seconds the brain “turns off” for a split second from receiving information, which is why repetition of the same information is required in different ways and lexical means. In general, each person has his own representative system, through which he perceives to a greater extent the information he receives.
A person’s perception of auditory information largely depends on properties of speech as a process of practical use of language for the purpose of communicating with other people, including pedagogical communication and forms of its expression. This dependence can be represented using Fig. 57.
The perception of visual information depends on the readability of the text, from its location on the page. For example, text printed in a narrow column is read slower than the same text printed in a wider layout. A vertical line of text takes longer to read than a horizontal line, although they may be equal in size.
Lines that do not have a break, with smooth curves, are read 1/3 longer than a line with sharply defined corners. Consequently, printed text will be read one-third faster than written text. It is no coincidence that corners are cut on the television screen. This is necessary in order to prevent the eye from jumping out of the frame, as if to “extend” the imagination.
Vision requires grouping of information. An odd number of listings should be given vertically: 3, 5, 7. The largest number of vertical listings that a person remembers is seven plus or minus two (names, titles, characteristics). It has been established that an even number of vertically written enumerations is remembered worse.
American psychologists have determined that information located on the board in the upper right corner is best remembered. She has 33% of our attention. Then come the top left corner of the board (28%), bottom right (23%) and bottom left corner (16%), as shown in Fig. 58.
Rice. 58. Distribution of attention by zones of the blackboard
Of particular importance in the perception of the text is print color and background color. Studies have shown that black type on a white background is the most readable, followed by black type on all colored backgrounds. Yellow font on a white background and vice versa are difficult to read.
When selecting colors in computer programs for a display with a color screen, it is important to know how color affects the psyche, and therefore the perception of information. According to experts, three pairs of colors are complementary: red and green, yellow and violet, and blue and orange.
With this combination of colors, no new shades arise, but only a mutual increase in the saturation and brightness of the image. The color contrast is enhanced if the letters are outlined in black, but weakened if they are outlined in white.
Color influences the mental well-being of students, and the nature of this influence depends on their temperament. Thus, it has been established that green and blue colors calm sanguine and choleric people, make phlegmatic people sleepy, and make melancholic people feel withdrawn. It has also been noted that red and scarlet colors have a stimulating effect on all types of the central nervous system.
Highlighting the font in a different color when reading text helps to consolidate the material in long-term memory. The shorter, more compact and expressive the text, the greater the chance that it will be read and remembered. In addition, it has been experimentally proven that students understand the text better when using a deductive method of presenting thoughts, which is characteristic primarily of scientific and technical texts.
The type of mental activity is important for the perception of information. According to neuropsychologists, 48% of people think logically and 52% think figuratively. At the same time, 24% of logically thinking people switch to imaginative thinking and 26% of imaginative thinking people switch to logical thinking. It is easier for one person to remember phone numbers, for another - a theorem, for another - the chronology of historical events. Most psychologists believe that the preservation of this or that material in a person’s memory is closely related to the nature of perception of the world, to the type of thinking.
Perception is considered to be a holistic reflection of the world, an object, situations and events that arises from the direct impact of physical stimuli on the receptor surfaces of the sense organs. It is an active process involving the generation of hypotheses. Different people can see different things even when looking at the same object. This applies to both auditory perception and speech perception. What a person sees or hears is not determined entirely by what he was shown and told. He may not only not hear what was said, but also hear something that was not said. Perception is significantly influenced by what waiting Human. The higher the probability for a student that this particular stimulus will appear and at this particular moment, the more effective its recognition is, the less time is required for its perception and identification. This circumstance must be especially taken into account in conditions in which there are certain obstacles to viewing and studying - time limitations, insufficiently clear, low-contrast, too small images, etc. The teacher should repeat terms unfamiliar to students several times, write them down, and explain their meaning.
The effectiveness of recognizing visual material depends significantly both on the probability with which the student expects the appearance of this particular image, and on the significance of the latter in the given conditions. The higher the probabilistic forecast of its occurrence and the greater its significance, the more accurately a signal is identified.
If, before showing an educational drawing or graph, attention is not drawn to what is most significant and significant in this image, the student may view the image in such a way that he sees and remembers exactly the opposite of what the teacher showed this drawing or graph for. Students perceive the images shown differently depending on what information they received from the material shown in the lecture.
It is unacceptable to reduce the time in which the student does not have time to consider the proposed material and perform the necessary operations with it mentally, for example, comparing parts, highlighting the main thing.
The teacher also needs to remember about the specific amount of visual material for one lesson; this issue should be resolved in accordance with the psychological and pedagogical tasks facing this lesson. Sometimes it can be one, carefully selected illustration, in other cases – several.
The results of specially conducted experiments showed that the time required for comparison operations of visual material depends on the form of information encoding. For example, with graphic encoding this time turns out to be less than with digital encoding.
In addition to the perception of information, the most important indicator of the effectiveness of training is its understanding . The essence of understanding is a person’s ability to comprehend the meaning and meaning of something, as well as the result achieved thanks to this ability. Understanding is a rather complex phenomenon, which is the subject of study not only by psychology and pedagogy, but also by philosophy, history, sociology and other disciplines. There is even a special science of understanding – hermeneutics. Its general laws, applicable to educational processes, constitute the subject of a relatively new branch of knowledge - psychological and pedagogical hermeneutics.
Research in this area has established, in particular, that understanding information is more successful if it is presented by the teacher in a clear logical sequence, theoretical principles are illustrated with specific examples, and educational material is presented at an accessible level, taking into account the existing knowledge and level of development of students’ thinking.
The student’s perception and understanding of educational information is determined both by the mental characteristics of his personality and the professionalism of the teacher, and by the following properties of the material being studied (Fig. 59):
Rice. 59. Conditions for perceiving and understanding educational material
- shape educational material, which can be substantive, figurative, speech and symbolic;
- level of difficulty educational material. It depends, along with other conditions, on its connection with the students’ experience, knowledge and skills;
- meaning, importance educational material. It can be gnostic (cognitive), practical (business), ethical (moral), social (public), educational (pedagogical). This material should be meaningful for the learner himself, i.e. meet his interests, goals and needs;
- comprehension. It has been established that meaningful material is absorbed faster and easier, and is retained in memory longer and more fully.
When organizing and implementing the educational process, the teacher must also take into account some medical and biological factors, influencing the learning process.
The perception of information and the learning of students is significantly influenced by their state of health, associated with the low reactivity of the body, its work often under extreme loads, and lack of sleep (lack of only half an hour of sleep per day reduces a student’s performance by 10-20%). The unsatisfactory state of health and excessive fatigue of students is also “contributed” to the lack of positive emotions, lack of satisfaction with the results of studies, disruption of the daily routine, inactivity - inactivity - the most alarming disease of the century. Students are also susceptible to neuropsychiatric diseases. The causes of neuroses can be:
Socio-cultural factors;
Psychological factors associated with relationships among students in various microgroups;
Psychological and pedagogical factors that directly reflect the impact of the educational process (adaptation difficulties; discrepancy between the level of requirements at the university and the initial training of students; authoritarianism of the teacher, conflict situations with him; mental, emotional stress; increased nervousness during tests and exams; excessively large amount of information; deficiency time; decreased level of motivation to study due to dissatisfaction with teaching methods, etc.).
Taking all this into account, the teacher must help students learn to survive all these difficulties, activating the adaptive capabilities of the student’s body, correctly organizing the process of perception, assimilation and reproduction of information, contributing to the development of their interest in the discipline being studied.
Thus, the success of training and education largely depends on the teacher, on his ability to combine professional knowledge with knowledge of pedagogy and psychology, taking into account the psychophysiological patterns of students’ perception of information. Having mastered them, the teacher will be able to organize the cognitive activity of students according to the optimal option.