Issues to be resolved when researching clothing. Issues to be resolved during technical and forensic examination of documents
1) What brand of vehicle left these marks?
2) Number of vehicles that left tracks?
4) Do the tracks belong to this vehicle (Fig. 4)?
Rice. 4. Analysis of vehicle traces
5) Do the found parts and fragments belong to this vehicle?
Issues to be resolved when researching castles:
1) Determining the cause of the malfunction?
2) The mechanism of trace formation?
3) Has there been and is it likely that the lock was impacted by this key, master key, or object?
4) In what position was the lock (locked, open) when the damage was caused?
Issues to be resolved when examining fillings:
1) Was there any opening of the seal, and if so, how was it done?
2) Was there a concealment of the fact of unsealing by re-attaching the seal?
3) Was the seal crimped using the sealing vices provided?
4) Were the presented tools used to open the seal?
Issues to be resolved when studying traces of mechanisms:
1) Is the product under study manufactured on a specific production mechanism?
2) Do the products under study belong to the same production batch?
Issues resolved by the examination of establishing the whole in parts:
1) Are the glass fragments found at the scene of the incident parts of the car headlight lens glass (Fig. 1)?
Fig.2. Shards of glass
2) Was the chip found at the scene of the incident chipped off the side of the body of a certain truck?
Question 3. Issues resolved by fingerprint examination:
1) Are there any traces of papillary patterns on the presented object?
2) Are traces of papillary patterns present on an object suitable for facial identification?
3) Are traces of papillary patterns left by one or more individuals?
4) Are traces of papillary patterns left by a specific person (Fig. 6)?
Rice. 6. Study of fingerprints
Question 4. Issues resolved by odorological examination:
1) Are there odor traces of the person being tested on the object, clothing, or in the human odor sample collected from it (Fig. 7)?
Rice. 7. Carrying out an odorological examination with a biodetector
Test questions for topic 4
1) What does anthroposcopy study?
2) Name the methods for recording traces.
3) List the properties of papillary patterns.
4) Define “traces” in a broad sense.
5) Name the types of traces of a crime in the narrow sense.
6) List the types of display traces depending on the object.
7) Name the principles of the forensic doctrine of traces.
8) Name the main types of papillary patterns.
9) What are the different types of footprints?
10) Name the particular signs of bare foot prints.
11) List the general characteristics of the sole.
12) What circumstances are established as a result of the study of the tracks?
13) What are the rules for photographing traces at the scene of an incident?
14) Name the forms of blood traces.
15) What is the name of the section of traceology devoted to the study of traces of burglary tools, tools, production mechanisms, locks, seals?
16) Name the groups of tools according to the method of influence.
17) Name the traces left by the tools of the mechanical group.
18) By what method are signs of a break-in photographed?
19) Name the problems solved when studying manufactured products.
20) What questions does the examination resolve when breaking a lock?
21) What types of traces are studied by transport traceology?
22) List the tasks of traceological research.
23) Define the concept of homeoscopic traces.
When examining shoe prints, diagnostic and identification problems are solved. Diagnostic tasks include: − establishing the circumstances of a crime event and the mechanism of trace formation (approximate number of participants in the event; direction, nature, pace of movement; method of entering the premises, overcoming an obstacle; time, sequence and order of formation traces, etc.); − determination of individual characteristics of a person (gender, approximate age, weight, gait characteristics, presence of physical disabilities of the musculoskeletal system, etc.); − determination of the type, size, style of shoes, features of its plantar parts. Identification tasks: − identifying the shoes that left the mark; − resolving the question of whether shoe prints taken from different incident sites were left by the same shoes.Forensic significance of traces of burglary tools.
Traces of burglary tools must be carefully studied at the scene of the incident, which allows one to obtain valuable investigative and evidentiary information. They make it possible to establish from which side the break-in was carried out, to identify signs characterizing the personality of the criminal, etc.
In particular, the location of the glass fragments (there will always be more of them on the side opposite the applied force) indicates the side from which it was knocked out. To determine the side, they study the edges of the fragments, the jagged edges, cracks and recreate the whole (glass in a frame) in parts. From impact and pressure, radial and concentric* cracks form on the glass, which converge towards the side where compression took place and diverge at the point of tension. Radial cracks on the side opposite to the action of the force reach the surface of the glass, and on the other side they break off in its thickness.
Following traces of drilling and sawing it is possible to determine from which side the break-in occurred. When drilling, there are more chips on the side where you started drilling. Wood flakes are usually directed clockwise at the beginning of drilling, and counterclockwise at the end. When sawing, there are more chips on the opposite side and the burrs are larger in size.
According to the general picture of the hack, the method or type of burglary weapon used You can get an idea of the professional skills of the criminal (for example, the qualifications of a welder who opened a safe using electric welding). Studying the burglary tools left at the scene (structure, method of manufacture, inscriptions) allows us to judge their owner.
The physical strength of the criminal is evidenced by the degree of strength of the barrier and the method of breaking it and the weapon used for this purpose. The size (size) of the break indicates the build of the criminal.
Thus, the purpose of trace examinations and studies of these objects is to solve the following diagnostic problems:
Establishing from the traces of the burglary mechanism and individual circumstances of the event (the burglary mechanism, from which side the barrier was destroyed, in what direction the weapon was used, the time of the burglary, whether the criminal is familiar with the situation, location and nature or structure of the barrier, the locking device, the possibility of staging a burglary or penetration, accidental destruction, number of burglary participants);
Determination by traces of some signs of the person who committed the burglary (height, gender, age, physical strength, professional skills, functional characteristics).
Identification tasks include:
establishing the group affiliation of tools and tools based on traces;
identification by traces of tools and instruments that were left behind;
identification of tools and instruments by their parts.
When assigning a trace examination, the expert is sent: objects with traces, casts of traces, inspection reports with photo tables. In some cases (breaks in walls, traces of weapons on massive safe doors), it is possible to conduct an expert examination directly at the scene of the incident.
When appointing an identification examination on the traces of burglary tools and tools, in cases of identification of suspects and the removal of a possible trace-forming object from them, the expert is presented with photographs, casts, prints of the trace and the tool or tool being checked. At the same time, the investigator finds out how often and for what work the tool was used, whether it was sharpened or other changes were made in the period from the moment of the incident to its seizure and inclusion in the materials of the criminal case.
To establish the facts of the use of the same burglary tool in the commission of one or more crimes, expert and forensic units of the internal affairs bodies are created reference collections of traces(objects with traces) or copies of traces of burglary tools seized from incident sites, as well as reference collections and tool files and other common items used as burglary tools.
36. Typical questions solved when studying castles.
1. Is the lock mechanism working? If not, what is the reason for its malfunction? How does this malfunction affect the security properties of the lock?
2. Are there any traces left by a foreign object on the parts of the lock mechanism? Are they suitable for establishing group affiliation and identifying the weapon that left them?
3. Are these marks the result of a counterfeit key or master key?
4. Has the lock been unlocked and is it possible to unlock the lock with this key using a master key or object?
5. In what position of the locking mechanism, locked or unlocked, damage occurs on the lock?
6. As a result of what actions the lock was damaged
7. How is the lock unlocked?
8. What type of weapon left marks on the lock or broke the lock?
9. Several locks were broken into by one method or by one weapon
10. Was it the same tool or object that left the marks on the lock?
Issues to be resolved when examining fillings.
1. Was the seal opened and in what way?
2. Has the seal been re-attached?
3. Is it possible to remove the wire from the seal body without leaving traces?
5. Was the seal crimped using the sealing vices provided?
6. Has the filling been re-crimped?
7. Were the presented tools used to open the seal?
8. Has the twist been untwisted and re-twisted?
9. Are the twist wires made using the same tool?
Means and methods for recording and removing traces of burglary tools.
The rules for recording and removing traces of this category are general and consist of a detailed description, photographing, or sketching traces and their removal.
When describing signs of a break-in in the inspection report, you must indicate:
1) the type of obstacle on which the mark was formed (wall, floor, window, door);
2) barrier material (wood, brick);
3) type of mark (volume, surface, static, dynamic, impression mark, sliding mark, cutting mark);
4) location of the trace (distance from the center of the trace to permanent landmarks);
5) the shape of the footprint (square, round, rectangular, oval, trapezoidal, oblong, irregular);
6) dimensions of the trace (length, width, maximum depth);
7) characteristic features of the trace (in the form of convexity, depression, their shape, size, location);
8) the presence of particles of foreign substances (paint, rust, dust) in the trace.
After describing and photographing the traces according to the rules of large-scale photography, they are confiscated. It is best with the object on which they are located, or with part of this object. If it is impossible to remove an object or part of it, the surface trace should be removed using special film or photographic paper, and the volumetric trace should be removed using plasticine or K-18 paste.
Tel. , 268-87-99, 268-83-91, 268-80-85
Traceological examination is carried out in order to identify various objects by signs of their external structure, displayed in traces at the scene of the incident, as well as to diagnose various circumstances related to the investigation: direction of movement (of the criminal, transport), time of origin of traces, method and sequence of action of the criminal and etc.
Depending on the objects of study and the nature of the tasks being solved, the following main traceological examinations are distinguished:
Footprints;
Teeth marks;
Footprints (hooves) of animals;
Traces of burglary tools and tools;
Vehicle tracks;
Locks and locking devices;
Locking and sealing devices (ZPU) and seals;
The whole in parts;
Traces of production mechanisms;
Knots and loops.
The production of trace examinations is organized in all forensic departments of the internal affairs bodies.
Issues to be addressed when examining shoe prints:
1. What type of footwear left marks (boots, shoes, sneakers, etc.)?
2. What model of shoes left a mark; its size?
3. What is the height of the person wearing these shoes?
4. What is the mechanism behind the creation of tracks (are tracks left when walking, running, kicking, etc.)?
5. What are the anatomical features of a person reflected in the footprints?
6. Are the footprints (shoes) found at multiple accident sites caused by the same person (or the same shoes)?
7. Are there any traces left by shoes taken from a specific person?
8. Were the shoes found at the scene worn by a specific person?
9. Did the footprints show any signs of the external structure of the stockings or socks taken from a particular person?
10. What are the dimensional characteristics of the shoe track elements?
11. Do the elements of the footprint found at the scene match the elements of the experimental footprint left by this person?
Questions to be addressed when examining human tooth marks:
1. Did human, animal or other teeth leave marks on this object?
2. What are the anatomical and technical features of the dental apparatus of the person who left the marks?
3. What is the mechanism (bite, biting) of the formation of teeth marks?
4. Did this person leave teeth marks on the presented object?
Issues to be resolved when studying animal footprints (hooves):
1. What animals left the tracks?
2. What are the zoological features of the animal reflected in the tracks?
3. Are there any traces left by these animals?
4. What are the type, number and features of the horseshoes found at the scene?
5. Are the paw prints (horseshoes, hooves) left by the same or different animals?
Issues to be resolved when examining traces of burglary tools and tools:
1. Are there any traces of impact from a foreign object on the surface of the object?
2. From which side, in which direction was the damage done (drilling, sawing, tearing, breaking, pressing) of this object (door, window, ceiling, floor, board, paper, cardboard, etc.)?
3. What is the mechanism of trace formation?
4. What type or type is the tool (tool, mechanism) that left the traces? What are the properties and characteristics of this weapon (shape, size, etc.)?
5. Are these traces formed by one or more tools?
6. Are marks on two or more objects made by the same tool?
7. Are these traces formed by the weapon presented for examination?
Issues to be resolved when examining vehicle tracks:
1. What type and model of vehicle, what parts of it left the traces?
2. Are there tracks left by one or more vehicles?
3. In what direction was the vehicle moving?
4. What is the mechanism of formation of the existing traces?
5. Are there any traces left by this vehicle?
6. Is the discovered object part of this vehicle and was it not previously integral with it?
7. What was the relative position of the vehicles (vehicle and other objects) at the time of the collision?
Issues to be resolved when studying locks and locking devices:
1. Is the lock mechanism working? If not, what is the reason for its malfunction? How does this malfunction affect the security properties of the lock?
2. Are there any marks left by a foreign object on the parts of the lock mechanism? Are these marks the result of a counterfeit key or master key?
3. Has the lock been unlocked and can it be unlocked with this key (master key, object)?
4. In what position of the locking mechanism (locked, unlocked) is damage to the lock caused?
5. As a result of what actions the lock was damaged? How is the lock unlocked (picked)?
6. What kind of weapon (type) left marks on the lock or broke the lock?
7. Were several locks unlocked (cracked) using the same method, or using the same tool?
8. Is it this tool (instrument, object) that left the traces on the lock?
9. What is the security level of the lock's locking mechanism?
Issues addressed during the study of locking and sealing devices (ZPU) and seals:
1. Was the seal (ZPU) opened and in what way?
2. Was the seal (ZPU) re-attached?
4. Was the seal crimped using the sealing vice provided?
5. Were the presented tools used to open the seal (ZPU) and then compress it?
Issues to be resolved when establishing the whole in parts:
1. What object is this object a part of?
2. Did these objects previously form a single whole?
3. How are the parts of the object divided?
4. Was the object divided into parts by a specific object?
Issues to be resolved when studying mass-produced products:
1. On what equipment was this product manufactured, using what machines and mechanisms?
2. Are the products or semi-finished products seized from a specific person manufactured on a specific machine or using specific parts (molds, dies, punches, dies, etc.)?
3. Were multiple items found at the scene and multiple items recovered from the individual manufactured on the same device or using the same parts?
Issues to be addressed when researching clothing:
1. Are the traces found clothing traces?
2. What is the mechanism of interaction between an object and clothing (traces of friction, imprint, etc.)?
3. What was the relative position of the person and the object on which traces of his clothing were left?
4. Are traces left by areas of a particular person's clothing?
5. What marks and damage are there on the clothes?
6. What is the mechanism of damage formation on clothing?
7. What type of tool (object) caused the damage?
8. Are there any marks or damage on clothing caused by the items presented?
Questions to be resolved when studying knots and loops:
1. What type of knots and loops are?
2. Are they professional? If yes, what profession are they typical for?
Requirements for materials sent for examination:
When ordering a trace examination, the following is presented:
Direct objects of research; if it is impossible to fulfill this requirement, you can send models obtained from these objects (photographs, casts, fingerprint films);
Inspection protocols, diagrams, photographs of the scene of the incident (criminal case materials);
Samples for comparative research; in each specific case they can be clarified by an expert.
Items (objects) must be packaged, sealed and provided with appropriate accompanying labels.
Expertise(from lat. - experienced, knowledgeable) - research conducted by a person knowledgeable in science, technology, art or craft, engaged on behalf of interested parties, in order to answer questions that require special knowledge.
The examination is carried out on issues arising in legal relations between subjects of law, in order to resolve controversial situations and establish facts of interest. The examination is carried out by a person specially attracted for this purpose - an expert who has special knowledge that its initiators do not possess.
An expert study is formalized by a reasoned expert opinion, which describes the progress of the study and provides answers to the questions posed. The resulting conclusion is evidence indicating the presence/absence of relevant factual data in resolving a particular issue or becomes the basis for legal proceedings.
HANDBOOK EXAMINATION
Issues resolved by handwriting examination:
Identification:
1. Who, Mr. A or another person, made the handwritten text of the document (name, details)?
2. Who, Mr. A or another person, signed the document under examination (name, details, line, column)?
3. Who, citizen A or another person, made the signature on behalf of a fictitious (unidentified) person located in the document under study (name, details, line, column)?
4. Were the texts (signatures) located in the documents submitted for research (or parts of the text, signatures in one document) made by one or different persons?
Diagnostic
1. Was the text written in unusual conditions (unusual position) or in an unusual state (painful state, state of intoxication)?
TECHNICAL AND FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS
I. RESEARCH OF DOCUMENT DETAILS
1. Study of document forms:
— was the submitted form produced by an enterprise that produces products of this type?
- How was the document or its form prepared?
— were the document forms under study produced in the same or different ways?
— Are the submitted documents made from the same printed form?
— were any changes made to the original content of the printed text (handwritten notes, signatures) contained in the document?
2. Study of seal and stamp impressions:
— how was the seal cliche made, the imprint of which is in the submitted document? — are the prints under study made with the same or different cliches? Are the studied prints made of cliches, samples of prints of which are presented for comparison?
3. Study of typewritten texts:
— what is the brand and system of the typewriter on which the text of the document under study was written?
— were the texts of the submitted documents written on the same or different writing machines?
— was the text of the document written on the typewriter provided?
— was the text of the document written on a typewriter, samples of texts of which are presented for comparison?
4. Technical and forensic examination of signatures:
— in what way was the signature under study executed in the submitted document (handwritten or using any technical means)?
— was there any technical forgery of the signature (copying against light, pressing, execution using preliminary preparation, etc.)?
— is the signature in the document being examined copied from any of the signatures presented for comparison?
5. Establishing the fact of a change in the original content of the document:
— has the document been subject to any changes (erasures, etching, shading, etc.)? If so, which one exactly?
— has any fragment of the records in the submitted document been completed (drawn in)?
— have any parts of the document been re-glued (photo card, stamp, etc.)?
— were sheets replaced in the submitted document?
6. Establishing the contents of the document:
— what is the content of the originally completed (changed) entries in the submitted document?
— what is the content of the faded, dented, flooded records?
— what is the chronological sequence of execution of intersecting details (text, imprint and signature) in the document under study?
— didn’t the presented fragments of documents previously form a single whole?
— what is the content of the torn or burned document?
— what is the content of the text on the copy paper?
7. Study of cash notes:
— was the banknote submitted for research produced by an enterprise that produces banknotes of a given state?
- How is the money ticket made?
— are the presented banknotes made from the same printed form (using the printing method of applying images)?
— have the received cash tickets been produced from the printed form provided?
— are the presented banknotes made from the same original (using a non-printing method of applying images)?
— does the image of the banknotes in the files on the provided media correspond to the image on the seized banknotes?
RESEARCH OF DOCUMENT MATERIALS
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Are the paper of the banknote (document) seized and the samples of paper seized... similar to each other?
2. Is the paper on which the presented banknotes (documents) are made homogeneous?
3. What type, brand and grade of paper was used to produce the presented banknotes (documents)?
4. Are the chemical compositions of the coloring substances used to make images of banknotes (handwritten notes and signatures, impressions of seals and stamps, printed text, etc.) homogeneous with the ink in printer cartridges (ballpoint pen paste, stamp ink, printer toner) seized...?
5. Were the presented drip-jet printers (ballpoint pens, stamp pads, laser printers, etc.) used to execute banknotes (specified details in the submitted documents)?
6. Are the coloring substances used on the presented banknotes homogeneous in chemical composition (handwritten notes, seals and stamps, printed texts, etc. in these documents)?
7. What coloring agent is used to fill the details of the received document?
8. What glue was used to make the documents?
9. Are the adhesives used in the production of the submitted documents homogeneous in chemical composition?
10. Was this glue sample used to make the document under study?
EXAMINATION FOR IDENTIFYING TECHNICAL SIGNS OF COUNTERFEITING IN AUDIO, VIDEO, AND MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTS
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. How are the colorful images located:
— on printed packaging of audio, video, multimedia products?
- on the surface of storage media (CD, DVD, video, audio cassettes)?
2. Colorful images are made in one or different ways, located:
— on printed packaging of audio, video, multimedia products and samples?
- on the surface of storage media (CD, DVD, video, audio cassettes) and samples?
3. Are the printed packaging of audio, video, and multimedia products of the same name made from the same printing plate?
4. Do the printed packaging of audio, video and multimedia products submitted for research (colorful images on the surface of CDs, DVDs, video, audio cassettes submitted for research) correspond to the samples presented for comparison in terms of manufacturing method, design, design, etc. .?
5. Could the submitted samples of packaging, etc. be used to produce the corresponding printed packaging copies submitted for research?
6. Could the presented printer be used to produce the presented printed packaging?
7. Could the presented copying equipment be used to produce the presented printed packaging?
8. Do the audio, video, and multimedia products submitted for research contain technical signs of counterfeiting?
TRASCOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
EXAMINATION OF HAND TRACES (BARE FEET) (DACTYLOSCOPIC EXAMINATION)
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Are there any traces of hands (bare feet) on the presented objects? If so, are they suitable for personal identification?
2. Are there any traces of hands (bare feet) left by a specific person(s)?
3. Were the handprints (bare feet) taken during the inspection of several crime scenes left by the same person?
4. Do the fingerprints (bare feet) on several fingerprint cards belong to one person?
EXAMINATION OF SHOE TRACES
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Are shoe prints collected during an inspection of the crime scene suitable for identification?
2. What type of footwear (purpose, type, model, size) created the marks that were seized during the inspection of the crime scene?
3. Did the same or different shoes leave marks at the scene?
4. Are the shoe prints found at the scene caused by shoes taken from a specific person?
5. What is the mechanism of formation of tracks (are they formed during walking, running, by a person carrying a significant load, etc.)?
6. What are the anatomical features of the person displayed in the track (if any)?
RESEARCH OF CLOTHING TRACES
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Is the trace recovered from the scene a trace of clothing?
2. What type of clothing left the mark?
3. Are the marks formed by one or more types of clothing?
4. Are marks left by a specific item of clothing?
EXAMINATION OF MASS PRODUCED PRODUCTS
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Are the products or semi-finished products seized from a specific person manufactured on a specific machine or using specific parts?
2. Are multiple items found at the scene and items recovered from a specific individual manufactured on the same device or using the same parts?
EXAMINATION OF DAMAGES ON CLOTHING
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Are the items of clothing and/or shoes presented damaged? If yes, what is the mechanism of their formation?
2. What object could have caused the existing damage?
3. Do clothes and shoes have damage characteristic of a road traffic accident? If yes, what is the mechanism of their formation?
4. Are there any traces of a vehicle on the clothes and shoes presented? If yes, then for what vehicles (type, type) are they typical, and what part of the vehicle could they be formed?
5. Are there any tire marks from the vehicle on your clothes and shoes? If so, what vehicles are they intended for installation on (type, type, make, model, year of manufacture)?
6. Are these damages caused by a specific object (submitted for examination)?
7. What was the position of the victim at the time of initial contact with the traumatic force in the traffic accident?
Note. To resolve this issue, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive forensic and trace examination, and, if there is a vehicle, a transport trace examination.
STUDY OF IDENTIFICATION MARKINGS ON VEHICLES
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Has the vehicle identification number been destroyed or changed (in whole or in part)?
2. If so, what are the original notations?
3. Are the numbers of the same name applied to the number plate designations on different parts of the car using the same or different brands?
EXAMINATION OF KNOTS AND LOOPS
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. What type of nodes (loops) are these? Are they not professional and, if so, what profession are they most typical for?
2. What is the nature of the termination or braiding of the ends of the rope, rope or cord being examined? Do not the peculiarities of the sealing (braiding) of the ends indicate the habitual or professional skills of a particular person?
3. Do several knots (loops) presented to the expert belong to the same type?
4. Are several knots submitted for examination tied in the same way (for example, knots taken from the crime scene and knots made by the suspect during an investigative experiment)?
EXAMINATION OF TEETH TRACKS
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Are there any marks on objects from the impact of teeth?
2. Are the marks formed by the teeth of an animal or a person?
3. What are the structural features of the teeth of the person who left the marks?
4. Which teeth (molars, incisors, canines) left the marks?
5. Are the teeth marks left by the teeth of a specific person (animal)?
EXAMINATION OF ASSEMBLAGE IMPRESSIONS ON JEWELRY
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Are there any stamps on the presented product, if so, what are they?
2. Do they correspond in form and content to the hallmarks of the Republic of Belarus and the hallmarks of the USSR?
3. Are the same stamps applied to the presented products?
4. Are the stamp imprints on the product with the stamp submitted for research?
EXAMINATION OF TRACES OF BREAKING INSTRUMENTS
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Are the traces taken during the inspection of the crime scene suitable for identifying the weapon that left them?
2. Are the traces found at the scene of the incident left by the object (tool) seized from the suspect?
3. What is the mechanism of trace formation?
4. What object formed the marks?
5. From which side (internal or external) was the break-in made?
6. What was the position of the tool relative to the trace-receiving surface?
7. What is the type (type), design features, technical condition, completeness of the metal-cutting apparatus used?
8. What is the method (factory, homemade) for manufacturing metal-cutting equipment?
9. What are the cutting skills and qualifications of the person(s) doing the cutting?
10. Where is the cutting start point and what is the direction of the cut?
EXAMINATION OF VEHICLE TRACES
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Are there any traces of vehicles on the presented object, and if so, are they suitable for identification?
2. Are traces left by a specific vehicle?
3. What is the type and model of the vehicle (car, tractor, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.) that left a trace (ruts, tire tread) at the scene of the incident?
4. What is the direction in which the vehicle was moving?
5. What is the nature of the vehicle’s movement, judging by the tire tracks (rolling, braking)?
6. Are the fragments seized during the inspection of the crime scene parts (parts) of vehicles? If so, what vehicle are they intended for?
EXAMINATION OF ESTABLISHMENT METHOD FOR CAPING ALCOHOL PRODUCTS
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. How are the presented objects sealed?
2. Are they sealed on the same equipment?
3. Are the objects on the presented equipment or the equipment on which the experimental objects were obtained unsealed?
TRANSPORT TRACEOLOGY
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. What damage is there on clothing, its nature and mechanism of formation?
2. Are there traces on the clothing from parts and parts of the vehicle and if so, what parts and parts were they left by and what vehicle (car, truck)?
3. Are there any traces of car tire treads on your clothes and, if so, what model of tire are they left on and what vehicles are these tires installed on?
4. Are tire tracks left on clothing by the tire treads of a particular vehicle?
5. What position was the victim in at the time of initial contact with the vehicle?
6. How was the victim positioned in relation to the vehicle?
7. Do the marks on the clothing and body (corpse) of the victim correspond in their localization and mechanism of formation?
Note. To resolve issues 5-7, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive forensic and trace examination.
EXAMINATION OF COINS
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. How were the coins provided for research made (casting, stamping)?
2. Are they manufactured by an enterprise that produces this type of product?
EXAMINATION OF VEHICLE REGISTRATION PLATES
Question resolved by the examination:
1. Are registration plates manufactured at an enterprise that produces this type of product?
2. If not, how are they made?
EXAMINATION OF ESTABLISHING THE WHOLE BY PARTS
1. To resolve the examination of establishing the whole in parts, one question is usually raised: did the objects under study previously constitute one whole?
2. In addition, questions may be asked:
— what object (tool, instrument, mechanism, etc.) is this object a part of?
- what is the mechanism (rupture, break, cut, etc.) for separating a part from an object?
3. If homogeneous objects are sent for examination, then the expert is asked the following questions:
- Are the glass fragments found at the scene of an accident part of the headlight lens of a certain car?
— is the chip found at the scene of the incident peeled off from the side of the body of a certain car?
— aren’t the cut and the presented piece of leather seized from the accused parts of one whole?
- Is the piece of fabric left at the scene part of the piece of fabric seized from the accused?
— did the piece of newspaper seized at the scene of the incident and the piece of newspaper seized from K. previously constitute one whole?
4. When sending objects related to composite items for examination, the following questions are raised:
— weren’t the trigger found at the scene of the incident and the Makarov pistol seized from the suspect previously made one whole? Didn't the car door lock seized from the suspect and the door of a certain car previously form one whole?
5. The questions to be resolved by the expert when examining objects related to complete wholes are formulated as follows:
— weren’t the sheaths found at the scene of the incident and the knife seized from the suspect previously made one whole?
— were the low shoes confiscated from the suspect worn with the galoshes found at the scene of the incident?
EXAMINATION OF LOCKS AND SAFETY DEVICES
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Is the lock submitted for examination in working order, and if not, what faults does it have?
2. Is it possible to unlock the lock with selected keys or a master key?
3. Was the lock unlocked using selected keys or a master key?
4. Was the lock forced into the locked or unlocked position?
5. Is it possible to unlock the control lock without breaking the control paper?
EXAMINATION OF WEAPONS, AMMUNITION AND SHOT TRACES (BALLISTIC EXAMINATION)
Issues to be addressed when researching firearms:
1. Does the item submitted for examination belong to the category of firearms (pneumatic, gas, signal) weapons?
2. What type and model (model) is this firearm?
3. Is the weapon in good working order and suitable for shooting? If not, what is the problem?
4. What type and model (model) of a firearm is this part; does it belong to the components of a firearm?
5. Is the part presented for research part of this weapon (for example, TT pistol No. 8446)?
6. In what way (factory or homemade) was this weapon made?
7. Could this weapon fire without pressing the trigger under certain circumstances (for example, as a result of the weapon falling to the floor)?
8. Is it possible to fire cartridges of a certain caliber from this weapon?
9. Have markings on certain parts of the weapon been destroyed? If yes, which ones exactly? What are the original markings? (the issue is resolved during traceological research)
10. Has this weapon been fired since it was last cleaned? (the issue is resolved with the involvement of a chemist expert)
Issues to be resolved when studying ammunition, bullets, shot, buckshot, wads and cartridges:
1. What type of cartridge does this bullet or cartridge case belong to and what type of weapon can it be used for shooting?
2. Is the cartridge submitted for research an ammunition and is it suitable for its intended use?
3. Was this cartridge or projectile (bullet, shot, buckshot) made in a factory or homemade way?
4. What is the caliber and sample of the bullet or cartridge case fired from the gun (or the number of the shot, buckshot)?
5. Do the cartridges to be compared (as well as their parts in the form of bullets, cartridges, shot, buckshot) refer to the products of the same plant (year of manufacture)?
6. Didn’t the parts of the cartridge previously form a single whole with parts of the cartridges seized from a specific person?
7. Was the cartridge (wad, gasket) loaded using this tool?
8. Was the shot fired from a weapon that has any special features (converted to a different cartridge, with a worn bore, equipped with a device for silent shooting)?
9. What type of weapon, system, model (model) was this bullet (case) fired from?
10. Was the bullet (case) fired from this weapon?
11. Was the bullet (case) fired from a weapon of the wrong (larger, smaller) caliber?
12. Could the cartridge, of which the bullet presented for research is a part, be used to fire this weapon?
13. Is the metal fragment part of the bullet?
14. If yes, what cartridge is the bullet part of?
15. Did the bullet submitted for examination ricochet?
16. What are the causes of deformation on the bullet and case?
17. Was there a misfire when shooting, judging by the cartridge case of this cartridge?
18. Are the bullet and cartridge case presented for research parts of the same cartridge?
19. Did the object to be examined serve as a homemade wad?
20. What is the caliber of the gun from which the wad and spacer were shot?
Issues to be resolved when examining gunshot traces:
1. Is this injury caused by a gunshot?
2. Is the damage caused by a bullet (shot, buckshot)?
3. How many shots resulted in damage to the barrier?
4. What type and type of weapon (model) was used to shoot at this object?
6. From what distance was the shot fired?
7. Are there any traces of a close shot on the victim’s clothing?
8. What is the direction of the bullet channel in the object under study?
9. In what direction (at what angle to the struck obstacle) was the shot fired?
10. Are these objects damaged by one shot?
11. From what place was the shot fired?
11. What is the sequence of shots, judging by the bullet damage?
12. What caliber bullet caused this damage?
13. What kind of damage is this - input or output?
14. What was the relative position of the weapon and the damaged object when fired?
EXAMINATION OF EDGE WEAPONS
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Is the knife (item, product) submitted for examination a bladed weapon?
2. If yes, what type of bladed weapon is it?
3. How was the knife (object, product) presented for research made?
PORTRAIT AND IDENTIFICATION EXAMINATION
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Is the image of a person in the submitted photographs (video recordings) suitable for personal identification?
2. Is the same person depicted in the photographs (video recordings) presented?
3. Are the same or different faces depicted in photographic photographs of a living person and a corpse?
AUTOMOTIVE TECHNICAL EXAMINATION
Typical questions resolved during an automotive technical examination:
1. At what speed was the vehicle moving under the conditions of the accident scene, based on the length of the braking marks of length...?
2. At what permissible speed, according to the visibility conditions of the road in the direction of travel, should the driver have moved in the conditions of the scene of the incident?
3. If the speed was exceeded, then is the excess of speed not in a causal relationship with the fact of an accident (collision, run-over, etc.)?
4. At what distance from the place of collision (collision) was the vehicle at the moment the danger to traffic arose?
5. What is the stopping distance of the car in the conditions of the accident scene?
6. Did the driver of the car have the technical ability to prevent a collision (collision) with a car ... (on a pedestrian ...) by braking from the moment a danger to traffic arose?
7. How should the driver act in this situation in accordance with the requirements of the Traffic Rules?
8. Did the driver’s actions comply with the requirements of the Road Traffic Regulations?
9. Are the steering, chassis and braking systems of the vehicle working properly? If it is faulty, what is it, when did it occur, and could the driver detect it before and during the movement?
10. Where is the vehicle collision site located?
11. At what angle were the longitudinal axes of the vehicles at the moment of the collision?
12. How were the vehicles positioned relative to the boundaries of the roadway at the time of the collision?
13. How was the vehicle positioned relative to the boundaries of the roadway at the moment its braking system was activated (if there were signs of skidding)?
14. Was the vehicle in motion at the time of the accident?
15. Was there any contact between the vehicles submitted for research?
COMPUTER ENGINEERING EXAMINATIONS
Issues resolved by computer technical expertise:
1. Does the configuration of the system units submitted for research correspond to the configuration specified in the warranty cards for them?
2. Are there files on the hard drive of the personal computer system unit submitted for research, including deleted ones, containing information about “…” (specify specific keywords for search)?
3. Does the hard drive of the system unit submitted for research contain information about logins and passwords used to access the global Internet?
4. What were the last sites visited by the user of this computer? Etc.
FORENSIC EXAMINATIONS OF MATERIALS, SUBSTANCES AND PRODUCTS
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF NARCOTIC DRUGS, PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES AND PRECURSORS
Questions for authorization of the type of examination under consideration can be formulated as follows:
1. What is the nature of the substance submitted for research and is it a narcotic drug, a psychotropic substance or a precursor?
2. If the substance submitted for research is one of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or precursors, then what group of drugs does it belong to?
3. Are there traces of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or precursors on the objects submitted for research; if so, which ones exactly?
4. Do the tobacco products submitted for research (cigarettes, cigarettes, tobacco crumbs, etc.) contain narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances; if yes, which ones exactly?
5. Are there any narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances in the remains of smoked cigarettes; if so, which ones?
6. Can the plant mass (plant) submitted for research be used as a raw material for the artisanal production of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances?
7. Is the plant mass submitted for research waste from the artisanal production of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances?
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF FOOD PRODUCTS
Issues addressed when studying ethyl alcohols:
1. Is the liquid submitted for testing alcohol-containing; if so, what is its strength?
2. Does the liquid submitted for research comply with the requirements of the current regulatory and technical documentation (GOST, STB, TU, etc.)?
3. Does the liquid submitted for testing contain a denaturing additive (according to the list of STB 645); if yes, which one and in what quantity?
4. Does the physical and chemical parameters of the liquid submitted for testing correspond to the data indicated on the label?
5. Is the liquid submitted for testing denatured ethyl alcohol or denatured alcohol-containing products?
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF PAINT MATERIALS AND COATINGS
The following questions may be asked to permit the examination of paints and varnishes and coatings in accordance with the objectives:
1. Are there any particles of paints or coatings (in general or only of a certain kind) on the carrier object (items submitted for research)?
2. Is the seized substance a type of paint or coating material (in general or only of a certain type)?
3. Are the samples of paints and varnishes or coatings submitted for examination suitable for identifying a specific item, and if so, did they belong to a specific item?
4. What is the mechanism for the formation of traces of substances of paint and varnish material or coating, were specific objects in contact interaction (issues bordering on other types of forensic examination - traceological, fibrous materials and products made from them, etc.)?
5. What is the type of this paint coating and its intended purpose (in particular, is the particle submitted for examination a fragment of an automobile paint coating)?
6. How many times and with what paint was the item coated before repainting; what is its original color?
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF SPECIAL CHEMICALS
When researching specialty chemicals, the following questions may be asked:
1. Are there layers of special chemicals on the carrier object (washes from clothes, hands, shoes, etc.)?
2. Is the chemical composition of the dye found on the carrier object (hair, skin, clothes of the suspect, crime weapon, other items belonging to the suspect) homogeneous with the substance seized at the scene of the incident and presented as a sample for comparative research?
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF METALS, ALLOYS AND PRODUCTS FROM THEM
In accordance with this, the questions proposed for resolution of this type of examination are also formed:
1. Are there metal particles (copper, lead, etc.) on the presented item?
2. Is the presented product made of gold (silver), if so, what grade?
3. What is the mass of the presented product?
4. Does the presented product have the state mark of the Republic of Belarus or the hallmarks of state assay inspections of the former USSR?
5. Has the weapon been fired since it was last cleaned?
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF GLASS AND PRODUCTS FROM IT
In accordance with this, the questions proposed for resolution of this type of examination are formed:
1. Are there any glass particles on the item shown? If so, are they suitable for comparative studies (providing comparison sample(s) are provided)?
2. Do the glasses being compared have a common generic (group) affiliation?
FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF FIBROUS MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS FROM THEM
Issues resolved by the examination:
1. Are there microparticles of textile fibers on the adhesive film submitted for examination? What is their nature?
2. Are the objects (microparticles) submitted for research textile fibers?
3. Are there textile fibers on the carrier object (knife, axe, etc.)? If yes, what is their nature and location?
4. Are there fibers on the carrier object (knife, ax, nail sections) of a common generic (group) affiliation with fibers in the clothing items of the victim or suspect (accused)?
5. Are there fibers on the victim’s clothing items of a common generic (group) affiliation with fibers in the clothing items of the suspect (accused) and vice versa?
6. Whether items of clothing of specific persons were in contact; clothes of a certain person with a murder weapon, a vehicle?
7. What is the type, group (subgroup) and intended purpose (if there are reference samples and technical documentation) of fabric, knitwear, carpet, artificial fur, non-woven material, twisted and woven products?
8. Are there remains of charred textile products in the ash? If so, what is their generic (group) affiliation and intended purpose?
9. Did the compared objects of fibrous nature previously form a single whole (this can be solved comprehensively using knowledge in the field of traceology)?
10. Do specific objects originate from a specific (if there are reference samples and technical documentation) or one (common) source of origin?
BIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN AND ANIMALS EXTRACTIONS
Issues resolved by biological examination:
BLOOD
1. Is the substance seized blood?
2. If it is blood, does it come from a person or an animal? (If from an animal, then could it come from...? Indicate the species of animal of interest.)
3. If this is human blood, what is its group affiliation?
4. Does the group affiliation of the blood seized from the crime scene coincide with the group affiliation of the gr...?
SPERM
1. Are there traces of sperm on...?
3. Does the group affiliation of sperm coincide with the group affiliation of a citizen...?
SALIVA
1. Is there saliva on...?
2. If yes, what is her group affiliation?
3. Does the group affiliation of saliva coincide with the group affiliation of a citizen...?
SWEAT
1. Is there... sweat?
2. If yes, what is his group affiliation?
3. Does the group affiliation of the sweat coincide with the group affiliation of the citizen...?
The question of group affiliation is not raised if it is necessary to conduct a genotyposcopic examination in order to preserve the material (objects).
Depending on the circumstances that the initiator needs to clarify, the list of questions presented above may be expanded.
- 1. Are the traces found clothing traces?
- 2. What is the mechanism of interaction between an object and clothing (traces of friction, imprint, etc.)?
- 3. What was the relative position of the person and the object on which traces of his clothing were left?
- 4. Are traces left by areas of a particular person's clothing?
- 5. What marks and damage are there on the clothes?
- 6. What is the mechanism of damage formation on clothing?
- 7. What type of tool (object) caused the damage?
- 8. Are there any marks or damage on clothing caused by the items presented?
- 3. RESOLUTION ON THE PURPOSE OF Traceological Examination of Burglary Weapons and Tools
examination document hacking tool
RESOLUTION
on the appointment of a trace forensic examination
(which one)
(place of compilation)
Investigator of ORPTO OP-5 Regional Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Ensk Art. lieutenant of justice (position of investigator (investigator), class rank or rank, surname, initials)
Ivanitsky I.I.
having examined the materials of criminal case No. 123456,
INSTALLED:
- November 28, 2016, during the daytime, an unknown criminal broke into the front door
- (states the grounds for ordering a forensic examination)
entered the apartment of Mr. Vasin, located on the street. Dekabristov, 145-203 in Ensk, from where he secretly stole the victim’s personal property worth more than 50,000 rubles.
During the inspection of the area on the front door frame, two large traces of a burglary weapon were discovered, from which casts were made using paste “K”. During a search of the suspect Losev P.P. A chisel was found and confiscated, the dimensions of the blade of which coincide with the dimensions of the marks confiscated during the inspection of the crime scene. In addition, during the inspection, the lock from the front door was confiscated. To establish the circumstances to be proven listed in Art. 73 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, special knowledge is required.
Based on the above and guided by Art. 195 (196) and 199 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation,
DECIDED:
- 1. Assign a traceological (which one) forensic examination, the production of which will be entrusted to the ECC of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs for the city of Ensk
- (last name, first name, patronymic of the expert or name of the expert institution)
- 2. Ask the expert questions:
- 1. Are the seized traces of burglary tools suitable for identification?
- 2. If suitable, what is the mechanism and time of hacking?
- 3. Are there any traces of the burglary tools discovered during the inspection of the scene of the incident, left by the chisel found and seized during the search from the suspect P.P. Losev? or other item(s)?
- 4. If the traces are left by another object (objects), then what are the characteristic features of the burglary weapon that left the traces, as well as the height, gender, age, physical strength, professional skills, functional characteristics of the person who carried out the burglary?
- 5. Was the lock opened only with keys specifically designed for this lock or also with other keys (objects)?
- 3. Provide the expert with the following materials: this resolution, (which ones exactly) the chisel found during the search of Mr. P.P. Losev, two casts from traces of burglary tools discovered during the inspection of the crime scene.
- 4. Entrust to: Head of the ECC of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs for the city of Ensk
- (to whom exactly)
explain to the expert the rights and obligations provided for in Art. 57 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, and warn him of criminal liability in accordance with Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for giving a knowingly false conclusion.
Investigator (inquirer) Ivanovitsky
(signature)
Rights and obligations provided for in Art. 57 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, “____” was explained to me on ___________ 20___
At the same time, I was warned about criminal liability in accordance with Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for giving a knowingly false conclusion.