South Sudanese Armed Forces.
consist of the Army, Air Force and Navy. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces is the President of the Republic. He directs the armed forces through the Ministry of Defense and the Joint Staff (JS). The head of the operational school and the commanders of the armed forces are directly subordinate to the president. Under the head of state there is a National Defense Council and a Supreme Military Council. These bodies determine the general directions of state policy in the field of preparing the country and population for war, building the armed forces, and developing the military industry. The decisions they make are implemented through the Ministry of Defense.
The Minister of Defense is the First Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief. He is responsible for general issues of military development and plans for the development of the armed forces, carrying out mobilization activities, equipping the Armed Forces with weapons and military equipment, non-military training of the population, and carries out day-to-day management of the operational and combat training of headquarters and troops. The joint headquarters is a single command body for the development and implementation of decisions in the field of defense of the country and the protection of its territorial integrity. Ground forces (105 thousand people)
The main armament consists of 663 main and medium tanks, including approximately 200 of the latest Chinese Type 96; 80 light tanks; approximately 310 artillery pieces (60 self-propelled guns) of caliber from 105 to 155 mm, over 520 MLRS, 636 mortars, approximately 1,180 armored combat vehicles, including 75 infantry fighting vehicles; up to 740 ATGMs, including 450 modern Chinese HJ-8s. Military air defense units are armed with 4 Osa short-range air defense systems, over 200 MANPADS, including 50 of the latest Chinese FN-6, more than 320 anti-aircraft guns and caliber installations from 23 to 100 mm.
The Sudanese ground forces have extensive experience in conducting combat operations against irregular forces in savannah, wooded, mountain-forested and semi-desert areas. Their weakness is the diversity of military equipment, much of which is outdated, worn out and requires replacement. The personnel are insufficiently trained, there are significant difficulties in the maintenance and repair of weapons and equipment.
The air force numbers 3 thousand people. They are led by headquarters located in Khartoum. The Air Force is designed to provide close air support to the ground forces and navy, conduct aerial reconnaissance, and transport military cargo and personnel. Their main organizational unit is the squadron. Air Force aircraft and helicopters are based at the following main airfields: Khartoum, Port Sudan, Dongolo, Merowe, Atbara, El Obeid, El Fashod, El Fasher.
There are about 94 combat aircraft in stock, including Su-24-12 front-line bombers, 37 fighter-bombers (Mig-23BN - 17, Q-5 - 20), Su-25 attack aircraft - 12 (of which 2 are training aircraft). combat), fighters - 33 (MiG-29 - 11 (of which 3 are combat training), J-7 (a copy of the MiG-21) - 20). There are also 2 An-30 optical reconnaissance aircraft and 32 training aircraft. Military transport aviation has up to 33 aircraft, of which 5 An-26 can be used as bombers. Helicopter aviation has approximately 185 aircraft, including 84 Mi-24 combat types and over 90 multi-purpose and transport helicopters, the main ones being Mi-8 and Mi-17 (43 units).
The aircraft and helicopter fleet is of different types and is mostly represented by outdated aircraft, many of which are physically worn out, which significantly limits the combat capabilities of the Air Force. Sudanese military aviation is experiencing a shortage of competent pilots and engineering personnel. The Air Force is completely dependent on foreign assistance when it comes to repairing aircraft.
Ground air defense includes 6-8 divisions of the outdated S-75 air defense system, which are hardly combat-ready. In Sudan, there is virtually no modern air attack warning system, and there is no unified system for monitoring the country's airspace.
Naval forces (1.3 thousand people) designed to protect territorial waters, combat smuggling, and transport military cargo and personnel. The naval headquarters is located in Port Sudan. Naval bases: Port Sudan, Flamingo Bay and Khartoum. The ship's composition consists of four patrol boats, a small number of patrol boats and five landing boats.
The Sudanese armed forces are equipped with weapons and military equipment mainly of foreign origin: Soviet (Russian), Chinese, Egyptian, Ukrainian, American, English, Egyptian, etc. In recent years, large supplies of weapons, mainly for ground forces, have been made by China. Purchases of batches of certain types of weapons and military equipment were carried out in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. Military ties with the Arabian monarchies are developing. At the same time, military and military-technical cooperation with Western countries has actually been curtailed, which is due to their negative attitude towards the military-Islamist regime ruling in Sudan and the introduction of an embargo on military supplies to Khartoum by the UN Security Council in 2005.
In recent years, Sudan has been developing its own military industry.. The assembly of certain types of artillery weapons, anti-tank systems, light armored vehicles, and small arms has been established. The repair base is being strengthened. However, production capacity is insufficient. The prospects for the development of the industry are negatively affected by the overall weak level of development of the Sudanese economy, the lack of a developed modern scientific and technical base and trained personnel in various fields in the country.
As a result, a significant part of the weapons remains obsolete and physically worn out, and often fails, which, given the still weak repair base, makes it difficult to maintain and use in combat. The situation is aggravated by the difficult natural and climatic conditions of the country, which negatively affect the daily operation and storage of equipment.
Today, the Sudanese armed forces are experiencing an acute shortage of modern types of heavy weapons, especially tanks, other armored vehicles, air defense systems, aircraft and helicopters of various types, modern technical reconnaissance equipment, as well as trained personnel of various profiles. The organizational structure of the armed forces, their numbers, mobilization resources, and technical equipment are negatively affected by the age and ethnic composition of the population and its low level of education. The troops are poorly equipped and insufficiently trained, including the officer corps. “There are serious questions about how the Army was able to adapt and master the military equipment it purchased.”
The deplorable state of the Sudanese army is well illustrated by its participation in hostilities in the rebel region of Darfur, and areas bordering South Sudan, where government troops “can virtually do nothing to oppose the rebels and the South Sudanese military, who are fighting on the side of the guerrillas.” The Sudanese army has not demonstrated high combat qualities in Yemen, where it has been deployed (3 thousand people, 4 Su-24 aircraft) since 2015. participates in the Arab coalition led by Saudi Arabia in the battles against Shiite Houthi rebels.
Throughout the history of independent Sudan, the army played an extremely important role in the political life of the country. There have been five military coups in Sudan (1958, 1964, 1969, 1985 and 1989) and a significant number of attempted coups and conspiracies. Taking this circumstance into account, the ruling regime, led by President O. al-Bashir, is pursuing a targeted course to maintain loyalty on the part of the top and middle ranks of the officer corps. Currently, despite the adoption of the constitution in 2005 and other important changes in political life, the military continues to largely control the most important structures of the state apparatus and determine many directions of Sudan’s domestic and foreign policy.
An independent state called the Republic of South Sudan appeared on the world map quite recently. He is only a little over three years old. The sovereignty of this country was officially proclaimed on July 9, 2011. Moreover, almost the entire modern history of South Sudan is the history of a long and bloody struggle for independence. Although hostilities began in South Sudan almost immediately after the declaration of independence of “greater” Sudan - in the 1950s, nevertheless, only in 2011 South Sudan managed to gain independence - not without the help of the West, primarily the United States, which pursued its goals in the destruction of such a large state, which was under Arab-Muslim control, as was the united Sudan with its capital in Khartoum.
In principle, Northern and Southern Sudan are such different regions that the existence of serious tensions between them was historically determined even without Western influence. In many ways, a united Sudan, before the declaration of independence of South Sudan, resembled Nigeria - the same problems: the Muslim North and the Christian-animist South, plus its own nuances in the western regions (Darfur and Kordofan). However, in Sudan, religious differences were further aggravated by racial and cultural ones. The north of the united Sudan was inhabited by Arabs and Arabized peoples belonging to the Caucasian or transitional Ethiopian small race. But South Sudan is made up of Negroids, mostly Nilotes, who profess traditional cults or Christianity (in its local understanding).
"Country of Blacks"
Back in the 19th century, South Sudan did not know statehood, at least in the understanding that modern people understand this concept. It was a territory inhabited by numerous Nilotic tribes, the most famous of which are the Dinka, Nuer, and Shilluk. The dominant role in a number of regions of South Sudan was played by the Azande tribes, who spoke the languages of the Ubangian branch of the Adamawa-Ubangian subfamily of the Gur-Ubangian family of the Niger-Kordofanian macrofamily of languages. From the north, detachments of Arab slave traders periodically invaded the South Sudanese lands, seizing “live goods” that were in great demand in the slave markets of both Sudan itself and Egypt, Asia Minor, and the Arabian Peninsula. However, the raids of slave traders did not change the thousand-year-old archaic way of life of the Nilotic tribes, since they did not entail political and economic changes in the South Sudanese lands. The situation changed when the Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali in 1820-1821, interested in the natural resources of the South Sudanese lands, decided to switch to a policy of colonization. However, the Egyptians failed to fully develop this region and integrate it into Egypt.
Re-colonization of South Sudan began in the 1870s, but it was not successful. Egyptian troops managed to conquer only the Darfur region - in 1874, after which they were forced to stop, since further there were tropical swamps, which made their movement much more difficult. Thus, South Sudan itself remained virtually uncontrolled. The final development of this vast region occurred only during the period of Anglo-Egyptian rule over Sudan in 1898-1955, however, even during this period it had its own nuances. Thus, the British, who together with the Egyptians governed Sudan, sought to prevent the Arabization and Islamization of the South Sudanese provinces inhabited by the Negroid population. Arab-Muslim influence in the region was minimized in every possible way, as a result of which the peoples of South Sudan either managed to preserve their original beliefs and culture, or they were Christianized by European preachers. Among a certain part of the Negroid population of South Sudan, the English language spread, but the bulk of the population spoke Nilotic and Adamawa-Ubangi languages, with virtually no knowledge of Arabic, which had a virtual monopoly in the north of Sudan.
In February 1953, Egypt and Great Britain, in the context of decolonization processes gaining momentum in the world, came to an agreement on the gradual transition of Sudan to self-government, and then to the declaration of political sovereignty. In 1954, the Sudanese Parliament was created, and on January 1, 1956, Sudan gained political independence. The British planned that Sudan would become a federal state in which the rights of the Arab population of the northern provinces and the black population of South Sudan would be equally respected. However, in the Sudanese independence movement, the Sudanese Arabs played a key role, who promised the British to implement a federal model, but in reality did not plan to provide real political equality to the North and South. As soon as Sudan gained political independence, the Khartoum government abandoned plans to create a federal state, which caused a sharp increase in separatist sentiment in its southern provinces. The black population of the south was not going to accept the status of “second-class citizens” in the newly proclaimed Arab Sudan, especially due to the forced Islamization and Arabization carried out by supporters of the Khartoum government.
"The Snake's Sting" and the First Civil War
The formal reason for the start of the armed uprising of the peoples of South Sudan was the mass dismissals of officials and officers who came from the Christianized Nilotes of the South. On August 18, 1955, civil war began in southern Sudan. Initially, the southerners, despite their willingness to stand to the last, did not pose a serious threat to the Sudanese government troops, since only less than a third of the rebels had firearms. The rest, as thousands of years ago, fought with bows and arrows and spears. The situation began to change by the early 1960s, when a centralized South Sudanese resistance organization called Anya Nya (Snake's Sting) was formed. This organization has received support from Israel. Tel Aviv was interested in weakening the large Arab-Muslim state that was the united Sudan, so it began to help the South Sudanese separatists with weapons. On the other hand, Sudan's southern neighbors - African states that had certain territorial claims or political scores against Khartoum - were interested in supporting Anya Nya. As a result, training camps for South Sudanese rebels appeared in Uganda and Ethiopia.
South Sudan's first civil war against the Khartoum government lasted from 1955 to 1970. and led to the death of at least 500 thousand civilians. Hundreds of thousands of people became refugees in neighboring states. The Khartoum government has increased its military presence in the south of the country, sending a contingent of troops there totaling 12 thousand troops. The Soviet Union supplied Khartoum with weapons. However, South Sudanese rebels managed to control many areas of the countryside in the provinces of South Sudan.
Considering that it was not possible to overcome the resistance of the rebels by armed means, Khartoum entered into negotiations with the rebel leader Joseph Lagu, who formed the South Sudan Liberation Movement in 1971. Lagu insisted on creating a federal state in which each part would have its own government and armed forces. Naturally, the Arab elite of Northern Sudan was not going to agree to these demands, but ultimately the peacekeeping efforts of the Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie, who served as a mediator in the negotiation process, led to the conclusion of the Addis Ababa Agreement. In accordance with the agreement, the three southern provinces received autonomous status and, moreover, a 12,000-strong army was created with a mixed officer corps of northerners and southerners. English received regional status in the southern provinces. On March 27, 1972, an armistice agreement was signed. The Khartoum government granted amnesty to the rebels and created a commission to monitor the return of refugees to the country.
Islamization and the beginning of the second civil war
However, the relative peace in South Sudan did not last very long after the Addis Ababa Agreement. There were several reasons for the new aggravation of the situation. First, significant oil deposits have been discovered in South Sudan. Naturally, the Khartoum government could not miss the chance to get South Sudanese oil, but control over oil fields required strengthening the position of the central government in the South. The central government also could not ignore the oil fields of South Sudan, since it was in serious need of replenishing its financial resources. The second point was the strengthening of the political influence of Islamic fundamentalists on the Khartoum leadership. Islamic organizations had close ties with the traditional monarchies of the Arab East, and also enjoyed serious influence on the Arab population of the country. The existence of a Christian and, even more so, “pagan” enclave on the territory of South Sudan was an extremely irritating factor for Islamic radicals. Moreover, they were already pushing the idea of creating an Islamic state in Sudan, living according to Sharia law.
During the period of the events described, Sudan was led by President Jafar Mohamed Nimeiri (1930-2009). A professional military man, 39-year-old Nimeiri overthrew the then Sudanese government of Ismail al-Azhari back in 1969 and proclaimed himself chairman of the Revolutionary Council. Initially, he focused on the Soviet Union and relied on the support of the Sudanese communists. By the way, the Sudanese Communist Party was one of the most powerful on the African continent; Nimeiri introduced its representatives into the Khartoum government, proclaiming a course towards a socialist path of development and anti-imperialist resistance. Thanks to cooperation with the communists, Nimeiri could count on military assistance from the Soviet Union, which he successfully used, including in the conflict with South Sudan.
However, by the end of the 1970s, the growing influence of Islamist forces in Sudanese society forced Nimeiri to radically change his political priorities. In 1983, he declared Sudan a Sharia state. The government included representatives of the Muslim Brotherhood organization, and widespread construction of mosques began. Sharia laws were introduced throughout the country, including in the South, where the Muslim population was in an absolute minority. In response to the Islamization of Sudan, local separatists began to become more active in the southern provinces. They accused Nimeiri's Khartoum government of violating the Addis Ababa Agreement. In 1983, the creation of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPLA) was announced. It is significant that the SPLA advocated for the unity of the Sudanese state and accused the Nimeiri government of actions that could lead to the disintegration of the country along national and religious lines.
John Garang's Rebels
The Sudanese People's Liberation Army was led by Sudanese Army Colonel John Garang de Mabior (1945-2005). Coming from the Nilotic Dinka people, he took part in the guerrilla movement in South Sudan from the age of 17. As one of the most capable young men, he was sent to study in Tanzania and then in the USA.
After earning a bachelor's degree in economics in the United States and completing his studies in agricultural economics in Tanzania, Garang returned to his homeland and rejoined the guerrilla resistance. The conclusion of the Addis Ababa Agreement encouraged him, like many other guerrillas, to serve in the Sudanese armed forces, where, in accordance with the agreement, rebel groups of the South Sudanese peoples were integrated. Garang, as an educated and active person, received captain's shoulder straps and continued to serve in the Sudanese armed forces, where in 11 years he rose to the rank of colonel. He most recently served at the headquarters of the ground forces, from where he was sent to the south of Sudan. There he was caught by the news of the introduction of Sharia legislation in Sudan. Then Garang led an entire battalion of Sudanese armed forces, staffed by southerners, to the territory of neighboring Ethiopia, where other southerners who had deserted from the Sudanese army soon arrived.
Units under the command of John Garang operated from Ethiopian territory, but they soon managed to bring large areas of the provinces of South Sudan under their control. This time, the resistance to the Khartoum government was more successful, since in the ranks of the rebels there were many professional military men who, during the years of peace, had managed to receive military education and experience in commanding army units.
Meanwhile, in 1985, another military coup took place in Sudan itself. While President Nimeiry was on a visit to the United States of America, Colonel General Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dagab (born 1934), who served as chief of the general staff of the armed forces, carried out a military coup and seized power in the country. This happened on April 6, 1985. The rebels' first decision was to repeal the 1983 constitution, which established Sharia law. The ruling Sudanese Socialist Union party was dissolved, former President Nimeiry went into exile, and General Swar al-Dagab himself transferred power to the government of Sadiq al-Mahdi in 1986. The latter has begun negotiations with South Sudanese rebels, seeking to reach a peace agreement and prevent further bloodshed. In 1988, South Sudanese rebels agreed with the Khartoum government on a project for a peaceful settlement of the situation in the country, which included the abolition of the state of emergency and Sharia law. However, already in November 1988, Prime Minister al-Mahdi refused to sign this plan, which led to the strengthening of the position of Islamic fundamentalists in the Khartoum government. However, in February 1989, the Prime Minister, under pressure from military circles, adopted a peace plan. It seemed that nothing further stopped the Khartoum government from fulfilling the agreements and peace in the South of Sudan could be restored.
However, instead of pacifying the southern provinces, a sharp escalation of the situation followed. Its cause was a new military coup that took place in Sudan. On June 30, 1989, Brigadier General Omar al-Bashir - a professional paratrooper who previously commanded a parachute brigade in Khartoum - seized power in the country, dissolved the government and banned political parties. Omar al-Bashir was on a conservative side and sympathized with Islamic fundamentalists. In many ways, it was he who stood at the origins of the further escalation of the conflict in the South of Sudan, which led to the collapse of the unified Sudanese state.
The results of al-Bashir’s activities were the establishment of a dictatorial regime in the country, the banning of political parties and trade union organizations, and a return to Sharia law. In March 1991, the country's criminal code was updated to include medieval punishments such as forced amputations for certain crimes, stoning and crucifixion. Following the introduction of the new criminal code, Omar al-Bashir began to update the judiciary in the south of Sudan, replacing Christian judges there with Muslim judges. In effect, this meant that Sharia law would be applied against the non-Muslim population of the southern provinces. In the northern provinces of the country, Sharia police began to carry out repression against people from the South who did not comply with Sharia law.
The active phase of hostilities has resumed in the southern provinces of Sudan. Rebels of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army took control of parts of the provinces of Bahr el-Ghazal, Upper Nile, Blue Nile, Darfur and Kordofan. However, in July 1992, Khartoum troops, better armed and trained, managed to take control of the South Sudanese rebel headquarters in Torit as a result of a rapid offensive. Repressions began against the civilian population of the southern provinces, which included the abduction of tens of thousands of women and children into slavery in the north of the country. According to international organizations, up to 200 thousand people were captured and enslaved by North Sudanese troops and non-governmental Arab groups. Thus, at the end of the twentieth century, everything returned to the situation of a hundred years ago - the raids of Arab slave traders on black villages.
At the same time, the Khartoum government began to disorganize the South Sudanese resistance by sowing internal hostility based on intertribal contradictions. As you know, John Garang, who led the people's liberation army, came from the Dinka people, one of the largest Nilotic peoples in South Sudan. Sudanese intelligence services began to sow ethnic discord in the ranks of the rebels, convincing representatives of other nationalities that in the event of victory, Garang would establish a dictatorship of the Dinka people, which would carry out genocide against other ethnic groups in the region.
As a result, there was an attempt to overthrow Garang, which ended with the secession in September 1992 of the group led by William Bani, and in February 1993 of the group led by Cherubino Boli. It seemed that the Khartoum government was about to crack down on the insurgency in the south of the country, sowing discord among rebel factions while increasing repression of the non-Muslim population of the southern provinces. However, everything was spoiled by the excessive foreign policy independence of the Khartoum government.
Omar al-Bashir, an Islamist sympathizer, supported Saddam Hussein during Operation Desert Storm, which led to a final deterioration in Sudan's relations with the United States of America. After this, many African countries began to turn away from Sudan as a “rogue country.” Ethiopia, Eritrea, Uganda and Kenya have shown their support for the rebels, with the first three countries increasing their military assistance to rebel groups. In 1995, the opposition political forces of North Sudan merged with the rebels of South Sudan. The so-called “National Democratic Alliance” included the Sudanese People's Liberation Army, the Sudan Democratic Union and a number of other political organizations.
All this led to the fact that in 1997 the Khartoum government signed an agreement with part of the rebel groups on reconciliation. Omar al-Bashir had no other choice but to recognize the cultural and political autonomy of South Sudan. In 1999, Omar al-Bashir himself made concessions and offered John Garang cultural autonomy within Sudan, but the rebel leader could no longer be stopped. Until 2004, active hostilities were ongoing, although negotiations on a ceasefire between the warring factions continued at the same time. Finally, on January 9, 2005, another peace agreement was signed in the Kenyan capital Nairobi. It was signed on behalf of the rebels by John Garang, and on behalf of the Khartoum government by Sudanese Vice President Ali Osman Muhammad Taha. In accordance with the terms of this agreement, it was decided: to cancel Sharia law in the south of the country, cease fire on both sides, demobilize a significant part of the armed forces, and establish an even distribution of income from the exploitation of oil fields in the southern provinces of the country. South Sudan was granted autonomy for six years, after which the population of the region was given the right to hold a referendum on the independence of South Sudan as a separate state. The commander of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army, John Garang, became Vice President of Sudan.
By the time the peace agreements were concluded, according to international organizations, up to two million people had died in combat, repression and ethnic cleansing. Approximately four million people have fled South Sudan, becoming internal and external refugees. Naturally, the consequences of the war were terrible for the Sudanese economy and the social infrastructure of South Sudan. However, on July 30, 2005, John Garang, returning by helicopter from a meeting with Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, died in a plane crash.
He was replaced by Salva Kiir (born 1951), Garang's deputy in charge of the military wing of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army, known for more radical positions on the issue of granting political independence to South Sudan. As is known, Garang was also satisfied with the model of preserving the southern provinces as part of a united Sudan, in the absence of interference in their affairs from the Islamist Arab elite of Khartoum. However, Salva Kiir was much more determined and insisted on the complete political independence of South Sudan. Actually, after the helicopter crash he had no other obstacles left. Having replaced the deceased Garang as Vice President of Sudan, Salva Kiir set a course for further proclaiming the political independence of South Sudan.
Political independence did not bring peace
On January 8, 2008, North Sudanese troops were withdrawn from the territory of South Sudan, and on January 9-15, 2011, a referendum was held in which 98.8% of participating citizens were in favor of granting political independence to South Sudan, which was proclaimed on July 9, 2011. Salva Kiir became the first president of the sovereign Republic of South Sudan.
However, the declaration of political independence does not mean a final solution to all conflict situations in this region. First, extremely tense relations between North Sudan and South Sudan remain. They resulted in several armed clashes between the two states. Moreover, the first of them began in May 2011, that is, a month before the official declaration of independence of South Sudan. This was a conflict in South Kordofan - a province that is currently part of Sudan (Northern Sudan), but is largely inhabited by representatives of African peoples related to the inhabitants of South Sudan and who maintained historical and cultural ties with them, including during the long struggle for the independence of the South Sudanese state.
The most serious contradictions with the Khartoum government were the inhabitants of the Nuba Mountains - the so-called “mountain Nubians”, or Nuba. The million-strong Nuba people speak Nubian, one of two branches of the Tama-Nubian family of languages, traditionally included in the East Sudanese superfamily of the Nilo-Saharan macrofamily. Despite the fact that formally the Nuba profess Islam, they retain very strong remnants of traditional beliefs, due to their residence in the mountains and relatively late Islamization. Naturally, on this basis they have tense relations with Islamic radicals from the Arab environment of Northern Sudan.
On June 6, 2011, fighting broke out, the cause of which was formally the conflict situation surrounding the withdrawal of South Sudanese units from the city of Abyei. The fighting has killed at least 704 South Sudanese soldiers and displaced 140,000 civilians. Many residential buildings, social and economic infrastructure facilities were destroyed. Currently, the territory where the conflict took place remains part of Northern Sudan, which does not exclude the possibility of its further repetition.
On March 26, 2012, another armed conflict broke out between Sudan and South Sudan over the border town of Heglig and surrounding areas, many of which are rich in natural resources. The conflict involved the Sudanese People's Liberation Army and the Sudanese Armed Forces. On April 10, 2012, South Sudan captured the city of Heglig; in response, the Khartoum government announced general mobilization and on April 22, 2012, achieved the withdrawal of South Sudanese units from Heglig. This conflict contributed to Khartoum officially designating South Sudan as an enemy state. At the same time, neighboring Uganda has officially and once again confirmed that it will support South Sudan.
Meanwhile, not everything is calm on the territory of South Sudan itself. Considering that this state is inhabited by representatives of a number of nationalities who claim a primary role in the country, or are offended that other ethnic groups are in power, it is easy to predict that South Sudan almost immediately after the declaration of independence became an arena of internecine struggle between opposing ethnic armed groups. The most serious confrontation took place in 2013-2014. between the Nuer and Dinka peoples - one of the largest Nilotic ethnic groups. On December 16, 2013, an attempted military coup was foiled in the country, which, according to President Salva Kiir, was attempted by supporters of former Vice President Riek Machar. Riek Machar (born 1953), also a veteran of the guerrilla movement, fought first as part of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army, and then entered into separate agreements with the Khartoum government and led the pro-Khartoum South Sudan Defense Forces, and then the Sudan People's Defense Forces / Democratic Front. Machar then again became a supporter of Garang and served as vice president of South Sudan. Machar belongs to the Nuer people and is considered by representatives of the latter as a spokesman for their interests, as opposed to the Dinka Salva Kiir.
The coup attempt by Machar's supporters marked the beginning of a new bloody civil war in South Sudan - this time between the Dinka and Nuer peoples. According to international organizations, between the end of December 2013 and February 2014 alone, 863 thousand civilians in South Sudan became refugees, and at least 3.7 million people are in dire need of food. All efforts of international mediators to ensure the negotiation process between opponents end in failure, since there are always uncontrollable groups that continue to further escalate violence.
South Sudan Armed Forces- military organization of the Republic of South Sudan, designed to protect the freedom, independence and territorial integrity of the state. Consists of ground forces and air forces.
General information
The armed forces of South Sudan are created in accordance with Chapter 1, Part 10 of the South Sudanese Constitution. They currently consist primarily of the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), formerly the armed wing of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement and in the process of becoming a regular army.
The objectives of the South Sudan Armed Forces are described in the South Sudan Constitution:
- support for the country's constitution;
- protection of the country's sovereignty;
- protecting the people of South Sudan;
- protecting the territorial integrity of South Sudan;
- protecting South Sudan from external threats and aggression, as well as participating in solving any emergency situations, participating in reconstruction work and providing assistance in the fight against natural disasters, providing assistance in accordance with this Constitution and the law.
Types of armed forces
Ground troops
The core of the armed forces of South Sudan is the Sudan People's Liberation Army with a staff of 40,150 people.
Air Force
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Notes
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Excerpt characterizing the South Sudan Armed Forces
“And how she dances, what a g”ation!” after a short silence, he said again.- Who are you talking about?
“About your sister,” Denisov shouted angrily.
Rostov grinned.
– Mon cher comte; vous etes l"un de mes meilleurs ecoliers, il faut que vous dansiez,” said little Jogel, approaching Nikolai. “Voyez combien de jolies demoiselles.” [My dear Count, you are one of my best students. You need to dance. Look how much pretty girls!] – He made the same request to Denisov, also his former student.
“Non, mon cher, je fe"ai tapisse"ie, [No, my dear, I’ll sit by the wall," Denisov said. “Don’t you remember how badly I used your lessons?”
- Oh no! – Jogel said hastily consoling him. – You were just inattentive, but you had abilities, yes, you had abilities.
The newly introduced mazurka was played; Nikolai could not refuse Yogel and invited Sonya. Denisov sat down next to the old ladies and, leaning his elbows on his saber, stamping his beat, told something cheerfully and made the old ladies laugh, looking at the dancing young people. Yogel, in the first couple, danced with Natasha, his pride and best student. Gently, tenderly moving his feet in his shoes, Yogel was the first to fly across the hall with Natasha, who was timid, but diligently performing steps. Denisov did not take his eyes off her and tapped the beat with his saber, with an appearance that clearly said that he himself did not dance only because he did not want to, and not because he could not. In the middle of the figure, he called Rostov, who was passing by, to him.
“It’s not the same at all,” he said. - Is this a Polish mazurka? And she dances excellently. - Knowing that Denisov was even famous in Poland for his skill in dancing the Polish mazurka, Nikolai ran up to Natasha:
- Go and choose Denisov. Here he is dancing! Miracle! - he said.
When Natasha’s turn came again, she stood up and quickly fingering her shoes with bows, timidly, ran alone across the hall to the corner where Denisov was sitting. She saw that everyone was looking at her and waiting. Nikolai saw that Denisov and Natasha were arguing smiling, and that Denisov was refusing, but smiling joyfully. He ran up.
“Please, Vasily Dmitrich,” Natasha said, “let’s go, please.”
“Yes, that’s it, g’athena,” Denisov said.
“Well, that’s enough, Vasya,” said Nikolai.
“It’s like they’re trying to persuade Vaska the cat,” Denisov said jokingly.
Colonel S. Antonov
The armed forces (people's armed forces) of the Republic of Sudan have historically occupied a special place in Sudanese society. As a pillar of the current regime, they play a decisive role in maintaining stability and ensuring security in the country.
In accordance with the constitution, the President of the Republic is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces (since October 1993 - Field Marshal Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Bashir). The head of state is given the right to declare a state of emergency, bring troops to the highest levels of combat readiness, and give orders for their combat use.
Military policy, measures to prepare the country for war, directions for the development of the Sudanese armed forces, their strength and structure are determined by the National Defense Council, which also coordinates the activities of ministries and departments in the military field. Its permanent members are the president (chairman), first and second vice presidents, ministers of defense, foreign and internal affairs, finance, chiefs of the joint staff, intelligence and national security services.
The Supreme Military Council performs advisory functions to the head of state on issues of army development, development of the military industry, and areas of military-technical cooperation with foreign countries. This body includes: the Minister of Defense (chairman), his assistants, the director of the military-industrial corporation, as well as the heads of the joint staff, headquarters of the armed forces, the main operational directorate and military intelligence.
The highest military-political and administrative body for the management of the armed forces is the Ministry of Defense (MoD). It implements decisions of state leadership in the field of construction and acquisition of aircraft. The main tasks of the Defense Ministry are: organizing operational and combat training of troops; military budget planning; coordination of the activities of civilian industries producing defense products; supplying the army with military-technical equipment; management of scientific and technical work; establishing interstate relations and representative functions.
The Minister of Defense is appointed by the President (civilian, retired Colonel General Awad Mohammed bin Ahmed ibn Auf). Subordinate to him is the chief of the joint staff (Colonel General Imad al-Din Mustafa Adavi), and administratively - the chiefs of staff of the armed forces.
The Armed Forces of Sudan have a three-service structure (ground forces, air force and navy), the number of personnel, according to Military Balance 2016, is 244.3 thousand military personnel (ground forces - 240 thousand, air force and air defense - 3 thousand, Navy - 1.3 thousand people).
During a period of threat and wartime, irregular formations (people's defense forces - 20 thousand people) and reservists (85 thousand) are transferred to the operational subordination of the command of the national armed forces.
The budget of the Sudanese Ministry of Defense for 2016 is about 1 billion US dollars (2% of GDP), about 50% of which is allocated to the purchase of weapons and military equipment (AME). At the same time, at present, the combat effectiveness of the Sudanese army remains at a low level due to poor technical equipment, wear and tear of existing equipment, and insufficient training of command and rank and file personnel.
The construction of the republic's armed forces is carried out in the direction of increasing the combat effectiveness of formations and units, the quality of training of military personnel, as well as improving the military command and control system. Economic difficulties, coupled with ongoing armed clashes with opposition groups in the western Darfur region, are significantly slowing down the pace of implementation of planned development plans. The UN Security Council embargo (2005) on arms supplies to the parties to the conflict in Darfur, as well as Western sanctions against President O. Al-Bashir and his closest associates, negatively affects the development of military-technical cooperation with foreign countries, including with key partners (China, Iran, Russia).
The Sudanese armed forces are recruited on a territorial basis on the basis of universal conscription (rank and file) and a contract system (sergeants, officers, generals). The maximum service age for non-commissioned officers is 40 years, for officers - 50 years, for generals - 60 years.
In a republic where more than half the population remains below the absolute poverty line (less than $1 a day per person), military service is a prestigious activity that provides high social status and stable income.
Allowances for impeccable performance of duties and difficult service conditions range from 5 to 10% of the salary. Living space for officers is rented from the funds of the military department. Private and non-commissioned officers live in barracks on the territory of military camps. All military personnel are provided with clothing allowances and enjoy free medical care.
Officers are trained at national military educational institutions. Some of them study abroad, primarily in Iran, China and Pakistan.
The main branch of the Sudanese armed forces is ground troops. They are assigned the main role in repelling possible external aggression and ensuring internal political stability. Along with solving standard tasks, they are designed to protect the state border, military and critical infrastructure, assist internal affairs agencies in ensuring public order and security, and combating the smuggling of weapons and drugs. The immediate leadership of the Army is exercised by the Chief of Staff (Lieutenant General Yahya Khair Ahmed).
Armament and military equipment of the ground forces | |||
View | Quantity | View | Quantity |
Battle tanks: | 580 | Anti-tank weapons: | 140 |
T-72 | 70 | ATGM "Malyutka" | 20 |
T-55 | 305 | MTPK BGM-71C "Toy" | 20 |
Type "59" | 60 | anti-tank artillery guns | 100 |
Type "62" | 70 | Armored combat vehicles: | 810 |
Type "63" | 45 | BMTV (AML-90, "Saladin") | 55 |
Type "85" | 10 | BTR (BTR-80, BTR-70, BTR-50, BTR-152, M113A1, AMX-VCI, OT-62/64, Type "92", "Walid") | 340 |
M-60A3 | 20 | BMP (BMP-1, BMP-2, WZ551, YW-531) | 145 |
Artillery: | 1780 | BRM (BRDM-1, BRDM-2, Mk1 "Ferret", V-150 "Commando", M1114 "Hammer") | 270 |
155 mm self-propelled howitzers Mk F3 | 10 | Anti-aircraft weapons: | 1060 |
122-mm self-propelled howitzers 2S1 "Gvozdika" | 55 | anti-aircraft self-propelled guns (23-mm ZSU 23-4 "Shilka", 20-mm M3 VDA "Panar", M163A1 "Vulcan") | 30 |
155 mm howitzers M-114 | 10 | anti-aircraft artillery guns | 200 |
130 mm guns | 75 | 740 | |
122 mm howitzers | 20 | MANPADS ("Strela-2M", "Red Eye") | 90 |
105 mm howitzers | 20 | ||
mortars | 900 | ||
MLRS (302 mm WS-1, 122 mm BM-21, "Sakr-30", Type "81", 107 mm Type "63") | 670 |
The ground forces have 15 divisions (tank, motorized infantry, infantry - 11, airborne, engineering), 12 separate brigades (motorized infantry, infantry - six, border guard, reconnaissance, artillery - three), five special forces companies, units and central subdivisions.
The main formation of the Army is the infantry division (number of 7-8 thousand military personnel). Its typical composition includes: a headquarters, three or four tank, motorized infantry, infantry and artillery brigades, an anti-tank artillery division, an anti-aircraft artillery battery and four battalions (reconnaissance, engineering, communications, logistics).
The ground forces are armed with: battle tanks - 580, field artillery guns - 190, mortars - 900, multiple launch rocket systems - 670; anti-tank weapons - 140; anti-aircraft weapons - 1060; armored fighting vehicles -810.
The level of combat readiness of the country's military forces is assessed as low. The staffing of formations and units with personnel and equipment is less than 50%. More than half of the weapons and military equipment have reached their service life limits and require major repairs.
Sudanese Air Force include aviation units and subunits and air defense troops. The main tasks of the Air Force are: repelling enemy air attacks; gaining air superiority; covering important government and industrial facilities; air support for ground forces; conducting aerial reconnaissance; ensuring the transfer of troops.
The direct leadership of the Air Force is exercised by the Chief of Staff (Lieutenant General Osama ad-Din Mubarak Habibullah).
The air force consists of 12 squadrons (fighter - two, attack - two, transport - three, training, combat helicopters - two, transport helicopters - two), 11 divisions (anti-aircraft missiles - five, anti-aircraft artillery - six), MANPADS batteries and two radio technical battalions.
The Air Force is armed with: combat aircraft - 52; combat helicopters - 45; auxiliary aircraft -45; auxiliary aviation helicopters - 23; missile launchers - 25; anti-aircraft artillery guns - 200; anti-aircraft machine gun installations -150; portable anti-aircraft missile systems - 250.
For the basing of Air Force units, the Wadi Syedna (Khartoum) and Port Sudan airbases, the Kassala and Kenana airfields, and the El Fasher and Gebel Auliya helicopter airfields are used, where material reserves and infrastructure for the operation of aircraft have been created. The facilities are equipped with more than 20 shelters, including several reinforced ones. Khartoum, El Obeid, El Geneina and Atbara airfields are used by both air force and civil aviation aircraft.
Quantity | Air Force weapons and military equipment | Quantity | |
Combat aircraft | 58 | Support aircraft: | 45 |
bombers (Su-24) | 4 | Combat training: | 14 |
fighters (MiG-29) | 20 | Mig-29UB | 2 |
fighter-bombers (F-5E/F) | 6 | K-8 | 12 |
stormtroopers: | 26 | Transport: | 31 |
Su-25 | 11 | IL-76 | 1 |
A-5 "Fantan" | 15 | IL-62 | 1 |
reconnaissance (An-30) | 2 | An-12 | 7 |
Combat helicopters | 45 | An-26 | 1 |
Drums: | 40 | An-32 | 2 |
Mi-24 | 34 | An-72 | 2 |
Mi-35 | 6 | An-74 | 4 |
Combat support (Mi-17) | 5 | Y-8 | 2 |
Auxiliary aviation helicopters (transport): | 23 | S-130 "Hercules" | 4 |
Mi-8 | 21 | DHC-5D "Buffalo" | 3 |
Mi-171 | 2 | "Falcon-50" | 3 |
Anti-aircraft weapons: | 625 | F-27 | 1 |
PU SAM SDS-75 | 25 | ||
anti-aircraft artillery guns | 200 | ||
anti-aircraft machine gun installations | 150 | ||
MANPADS ("Strela-2M", "Rad Eye") | 250 |
The level of combat readiness of the Sudanese Air Force is assessed as low. The staffing level of personnel and equipment is about 70%. More than 30% of the aircraft in the country's aviation fleet have reached their service life limits and require major repairs. Carrying out routine maintenance to restore equipment is difficult due to an acute shortage of spare parts and consumables.
To tasks Sudanese Navy includes the conduct of combat operations against enemy ships, the protection of sea communications, the defense of the coast and ports of the country. The direct leadership of the Navy is exercised by the Chief of Staff (Vice Admiral Fatih Saleh Mohammed).
The naval forces have detachments of small landing ships, patrol and patrol boats, auxiliary vessels, as well as security and support units.
The naval forces are armed with: small landing ships - two, patrol and patrol boats - 20; two tankers, as well as a hydrographic vessel.
The naval base system includes the main base of Flamingo Bay (Port Sudan), where repairs of small ships and vessels are also carried out.
The level of combat readiness of the naval forces is assessed as low. The manning level does not exceed 70%, and weapons and military equipment - 90%. The technical condition of the ship's personnel is unsatisfactory.
The armed forces of the Republic of Sudan are actively involved in combat missions to combat rebel groups and gangs in the areas bordering Libya, the Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia and South Sudan, and also participate in the operation conducted by the coalition of Arab states against the rebels in Yemen.
In general, at this stage, the Sudanese Armed Forces have a low level of combat readiness and are able to carry out the tasks assigned to them only to a limited extent.
FOREIGN MILITARY REVIEW No. 3/2008, pp. 15-20
Colonel O. YUZHIN
In the context of armed confrontation with the rebel movements of the Darfur region and ongoing tensions in relations with Eritrea, the military-political leadership of the Republic of Sudan pays special attention to increasing the combat capability of the national armed forces (People's Armed Forces - PAF).
The Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the country's National Armed Forces is the President of the Republic (Field Marshal O. H. al-Bashir), who, through the National Defense Council and the Supreme Military Council, determines the general directions of state policy in the field of preparing society for war, building the armed forces, developing the military industry and cooperation with foreign countries. states in the military sphere. The decisions taken are implemented through the Ministry of Defense (Minister - General A. Hussein).
The Sudanese Armed Forces have a three-service structure, which includes the ground forces (ground forces), air forces and air defense forces (AF and air defense) and naval forces (navy).
The number of personnel of the NAF is 104.8 thousand people.
Direct control of the people's armed forces is entrusted to the joint headquarters (OSH, chief - Colonel General X. al-Jeili). The General Staff of the Armed Forces is a single command body for the development and implementation of decisions in the field of armed defense of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the republic.
The Joint Headquarters of the NAF performs the following tasks:
Development of conceptual foundations in the field of national military strategy, construction and development of the armed forces, as well as their organizational structure;
Strategic and operational control of armed forces in peacetime and wartime;
Dislocation of units and units of the Sudanese Armed Forces
- monitoring the implementation of measures for operational and combat training of troops;
Development of directives and orders that are mandatory for execution by all ministries, state committees and departments, commands of branches and branches of the military, formations and formations.
The headquarters of the ground forces is located in the capital, Khartoum, and is the main control body for combined arms formations and units. Organizationally, it consists of the following departments: operational, administrative, combat training, supply, engineering, inspector, weapons, communications, financial, moral and psychological training.
The Air Force and Air Defense headquarters are also located in Khartoum. Organizationally, it consists of departments: combat training, operational, administrative, supply, engineering, inspector, weapons, communications, navigation and financial.
The Naval Headquarters (Port Sudan) manages the activities of detachments of surface ships, bases, as well as individual units and units of coastal defense. It consists of departments and services: intelligence, operational, combat training, administrative, supply, weapons, communications, topographical, marine police, officer affairs.
Changes in the internal political situation that occurred after the signing of a peace agreement in 2005 between the central government and the Sudanese People's Liberation Movement required the country's leadership to make adjustments to approaches to building the national armed forces. Thus, the main content of the military policy of President O. H. al-Bashir and his entourage is the creation of integrated armed forces and optimization of the military command and control system in relation to new conditions.
Since the beginning of 2006, the country has been carrying out a set of measures to reorganize the system of senior management of the armed forces. As part of these events, on March 17, 2006, the President of Sudan approved a new structure of the highest military command bodies. In particular, the general headquarters of the country's armed forces was abolished and on its basis an OS was created, to which the headquarters of the armed forces are subordinate. The headquarters of the ground forces has been re-formed, which at this stage of the reform is one of the main innovations - previously the ground forces were controlled directly by the General Staff.
The decree provided for the unification of the air force and air defense forces and the creation of an air force and air defense headquarters on the basis of their commands. The headquarters of the Navy was formed on the basis of the command of the naval forces.
Territorial structures - military districts - are abolished. On their basis, it is planned to create commands in different areas, which, according to Sudanese military experts, will allow a more thorough approach to the organization and conduct of combat operations in various regions of the country.
The plans of the republic's leadership also provide for a radical improvement in intelligence and information support for the armed forces. In particular, it is planned to expand the staff of the special services, increase the level of their technical equipment, organize personnel training, create intelligence centers of the Armed Forces, as well as stationary points and mobile groups of radio and electronic intelligence.
Currently, the combat effectiveness of the Sudanese Armed Forces is at a low level due to the poor technical equipment of units and subunits, the unsatisfactory state of weapons (most of them were supplied to the republic before the 80s of the last century) and insufficient training of command and rank and file of the army.
In this regard, a program for reforming the National Military Service (for the period until 2025) was developed at the national level and adopted in 2001. During its implementation, it is planned to significantly increase the combat capability of the national armed forces by re-equipping formations and units with modern types of weapons and military equipment, modernizing the personnel training system, and improving the structure of command and control.
Due to the inability of the national military-economic base to ensure the implementation of this program in full, the government of the country is seeking to involve industrialized countries in this process.
Using revenues from oil exports (proven reserves in Sudan exceed 2 billion barrels, daily production in 2006 was 380 thousand barrels), the government of O. H. al-Bashir has been able to gradually increase spending on the purchase of military goods and services in recent years (more than $350 million in 2006) and thereby increase the attractiveness of the republic as a potential consumer of foreign arms and military equipment.
The political pressure of the United States and its European allies on the regime of O. H. al-Bashir regarding its policy in the western region of the country - Darfur and the associated restrictions in the field of military and military-technical cooperation (MTC) with Khartoum, imposed by the American administration, are significant limit the ability of the Sudanese authorities to search and select military-technical cooperation partners. At this stage, the most promising countries for Sudan are not Western, but Asian countries - China, India, Pakistan, Iran, as well as Russia and other CIS countries.
Structural diagram of the joint headquarters of the Sudanese Armed Forces
Ground troops- the main and most numerous type of NAF in Sudan. They are assigned the main role in repelling possible external aggression and ensuring the stability of the ruling regime. The leadership of the ground forces is exercised by the chief of staff of the ground forces, who is also their commander. The number of personnel is 100 thousand people.
The combat composition of the ground forces includes: ten divisions (six infantry, tank, mechanized, airborne, engineering), nine separate brigades (seven infantry, mechanized, border) and five separate companies (special forces).
The Army is armed with: T-54, T-55, T-62 battle tanks, AML-90, BRDM-1/2, BMP-1/2 armored personnel carriers, M-113 armored personnel carriers, LAV-150/V- armored personnel carriers 100 “Commando”, BTR-50/152, MLRS BM-21, 76, 85, 100, 105, 122 and 130-mm artillery systems, anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons (Table 1).
The main formation of ground forces is a division (numbering 8.7-9.2 thousand people). The tank division includes a headquarters, two tank and motorized infantry brigades, a reconnaissance battalion, an artillery brigade, and an anti-aircraft artillery battery. The infantry division was built according to a similar scheme (headquarters, three infantry, tank and artillery brigades, an anti-tank artillery division, battalions - reconnaissance, engineer-sapper, communications, logistics, anti-aircraft artillery battery).
Table 1
ARMAMENT OF THE SUDAN GROUND FORCES
In combat air force and air defense forces there are 13 aviation squadrons (three fighter-bomber, two fighter, three transport, two combat helicopters, one transport helicopter and two training) and five air defense anti-aircraft missile batteries (Table 2). The command of the air force and air defense forces is entrusted to the chief of staff of the air force and air defense, who is also their commander. The number of personnel is 3 thousand people.
Naval forces organizationally include the headquarters of the Navy (Port Sudan), the Flamingo Bay naval base (Port Sudan), detachments of small landing ships, patrol and patrol boats, as well as auxiliary vessels. The number of Navy personnel is 1.8 thousand people.
The ship's composition includes 18 warships (two small landing ships, four patrol boats and 12 patrol boats) and two auxiliary vessels (tankers).
The armed forces are recruited by conscription (rank and file) and on the basis of voluntary recruitment (sergeants, officers, generals). The age of entry (conscription) into military service and the maximum terms of service for various categories are given in table. 3.
Recruits called up for active military service undergo initial military training at the appropriate conscript training centers, after which they are sent to units. The training period is included in the service period. The service life for enlisted personnel is 1.5 years; for sergeants, officers and generals it is determined by the age limit for military service (Table 3).
In Sudan, where a significant part of the population remains below the absolute poverty line (one dollar a day per person), military service not only as an officer, but also as a sergeant is a prestigious activity that provides a stable income and a relatively high social status. Moreover, the amount of salary depends on length of service, position held and military rank. The pay of senior officers and generals is at a fairly high level (for tropical Africa) - on average from 200 (major category) to 400 US dollars (general). The salary level for sergeants and privates is 60 and 20 dollars, respectively.
table 2
WEAPONS OF THE SUDAN AIR FORCE AND AIR DEFENSE
The NAF has a system of bonuses to the official salary for impeccable performance of duties, service on weekends and holidays, for flights and for duty operators of the flight safety service (up to 40 US dollars per month). Military personnel receive clothing allowances (daily and field uniforms) and enjoy free medical care in hospitals of the Ministry of Defense.
The size of pensions depends on military rank and length of service.
The Sudanese Ministry of Defense does not provide employment to military personnel discharged from military service.
The problem of training military personnel is being solved in three directions: the development of national military educational institutions; inviting foreign instructors to the country, including on a private basis; training of military personnel in military educational institutions of foreign countries.
The national military training system includes academies, colleges, schools and schools. The country has four military academies (including the naval one in Port Sudan), 17 military colleges and schools for training officers, seven schools and schools for training sergeants and junior technical specialists.
The practice of sending military personnel for training abroad is widespread. In modern conditions, Sudan's main partners in this area of military cooperation are China, Egypt, and Iran.
The NAF mobilization deployment system consists of mobilization bodies under territorial formations - five military districts. In addition, local administrations keep detailed records of enlisted personnel and persons of military age.
The total number of trained reserves is 102.5 thousand people, including 17.5 thousand in the People's Defense Forces (PDF).
The main tasks of the People's Defense Forces are to protect central and local government bodies, important industrial facilities, communication centers, and maintain public order. SNO formations may also be involved in operations to eliminate criminal organizations, suppress anti-government protests, and solve civil defense problems. Organizationally, these forces are consolidated into battalions subordinate to the commander of the military district. The SNO's arsenal consists mainly of outdated models of small arms and military equipment. In 2005, several units of these forces took part in hostilities against separatists in the west of the republic (Darfur) and militants of the Ugandan armed group Lord's Resistance Army in the south.
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