Aquatic living environment. Specific properties of water as a habitat
Labor intensity should be analyzed not only with planned indicators, but also with other enterprises in the industry. Output and labor intensity reflect the results of real work, on the basis of which it is possible to identify resources for development, increasing productivity, saving time, and reducing numbers. Productivity Index This is another indicator of employee performance. It shows the rate of productivity growth. ΔPT = [(V1 - V0)/V0] * 100% = [(T1 - T1)/T1] * 100%, where:
- B1 – average annual output of one employee in the reporting period;
- Т1 – labor intensity of the reporting period;
- B0 – average annual output of a worker in the base period;
- Т0 – labor intensity of the base period;
As can be seen from the formulas presented above, the index can be calculated using production and productivity data.
Methods for calculating labor productivity
Efficient use of resources is a condition that ensures the fulfillment of production plans. For the purpose of analysis, the organization’s personnel are divided into production and administrative. Based on the name, it is clear that the first group includes employees directly involved in the main activities of the enterprise, and the second group includes all the rest.
For each of these groups, the average annual output is calculated and the quality of labor use is analyzed. Basic Concepts Labor force analysis examines labor productivity. It shows how many products are produced per hour (day, month, year).
Info
To calculate this indicator, you need to determine the average annual output and labor intensity. They best reflect the efficiency of labor costs. Increased productivity leads to increased production and wage savings.
Average annual output per worker
Productivity must be constantly increased by using new equipment, training workers, and organizing production. Salary Fund (WF) Analysis of WF begins with the calculation of deviations of actual (WWF) and planned (WWF) salary values: WFPa (rub) = WFF – WFF. Relative deviation takes into account the implementation of the production plan.
To calculate it, the variable part of the salary is multiplied by the plan fulfillment coefficient, and permanent part remains unchanged. Piece wages, bonuses for production results, vacation pay and other payments that depend on production volumes are included in the variable part. Salaries calculated according to tariffs relate to the permanent part.
Relative deviation of FZP: FZP = FZP f – (FZPper * K + ZP constant).
Financial Dictionary
When producing and performing various works, their volume is calculated in monetary terms, which to a certain extent reduces the accuracy of the calculation. What is the practical meaning of these indicators?
- Comparison with plan, baseline or actual indicator previous periods helps to find out whether the efficiency of the team as a whole has increased or decreased and individual structures enterprises.
- Allows you to assess the potential load on workers and the ability of the enterprise to fulfill a certain volume of orders within a specified period.
- Helps to determine the extent of the usefulness of introducing additional technical means and application of new technologies. For this purpose it is compared average employee performance before and after the implementation of technical innovations.
- Based on the analysis of the data obtained, a personnel incentive system is being developed.
Output per 1 employee: formula, standards and calculations
Soviet encyclopedic Dictionary Chief ed A
- Analysis of methods for assessing the creditworthiness of small businesses in Russian and foreign practice. The financial and credit dictionary interprets creditworthiness as the presence of prerequisites for obtaining a loan, the ability to repay it. The borrower’s creditworthiness is determined by indicators characterizing his accuracy in making payments on previously received loans, the ability to
- Development of analysis methods financial condition economic entities in the construction and repair of ships and assessment of their financial and economic situation and financial results When studying the stages of production, we are faced with the problem of defining some concepts such as production...
Labor productivity analysis
Attention
Formula for calculating average labor productivity: Av=ΣQi*Ki,
- where Avr – average labor productivity;
- Qi is the volume of each type of product produced;
- Ki is the labor intensity coefficient of each type of product produced.
To determine this coefficient, a position with minimal labor intensity is selected. It is equal to one. To find coefficients for other types of products, the labor intensity of each is divided by the minimum labor intensity. To calculate the labor productivity of one employee, the following formula is used: PT = (Q*(1 – Kp)) / T1.
To calculate labor productivity indicators, enterprise balance sheet data is used, in particular, the volume of products produced. This indicator is reflected in the second section of the documentation in line 2130.
How to calculate labor productivity at an enterprise?
Resource provision Great importance has quantity busy people at the enterprise. When analyzing the supply of labor resources, the actual number is compared with the planned number and indicators for the previous period for each group of workers. A positive trend is when average annual output grows against the background of a change (decrease) in the number of any of the groups of employed employees.
The reduction of support personnel is achieved by increasing the level of specialization of those involved in setting up and repairing equipment, increasing mechanization and improving labor. The number of personnel is determined according to industry standards and rational use working time required to perform certain functions: 1. Workers: H = Labor intensity: (Annual working time fund * Standard fulfillment rate).
2.
Analysis of enterprise performance, page 10
Often calculated for one hour, day or week.
- Labor intensity, on the contrary, indicates the amount of time that a worker spent on the production of one unit of goods.
It is worth noting that increased productivity leads to reduced production costs. Thus, by increasing productivity, you can significantly save on wages and increase production profits. Calculation of output and labor intensity Output depends on the average number of employees and the time spent on production.
The formula looks like this: B=V/T or B=V/N, where
- V – quantity of manufactured product;
- T is the time spent on its production,
- N – average number of employees.
Labor intensity shows how much effort one worker puts into creating a unit of goods.
Key indicators and formula for calculating labor productivity
Not only the productivity indicator, but also the quality of the product largely depends on his knowledge and qualifications.
- Availability of additional incentives - bonuses, increased payment for processing.
In general, labor productivity of any enterprise is constantly growing. This is connected both with the acquisition of experience and with the building up of technical and technological potential. Video: Formula for calculating labor productivity Find out all the intricacies of calculating labor productivity from the video below. It provides the main factors influencing the calculation of labor productivity, related concepts and formulas, as well as examples of solving the most common problems that an enterprise owner may encounter.
Output per 1 employee based on cash revenue formula
Equipment workers: N = Number of units * Number of workers in a given area * Load factor. Analysis of qualification level The number of employees by specialty is compared with the standard. The analysis reveals a surplus (shortage) of workers in a certain profession. The qualification level assessment is calculated by summing the tariff categories for each type of work. If the actual value is lower than planned, this will indicate a decrease in product quality and the need to improve personnel qualifications. The opposite situation suggests that workers need to be paid extra for their qualifications.
Management personnel are checked for compliance with the level of education for the position held. An employee's qualifications depend on age and length of service. These parameters are also taken into account in the analysis.
- Tp = (Tf – Tp) * Df * Chf * Ch – sentries.
Dp = (Df – Dp) * Chf * Tp – daytime.
The reasons for such losses may be absence from work with permission from the administration, due to illness, absenteeism, downtime due to lack of raw materials or equipment malfunction. Each of these reasons is analyzed in detail. The reserve for increasing the FRF is to reduce losses, which depend on the workforce. Separately, time losses due to the production and correction of rejected products are calculated using the following algorithm: - specific gravity workers' wages in production costs; - the amount of salary in the cost of marriage; — the share of workers’ wages in the cost minus material costs; — the share of wages of workers involved in repairing marriages; — average hourly wage; - time spent on making and correcting defects.
The production rate for 1 worker is calculated quite simply. The formulas are simple, but you need to understand how and when to apply them.
The effectiveness of human labor is characterized by output.
As quantitative indicators of productivity, natural and cost indicators are used, such as: tons, meters, cubic meters, pieces, etc.
Labor productivity is characterized by production. Output is calculated per main worker, per worker and one employed. IN different cases calculations will be carried out differently.
- For one main worker - the quantity of products produced is divided by the number of main workers.
- Per worker - the amount of products produced is divided by total number workers (main plus auxiliary).
- Per employee - the number of products produced is divided by the number of total personnel.
Labor productivity indicators characterize the efficiency of using employees in an enterprise. One of them is the production rate.
The production rate is the amount of work (in units of production) that a worker or group of workers needs to complete in a specified time under specific organizational and technical conditions. It is installed when the same operation is regularly performed during a shift (the same products are created). Based on it, it is already possible to assign a salary to the employee.
Specific indicators of production standards are established by the enterprise - the state only gives general practical recommendations(they are set out in regulatory documents).
For each industry, the rate of output per person is calculated slightly differently, despite the existence of one simple “general” formula.
Output formula per 1 worker
Production standards can be determined for one worker by dividing the time fund by the time standard.
You can take a year, a month, a week or the duration of a shift as a fund.
For mass production For large enterprises, the standard time for manufacturing a product is equal to the standard piece-calculation time. For industries where the same workers perform the main, preparatory and final work, the time standards will be different.
It is best to take the duration of the shift as a basis. From here the average output per month or per hour is calculated.
The formula for calculations looks like this:
N exp = T cm / T op,
where T cm is the shift time,
T op – time to produce one product.
This is the same “general” formula that was mentioned earlier. It works great for mass production. It is worth noting that although it is customary to take time in minutes, you can choose other units of time.
For serial or single production, the formula will be different:
N exp = T cm / T pcs.
T cm – shift time,
T pcs – time to manufacture one product, calculated taking into account its cost.
For industries where preparatory stage is calculated and normalized separately, the production formula needs to be modified:
N exp = (T cm - T pz) / T cm,
where N exp is the operating rate in natural units,
T cm – working time fund for which the operating norm is established (here: shift time),
T pz - time for the preparatory stage in minutes.
In cases of working with automated equipment, it is necessary to take into account the service time (which is also standardized):
N exp = N o * N vm,
where N exp is the operating rate in natural units,
N VM is the production rate of equipment, which is calculated:
N vm = N vm theory * K pv,
where N vm theor is the theoretical output of the machine,
K pv is the coefficient of useful labor time per shift.
If batch hardware processes are used, the formula also changes.
N eq = (T cm – T ob – T ex) * T p * N o / T op,
where N exp is the operating rate in natural units,
T cm – shift duration,
T about – time for equipment maintenance,
T exc – standard time for personal needs of personnel,
T p – products produced in one period,
N o – normalized service time,
T op – the duration of this period.
You need to understand that “general” formulas do not take into account the specifics of a particular production. For Food Industry, for example, the calculations are slightly different.
It is not enough for us to measure how many dishes a cook prepares per day; this will not say anything about his productivity: there are different dishes, including complex ones. Therefore, to calculate the production rate in this case, special coefficients are used.
One “simplest” dish is taken and taken as a unit of labor intensity. For example, a serving of chicken soup takes 100 seconds to prepare and is taken per unit. Soup that takes 200 seconds to prepare is taken for a deuce. And so on.
The cook needs to prepare workplace, serve it. Prepare yourself for work.
The calculation formula looks like this:
N eq = (T cm – T pz – T obs – T exc) / T op,
where N exp is the operating rate in natural units,
T cm – working time fund for which the operating norm is established,
T pz — time for the preparatory stage in minutes;
T obs - time required to service the workplace, in minutes;
T exc - time spent on personal needs, in minutes;
T op - time per unit of production in minutes.
When calculating the operating hours and cleaning of production premises, it is taken into account that different surfaces do not wash equally well. Plus, cleaners need to move from one room to another.
N exp = (T cm – T obs – T ln – T dep) * K / T op,
where N in is the production rate,
T cm - duration of the shift in minutes,
T obs - time required to service the workplace during a shift, in minutes;
T otd - time spent on rest, in minutes,
T ln - time for a break for personal needs in minutes,
T op - time to clean 1 m 2 area in seconds,
K is the coefficient that is taken into account when cleaning. It is determined with a stopwatch. It shows how much time is spent moving between halls.
Calculation examples
For single production:
Master making chapels self made, works 20,000 s per day. Time for one piece – 2500 s.
N vyr = 20000 / 2500 = 8 pcs.
A master makes 8 handmade chapels per day.
For mass production:
Time work shift at the plant for the production of chapels is 28800 s. Time to make one chapel, according to regulatory documents, — 1800 s.
N vyr = 28800 / 1800 = 16 pcs.
One worker must make 16 chapels in one shift.
For production, where the preparatory stage is standardized:
At another chapel plant, the time it takes workers to prepare the work area and tools is taken into account. Shift duration – 28800 s. The time to make one chapel is 1700 s. Time preparatory work– 200 s.
N exp = (28800 - 200) / 1700 = 16.82 pcs.
A worker at the second plant must produce 16.82 chapels during a shift.
For automated production:
At chapel plant No. 2, chapel machines began to be used, which, in theory, were capable of producing 50 chapels per shift. The coefficient of useful labor time per shift for machines is 0.95. The normalized service time is 0.85 work shifts.
N exp = 0.85 * 50 * 0.95 = 40.375 pcs.
The chapel machine will have to produce 40,375 products per day.
For periodic instrumental processes in production:
Other workers in the same factory must attach automatic latches to the chapels - using machines. Shift duration is 28800 seconds. 1000 s are allocated for machine maintenance. For personal needs, you can be absent for 900 seconds during a shift. During one period, the machine attaches 10 latches. Service time is 0.85 shifts. The duration of one period of use of the machine is 500 s.
N exp = (28800 – 1000 – 900) * 10 * 0.85 / 500 = 457.3 pcs.
During the shift, workers must attach 457.3 automatic latches to the chapels.
For the food industry:
For cooking oatmeal a cook in a canteen for workers at a chapel plant spends 28,700 s. Preparatory time takes 1200 s. It takes the cook 1000 s to prepare the necessary ingredients and work area. During breaks, 3200 s are spent on rest. According to regulatory documents, it takes 1800 seconds to prepare one serving of oatmeal.
Note. Problem texts taken from the forum.
Task
In the third quarter, production output per employee amounted to 5,000 rubles per person. In the fourth quarter, the company plans to produce products worth 15 million rubles. and at the same time reduce the number of employees by 80 people. Determine the output per worker in the fourth quarter and the planned increase in labor productivity (%). | In the third quarter, the production volume per worker amounted to 5,000 rubles per person. In the fourth quarter, the enterprise plans to release products worth 15 million rubles. and immediately reduce the number of workers by 80 people. Calculate the increase in productivity per worker in the fourth quarter and the planned increase in worker productivity (%). |
A comment.
The difference between economists and accountants and other numbers crunchers is that economists try to understand the essence of the process with which they work.
Let's start with output per person per quarter. Divide by three, we get 1,667 rubles per month. Let's subtract VAT, at least 5% of the profit, take into account that the share of wages usually does not exceed 30% and we get 400 rubles of wages per person! And this comes with accruals! It immediately becomes clear that any normal semantic economic content this task does not have.
Now let's look at the second sentence. In it we learn about the company's plans for production and reduction. For some reason, the author is confident that the development of the third quarter should be the basis for the development of the fourth. What if the enterprise stood for a month or two? Doesn’t the author of the problem realize that the number of working days (and, accordingly, the amount of working time) in the third and fourth quarters is different? That is, even if we have an automatic plant, then output will still vary!
Where we have a simple conclusion: for a specialist in enterprise economics this problem has no solution!
And further. An increase in labor productivity is ensured not by the stroke of a pen, but by organizational and technical measures. And only on the basis of this data can we carry out staff reductions and determine the results that we can get. Here everything is turned upside down. But we need an “A” from the teacher...
Solution.
Let's determine the planned number. To do this (for some reason) let’s take the fact of the third quarter (see comment)
15,000,000 / 5,000 = 3,000 people
Now we can “reduce with the stroke of a pen” 80 people
3,000 - 80 = 2,920 people
And we will define the “new” productivity. Apparently, the author of this problem will go to the podium and address the team with a fiery speech... Everyone will immediately begin to “work better.”
15,000,000 / 2,920 = 5,136.99 rubles per person
Well, let’s divide it into a “base period”
5 136,99 / 5 000 * 100% - 100% = 2,74%
Answer: output will be 5,136.99 rubles, labor productivity growth will be 2.74%
Task
The average number of working days per year is 246, average duration working day - 7.95 hours. Produced per year commercial products for 18,500 thousand UAH. The average number of industrial production personnel per year is 900 people, including workers - 780 people. Determine the average annual, average daily and average hourly output per employee and per worker. | The average number of working days per river is 246, the average number of working days is 7.95 years. The region produced 18,500 thousand UAH worth of commercial products. The number of industrial and manufacturing personnel in the average country is 900 people, including 780 workers. Calculate the average, average day and average annual production per worker and one worker. |
A comment.
From the point of view of economics or the opportunity to learn something, the task is not of interest. Training on the ability to press buttons on a calculator.
However, if you are even the slightest bit of an economist, you have to wonder: What kind of enterprise is this that produces products worth 1713 UAH? per month per person?(18,500,000 / 900 / 12 ≈ 1,713). If you subtract materials, taxes, electricity, gas from this amount, then how much will remain for wages? The teacher should have thought about this issue.
Sadly...
Solution.
Let's present the solution in the form of a completed table.
The answer, as we see, is given in the table, but the numbers, by their economic essence, are complete nonsense....
The ultimate goal of any entrepreneurial endeavor is to make a profit. A businessman or enterprise uses a complex of necessary resources: goods, raw materials, energy sources, property and technical means, new technologies, labor and services of various organizations.
To obtain a positive result, the economic effect from the use of all elements of these resources must be accurately determined.
What is it, why count?
Every employer dreams of the staff he hires to do as much work as possible in a shorter period of time. For average calculation of the work efficiency of the workforce labor productivity indicators are used.
The most objective assessment will be the productivity of labor of workers performing homogeneous work under similar conditions. In this case, in the analysis you can see how many operations, parts, components are performed by employees, that is, calculate in physical terms: how much one person produces in an hour, shift, month, or how much time he needs to produce a unit of product.
When producing and performing various works, their volume is calculated in monetary terms, which to a certain extent reduces the accuracy of the calculation.
What is the practical meaning of these indicators?
- Comparison with the planned, baseline or actual indicator of previous periods helps to find out whether the labor efficiency of the team as a whole and individual structures of the enterprise has increased or decreased.
- Allows you to assess the potential load on workers and the ability of the enterprise to fulfill a certain volume of orders within a specified period.
- Helps to determine the extent of the usefulness of introducing additional technical means and using new technologies. To do this, the average employee output is compared before and after the implementation of technical innovations.
- Based on the analysis of the data obtained, a personnel incentive system is being developed. The amount of bonuses and incentives will be calculated correctly if it ensures a corresponding increase in revenue and profit of the enterprise.
- The analysis also reveals specific factors that positively and negatively affect labor intensity. For example, interruptions in the supply of spare parts, raw materials and materials, frequent breakdowns of equipment, insufficient organization of labor in the workshop or enterprise. If necessary, working hours are added to this analysis and appropriate adjustments are made to labor standards individual divisions and the work of middle and senior managers.
You can see detailed information about calculating this indicator in the following video:
Formulas and examples of calculations
Generalized formula for labor productivity:
P= O/H, Where
- P is the average labor productivity of one employee;
- О — completed amount of work;
- N — number of employees.
This indicator, which characterizes how much work one person performs during a selected period (hour, shift, week, month), is also called production.
Example 1. In January 2016, the fashion studio completed 120 orders for sewing outerwear (jackets). The work was carried out by 4 seamstresses. The labor productivity of one seamstress was 120/4 = 30 jackets per month.
Reverse indicator - labor intensity— determines how much labor (man-hours, man-days) is needed to produce a unit of product.
Example 2. In December 2015, the workshop of the furniture factory produced 2,500 chairs. According to the time sheet, the staff worked 8,000 man-hours. It took 8000/2500 = 3.2 man-hours to make one chair.
To determine labor productivity by workshop, structural unit of a plant, factory for a period (month, quarter, year), the formula is used PT=оС/срР, Where
- PT - average labor productivity of one employee for the period;
- оС - total total cost finished products during the period;
- sr - shop workers.
Example 3. In November 2015, the metal products shop produced finished products totaling 38 million rubles. The average number of employees was 400 people. 63,600 man-hours worked. In December 2015, products worth 42 million rubles were manufactured, and the average headcount was 402 people. 73,560 man-hours worked.
Output per person:
- In November it amounted to 38,000 thousand rubles/400 = 95 thousand rubles.
- In December, 42,000 thousand rubles/402 = 104.5 thousand rubles.
The labor productivity growth rate for the workshop was 104.5 / 95 x 100% = 110%.
Labor intensity for the production of finished products worth 1 million:
- In November: 63,600 man-hours / 38 million rubles = 1,673.7 man-hours,
- In December: 73,560 man-hours / 42 million rubles = 1,751.4 man-hours.
Qualitative analysis of labor indicators makes it possible to optimize total number workers, their placement, identify existing shortcomings and reserves in the organization of work and the need for technical improvement of work processes.
The value of output per 1 employee is one of the key production indicators, used both for production planning and for assessing labor results and its effectiveness. In this case, output per worker can be studied and established different ways and imply different periods - shift, month, hour or other time periods. Knowing the formula for output per 1 employee, you can calculate it quite easily - however, different types activities may require various calculations.
Output per 1 employee - what is it?
At many enterprises, the most convenient mechanism for distributing tasks among employees is to assign a production rate. The production standard is a set of works that an employee must perform under his existing working conditions. At the same time, the mechanisms for assigning production standards can be applied to almost any category of employees, but this solution will be most effective and simple if it is applied to workers engaged in the production of similar goods.
Output per worker, in turn, is an indicator that is used in many calculations - both to determine the productivity of the employee himself, and to determine the potential capabilities of the organization or its structural unit to produce the required volumes of goods. Also, an analysis of output per worker per shift can be used for the purpose of subsequent modernization of production - both through technical innovations and by making changes to the process of organizing the workplace.
It is necessary to distinguish production indicators per employee from production indicators per main worker or per employee. Thus, output per worker is an indicator applied to all personnel of the enterprise - both those involved in production directly or indirectly, and not. In this situation, service personnel are also taken into account. By output per main worker we mean the total output per employee employed directly in the final production process. Output per worker requires the participation of production personnel in the calculations, including those indirectly related to production.
Since the concept of output per employee is not regulated by law, there may be different interpretations of it. For example, the output per employee indicator can be applied both to the entire company as a whole and to individual structural divisions or specific employees to calculate their personal efficiency and labor productivity.
How to set output per 1 employee
It should be noted that output per 1 employee can be an indicator used for planning future economic indicators and labor standardization at the enterprise, as well as an indicator determined after the fact based on the results of a certain period. Regardless specific situation, determining output per worker involves two main steps:
In this way, a specific indicator of output per employee can be obtained by dividing the accounting period by the standard time. However, this is only general principle, because in practice, employees rarely engage exclusively in the same type of actions. At the same time, it is possible to set production standards per employee even in professions not related to production.
For some types of activities, legislation establishes approximate production standards. However, they are only recommended for use, and not mandatory - only certain exceptions can be made government agencies and companies, where the relevant requirements can be fixed by specific regulations and documents.
Output per 1 employee - formula for more complex situations
The general formula for output per 1 employee, described earlier, will look like this:
- B = FV/NV
В – production, ФВ – total time fund, НВ – time norm for one unit of production.
If direct production requires certain preparation, then the employer should take into account the preparatory stage when developing production standards for 1 employee. The formula in this case looks like this:
- B = (VS – VP)/NV
WS – shift time, VP – preparation time, NV – standard time.
In cases where an employee is engaged in solving various problems during his work, the employer should take into account an additional coefficient in the production rate. For example, you should define the minimum unit of account - the simplest work transaction. When determining production standards, one should take into account the amount of time spent on the production of a particular product in relation to the minimum unit of account.
In general, the indicator of output per 1 worker is extremely important for HR specialists, because it is on its basis that employees can be attracted to or, on the contrary, encouraged. In addition, this indicator is also used in deeper economic research within the enterprise.
For example, when looking for solutions to optimize labor, because an increase in output per employee will mean a general increase in work activities.