Types of military intelligence operational tactical strategic. Tactical reconnaissance
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The basis for successful actions of a raid group is secrecy of movement. The secrecy of the group's actions is ensured by strict adherence to camouflage and secrecy measures, the choice of optimal routes of movement and options for constructing a combat (march) order, the skillful use of tracking, constant analysis of the situation and timely adoption of the necessary measures when it changes.
Movement routes (advances to the reconnaissance area and movement of the group (patrol) in the reconnaissance area) are selected based on the map, aerial photographs and clarified during reconnaissance. Reconnaissance of movement routes for reconnaissance can be carried out from a helicopter (in advance by a specially designated reconnaissance group or during the withdrawal), as well as directly upon the group’s arrival in the area of the combat mission.
Advancement to the reconnaissance area and all movements in the reconnaissance area (conducting search reconnaissance, changing observation sites, and in other cases) should be carried out at night or in conditions of limited visibility. Movement of a raid group during the day is not recommended and is allowed only if there are forces and means of direct fire support for its actions. Direct fire support of a reconnaissance group can be provided by artillery, an armored group and support units in firing positions, combat helicopters and VPShG operations, as well as a support subgroup (group) specially allocated from the raid group (detachment). When a support subgroup is separated from a raid group, machine gunners, snipers, and, if available, heavy weapons crews are assigned to it.
Raid operations involve the active movement of a group in a reconnaissance area for the group to sequentially inspect areas of the terrain in order to detect the enemy. During the raid, pay special attention to the secrecy and safety of your movements.
In the course of carrying out the assigned task, the raid group can act under the guise of carrying out economic activities with its troops (units of other types and branches of the military), the local (civilian) population or enemy units. At the same time, technical and other means of transportation (armored vehicles, cars, motorcycles, snowmobiles, various watercraft, horse-drawn vehicles, pack and riding animals, etc.) can be used to lead the group to the reconnaissance area and during the raid.
The choice of battle formation for a group when advancing to a reconnaissance area and moving within it depends on:
combat mission and size of the group;
the ability to effectively manage the unit;
relief, protective properties of the area, time of year and day;
expected directions of enemy detection or attack;
mine situation.
who (your troops or the enemy) controls the airspace.
A reconnaissance detachment can move in a general battle formation or in separate groups. A reconnaissance group of up to 12-14 people, as a rule, moves in a general battle formation (interacting patrols, subgroups, teams of threes or pairs). For any battle formation, assign head and rear patrols, and in some cases, side patrols. Instead of a rear patrol, 1-2 observers may be assigned to the rear.
The battle formation in a column of one at a time (two at a time - “snake”) is the main option for moving a group on almost any terrain. The distance between elements of the battle formation and individual reconnaissance officers is determined by the group commander in each specific case.
The most acceptable battle formation is “trefoil” and “ring” if it is necessary for a group to conduct all-round fire. When retreating after a clash with the enemy, when a group is being pursued by the enemy, or in an area of special attention, build your battle formation in a “ring” or “trefoil.” In forest (mountain-forest) areas, the distance between scouts should be 4-8 meters during the day and 3-6 meters at night, and in open areas up to 10-12 meters.
The line of battle formation is used for a detailed systematic inspection of the area, the advancement of a group (sub-group) to the firing line, in the event of a frontal threat from the enemy, etc. Movement in a line can be carried out by the entire group at the same time, by part of the group with its direct fire support from specially designated reconnaissance officers (see figure) or by the sequential movement of individual reconnaissance officers, pairs and trios. When moving sequentially, the principle of short dashes with constant alignment of the line is used, but the personnel of the group moves at a pace at the usual speed for reconnaissance.
With any option for constructing a group’s battle formation, the distance between the scouts in a patrol (subgroup, four-three or pair) should ensure their visual control of each other, but not exceed 10-12 meters, and when moving through open areas of the terrain and inspecting local objects, the distance between them can reach up to 20 meters or more. The distance between patrols and subgroups must also ensure their reliable mutual fire support, which in moderately rough terrain is no more than 100-200 meters, and in the forest - up to 30-50 meters.
The patrols allocated from the group (reconnaissance, head, rear or side) move at a distance of visual communication and fire support from small arms. The patrol order of battle must ensure the possibility of all-round observation and firing. The main task of the patrol is the timely detection of the enemy
one at a time in a column,
"hare trail"
The lead patrol has the task of conducting reconnaissance of the area along the group’s route and preventing a surprise enemy attack on the group.
The “intermediate” head patrol is intended to provide fire support for the actions of the head patrol or to strengthen it in certain areas of the terrain. He moves behind the lead patrol ahead of the core (control subgroup) of the reconnaissance group. It includes machine gunners, grenade launchers (anti-tank and under-barrel grenade launchers) and snipers.
Optical-electronic Television Acoustic
Radioelectronic Optical Sound
Hydrographic
Chemical Biological Radar
Military Artillery Engineering
Topographical Hydrometeorological Technical
From the means used military intelligence is divided into:
The main tasks of tactical reconnaissance are:
· establishing the enemy’s intentions and plans;
· identifying the combat strength, position, grouping, condition and capabilities of enemy troops, the system of command and control of troops and weapons;
· opening objects (targets) for destruction and determining their location (coordinates);
· determining the degree of awareness of the enemy and our troops;
· revealing the extent and nature of the engineering equipment of the area and the barrier system;
· establishing the degree of terrain passability, the state of communications, the nature of water barriers, the boundaries and sizes of areas of destruction, fires and floods, contamination zones, possible directions for overcoming and bypassing them;
· identifying new means and methods of conducting combat operations, enemy measures to support the actions of troops, as well as determining the moral and psychological state of enemy troops and the local population, the economic state of the combat area.
By type tactical reconnaissance is divided into:
a) by scope:
ground,
air,
b) by the nature of the tasks being solved and the purpose for :
military,
radio and radio engineering,
radar,
artillery,
engineering,
radiation, chemical and biological;
c) according to the technical means of reconnaissance used for: radio-electronic (radio, radio engineering, radar);
optical-electronic (television, thermal imaging, laser),
optical (visual, photographic),
sound (soundometric, seismoacoustic) and others.
To conduct reconnaissance, a combined arms formation, unit and battalion are assigned areas of responsibility for reconnaissance - detailed and survey reconnaissance zones.
Depth detailed reconnaissance zones must ensure the effective use of weapons to the depth of their reach in front of the front of the command authority, from which intelligence agencies are allocated. The detailed reconnaissance zone corresponds in width to the zone of combat operations in front of the front towards the enemy and into the depth of its battle formation.
Depth surveillance zones exceeds the depth of the previous one. The specified zone must ensure the receipt of intelligence information
from their own and the senior commander’s intelligence agencies about the objectives and nature of the enemy’s actions in front of the front and on the flanks of the formation’s action zone, unit.
The obtained intelligence information and information about objects in this zone should allow the commander (headquarters) to correctly assess the expected plan of action of the opposing groups, predict the development of the situation in the near future and make a decision in advance on the use of forces and means of destruction.
Dimensions of reconnaissance zones.
Zone depth:
Detailed reconnaissance- battalion - up to 5 km;
- brigades) - up to 10 km;
Survey intelligence- battalion - 10 km;
- brigade - up to 25 km .
Zone width: - detailed reconnaissance- coincides with the width of the combat zone.
- surveillance reconnaissance- exceeds the range of combat operations by the width of neighbors one step below the given command authority.
Average errorin determining the coordinates of objects should not exceed;
- in the detailed reconnaissance zone - 20-40 m;
- in the surveillance reconnaissance zone - 100-200 m.
In the detailed reconnaissance zone at the battalion level, objects are detailed down to a squad (individual unit of equipment and weapons), at the brigade level - up to a company (battery) or platoon. In the surveillance reconnaissance zone, the detailing of objects is less detailed. The opening of objects on the enemy’s front line is carried out with a level of detail down to an individual unit of equipment and weapons (element of the object).
TO EXPLORATION OBJECTS in relation to:
· forces and means of armed struggle;
· troop groups and individual elements of enemy battle formations;
· engineering structures and local objects about which intelligence information is required, necessary for the commander to make decisions on the actions of troops, use weapons and predict the situation.
To objects tactical reconnaissance objects located on an area of no more than 1 sq. km and which, as a rule, will be located in the opposing enemy’s battle formations to a depth of 100 km should be included.
Intelligence object may consist of one or more important elements (targets), the destruction (suppression) of which renders it partially or completely inoperable.
Separate units of equipment and weapons with personnel serving them (gun, tank, radio station, radar station, ATGM), as well as an observation post, etc. are components of reconnaissance objects and are called targets.
All tactical reconnaissance objects are located in the combat formations of formations, units and subunits. Each object performs its combat mission in the interests of conducting combat, supporting combat operations, and is located at a certain depth from the line of combat contact and a specified distance from each other.
Objects form combat and marching formations, conduct combat and support combat activities in the offensive and defensive, are located in the concentration area, are located in isolation and in a certain relationship with each other.
All objects located on the ground and in enemy battle formations can be classified according to five basic principles:
1. By the degree of influence on the course and outcome of hostilities.
2. By the ratio and absolute value of linear dimensions.
3. According to the degree of mobility.
4. In terms of complexity and composition.
5. By belonging to the military branches and combat mission .
I. According to the degree of influence on the course and outcome of hostilities, reconnaissance objects are divided into priority, important and ordinary.
To priority relate objects, the defeat of which at the initial stage of the battle can disrupt the control of enemy troops and inflict a preemptive strike on them.
To important objects reconnaissance includes objects, the defeat or capture of which can significantly weaken the opposing enemy group, as well as objects, monitoring the activities of which makes it possible to prevent surprise actions on the part of the enemy and reveal its composition, state and nature of actions.
To ordinary include all other objects characterizing the position, composition and affiliation of the enemy group, the nature of the actions and his intentions.
Depending on the situation, the significance of reconnaissance objects may change. Tactical reconnaissance targets can become operationally important, and conventional targets can become important.
II. By the ratio and absolute value of linear dimensions (Depending on the size and nature of the location on the ground) reconnaissance objects are divided into point, area and linear.
To point relate:
Missile launchers at launch positions,
Field and anti-aircraft artillery batteries in firing positions,
Platoon strongholds,
Bridges over water barriers up to 250 m wide, etc.
To ensure reliable destruction of these objects, it is necessary to determine the exact coordinates of their geometric center.
To area objects These include objects consisting of several elements located at a considerable distance from each other, excluding their simultaneous destruction by fire from one artillery battalion (a company and its equal units in concentration areas, a brigade control point). Area objects are also areas of radioactive and chemical contamination.
To linear objects These include columns of units, both on the march and when located in areas along movement routes, as well as bridges over water barriers more than 250 m wide. When reconnaissance of such objects, the location (coordinates) of their most important elements and vulnerable spots is established.
III. By degree of mobility intelligence objects are divided into mobile, sedentary and stationary.
To mobile These include objects that can change their location within a few hours or minutes (missile launchers, field artillery batteries, control posts).
To the sedentary and stationary You can include objects whose position remains unchanged for a considerable time or does not change at all (elements of an army corps command post, army aviation landing sites, communications centers, platoon strongholds, bridges).
IV. According to complexity and composition, objects are divided into:
1. Simple. Separate natural and artificial objects (targets, weapons) that perform one specific function:
Tank, infantry fighting vehicle, armored personnel carrier, ATGM launcher.
Separate fire weapon;
Separate reconnaissance means (radar, NP);
Separate engineering structure (dugout, shelter)
Road junction, etc.
2. Complex. Natural or artificial complexes occupying a certain area and consisting of a collection of identical or different simple objects (goals) that are in a certain relationship:
Brigade control center;
Troop concentration area.
V. By belonging to the military branches and combat mission.
Anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons, machine gun firing positions, observation posts and enemy control points. Therefore, revealing the areas where they are located (firing positions) is one of the main tasks of tactical reconnaissance.
Tactical reconnaissance is also responsible for determining the nature and extent of engineering equipment of positions and areas of location of enemy units and units, the system of its barriers, and the degree of terrain passability (engineering reconnaissance).
The most important task facing tactical reconnaissance has always been the identification of new means of armed warfare, techniques and methods of conducting combat operations.
Intelligence information is obtained by interviewing local residents, interrogating prisoners and defectors, radio interception, studying documents, equipment and weapons captured from the enemy, ground and air reconnaissance.
Ground tactical reconnaissance is carried out by reconnaissance, motorized rifle, parachute, air assault, and regimental units. Observers, observation posts, patrol units (tanks), reconnaissance, combat reconnaissance, individual reconnaissance, officer reconnaissance patrols, reconnaissance detachments, reconnaissance groups, groups for conducting searches, ambushes, units for conducting reconnaissance in force are used.
Intelligence methods
The methods of conducting ground tactical reconnaissance are: observation, eavesdropping, search, raid, ambush, interrogation, reconnaissance in force.
For motorized rifle/parachute/tank battalion/Marine battalion such a unit was reconnaissance platoon(RV). The task RV was the collection of intelligence data necessary to solve the combat missions assigned to battalion. Personnel RV numbered 16-21 fighters and consisted of three branches- two intelligence branches and one engineering intelligence department.
Reconnaissance platoons were introduced into battalions in the Soviet Army in the post-war period based on the experience of the Afghan War.
...In October 1984, full-time reconnaissance platoons were formed in motorized rifle and airborne battalions...
The machine guns and machine guns that were in service with the reconnaissance officers had a version with folding butts and straps for attaching night sights. In the 80s these were AKS-74N and RPKS-74N. Standard weapon of commanders branches there was an AKMSN assault rifle with a PBS silent firing device (at the end of the 80s, the troops began to receive PBS-4 and subsonic cartridges for the AKS-74N, which made it possible to move to a single caliber of small arms in the department). Commander reconnaissance platoon He had a PB pistol as an additional service weapon. In addition, the scouts were equipped with night sights, night vision devices, periscopes (scout tube), mine detectors, steeplejack equipment, camouflage robes and masks.
The collection of information about the tactical situation necessary to solve combat missions assigned to the regiment/brigade was carried out by intelligence company (RR). RR consisted of two (for a regiment) or three (for a brigade) reconnaissance platoons And company management- consisted of personnel of 50-80 fighters (the number depended on standard vehicles or armored vehicles).
The ORB included separate platoons at battalion headquarters - a supply platoon, a communications platoon and an observation reconnaissance platoon (VRN). The tasks of the VRN were to monitor the enemy on the line of contact between troops, through powerful optical systems and using portable ground reconnaissance radar stations (for example, the 1RL133 PSNR-5 product).
1st and 2nd reconnaissance companies the ORB consisted of two reconnaissance platoons And tank platoon. Tank platoon was intended for fire support during reconnaissance in force and was armed with PT-76 light amphibious tanks (for ORB as part of OKSVA - T-55/62) in the amount of 3 units.
reconnaissance landing company consisted of two reconnaissance airborne platoons and one special reconnaissance platoon(this platoon was intended to carry out reconnaissance and sabotage activities). In each reconnaissance company in service there was one multifunctional combat reconnaissance vehicle BRM-1K, assigned to the company commander.
Regardless of which division ( tank or motorized rifle) belonged to the ORB, its conscript servicemen wore combined arms emblems on their buttonholes, while the color of shoulder straps and sleeve chevrons, as well as the emblem of the branch of service on the chevron, were determined according to the branch of service of the formation (division).
For military personnel RDR unofficially it was allowed to wear the emblems of the airborne troops on the buttonholes in red (motorized rifle division) or black (tank division). ORB servicemen as part of OKSVA wore the emblems of tank forces.
For the artillery units of the combined arms armies of some military districts, he collected intelligence data reconnaissance army artillery regiment(RAAP). Example - 1451st RAAP(Leningrad Military District) or 2323rd RAAP(Transcaucasian Military District). Trained junior commanders (for sergeant positions) for artillery reconnaissance units 932nd Training Reconnaissance Artillery Regiment(Moscow Military District, Mulino Garrison).
It should be noted that there is a rare exception in the structure of reconnaissance formations. For 16 years, the USSR Armed Forces had unique reconnaissance brigades that had no relation to the GRU of the General Staff. This 20th and 25th separate reconnaissance brigades as part of Soviet troops in Mongolia. These brigades consisted of 4 separate reconnaissance battalions, a separate artillery and a separate anti-aircraft missile and artillery division, a helicopter squadron and combat and logistics support units. A special feature of reconnaissance battalions was the presence in their composition of a tank company and a mortar battery. Such an unusual staff for reconnaissance units was explained by the vast desert-steppe territory in which the brigades had to conduct possible combat operations, which required them to have sufficient autonomy and the necessary firepower. Both brigades were actually formations that included separate
Introduction
Reconnaissance is the most important type of combat support for troop operations. It is a set of measures for organizing, obtaining and studying information about the enemy, the terrain and the area of upcoming actions necessary for the successful completion of the tasks assigned to units and units.
Requirements for reconnaissance: purposefulness, continuity, activity, timeliness and efficiency, secrecy, reliability, accuracy of determining coordinates.
In accordance with the scale of its activities and the nature of the tasks being solved, military intelligence is divided into strategic, operational and tactical.
Strategic reconnaissance is conducted in the interests of preparing and conducting strategic operations and war in general. Operational intelligence - solves its problems in the interests of army and front-line operations and battles.
Tactical reconnaissance is carried out by the forces and means of subunits, units and formations in the interests of successful combat. It is divided into military, artillery, radar, radio and radio engineering, engineering, chemical and air. Since motorized rifle and tank units conduct mainly military reconnaissance, later in the textbook the issues of conducting and organizing reconnaissance will be discussed in relation to military reconnaissance.
Military intelligence includes the organization of reconnaissance, its conduct and information work.
Purpose, tasks and organization of reconnaissance, its types and content
Intelligence is the practice and theory of collecting information about an enemy or competitor for security and to gain advantages in the military, political or economic fields. It is usually understood as part of an organized effort (that is, at the government or corporate level). Intelligence can use both legal methods of collecting information (for example, collecting and analyzing data from public sources, listening to radio channels from abroad, surveillance using reconnaissance satellites), and illegal operations that fall under the concept of “espionage” or “theft of information.”
All the issues that intelligence agencies have to resolve ultimately boil down to the following: timely obtain information about the enemy, the terrain, the population and local means; study them and systematize them, and then report them to your command, higher headquarters and bring them to the troops. Intelligence can successfully complete these tasks only if the work of all its organs and means is clearly organized and carried out in a coordinated manner.
All reconnaissance efforts should be aimed at helping to resolve the main combat mission of the unit (formation).
The need for a clear statement of tasks for intelligence agencies and the use of precisely those reconnaissance methods that correspond to this specific situation.
There are several classifications of intelligence, depending on the basis.
According to purpose, the following types are distinguished:
Military intelligence
Political intelligence
Economic intelligence
Industrial espionage
By means used
Illegal intelligence
Analytical intelligence
Human intelligence (HUMINT)
Species intelligence (eng. IMINT)
Signal intelligence (eng. SIGINT)
Electronic intelligence
Aerial reconnaissance
Military intelligence is the practice and theory of collecting information about an enemy or competitor for security and advantage in the military field.
Military intelligence, depending on the goals, scale of activity and the nature of the tasks performed, is divided into:
strategic;
operational-tactical;
counterintelligence;
frontline;
tactical
Depending on the scope of action, the forces and means involved, military intelligence is divided into five types:
ground;
air;
space;
special.
In particular, tactical reconnaissance of ground forces is divided into ground and air. In turn, ground reconnaissance includes: military, radio and radio engineering, radar, chemical and bacteriological.
Tactical reconnaissance of ground forces is divided into ground and air. Ground reconnaissance includes: military, radio and radio engineering, radar, chemical and bacteriological.
Military reconnaissance is carried out by reconnaissance, motorized rifle, regimental, parachute and air assault units.
The methods of conducting military reconnaissance are: observation, eavesdropping, search, raid, ambush, reconnaissance in force.
In combined arms formations, units and their subdivisions the following are appointed to conduct military reconnaissance:
from the division - reconnaissance detachments, reconnaissance patrols, reconnaissance groups, officer reconnaissance patrols, search units, ambush units, units for reconnaissance in force, observation posts;
from the regiment - reconnaissance detachments, reconnaissance patrols, officer reconnaissance patrols, search units, ambushes, observation posts;
from the battalion - combat reconnaissance patrols, ambush units, patrol squads, observation posts;
from the company - patrol squads, observers, and sometimes combat reconnaissance patrols;
from the platoon, squad - observers, sentinels.
An important way of conducting military reconnaissance is to capture languages.
Analytical intelligence is obtaining the necessary information through the analysis of data available in freely available sources or obtained by secret means.
Analytical intelligence must be considered as an integral part of intelligence as a whole - as an element of the intelligence cycle. In the chain “setting a task - collecting information - processing information - presenting results,” analytical intelligence occupies an important place, but, nevertheless, without a mining link, without a clearly defined goal, without the correct presentation of results, analytical intelligence will not be able to cope with those tasks set by customers.
Species reconnaissance is the discipline of collecting intelligence information based on images (types) obtained by photographic, optical-electronic or radar equipment. Species reconnaissance uses photographic images taken both in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum - panchromatic, infrared, and multispectral photographs. Radar images for species reconnaissance are formed by synthetic aperture radar equipment in various electromagnetic bands. The main methods of species reconnaissance are aerial photography and space photography. According to its characteristics, species reconnaissance refers to technical types of reconnaissance. Species reconnaissance should be distinguished from electronic reconnaissance, which uses optical-electronic and radar equipment that does not form images.
Electronic intelligence is a set of methods and organizational structures for conducting reconnaissance operations using radio-electronic means (RES) and other electronic equipment.
Industrial espionage is a form of unfair competition, used at all levels of the economy, from small enterprises to states.
The main purpose of industrial espionage is to save money and time that must be spent in order to catch up with a competitor occupying a leading position, or to prevent falling behind a competitor in the future if he has developed or is developing a new promising technology, as well as to enter new markets for the enterprise .
This is also true in interstate competition, where issues of national security are added to issues of economic competitiveness.
The main difference between industrial espionage and competitive intelligence is that industrial espionage violates legislation, primarily criminal, while competitive intelligence cannot do this.
Industrial espionage remains and will remain a powerful tool of state intelligence, the purpose of which is to directly violate the laws of foreign states in the interests and on behalf of one’s own country.
At the enterprise level, recently the choice is increasingly being made in favor of competitive intelligence, since the enterprise does not have state intelligence powers, therefore, if an industrial espionage operation fails, it risks being brought to criminal liability, as well as incurring reputational risks.
Tools:
bribery (persons who are able to hand over documentation or product samples on a topic of interest are bribed);
blackmail (in relation to the same persons);
theft (of documents or products);
sabotage (temporary or permanent disablement of a competitor’s product samples, people or enterprises);
secret physical penetration into a competitor's facility, associated with deliberately overcoming security lines created by a competitor to ensure the safety of information or products.
introduction of an agent into a competitor’s enterprise or country with the task of gaining access to information or products that constitute the subject of a competitor’s commercial or state secret.
theft of information through the illegal use of technical means of obtaining information (tapping of other people's telephone lines, illegal penetration into other people's computer networks, etc.).