Types of compound sentences by meaning. Complex conjunction sentences
Every day the school curriculum gradually leaves our minds and many simple things can be misleading. The rules of the Russian language cause such difficulties most often. And even such a thing as a complex sentence can lead an adult into a dead end. This article will help you study or update your mind on this topic.
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Compound sentence
A complex sentence (CCS) is one in which the parts are connected coordinating connection, which is expressed by coordinating conjunctions. In this case, all elements are equal and independent.
Division by meaning of conjunctions of a complex sentence
- Connective: and, yes (=and: bread and salt), yes and, and..and.., not only..but also, like..so and;
- Dividing: either, or..or, either, then..that, either..either, not that..not that;
- Adverse: a, but, yes (=but: handsome, but stupid), but, however.
When children at school are just introduced to the types of sentences, only the three groups of coordinating conjunctions described above are distinguished. However, in high school Students identify three more groups:
- Graduation: not only, not so much..as much, not so much..ah, not so much..but also;
- Explanatory: namely, that is;
- Connective: moreover, moreover, yes and, too, also.
Thus, a complex sentence is distinguished with connecting conjunctions, disjunctive and adversative, as well as additionally with gradational conjunctions, explanatory and connecting.
Compound sentences: examples and diagrams
After the weekend he felt better and made a complete recovery.
Scheme: (), and (). Compound sentence with conjunction And shows the sequence of actions.
Every day he had to do homework or help his mother with housework.
Scheme: () or (). Dividing Andwhether mutually exclusive events.
Now you shoot something, and I’ll make a fire.
Scheme: (), and (). Union A– adversative, which means there is opposition in the sentence.
Not only her relatives admired her intelligence, but also complete strangers.
Scheme: not only (), but also (). This compound sentence structure divides events by significance and importance.
His leg was broken, meaning he could no longer continue on his own.
Scheme: (), that is (). There is an explanatory conjunction that is.
We have to do this, and we have very little time.
Scheme: (), moreover (). Union besidesprovides additional facts and information.
Punctuation in complex sentences
In BSC, elements are separated by commas, semicolons, or dashes.
The most common punctuation mark is comma. It is placed before both single and repeated coordinating conjunctions:
Let it be as God pleases, but the law must be fulfilled.
Scheme: (), and ().
Either I'll come tomorrow, or you come.
Scheme: or (), or ().
Semicolon used when BSC elements are very common and commas are already used:
The boy rejoiced at the new kite, ran after it and was the happiest person; and the elements were already preparing to pour rain, disperse the wind and break tree branches.
Scheme: (); A ().
A semicolon can also be used when a sentence has multiple parts:
I have this opinion, and you – other; and each of us is right in our own way.
Scheme: (), a (); And ().
Dash is put when parts of a complex sentence have a sharp opposition or a sharp change of events:
The hall froze for a second – and immediately there was wild applause.
Scheme: () – and ().
When punctuation marks are not used
The parts of the BSC are:
- Interrogative: When will you be in town again and dare I ask for a meeting?
- Incentive: Do everything well and may you cope with everything.
- Exclamation: You are so great and I like everything so much!
- Named: Cold and wind. Stuffiness and heat.
- Impersonal offers: It's cold and windy. Stuffy and sultry.
Complex is a complex sentence whose parts are connected by coordinating conjunctions.
The connection according to the method of composition gives the parts of a complex sentence a certain syntactic independence, but this independence is relative.
The parts of a sentence included in a complex sentence can be of the same type (two-part, one-part) or of different types (one part of a complex sentence is a two-part sentence, the other is a one-part sentence). For example: The foam hissed and splashes of water flew through the air(M.G.); It would have been better for me to abandon my horse at the edge of the forest and hide on foot, but it was a pity to part with him(L.); I would put a samovar for you, but I don’t have any tea(T.).
Compound sentences can be polynomial, i.e. consist of several parts, for example: The poplars swayed loudly, and because of them the windows sparkled, and the castle cast gloomy glances at everyone.(Cor.).
Complex sentences most often express relationships connective, adversative and disjunctive (cf. functions of coordinating conjunctions and their classification). In addition, complex sentences can express comparative, adjunctive, explanatory relationships with various additional shades of meaning.
Connective relationships. In complex sentences expressing connecting relationships, conjunctions serve as a means of connecting parts of a single whole and, yes, neither(repeated) also, too(the last two with a connecting shade of meaning).
And most often expressed temporaryse relationship. To express these relationships, verb forms (temporal and aspectual), the order of parts in a complex compound, intonation, conjunction, and additional lexical means are used.
In some cases it is expressed simultaneity two or more actions, phenomena, events. The meaning of simultaneity is usually conveyed by coinciding tense forms of predicate verbs (usually imperfect, less often perfect) in the parts that make up the compound; sometimes the verb forms in these cases do not match. For example: And here in the foggy heightsstarted singingbirds and eastgot rich(L.).
The importance of simultaneity is emphasized by the presence of a common secondary member (most often adverbial circumstances) between parts of a complex sentence, for example: Around the sandhoops were lying around without any order and empty barrels were sticking out(Grieg.).
Another type of temporary relations in a compound sentence - subsequence actions or states, expressed by the order of parts and aspectual verb forms in the composed parts of a sentence. For example: The last glow of the evening dawnwent outcompletely and dark nightcame downto the ground(Ars.).
A time sequence value can be appended with a value hue consequences, For example: ...At the exit of the bridge, the horses in the company cart hesitated, and the whole crowd had to wait(L.T.).
A special intonation is inherent in complex sentences that express a rapid change of events or an unexpected result (the first part of them can be a nominative sentence). For example: One jump - and the lion is already on the back of the buffalo(Cupr.); A moment - and everything again drowned in darkness(Cor.).
Compound sentences with a conjunction And can express cause-and-effect relations that are clearly revealed in cases where in the second part of a complex sentence after the conjunction And adverbs follow because, therefore, therefore and others with a hint of accession. For example: The judge's lips were right under his nose,and that's whyhis nose could sniff his upper lip as much as he wanted(U.).
Union And can also express relationships close to adversarial, For example: Everyone knew herAndno one noticed(P.).
connecting union Yes used in complex sentences expressing temporaryse relationship. In this case, a shade of connecting connection is created, and from the stylistic side - a shade of colloquial speech. For example: The cuckoo crowed loudly in the distance,Yeshow the crazy jackdaw screamed(N.).
Repeating conjunction no no gives meaning to a compound sentence negative transfer And mutual exclusion, For example: Neithershe won't hurt anyoneneitherno one will touch her(S.-Sch.).
Unions Also And Same attach to the second part of a compound sentence connecting shade of value, for example: The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sound of his voiceAlsoamazed me(T.).
Aversive relationships. Compound sentences with adversative conjunctions ( a, but, yes, however, but, same etc.) express relationships oppositions or comparisons, sometimes with various additional shades (inconsistencies, restrictions, concessions, etc.). This meaning of this type of complex sentences influences their construction: the word order in the second part is determined by the nature of its opposition to the first part.
Widely used in complex sentences with specified conjunction meanings A, For example: The earth still looks sad,Athe air already breathes in spring(Tyutch.); Learning is light,Aignorance - darkness(last).
The meaning of opposition, limitation, inconsistency is expressed using the conjunction But, For example: Dubrovsky held an open book in his hand,Buthis eyes were closed(P.); The sun has setButit's still light in the forest(T.).
Close in meaning to the union But union however (however), For example: The firefight died downhowevercannonballs and bombs continue to fly(S.-C.).
A nasty union Yes gives the statement a touch of colloquial speech, and is also found in folklore works, for example: I woke up,Yeslaziness has overcome(T.); Good porridgeYessmall bowl(verbal).
Union but, in addition to the general meaning of opposition, contains an additional connotation of compensation, for example: More than one stripe is visible on the sides of your sunken whips,butyou ate plenty of oats in the inns' yards(N.).
Unions or else, not that, not that, characteristic of colloquial speech, are used in contrast in complex sentences in which the second part indicates the possible consequences of failure to do what is said in the first part. For example: ...You'll be fine, but look, don't talk,otherwiseI'll beat you up(P.); Shut upotherwiseI'll shoot you... like a partridge(Ch.).
Union or, expressing opposition in a complex sentence, has the additional meaning of an intensifying particle and semantically highlights the first word in the second part, after which it is usually placed. For example: The birches have blossomed, the oaksorstood naked(Ch.).
Separation relationships. Compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions ( or, either, whether...whether, then...then etc.) indicate the alternation of events, their sequential change, incompatibility, etc.
Union or/or, expressing relationships of mutual exclusion, can be single or repeated, for example: Only occasionally does a timid deer run through the desert,orhorses herd playful silence from a distance will outrage(L.); OrI don't understand,oryou don't want to understand me(Ch.).
The same divisive relations are expressed using the conjunction or, For example: Orweave,orspin,orsing songs(verbal).
Double alliances whether... whether, whether... or give the statement a tone of enumeration, for example: Badlywhetheryou visited Plyushkin,or, simply, of your own accord, walking through the forests and beating up passers-by?(T.).
Repeating conjunction then...that indicates the alternation of actions or phenomena, their sequential change, for example: ThatIt was like fog fallingThatsuddenly a slanting heavy rain began to fall(L.T.).
Unions either... or, or... or not... add a hint of conjecture to the statement, for example: Not thatIt was an early morning,not thatit was already evening(Fad.).
Some coordinating conjunctions are used in a complex sentence to expressions of adjunctive relations, in which the content of the second part of a complex sentence represents an additional message or additional remark related to the content of the first part.
The meaning of accession with a defining connotation expresses the union And in combination with a demonstrative pronoun This at the beginning of the second part of a complex sentence, for example: Both listened and spoke too animatedly and naturally,and that's itAnna Pavlovna didn’t like it(L.T.).
As mentioned above, conjunctions have a connecting meaning Also And Same.
The adjunctive and adversative meaning can be expressed using a conjunction A, For example: You're bored, you can't find a place for yourself,Aboredom and idleness are contagious(Ch.).
Union yes and expresses connecting relations with a connotation of addition, for example: The boy looked very smart and straight,yes andthere was strength in his voice(L.).
25. Ssp. Principles of classification of spp. Syntactic relations between parts of the ssp.
SSP - sentences with equal relationships between parts (at the syntactic level).
Differential features of BSC:
1) relative autonomy of predicative parts in grammatical and semantic terms
2) the presence of compositional unions (the main means of connecting the predicate parts).
The meaning of the relationships between the parts can be varied: both the relative independence of individual parts and interdependence.
Classifications:
1. By type of union (connects, opposes, divides)
2. By type of relationship between parts (relative of the next part to the previous one)
3. By type of structure (open (open (unclosed, same-type series. There can only be 2 pedic parts. Gradational relationships will join against conjunctions) / closed (2 connected parts, a sentence with will connect and will be divided by conjunctions. MB any number of predicate parts))
5. Reversible and irreversible structures (parts of a sentence can/cannot be swapped while maintaining relationships)
Types of BSC:
1) with connecting conjunctions (and, yes, neither...nor)
The relationship itself will connect. (simultaneous events)
Relative time sequence
Investigative relations
Connected-opposite.relative (and=but)
2) with disjunctive conjunctions (or, then...then):
Relative mutual exclusion (or)
Relative time alternation (then...then)
The meaning of unreliability (either...not that, or...or)
3) with adversative conjunctions (but, yes=but, however, for something):
Opposite-restrictive relation
Opposite-concessive relatives (it was a hard day, but he was not tired)
Opposite-compensatory relations (but)
Comparative relation(s)
Opposite-conditional (otherwise)
4) with gradational unions:
Relative gradations according to the degree of significance of the event (not only, but...)
Relative gradations according to the degree of reliability of the event (not that, but...)
5) with particle-unions (establishing a connection with the previous context)
Connective-identifying relations (too)
Comparative relations (same)
Opposite-restrictive relation (only, only)
6) with connecting conjunctions - moreover, moreover, yes and, also, too.
7) with explanatory conjunctions (that is, or, in other words)
26. Bsp. The place of bsp in the classification of complex sentences. Synonymy of bsp and union proposals. Structural and semantic characteristics of bsp.
BSP is a sentence, the parts of which are connected in meaning, intonation, by the relationship between the types of tense forms of predicate verbs and the order of arrangement of the parts (Valgina).
Until the 50s of the 20th century, BSPs were considered as sentences with omitted conjunctions.
In 1933, Peshkovsky described non-union composition and subordination. He called allied pauses a means of communication.
The grass is turning green, the sun is shining. (a non-union essay, since you can substitute the conjunction and.
BSP owes its birth and recognition to Professor Pospelov.
Structural classification:
BSP of one-piece composition, i.e. with the same type of parts.
BSP of heterogeneous composition or with different types of parts similar to SPP
She understood that Vasya was mistaken. You can substitute something
Semantic characteristics of the BSP:
Based on types of intonation
Lists sentences consisting of 2 or more parts. Intonation of enumeration, raising the tone at the end of each part. The last part is the lowering of tone at the end of the sentence.
Match the sentence. There are always only 2 parts, which talk about opposite phenomena. Intonation is comparable - raising the tone at the end of the first part and strong logical emphasis on supporting words in each part
It’s not I who will die, it’s the living connection that will die.
Conditional clause
Consist of 2 parts in which two interconnected events are reported, the second being the result or consequence of the first.
Intonation is the same as in type 1
A thread from the world - a naked shirt
The forest is being cut down - the chips are flying
Predl will explain
The second part reveals the content of the first. Intonation – the first part lowers the tone at the end the second part at a faster tempo
I know I will pass all exams
Attaches the peddle
I will pass all the exams - this is obvious (intonation will add)
Most non-union sentences can be converted into union ones, so we can talk about the synonymy of non-union sentences and some types of union compound and complex sentences.
Synonyms are:
1) non-conjunct complex sentences with the meaning of a list of actions, events, phenomena occurring simultaneously or sequentially, and complex sentences with repeated or non-repeating conjunctions and (th), and (in the meaning of and) (The bows were lush, the fields were rich, the gardens were dense - And the meadows were lush, and the fields were rich, and the gardens were dense).
2) non-conjunctive complex sentences with the meaning of opposition, comparison and complex sentences with adversarial conjunctions but, however, but, however (Happiness does not go into everyone’s hands - it runs away from many (G. Tyutyunnik) - Happiness does not go into everyone’s hands, but from it runs away from many);
3) non-union complex sentences with temporary, conditional, investigative relations between parts and complex sentences with subordinate clauses of time, conditions, consequences (The Cossacks hit the water with their oars - the oak tree bounced off the shore... (A. Kashchenko) - When the Cossacks hit the water with their oars , the oak tree bounced off the shore).
4) non-union complex sentences with causal and explanatory relationships and complex sentences with contractual explanatory, determinative, causal (and Yurin’s heart skips a beat, he knows: he’s dreamed about this more than once (Yu. Smolich) - and Yurin’s heart skips a beat, he knows that He had dreamed about this more than once).