Types of interethnic relations: cooperation and rivalry. Interethnic cooperation and interethnic conflicts
National relations are relations between peoples (ethnicities), which cover all aspects of public life.
Concept of national relations
National relations find their expression in social actions, which largely depend on the individual motivation and behavior of the subjects of society.
National relations can be friendly and mutually respectful, or, on the contrary, hostile and conflicting.
Concept of ethnic communities
Ethnic communities are associations of people based on a common historical past, which provokes identity in their worldview, cultural and spiritual traditions.
The main feature of ethnic communities is their common historical region of residence.
Today there are several thousand ethnic communities in the world, and the modern geography of their settlement is very diverse.
Interethnic conflicts and interethnic cooperation
Interethnic conflicts are a type of social conflict that occurs between members of different ethnic communities. In many scientific works, the basis of interethnic conflicts is indicated by types of political and civil confrontation.
Interethnic conflicts often exist in two forms: in the form of political competition and in the form of armed confrontations. Often the formation of the image of an enemy in the person of another people occurs on a historical basis.
Interethnic cooperation is the interaction between representatives of different ethnic groups, which is reflected in economic, political and cultural public relations. The main principle of interethnic cooperation is mutual assistance, as well as respect for representatives of other nations.
Culture of interethnic relations
The culture of interethnic relations represents the level of relationships between people and ethnic groups of different nationalities, which is based on moral principles, legal norms, as well as norms of mutual trust and respect.
A low level of culture of interethnic relations provokes the emergence of interethnic conflicts, while a high level contributes to the development of interethnic cooperation.
National politics
National policy is an integral part of the activities of any state, which regulates interethnic relations of citizens in various types of social interaction.
The essence of national policy directly depends on the general vectors of state policy. The national policy of legal democratic states is based on the principle of respect for people belonging to any ethnic community.
§ 9. Interethnic relations and nationalpolicy
Remember:
what is an ethnic community? What is the impact of ethnic diversity on the current situation in the country and in the world? What is the essence of social conflict?
Interethnic (international) relations are relations between ethnic groups (peoples), covering all spheres of public life.
The main scientific problem is to determine, based on the ideas of humanism and analysis of historical experience, the optimal ways to regulate interethnic relations. The problem is multifaceted, including issues of history and modern everyday life, the spiritual world of the individual, culture, education, sociology, psychology, economic, political, legal relations; Therefore, scientists use methods from a range of humanities. From the middle of the 19th century. comprehensively explores the problem ethnology- a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, the forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, the interaction of the individual and the social environment.
Ethnology distinguishes two levels of interethnic relations. One level is the interaction of peoples in different spheres of public life: politics, culture, production, science, art, etc. Another level is the interpersonal relationships of people of different ethnicities in different forms of communication - labor, family and everyday life, educational, informal types of relationships .
Interethnic relations find their expression in human actions and largely depend on individual behavior and its motivation, which is based on personal experience, mastery of cultural norms, the influence of family and immediate environment.
The ethnic processes of our time are characterized by two trends: integration- cooperation, unification of different ethno-state communities, bringing together all aspects of people’s lives; differentiation- the aspirations of peoples for national independence.
Interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful or, conversely, conflictual and hostile.
^ INTER-ETHNIC COOPERATION
Spontaneously developing cooperation has been known for many centuries to humanity, which consists of a huge number of communities, collectively representing an ethnically mixed environment, where productive cooperation often operates in the production of material goods and in everyday life; the creation and preservation of national cultural values is combined with the knowledge of other cultures.
In the 20th century there is an increase integration tenasdents twofold:
economic, political integration leading to
formation of unions of states;
integration of national entities within multinational
national country. This may be in the interest of
clans living in a single state, promote the
re-establishment of this unity.
Cooperation in the cultural sphere ensured the elimination of illiteracy, the creation of a written language of 50 ethnic groups, and the flourishing of the bright, original art of small peoples. Scientists note that in the Soviet Union in the 20th century. Not a single small culture disappeared and in fact the entire ethnic mosaic of the huge state was preserved, while in other regions of the world hundreds of small cultures disappeared. At the same time, the mistakes and crimes of the totalitarian authorities led to grave tragedies for many people and entire nations. Centuries-old national ties were disrupted due to ill-conceived administrative-territorial division, and the environmental situation in the regions inhabited by indigenous small ethnic groups worsened. The forced relocation of peoples undeservedly accused of collaborating with the German occupiers caused great damage to the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people and had a serious impact on their destinies. It took a long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.
In Europe and other parts of the world in the last third of the 20th century. Integration in the sphere of economics and then politics was widely developed. This is due to the process of globalization, the formation of a post-industrial, information society, as well as the need for unity in the fight against international terrorism.
One example of integration is the activities of the European Union (EU), which unites (2005) 25 states with
population of 450 million people speaking 40 languages. The EU has introduced a single citizenship and a single currency - the euro. Supranational authorities have been created: the European Parliament, the Council of the EU, the European Court. The EU Constitution has been drafted. However, it can only come into force after it has been approved by all EU countries (by a parliamentary decision or a popular referendum). Russia does not remain aloof from the integration processes of the 21st century. This manifests itself in particular:
in caring for the formation of a common economic, huma
nitarian legal space with several countries,
included in the Commonwealth created after the collapse of the USSR
Independent States;
in negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the areas
economy, justice, security, science, education,
culture. Large place in partnership documents
joint actions to comply with the principle of non-
discrimination, including opposition to any forms
intolerance and racism, respect for human rights.
I “The more enlightened states are, the more they communicate
i share ideas with each other and the more the intensity increases.
I l a and the activity of the universal mind." 1
\: K. Helvetia i
^ INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
You know the concept of “social conflict”. Conflicts between ethnic communities are among those that are significant for the individual and humanity. In academic writings, ethnic conflict is often defined as any form of civil, political or armed confrontation in which parties (or one of them) mobilize, act and suffer based on ethnic differences.
This definition has raised objections because it views conflict as a stage of extreme aggravation of contradictions. A broader interpretation has been proposed: ethnic conflict is any competition (rivalry) between groups, from confrontation over the possession of limited resources to social competition, in all those cases where the opposing side is defined in terms of the ethnicity of its members.
Interethnic conflicts are generated not by the existence of ethnic groups, but by political and social conditions, in
which they live and develop. Often, the creation of an “enemy image” is facilitated by turning to those pages of historical memory where former grievances and facts (sometimes distorted) of the distant past are imprinted.
Let's consider main causes of conflicts, clearly expressed in the goals and actions of the warring parties.
^ Territorial reasons - the struggle to change borders, to join another (“related” from a cultural-historical point of view) state, to create a new independent state. These demands are intertwined with the political goals of movements seeking to form their “own” sovereign state. Demands of a separatist nature are especially dangerous, because they directly affect large masses of people and are associated with issues of division or abolition of the state. “We are talking about,” writes one of the Russian ethnologists, “what kind of state to live in, who to obey, what language to speak, to whom to pray, how to move, who will protect the lives and property of people, finally, what anthem to sing and what heroes and what graves to venerate.”
^ Economic reasons - the struggle of ethnic groups for the possession of property and material resources, among which, in particular, land and subsoil are of great value.
^ Social reasons - demands for civil equality, equality before the law, in education, in wages, equality in hiring, especially for prestigious positions in government.
^ Cultural and linguistic reasons - requirements for preservation or revival, development of language, cultural community. The diminishment of the role of the native language, which unites the ethnic community into a single whole, is especially acute and often causes conflict.
There are hundreds of national cultures in the world; each ethnic group has its own unique culture and treats it with care. Attempts to belittle its importance for the sake of the culture of another, larger ethnic group cause protest and can cause conflict. There is another danger: sometimes an ethnic group assumes that its culture is designed to dominate over other cultures.
The source of interethnic tension is nationalism - ideology, psychology, politics of groups of people who assert the priority of national values over all others, the supremacy of the interests of their ethnic group,
1 Separatism(here) are demands for sovereignty and independence for an ethnically designated territory, directed against the state authority of the country of residence.
opposed to the interests of other ethnic groups. The idea of national exclusivity often takes the form of xenophobia 1 leading to the extermination of so-called “inferior” races and peoples.
The bloody results of chauvinism remain forever in the memory of mankind. This is the genocide of the Armenian people in 1915, when the actions of the Ottoman Empire led to the death of 1.5 million people. This is the greatest tragedy organized by the Nazis - the Holocaust (annihilation through burning), which led to the death of 6 million people - more than half of the Jewish population of Europe. These are the actions of the Nazis to destroy the Slavic population of the “eastern space” and turn those who remained into a labor force for the “superior race”.
^ REGULATION OF INTERETHNIC RELATIONS
The question arises: is it possible to exclude the emergence of conflicts with an ethnic component? For now, a positive answer is impossible due to the fact that many ethnic groups live in pre-conflict conditions, experience significant social difficulties, and feel (including in everyday life) neglect of their culture, language, traditions, and customs. All this causes mass protest sentiments, often leading to socially dangerous, destructive behavior (especially in the crowd).
It will take a long time for most people to become capable of tolerance. But it is already possible to soften and preventing conflict situationsations by regulating interethnic relations. Let us remind you: to regulate means to organize, to establish.
^ Humanistic approach - the main guideline in the implementation of moral, political, legal regulation of interethnic relations. The main features of this approach are:
recognition and respect for the diversity of cultures
femininity to the ideas of peace, harmony, rejection of violence against
decisions between peoples;
development and continued functioning of democracy,
ensuring the implementation of individual rights and freedoms, ethnic
communities, regardless of their nationality
ti;
the focus of government agencies, mass media
howl of information, education, sports, all forms of literature
ry and art for the formation of citizens, especially young
dezhi, culture of interethnic communication. Necessary
upbringing tolerance- respect, trust, willingness to cooperate, compromise with people, their communities of any nationality, the desire to understand and accept their cultural values, way of life, character of behavior. Tolerance largely determines the consciousness and behavior of individuals, population groups, and representatives of government bodies, and contributes to the development of personal responsibility for the prudent solution of ethnic problems.
Scientists identify several paths that intersect with each other conflict resolution. First - application of legal mechanisms, first of all, changing legislation in multi-ethnic states, eliminating ethnic privileges. Second way - negotiation between the conflicting parties, both direct (between delegations of the parties) and through intermediaries (representatives of international organizations, public figures). Unfortunately, often the parties (or one of them), instead of a policy of negotiations aimed at cooperation and limiting access to weapons, rely on uncompromising dictatorship and armed violence. This leads to an intensification of the conflict, intimidation of society, mass casualties and destruction. Negotiations can be difficult and lengthy. But in a number of cases they contribute, if not to overcoming the conflict, then to mitigating it.
Third way - informational. It involves, first of all, the exchange of information between the parties about possible measures to overcome conflict situations. Public dialogue (in print, on television) between representatives of all ethnic groups is appropriate, with the goal of jointly developing proposals that meet common interests.
Joint peacekeeping actions by representatives of different faiths are effective, especially if conflicts have a religious connotation. A figure of the Orthodox clergy, Alexander Men, said: “Understanding, tolerance are the fruits of the highest culture... Remaining Christians and Muslims, without insulting each other, giving a hand is our path.”
The psychological influence of the media (especially electronic) requires a careful approach to the methods of presenting information. Information, even neutral, about the facts of extremism can cause a new wave of conflict. It is necessary to abandon the sometimes typical reporters' dramatization of events, because this can become entrenched in historical memory and after some time revive the spirit of the conflict. We must not allow the glorification of terrorists and extremists to avoid turning them into heroes and leaders. We must remember that ill-considered words can shoot harder than a bullet.
Adjacent to the information path is government support for multiculturalism policies, which is especially important in connection with the increase in population migration. For example, in Canada, this policy aims to promote the development and preservation of the own culture of all ethnic groups, contacts and interaction between members of various groups in the interests of national unity. Immigrants are provided with assistance in mastering at least one of the official languages so that they can become productive members of Canadian society.
One of the causes of conflicts is the unsettled life conditions of ethnic groups, manifested in poverty, unemployment, low wages and pensions, poor housing, and difficulties in obtaining an education. An indispensable condition for overcoming conflicts is to improve the life of a citizen, to create and consolidate among ethnic groups a psychological sense of satisfaction with a favorable stability of life. This requires regulation of social processes, including agreements between warring parties on the fair distribution of resources, increasing jobs, improving living conditions, equality in employment, education, and access to power structures.
^ CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE STATE
RUSSIAN NATIONAL POLICY
FEDERATION
National policy is an integral part of the political activity of the state, regulating interethnic relations in various spheres of society. Its essence depends on the general direction of state policy. The basis of democratic national politics is respect for people representing any ethnicitycultural community, orientation towards cooperation and bringing peoples closer together.
The foundation of the ethnopolitics of the Russian Federation is the Constitution. In its preamble, two policy guidelines in the field of interethnic relations can be distinguished:
respect for
in memory of our ancestors who passed on to us love for the Fatherland; care
that is about preserving the historically established state
th unity of peoples united by a common destiny in their
earth;
political and legal focus on approval
human rights and freedoms, civil peace and harmony, equal
rights of peoples to ensure sovereign state
of Russia, the inviolability of its democratic foundation.
In the “Concept of State National Policy of the Russian Federation” (1996), the principles of this policy are formulated as follows:
equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen regardless
Simo from his race, nationality, language;
prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of citizens according to
characteristics of social, racial, national, linguistic
or religious affiliation;
preservation of the historical integrity of Russia
Siysk Federation;
equality of all subjects of the Russian Federation in
relations with federal government agencies
noah power;
guarantee of the rights of indigenous peoples;
the right of every citizen to determine and indicate
your nationality without any coercion
nia;
promoting the development of national cultures and languages
peoples of the Russian Federation;
timely and peaceful resolution of contradictions and
conflicts;
prohibition of activities aimed at undermining
state security, agitation of social, racial,
national and religious hatred, hatred or enmity;
protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation
tions outside its borders, support for compatriots, living
working in foreign countries, in the preservation and development
native language, culture and national traditions, in
strengthening their ties with their homeland in accordance with the norms
international law.
NIS ^ Basic concepts: interethnic relations, interethnic conflicts, national politics.
ShhTerms: ethnology, separatism, xenophobia, tolerance.
Test yourself
1) Name the levels of interethnic relations, show what is common and different in these levels. 2) What is the essence of two trends in the development of interethnic relations? Give examples of manifestations of these trends. 3) What is the essence of interethnic cooperation? 4) What are interethnic conflicts? Name their main reasons. 5) What are the ways to prevent and overcome interethnic conflicts? 6) Describe the principles of national policy of the Russian Federation.
Think, discuss, do
UN documents indicate that tolerance is
is a moral duty, legal and political requirement
ity, leads from a culture of war to a culture of peace; directions
Lena to respect and understand the diversity of cultures;
means an active attitude towards reality, forming
based on the recognition of universal rights and freedoms
catcher. Based on personal experience, historical and contemporary facts
minorities, show how the principles of tolerance can
be realized in interethnic relations.
Explain why it is especially important now to follow
the principles of tolerance and respect of peoples for each other,
overcome common difficulties together.
Scientists believe that humanity, becoming increasingly
more interconnected and unified, does not lose its ethno
cultural diversity. If you agree with this point
view, then confirm its correctness with facts from society
military development of the 20th century; if you don't agree, give reasons
those views.
Think over the answer to the question: how to professionally
the activity of a historian, lawyer, economist can
promote interethnic cooperation, prevention
conflicts?
Analyzing the main trend of modern politics
RF studies in the field of interethnic relations, gender scientists
They say that it consists of switching from national-territory
torial direction on cultural, educational and
cultural and educational. How do you understand this conclusion?
scientists, do you share this point of view?
Read a fragment of the work of ethnologist V. A. Tishkov.
Ethnonationalism in post-Soviet states
The most serious challenge for Russia and a number of other post-Soviet states is ethnonationalism in its radical and intolerant manifestations. The so-called
national movements in peaceful political and cultural forms among the peoples of the former USSR have played and continue to play an important role in the establishment of decentralized forms of government and governance, in the preservation and development of the cultural integrity and distinctiveness of large and small nations, in the growth of socio-political activity of citizens. But the ethnic factor in a number of cases became the basis For formation of programs and actions, as well as to promote ideas and attitudes that provoke intolerance, cause conflicts and violence.
The nationalism of small peoples, being a reaction to past traumas and the degraded status of non-Russian cultures, often takes on aggressive forms in conditions of social crisis, political destabilization and weak modernization of the population. This is manifested in attempts to usurp power and prestigious positions in favor of representatives of one ethnic group, change the demographic composition of the population through the forcible expulsion of ethnic “outsiders”, change administrative or interstate borders, carry out spontaneous secession (secession from the state. - Ed.), including by force of arms. Instead of improving governance and socio-cultural living conditions, extreme nationalism offers seemingly simple, but essentially unrealistic solutions, attempts to implement which cause inter-civil tension and conflicts...
No less a threat to democratic transformations and social peace is posed by the growing nationalism of the hegemonic type, formed on behalf of the numerically dominant peoples. In Russia, Russian nationalism is trying to gain the status of a national ideology, to appropriate the idea of all-Russian patriotism and to replace the formation of a common civic identity with the same unrealizable slogan of self-determination of the Russian ethno-nation. Extremist groups and individuals are increasingly promoting fascist ideas, anti-Semitism and disdain for minorities.
Tishkov V. A, Requiem for Ethnicity: Studies in Socio-Cultural Syntropology. - M., 2003.-S. 319-320.
NI ^ Questions and assignments to the source. 1) What is ethno-nationalism? 2) What is the difference between radical ethnonationalism and peaceful forms of national movements? 3) Illustrate with examples from history and modernity the position that radical ethnonationalism is a great danger for the peoples and states of the post-Soviet space. 4) What causes and how does the nationalism of small nations manifest itself? 5) What is the
What is the essence and danger of hegemonic type ethnonationalism? 6) The opinion is often expressed that the development of democracy, civic culture, stabilization of the socio-economic situation will have a positive impact on overcoming ethno-nationalism. Do you agree with this opinion? Give reasons for your answer.
There is some debate about this
The non-Russian population makes up 20% of the total population of the Russian Federation. This gives some authors a reason to consider Russia a mononational state. This point of view meets with objections, because it does not take into account the historical conditions of the development of Russia and the commitment of many peoples to their languages, culture and way of life. What's your opinion?
Interethnic relations are a multidimensional phenomenon. They are divided into two main areas - relations between nationalities within one state and relations between different nation-states. In Russian, the terms and are similar in meaning, which is why interethnic relations are often also called interethnic relations.
Based on the forms of interaction between ethnic groups, a distinction is made between peaceful cooperation and ethnic conflict.
The main forms of peace include ethnic mixing and ethnic absorption. With ethical mixing, different ethnic groups spontaneously mix with each other over many years, the result is the formation of a single one. This often happens through interethnic marriages (for example, this is how many Latin American nations were formed).
As a result of ethnic absorption (assimilation), one people dissolves into another. Assimilation can be peaceful or violent.
The most civilized way to unite peoples is a multinational state in which the rights and freedoms of each nation are respected. In such states, several languages are the state languages and not a single national minority dissolves into the general culture. The concept of cultural pluralism is closely related to a multinational state. It reflects the successful adaptation of one culture without compromising another.
Today, most states are multinational. The share of states in which the main ethnic community constitutes an absolute majority is less than 19%. Thus, in most cases, different nationalities have to coexist on the same territory. True, they do not always manage to do this peacefully.
Interethnic conflict is a form of socio-political conflict between groups of people belonging to different ethnic groups. Its main features include ethnic division of conflicting groups and politicization based on ethical factors. Such ethnic conflicts are not based on values and occur around group interests. New participants in interethnic conflicts unite based on a common ethnic identity, even if they do not share the group’s position.
Trends in the development of interethnic relations
In the modern world, there are a number of trends in the development of nations, which may contradict each other. Among them are:
Interethnic differentiation is the separation or even confrontation of different nations; it can manifest itself in the forms
self-isolation, manifestations of nationalism, religious fanaticism;
Interethnic integration is the opposite process, which involves the unification of nations through various spheres of public life;
Globalization is a historical process of interethnic integration, as a result of which traditional boundaries are gradually erased; evidence of this process are various interethnic economic and political unions (for example, the EU), TNCs, and cultural centers.
Interethnic cooperation and conflicts
Goals:
repeat and summarize the material studied; develop the ability to search and
systematization of information on the topic; be able to compare, analyze, draw conclusions,
solve cognitive and problematic problems;
be able to explain the studied provisions using independently selected specific
examples; be able to build relationships and organize teamwork
groups;
promote the formation of a sense of tolerance,
nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism.
rejection of manifestation
Equipment: textbooks, dictionary
Lesson progress:
1. Organizational part of the lesson
2. Introduction to the topic
Epigraph of the lesson: “When the power of the state and nation is declared greater
value than a person, then, in principle, war has already been declared, everything is already
prepared spiritually and materially, and it can arise at any moment” (N.A.
Berdyaev)
Q. In what
C.
state can lead to conflicts, both within the state and between them).
the meaning of Berdyaev’s statement? (Wrong, erroneous policy
Today in class we will try to understand the problems using specific examples.
interethnic relations, find out the causes of interethnic conflicts and their ways
settlement.
Q. Why is it so important for us to study this topic? (3000 nations make up
modern humanity, they live in approximately 200 states, therefore,
there are many multinational states, including our country, in
which is home to more than 100 ethnic groups and 30 nations. From what the relationship is between
nations depend on both the development of the country and the situation in the world).
Q. What are interethnic relations? (relations between ethnic groups, covering all
spheres of public life)
B. Name 2 levels of relationships and reveal their essence. (1 level interaction
peoples in different spheres of public life: politics, culture, production, science,
art; Level 2interpersonal relations of people of different nationalities in
different forms of communication - in work, family life, education, informal
types of relationships)
Q. What trends in the development of interethnic relations do you know? (integration and
differentiation)
Conclusion: interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful,
or, conversely, conflicting and hostile.
3. Repetition and generalization of the material studied
The topic of our lesson is “Interethnic cooperation and conflicts.” We will be with you
work in groups. Each group receives a task. After working independently with
textbook, additional materials, groups present completed assignments.
Group 1 task: create a cluster “Trends in the development of interethnic relations”
Conclusion: interethnic relations find their expression in human actions,
which can either unite peoples or lead to conflicts.
Q. How do you understand the essence of the term “collaboration”?
Q. How does it manifest itself?
Q. What integration trends emerged during the 20th century?
Q. Is the creation and activity of the EU a positive or negative phenomenon?
Q. How does Russia’s participation in the integration process manifest itself? How do you feel about
creation of the CIS?
Interethnic cooperation involves not only integration, but also
differentiation, which takes not only peaceful forms, but is also expressed in the form
conflicts.
Group 2: drawing up a “Fishbone” diagram on the topic “Interethnic conflicts”
Q. How does social conflict differ from interethnic conflict?
B. Name the main causes of interethnic conflicts.
Q. How do you feel about the problem of separatism?
Q. What is xenophobia?
Conclusion: Ignoring problems in national relations can lead to serious
consequences.
The question arises: is it possible to exclude the emergence of conflicts with ethnic
component?
Group 3 drawing up a table
Problem Solving Worksheet
1.What is the main problem in preventing interethnic conflicts?
2.What are the ways to resolve interethnic conflicts?
3.Which of the chosen paths is the best? Why?
Conclusion: It is impossible to single out any one way to resolve conflicts in
national soil. They are all interconnected. The main thing is that when deciding national
problems, a humanistic approach was used:
recognition and respect for the diversity of cultures, rejection of violence between peoples;
development and continuous functioning of democracy, ensuring the realization of rights and
freedoms of the individual, ethnic communities;
the state's focus on developing a culture of interethnic
communication.
Q. Is it possible to imagine the modern world without ethnic conflicts?
Q. Imagine that you work in government and are responsible for national relations.
What priority steps would you suggest to take?
In relations with other peoples, each person must follow the following
settings:
nature created people different, but equal in dignity and rights;
there are no good or bad nations, there are bad or good people, or rather bad or good
actions;
national origin is neither an advantage nor a disadvantage, it is simply
game of chance, fate.
4. Physical education minute
5.Checking the material learned.
It is carried out on the basis of solutions to tasks in parts B6, C5 and C8.
B. Define the concept of “interethnic relations” and make two
sentences containing information about interethnic relations.
B. Make a complex plan on the topic “Nations and Interethnic Relations”
B. Fill in the words suggested in the list in place of the gaps.
The emergence of such a social community as _________(A) is associated with the development
capitalist relations. Modern scientists believe that the key feature
This community is a community of spiritual culture, an important element of which
is the national _______(B). The main direction in the development of interethnic
relationships are _______ (B) and differentiation. Interethnic cooperation
can be carried out in various spheres: economic, political, ______(D),
spiritual.
The causes of interethnic________(D) may be: domestic
prejudices, territorial disputes, ________(E) on racial and religious grounds.
One of the principles of regulating interethnic conflicts is respect
cultural________(F) and interests of all national groups, condemnation of violence in
solving national problems.
1.integration 6.humanization
National relations find their expression in social actions, which largely depend on the individual motivation and behavior of the subjects of society.
National relations can be friendly and mutually respectful, or, on the contrary, hostile and conflicting.
Concept of ethnic communities
Ethnic communities are associations of people based on a common historical past, which provokes identity in their worldview, cultural and spiritual traditions.
The main feature of ethnic communities is their common historical region of residence.
Today there are several thousand ethnic communities in the world, and the modern geography of their settlement is very diverse.
Interethnic conflicts and interethnic cooperation
Interethnic conflicts are a type of social conflict that occurs between members of different ethnic communities. In many scientific works, the basis of interethnic conflicts is indicated by types of political and civil confrontation.
Interethnic conflicts often exist in two forms: in the form of political competition and in the form of armed confrontations. Often the formation of the image of an enemy in the person of another people occurs on a historical basis.
Interethnic cooperation is the interaction between representatives of different ethnic groups, which is reflected in economic, political and cultural public relations. The main principle of interethnic cooperation is mutual assistance, as well as respect for representatives of other nations.
Culture of interethnic relations
The culture of interethnic relations represents the level of relationships between people and ethnic groups of different nationalities, which is based on moral principles, legal norms, as well as norms of mutual trust and respect.
A low level of culture of interethnic relations provokes the emergence of interethnic conflicts, while a high level contributes to the development of interethnic cooperation.
National politics
National policy is an integral part of the activities of any state, which regulates interethnic relations of citizens in various types of social interaction.
The essence of national policy directly depends on the general vectors of state policy. The national policy of legal democratic states is based on the principle of respect for people belonging to any ethnic community. The task of national policy is to bring peoples closer together and establish the most favorable cooperation between their representatives.
Topic18. Family and life
The family is one of the most ancient forms of social associations. The history of the family as a social institution goes back more than 4 millennia.
Family as a social institution
The family is the first step in social interaction, which is why the family is often called the unit of society. Like other social institutions (for example, the state), the family is subject to the social laws of society.
Based on the history of the development of the family institution, we see that no society could do without this social group.
Moreover, the family is currently the only social institution that provides education and preparation for the socialization of the new generation.
Family and life, everyday relationships
Everyday relationships develop between family members in the course of daily life. Household relations are a system of non-productive connections that are aimed at satisfying primary needs (the need for housing, food and clothing).
Everyday relationships in a family should be perceived in two aspects - depending on the time that each family member spends on living together, and also depending on how responsibilities are divided between spouses and children.
One of the most important moral foundations for a favorable family life is mutual assistance in housekeeping. In many families, children are actively involved in helping with everyday issues.
According to statistics, only women are involved in solving family household issues.
Harmony in everyday relationships is no less important a component of a happy family than mutual understanding between spouses and spiritual closeness. The reason for the vast majority of divorces is disagreements between spouses in everyday relationships.
Family in modern society
The public has a huge impact on the life of a family. At different historical times, the institution of family experienced different qualitative transformations.
In modern society, the family is also going through some changes. They are mainly associated with processes such as urbanization and industrialization. The advent of the information age is also of no small importance in the life of a modern family: all the innovations that come to society are reflected in the traditions and nature of intrafamily interaction.
Recently, we can also observe dramatic changes in the social roles of family members.
So, if at the beginning of the 20th century only men managed the family budget, today, the family budget is predominantly under female control, which indicates a gradual transformation of the traditional patriarchal family model.
Topic 19. Youth in modern society
Youth is a large socio-demographic group that unites individuals based on socio-psychological, age, and economic characteristics.
Youth in modern society
From a psychological point of view, youth is a period of formation of self-awareness, a stable system of values, as well as social status. Young people represent the most valuable and at the same time the most problematic part of society.
The value of the younger generation lies in the fact that, as a rule, its representatives have increased determination, the ability to assimilate large amounts of information, originality and critical thinking.
However, these advantages give rise to certain problems in the realization and existence of young people in society. Thus, critical thinking is often aimed not at the search for truth, but at the categorical rejection of already existing norms and dogmas that guide other members of society.
Modern youth are also characterized by new negative qualities that were absent in their predecessors, in particular, detachment from the world around them, reluctance to work, and increased negativism.