Nature is everything that surrounds a person and was not made by his hands, namely the atmosphere, landscape, trees, animals, water, etc.

Nature is the mother of man, she created him and she influences his life in the most direct way. Thus, nature gives man health, the air he breathes, the land he walks on, minerals and food.

Nature has made man a biosocial being, which means that man has both biological and social needs. Biological (natural) needs include the need for food, drink, safety, and reproduction. And social (acquired) include the need for knowledge, communication, prestige, self-realization, etc.

Since ancient times, people have chosen their place of residence based on natural conditions and their surrounding landscape. So, the ancient Slavs settled along river beds so that there would be a constant source of water and fish. It is difficult to imagine the modern world without the struggle for mineral resources, which also indicates human dependence on nature. However, it is worth noting that not only humans depend on nature. The relationship between man and nature is based on interconnection and interdependence. This dependence can manifest itself in the following connections: nature can influence society (both positively and negatively), society can influence nature (both constructively and unconstructively).

Nature gives society a high harvest - this is an example of the positive influence of nature on humans. Disaster in the form of a hurricane, flood, volcanic eruption, earthquake - the negative impact of nature on society.

A man plants a wasteland with trees, protects rare species of animals and plants - an example of man's constructive influence on nature. Society pollutes the environment, kills animals, cuts down forests, etc. - unconstructive interaction.

Thus, in the modern world, they began to pay more attention to global environmental problems, since the naked eye can see that if humanity does not reconsider its consumer attitude towards nature, then soon there will be nothing left of nature, man will destroy his home. Therefore, now such public organizations and movements as “Greenpeace”, “Nature Conservation Teams”, “ World Fund wildlife", UN Program "UNEP", etc.

Elena Spitsyna
Lesson summary “The importance of nature in human life”

Move classes

Educator: - Children, nature is important in the life of every person: besides beauty and good mood, she gives to the person then, without which it is impossible to live. What exactly will they tell you? puzzles:

Well, which one of you will answer?

It’s not fire, but it burns painfully,

Not a lantern, but it shines brighter,

And not a baker, but a baker. (Sun)

Can Human live without sunlight and warmth?

Passes through the nose into the chest

And the return is on its way.

He is invisible, but still

We cannot live without him. (Air)

Can we live without air? Why?

They drink me, they pour me out,

Everyone needs me. Who is she? (Water)

Sun, air, water, mushrooms, bees, fish - all this nature. Man lives in nature, from human life depends on nature.

Children, there are 2 clearings in front of you. (Showing one of the paintings). What can you call this clearing? Why?

(This clearing can be called "cheerful". Here the sun is shining brightly, flowers are blooming, birds are singing, insects are crawling in the grass, a stream is babbling merrily).

That's right, this clearing "cheerful". What's the other one?

(This clearing "sad". Here all the grass is crushed, the flowers are torn off, the birds have flown away, there are no insects, garbage is scattered all around, a stream barely makes its way out of the ground).

What do you guys think, from man depends on the beauty of nature?

What needs to be done to make the clearing beautiful again?

(We need to clean the stream, remove all the garbage from the clearing, plant new trees, etc.)

Children, how many of you know or have seen that people did the same as shown in the examples environmentally destructive behavior?

How do you or your parents behave when you are on vacation? nature?

Now listen poem:

Well, now about the actual important:

It's scary to look at our Earth!

The water is becoming cloudy every day,

And the air! How much dirt there is in it!

Once pure, blue,

Now he's dirty and sick!

Every living thing can die!

Earth, what have they done to you!

Let the sign of trouble mark us

Sick spots on the planet!

Not only this clearing is in danger (I point to "sad" clearing,

but also our entire planet Earth. There are many sore spots on it. This happened because

people built many plants, factories, power plants. These enterprises pollute the air - it is polluted by the smoke that comes out of the chimneys into the sky, and gases from cars. Waste from factories is poured into rivers and seas and pollutes them; oil from tankers spills into the waters of seas and oceans during accidents. This is how our Earth is polluted. Animals and plants die from this pollution, and people get sick. Dying nature. Our planet is in danger. She needs help.

Do you think people want to help our planet?

That's right, of course they do. This is what environmentalists do. Far away in Siberia there is Lake Baikal. This is a very beautiful and deep lake. Now it is polluted. People not only in our country are thinking about how to save him.

In the south of our country there is the Aral Sea. There's another problem with him. Every year the water in it becomes less and less, it dries out. Now people are thinking about how to save him. But not everything is so bad on our Earth; we have clean lakes and clean rivers.

Let's imagine that you and I are floating along one such clean river.

Physical education minute.

The teacher pronounces the words, and the children perform the movements.

We are floating along a warm river,

The water splashes quietly.

(Swimming movements with arms)

There are clouds in the sky like sheep,

They ran away in all directions.

(Stretching - arms up and to the sides)

Here's a big bird flying

Smoothly circles over the river.

(Movements of hands imitating flapping of wings)

Finally she sits down

On a snag above the water.

(Children sit in a deep squat for a few seconds)

We're climbing out of the river,

Let's take a walk to dry off.

(Walking in place)

Now take a deep breath.

And we sit down on the sand. (Children take their seats)

Educator: -Children, do you know, in 1960 scientists decided to publish the Red Book. Why red? Because red is the color of impending danger. Attention! Stop, look around, think Human! Think about nature!

Human inextricably linked with the flora and fauna. The loss of any species of animal or plant leads to a break in a link in the chain natural processes . One thing disappears, another gets sick, and a third dies.

Who is listed in the Red Book?

(Rare animals and plants).

Why are they called rare?

(Rarely found, people destroyed, died due to climate change and pollution, etc.)

The teacher shows the children "Red Book" our area, looks at illustrations depicting some animals and plants.

Many plants have become rare today and are therefore included in "Red Book", although until recently they were widespread in nature.

The destruction of forests, drainage of swamps, and haymaking before the seeds ripened led to disastrous results. Due to excessive fees in "Red Book" Many medicinal plants turned out to be, for example, lily of the valley, columbine, etc.

There are also few animals left in nature, so they are also included in "Red Book": Far Eastern tiger, Snow Leopard, cheetah, bison, black stork, long-eared hedgehog, steppe eagle and many others. etc.

The teacher and the children draw conclusions about what needs to be protected. nature, the beauty that gives nature, priceless.

You may be surprised, the Earth is our huge home,

Having learned that the Earth is our home! And let it be built

Animals and birds live in it, It is not made of concrete slabs,

And you and I live. But that’s not the point at all.

The earth is our huge home, and the fact is that we are neighbors,

And we must save

It has many floors of Deer and Bears.

For underwater inhabitants This is what we are talking about!

And for forest snakes.

Enough for all apartments:

For buffaloes and goats,

For owls and crocodiles,

For hares and dragonflies.

Publications on the topic:

Nature in a child's life“Nature is the only book, every page is full of deep content” I. V. Goethe Nature! How often do we say this word?

Discussion “What is the importance of pedagogical ethics in working with children?” Discussion “What is the importance of pedagogical ethics in working with children?” 1. At what age do children begin to understand the address to you?

Sports and recreational club “Strong” municipal budget preschool educational institution kindergarten“Firefly” Approved by: Head of MBDOU kindergarten “Firefly”.

Circle “Smile” of social and moral orientation Long-term work plan for the “Smile” circle (5-7 years old) September 1 “Introduction to the work of the circle” 2 “We know that flowers are for goodness and beauty.”

GCD “Water and its importance in human life” in the senior group Program content. Educational task. To form children's understanding of the importance of water in human life. Expand knowledge about...

In older preschool age, further familiarization with the world of adults is of particular importance.. Familiarization with the professions of parents ensures the child’s further entry into modern world, familiarization with its values, ensures.

Essay “Science is the most important, the most beautiful and necessary in a person’s life, it has always been and will be the highest manifestation of love” Science is an integral part of our life. Life is the development of human potential, the transformation of the resources inherent in us by nature.

Science is the most important, the most beautiful and necessary in a person’s life, it has always been and will be the highest manifestation of love, only by it is man.

The importance of didactic games and social activities for the development of preschool children The child looks at the world around him with wide open eyes. He wants to know it, feel it, make it his own. Such an inquisitive attitude.

The importance of musical and didactic games in a child’s life The meaning of musical didactic games in a child's life. Article by the music director of MDOBU No. 45 of Sochi by Maria Ivanovna Platonova “Game.

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The role of nature in life human society

For humans, as for any other biological species, nature is the environment for life and the source of existence. As a biological species, a person needs a certain composition and pressure of atmospheric air, clean natural water with salts dissolved in it, plants and animals, earth temperature. The optimal environment for humans is the natural state of nature, which is maintained by normally occurring processes of the circulation of substances and energy flows.

As a biological species, humans, through their life activities, influence the natural environment no more than other living organisms. However, this influence is incomparable to the enormous impact that humanity has on nature through its work. The transformative influence of human society on nature is inevitable; it intensifies as society develops and the number and mass of substances involved in economic circulation increases. The changes introduced by man have now acquired such a large scale that they have become a threat to disrupt the balance existing in nature and an obstacle to further development productive forces. For a long time people looked at nature as an inexhaustible source of material goods they needed. However, faced with the negative consequences of their impact on nature, they gradually came to be convinced of the need for its rational use and protection.

Nature conservation is a system of scientifically based international, state and public measures aimed at rational use, reproduction and protection natural resources, to protect the natural environment from pollution and destruction in the interests of existing and future generations of people.

The main goal of nature conservation is to support the dynamic balance of natural processes, preserve biological diversity plants, animals, microorganisms that provide favorable conditions for the life of present and subsequent generations of people, the development of production, science and culture of all peoples inhabiting our planet. Progressive sustainable development of human society is impossible without rational environmental management, which refers to the totality of all forms of exploitation of natural resources and effective measures for their conservation and restoration.

Exhaustible and inexhaustible natural resources

Naturally, in connection with different historical stages in the development of human society, the problems of using natural resources and nature conservation also change. Man is a relatively young inhabitant of the Earth; he joined its ecological systems about 3.5 million years ago. At that time, the impact of people on the environment was insignificant due to their small numbers. About 1.5 million years ago, the number of people did not exceed 500 thousand individuals. People roamed in small groups, collecting edible plants, hunting animals, catching fish. Traces of their influence were quickly smoothed out by nature as soon as gatherers, hunters and fishermen left their campsites. The first to be domesticated was the wolf, which helped people hunt animals; later, cattle was domesticated, then horses. Approximately 10-12 thousand years ago, under favorable conditions, people switched to sedentary lifestyle life and began to engage in agriculture. The initial phase of transformation of the natural environment is associated with the development of animal husbandry and agriculture. The growth of transformative activities of human society associated with the development of industry continues to this day. So, in the first half of the 20th century. was of particular concern rapid exhaustion natural resources and the possible death of humanity due to the complete depletion of ore deposits and oil. Nowadays, threatening environmental pollution, violation of natural biocenoses, deforestation, soil erosion, extinction rare species animals and plants. Natural objects and phenomena that people use in the labor process are called natural resources. These include atmospheric air, water, soil, minerals, solar radiation, climate, vegetation, fauna. According to the degree of their depletion, they are divided into exhaustible and inexhaustible.

Exhaustible resources, in turn, are divided into renewable and non-renewable. Non-renewable resources include those resources that are not regenerated or are renewed hundreds of times slower than they are consumed. These include oil, coal, metal ores and most other minerals. The reserves of these resources are limited, their protection comes down to careful use.

Renewable natural resources - soil, vegetation, wildlife, as well as mineral salts such as Glauber's salt and table salt, deposited in lakes and sea lagoons. These resources are constantly restored if the conditions necessary for this are maintained, and the rate of use does not exceed the rate of natural regeneration. Resources are restored at different speeds: animals - within a few years, forests - 60-80 years, and soils that have lost fertility - within several millennia. Exceeding the rate of consumption over the rate of reproduction leads to depletion and complete disappearance of the resource.

Inexhaustible resources include water, climate and space. The total reserves of water on the planet are inexhaustible. They are based on the salty waters of the World Ocean, but they are still little used. In certain areas, the waters of the seas and oceans are polluted with oil, waste from household and industrial enterprises, and the removal of fertilizers and pesticides from fields, which worsens the living conditions of marine plants and animals. Fresh water, necessary for humans, is an exhaustible natural resource. Problem fresh water Every year it gets worse due to the shallowing of rivers and lakes, increased water consumption for irrigation and industrial needs, and water pollution from industrial and household waste.

Requires careful use and strict protection water resources.

Climatic resources - atmospheric air and wind energy - are inexhaustible, but with the development of industry and transport, the air has become heavily polluted with smoke, dust, and exhaust gases. IN major cities and industrial centers, air pollution becomes dangerous to human health. The fight for a clean atmosphere has become an important environmental task.

Space resources include solar radiation, energy sea ​​tides and low tides. They are inexhaustible. However, in cities and industrial centers, solar radiation is greatly reduced due to smoke and dust in the air. This has a negative impact on people's health.

Principles and rules of nature conservation

Economic activity causes numerous changes in nature, the consequences of which must be predicted. In the process of long-term use of natural resources, general principles and rules for rational use and conservation of nature.

The first principle boils down to the fact that all natural phenomena have multiple meanings for humans and must be assessed from different points of view. Each phenomenon must be approached taking into account the interests of different branches of production and preserving the restorative power of nature itself.

Thus, the forest is considered primarily as a source of wood and chemical raw materials, but forests have water-regulating, soil-protecting, and climate-forming significance. The forest is important as a place for people to relax. In these cases, the industrial importance of the forest is relegated to the background.

A river cannot serve only as a transport route or as a site for the construction of hydroelectric power stations. The river cannot be used as a place for drainage of industrial waste water. Rivers deliver nutrients necessary for living organisms to the seas. Therefore, using the river only in the interests of one industry, as often happens, is irrational. It is necessary to use it comprehensively in the interests of various industries production, healthcare, tourism, taking into account the preservation of the cleanliness of the reservoir and the restoration of water flows in it.

The second principle is the need for strict consideration of local conditions when using and protecting natural resources. It is called the rule of regionality. This is especially true for the use of water and forest resources.

There are many places on Earth where there is currently a shortage of fresh water. Excess water elsewhere does not improve the water predicament in dry areas.

Where there are a lot of forests and they are not developed, intensive logging is permissible, and in forest-steppe areas, in central industrialized and densely populated areas Russia, where there are few forests, forest resources must be spent very carefully, with constant care for their renewal.

The rule of regionality also applies to the animal world. The same species of commercial animal in some areas requires strict protection, while in others, with high numbers, intensive fishing is possible.

There is nothing more destructive than the intensive use of a resource where it is in short supply, on the basis that in other places this resource is in abundance. According to the rule of regionality, the treatment of the same natural resource in different areas should be different and depend on how this resource is currently represented in a given area.

The third principle, arising from the mutual connection of objects and phenomena in nature, is that the protection of one object simultaneously means the protection of other objects closely related to it.

Protecting a reservoir from pollution is the simultaneous protection of the fish living in it. Preservation of normal hydrological regime terrain - this also means preventing soil erosion. The protection of insectivorous birds and red forest ants is the simultaneous protection of the forest from pests.

Often in nature, relationships of an opposite nature develop, when the protection of one object causes harm to another. For example, protecting elk in some places leads to its overpopulation, and this causes significant damage to the forest due to damage to the undergrowth. Significant damage to the vegetation of some national parks in Africa is caused by elephants, which inhabit these territories in abundance. Therefore, the protection of each natural object must be correlated with the protection of others.

Therefore, nature conservation must be comprehensive. What should be protected is not the sum of individual natural resources, but a natural complex (ecosystem), including various components connected by natural connections that have developed in the process of long historical development.

The protection and use of nature are, at first glance, two oppositely directed human actions. However, there is no antagonistic contradiction between these actions. These are two sides of the same phenomenon - the relationship of man to nature. Therefore, the question that is sometimes asked - to protect nature or to use it - does not make sense. Nature must be used and protected. Without this, the progress of human society is impossible. Nature must be protected in the process of its rational use. What is important is a reasonable balance between its use and protection, which is determined by the quantity and distribution of resources, economic conditions country, region, social traditions and culture of the population. The basic principle of nature conservation is protection in the process of its use.

Legal basis for nature conservation

The legal basis for nature protection is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, international treaties, laws on the protection of nature and the main components of the natural environment, resolutions of legislative institutions different levels. Higher legal force, the Constitution of the Russian Federation has direct effect and application throughout the territory of Russia. It enshrines the human right to a favorable environment. Naturally, in order to effectively use it, it is necessary to use the right to reliable information on the state of the environment (Article 42). The rules and principles of nature conservation are followed by people when they are of a legislative nature. The law is currently in force Russian Federation“On the protection of the natural environment” (December 19, 1991). Its basis is the recognition of nature and its riches" national treasure peoples of Russia, the natural basis of their socio-economic development and human well-being."

In accordance with the 1991 law, the assessment of the state of the natural environment, including in emergency environmental situations, must be assessed both from the standpoint of public health and the state of natural ecological systems, genetic funds of plants and animals.

The main objectives of the environmental legislation of the Russian Federation are “the regulation of relations in the sphere of interaction between society and nature in order to preserve natural resources and natural human habitat, preventing environmental harmful effects economic and other activities, improvement and improvement of the quality of the natural environment, strengthening law and order in the interests of present and future generations of people.”

The law formulates environmental requirements for all economic structures. These requirements are addressed to enterprises, organizations, institutions, regardless of their form of ownership and subordination, and to individual citizens.

"In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, international treaties take precedence over internal state laws. However, in order international treaty had legal force in Russia, it must not only be signed by authorized persons, but also ratified (approved) Federal Assembly RF.

However, the provisions of the law do not apply automatically; they are implemented and verified government agencies management and control, prosecutor's office and court, arbitration court, public organizations and associations. The law must create a moral basis for the behavior of citizens.

Scientific problems of nature conservation

Until recently, nature conservation was a matter for individuals and societies, and ecology initially had nothing to do with nature conservation. With this name Ernst Haeckel in 1866 in his monograph “General Morphology” christened the science of the relationships between animals and plants living on certain territory, their relationships with each other and with living conditions.

Who eats what or who, how does it adapt to seasonal changes climate - the main issues of original ecology. This discipline was studied in the biological departments of universities, but with the exception of a narrow circle of specialists, no one knew anything about it. Look through the newspapers and popular science magazines that were published in our country before 1970, and you will not see the word “ecology” anywhere.

And now it’s on everyone’s lips. Ecology is taught in almost all higher educational institutions of the country, special environmental newspapers and magazines are published, and numerous dissertations on ecology are defended.

Such a dramatic change over the course of 30 years occurred due to two interrelated circumstances characteristic of the second half of the century: the growth of the Earth's population and the scientific and technological revolution.

The rapid growth of the Earth's population is called the population explosion. It is difficult to judge this phenomenon in Russia, where the population began to decline since 1993, and even in Western Europe, where it grows very slowly, but it is well illustrated by demographic statistics from China, African countries, Latin America, southern Asia, where the population is growing at a gigantic pace.

At the beginning of the century, 1.5 billion people lived on Earth. In 1950, despite losses in two world wars, the population increased to 2.5 billion, and then began to increase annually by 70-100 million people. In 1993, the world's population reached 5.5 billion people, i.e. doubled compared to 1950, and in 2000 will exceed 6 billion.

Without dwelling on the causes of the demographic explosion, we note that it was accompanied by the withdrawal from nature huge territories for residential buildings and public institutions, roads and railways, airports and marinas, crops and pastures. Hundreds of square kilometers were cut down rainforests. Under the hooves of numerous herds, steppes and prairies turned into deserts.

Simultaneously with the demographic explosion, a scientific and technological revolution occurred. Man mastered nuclear energy, rocket technology and went into space. He invented the computer, created electronics and the synthetic materials industry.

The demographic explosion and the scientific and technological revolution have led to a colossal increase in the consumption of natural resources. Thus, today the world produces annually 3.5 billion tons of oil and 4.5 billion tons of hard and brown coal. At such rates of consumption, it has become obvious that many natural resources will be depleted in the near future. At the same time, waste from giant industries began to increasingly pollute the environment, destroying the health of the population. In all industrialized countries widespread received cancer, chronic pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases.

Scientists were the first to sound the alarm. Beginning in 1968, the Italian economist Aurelio Peccei began annually gathering prominent experts from different countries in Rome to discuss questions about the future of civilization. These meetings were called the Club of Rome. In the spring of 1972, the first book prepared by the Club of Rome was published, with characteristic name"Limits to Growth". And in June of the same year, the UN held the First international conference on Environment and Development, which summarized materials on pollution and its harmful effects on public health in many countries. The conference participants came to the conclusion that man, from being a subject who studied the ecology of animals and plants, in the new conditions must himself turn into an object of multilateral environmental research. They appealed to the governments of all countries of the world to create special government agencies for this purpose.

After the conference in Stockholm, ecology merged with nature conservation and began to acquire its current great importance. IN different countries ministries, departments and committees on ecology began to be created, and their main goal began monitoring the natural environment and combating its pollution to preserve public health. In the USSR, in 1973, the Commission for Nature Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources was created under the Presidium of the Council of Ministers. On its basis, the State Committee was formed in 1987. It entered the first government of independent Russia under the name of the Ministry of Ecology, but then it was again renamed the Committee, and the word “ecology” remained only in its abbreviated name (Goskomekologiya).

Research into human ecology required a theoretical framework. First Russian and then foreign researchers recognized the teachings of V.I. as such a basis. Vernadsky about the biosphere and the inevitability of its evolutionary transformation into the sphere of the human mind - the noosphere.

Environmental problems of our time, in terms of their scale, can be conditionally divided into local, regional and global and require unequal means and scientific developments of different nature for their solution.

Local example environmental problem- a plant that discharges its industrial waste, which is harmful to human health, into the river without treatment. This is a violation of the law. Nature conservation authorities or even the public should fine such a plant through the courts and force it to be built under threat of closure wastewater treatment plants. No special science is required.

An example of regional environmental problems is the Kuzbass - a basin almost enclosed in the mountains, filled with gases from coke ovens and the fumes of a metallurgical giant, which no one thought about capturing during construction, or the drying up of the Aral Sea with a sharp deterioration in the ecological situation along its entire periphery, or high radioactivity of the soil in areas adjacent to Chernobyl.

To solve such problems, scientific research is already needed. In the first case - development rational methods absorption of smoke and gas aerosols, in the second - precise hydrological studies to develop recommendations for increasing flow into the Aral Sea, in the third - elucidation of the impact on public health of long-term exposure to low doses of radiation and the development of methods for soil decontamination.

However, the anthropogenic impact on nature has reached such proportions that problems have arisen global character, about which at the beginning of the 20th century. no one could even suspect. If we leave aside the economic and social aspects, and talk only about nature, we can name the following global environmental problems that were in the field of vision of humanity at the end of the 20th century: global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, destruction of the Earth's forest cover, desertification of vast territories , pollution of the World Ocean, reduction species diversity fauna and flora. Scientific research is needed not only to solve or mitigate these problems, but also to find out the causes of their occurrence, because without this it is simply impossible to solve them.

Let us explain with an example how questions that require special research are drawn into a chain.

Began in the second half of the 20th century. The rapid warming of the climate is a reliable fact. We feel it in winters that are milder than before. The average temperature of the surface layer of air compared to 1956-1957, when the First International Geophysical Year was held, increased by 0.7°C. There is no warming at the equator, but the closer to the poles, the more noticeable it is. Above the Arctic Circle it reaches 2°C.

At the North Pole, subglacial water has warmed by 1°C and ice cover began to melt from below.

What is the reason for this phenomenon? Some scientists believe that this is the result of burning a huge mass of organic fuel and releasing it into the atmosphere large quantities carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, i.e. complicates the transfer of heat from the Earth's surface. Others, citing climate change in historical time, consider the anthropogenic factor of climate warming to be negligible and associate this phenomenon with increased solar activity.

A warming climate raises a number of related questions. What are the prospects for its further development? How will warming affect the increase in evaporation from the surface of the World Ocean and how will this affect the amount of precipitation? How will this precipitation be distributed over the area? And a number of more specific questions concerning the territory of Russia: in connection with the warming and general humidification of the climate, can we expect a mitigation of droughts in Lower Volga region and in the North Caucasus; should we expect an increase in the Volga flow and a further rise in the level of the Caspian Sea; will the retreat begin? permafrost in Yakutia and the Magadan region; will navigation along the coast become easier? northern shores Siberia?

All these questions can be answered accurately. However, for this, various scientific studies must be carried out.

No less complex in scientifically environmental problem of the ozone layer. It arose in 1982, when a probe launched from a British station in Antarctica discovered a sharp decline ozone content.

Since then, an ozone “hole” of varying shapes and sizes has been continuously recorded over Antarctica. Later, the same “hole” was discovered over the Canadian Arctic archipelago, over Spitsbergen, and then in different places in Eurasia, in particular over Voronezh.

Depletion of the ozone layer is much more dangerous reality for all life on Earth than the fall of some super-large meteorite, because ozone (triatomic oxygen formed in the stratosphere from ordinary oxygen due to the energy of ultraviolet and even shorter-wave cosmic rays) does not allow dangerous radiation to reach the surface of the Earth. If it were not for ozone, these rays would destroy all living things.

The depletion of the ozone layer has worried not only scientists, but also the governments of many countries. The search for reasons began. At first, suspicion fell on chloro- and fluorocarbons used in refrigeration units, the so-called freons. They are indeed easily oxidized by ozone, thereby destroying it. Large sums were allocated to find their replacements. However, refrigeration units are used mainly in countries with warm and hot climates, and for some reason ozone holes are most pronounced in polar regions. This was puzzling. Then it was found that a lot of ozone is destroyed by the rocket engines of modern aircraft flying at high altitudes, as well as during launches spaceships and satellites.

To finally resolve the issue of the causes of ozone layer depletion, detailed scientific research is needed. Another cycle of research is needed to develop the most rational methods for artificially restoring the previous ozone content in the stratosphere. Work in this direction has already begun.

But has the idea of ​​transforming nature been abandoned? Are environmental management practices being improved? In what direction is a person’s attitude towards the environment changing? natural environment?

Several examples may provide answers.

First example. Fishing has long been one of the main occupations of the Norwegians. They went fishing across the ocean to the shallows off the coast of Iceland and New Foundland. They caught mainly herring, but in small quantity and salmon, or European salmon, which enters the mountain rivers of Norway through the fjords to spawn.

About 20 years ago, the Norwegians decided to change their salmon fishing technique. After the fish enter to spawn, they block the exit from several fjords to the sea with a fine-mesh net. After the eggs ripen, the salmon fry slide down the rivers into the fjord, but cannot leave it. They are fed first with minced fish, and then with small “trash” fish, which are caught off the coast of Norway. Young salmon grow quickly, after 3-4 years they reach a weight of 9-10 kg, after which they are easily caught with seines.

The new method of breeding and fishing allowed Norway to increase its annual salmon production from several tens of thousands of tons to 500 thousand tons, i.e. more than an order of magnitude. In any European restaurant you can now get relatively cheap Norwegian salmon. And Norwegian fishermen began to live much richer.

Another example of a worthwhile change natural ecosystems Can serve as a source of marine shellfish farming in Japan, China and Vietnam. In these countries, some species of benthic marine mollusks have been consumed as food for a long time. However, in the last two decades, their artificial breeding. Vast areas of the coastal shallow waters of these countries were previously cleared of other benthic fauna, and then populated with those types of edible shellfish that grow most quickly.

No one knows how many edible marine shellfish were caught before, but in recent years their total production amounted to 5 million tons, and this became a significant help in the nutritional balance of the population of Southeast Asia.

An example of rational environmental management can also be the forestry industry in Germany, where a law was passed (and it is strictly observed) that the area occupied by forests should not be less than 27% of the entire territory of the country. In the forests there are no fallen rotting tree trunks or stumps. The forests of Germany are all secondary and homogeneous. Tree species with good, strong wood and relatively rapid growth. Up to a height of approximately 600 m the forests consist of beech, and in the mountainous regions of southern Germany - special type ate. Beech grows wood relatively quickly - in 45 years, spruce - in 60 years. Upon reaching this age, the forest is cut down, and the vacated areas are planted with young trees. This method of forest management provides Germany with the necessary wood and does not disturb the ecological balance. The forests of Germany are home to red deer, roe deer, wild boars and hares, and black grouse and songbirds nest.

These examples show the attitude of man to the natural environment, which should become dominant in the age of the noosphere. I believe that it is wide environmental education will contribute to the transformation of the biosphere into the sphere of the human mind - the noosphere, upon entering which all humanity will understand that it is part of this noosphere, and will strive not to destroy, but to expand and multiply natural wealth.

Global environmental problems and ways to solve them

natural resource conservation environmental management

Today, the environmental situation in the world can be described as close to critical. Among the global environmental problems the following can be noted:

Thousands of species of plants and animals have been destroyed and continue to be destroyed;

Forest cover has been largely destroyed;

The available reserves of mineral resources are rapidly declining;

The world's oceans are not only depleted as a result of the destruction of living organisms, but also cease to be a regulator of natural processes;

The atmosphere in many places is polluted to the maximum permissible levels, and clean air is becoming scarce;

The ozone layer, which protects all living things from cosmic radiation, is partially damaged;

Surface pollution and disfigurement of natural landscapes: it is impossible to find a single square meter of surface on Earth where there are no artificially created elements.

The detrimental nature of the consumer attitude man to nature only as an object for obtaining certain wealth and benefits. It is becoming vitally necessary for humanity to change the very philosophy of attitude towards nature.

What measures are needed to solve global environmental problems! First of all, we must move from the consumer-technocratic approach to nature to the search for harmony with it. For this, in particular, a number of targeted measures are needed to green production: environmentally friendly technologies, mandatory environmental assessment of new projects, and the creation of waste-free closed-cycle technologies.

Another measure aimed at improving the relationship between man and nature is reasonable self-restraint in the consumption of natural resources, especially energy sources (oil, coal), which are essential for the life of mankind. vital importance. Calculations international experts show that if we proceed from the current level of consumption (late 20th century), then coal reserves will last for another 430 years, oil - for 35 years, natural gas - for 50 years. The period, especially for oil reserves, is not that long. In this regard, reasonable structural changes are needed in the global energy balance towards expanding the use of atomic energy, as well as the search for new, efficient, safe and most environmentally friendly sources of energy, including space energy.

However, all of the above and other measures can produce a tangible effect only if all countries unite the efforts to save nature. The first attempt of this international association was carried out at the beginning of the 20th century. Then, in November 1913, the first international meeting on environmental issues was held in Switzerland with the participation of representatives of 18 of the largest countries in the world.

Nowadays, interstate forms of cooperation are reaching a qualitative level new level. Are concluded international conventions on environmental protection (fish quotas, a ban on whaling, etc.), a variety of joint development and programs. The activities of public organizations to protect the environment - "green" (Greenpeace) - have intensified. The environmental international Green Cross and Green Crescent is currently developing a program to solve the problem of "ozone holes" in the Earth's atmosphere. However, it should be recognized that with very at different levels socio-political development of countries of the world the international cooperation V environmental sphere still very far from being perfect.

Another direction for solving the environmental problem, and perhaps in the future the most important of all, is the formation in society of environmental consciousness, people’s understanding of nature as another living being that cannot be dominated without damage to it and oneself.

Posted on Allbest.ru

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nature personality development children

The expression “predatory, cruel attitude towards nature” appears more and more often in the press. Why does man, the crown of all living things, having acquired strength and power over the natural world, value it less and less?

The education of evil or goodness begins in early childhood, long before the baby says “mom” or begins to walk. His rattles depict a fish, a bird, and on his cup and vest there are chickens, bears and bunnies. The baby notices that the first creature that does not look like either mom or dad is a cat, dog or bird.

In the natural world, the child begins his journey and knowledge. This world excites him, awakens interests, imagination, fantasy. The nature that a child observes leaves in him indelible impression, forms aesthetic feelings. It is very important to teach a child from early childhood to understand the beauty of living nature, admire the colorful plumage of birds, enjoy their singing, and be amazed at the ingenuity of a dog. Communicating with living nature instills in children a love for their native land.

Nature's influence on moral development children.

Vaccinate with early age love for nature is necessary for two reasons: firstly, to cultivate a caring attitude towards the animal and plant world; secondly, for the development of more complex moral feelings and qualities: humanism, kindness, sympathy. The behavior of a child in nature is sometimes contradictory: having a positive attitude towards objects of nature, children often commit negative actions (plucking flowers they like and immediately throwing them away, tormenting - “petting” a kitten, etc.)

It is sometimes mistakenly thought that the emotional impact of nature is the natural basis for a positive attitude towards it. A deep, conscious feeling of love and humane attitude towards it is not born from an external attitude towards nature, but can only be born. Interesting example given in the book by B. Ryabinin “On Love for Living Things.” “The child is scaring the pigeons. At first glance, an innocent activity. But he has fun by scaring him, he likes that the pigeons flap their wings when he approaches and fly away, that they are afraid of him - and this is where, as they say, the dog is buried, here is the root and primary cause of evil.”

The guidance of an adult is necessary so that the external emotional attitude towards nature develops into a moral and aesthetic feeling, which presupposes an active, effective position of the child.

It is important to create an emotional contact between the child and nature: let him wander around on his own, find something unusual, sit quietly on a hillock, listen to the singing of birds or the murmur of a stream, or just look around him.

Of course, a child’s emotional attitude to nature is largely determined by the attitude of the adult himself, so it’s good when parents know a lot of poems, songs, and riddles about nature and use them. Only the relationship between the ethical and the aesthetic contributes to the formation of an effective love for nature. Parents need to teach their child not only to look, but also to see, not only to listen. But also listen and preserve the beauty of our native nature.

A child’s knowledge of nature affects not only the area of ​​the mind, but also the area of ​​moral feelings. Therefore, while imparting to children knowledge about the animal and plant world, adults simultaneously communicate the rules of behavior in the natural environment. When walking through the forest, you should not be close to fallen, rotten trees, they can be dangerous.

You should not touch unfamiliar plants, pick and taste unfamiliar berries, or collect unfamiliar mushrooms—some of them may be poisonous. Subject to these simple rules, nature will open to us its amazing, educational and unusual world.

The influence of nature on the spiritual development of a child.

The great teacher K.D. Ushinsky was convinced that a child is unhappy if he grows up without admiring flowers or seeing meadows. “A beautiful landscape also has a huge educational influence on the development of a young soul, which is difficult to compete with the influence of a teacher,” he wrote. In the old days there was a secret custom in Rus': they slipped a cat to the groom. If he stroked the animal, played with it - a kind person, if he was treated rudely, they became wary in relation to the animal, and the attitude towards the person was checked.

V.G. Belinsky wrote: “The first educator of children is nature and its beneficial impressions, the noise of leaves and vibrations of waves speak to us in some living language, the meaning of which we have already forgotten and are trying in vain to remember.”

Nature is the source of the rise of all spiritual forces. Better than anything else, it enriches the child’s psyche and improves his senses.

The influence of nature on child health.

In the process of learning about nature, aesthetic feelings and tastes are formed and developed. The strength of impressions from nature depends on the ability to see diverse beauty, to hear the “living” voice of the forest, sea, field.

Nature is the most important source for the development of a child’s speech. It not only provides moral and spiritual development, but also has a beneficial effect on the child’s health.

Our forests provide enormous health benefits. The oxygen released by tree leaves is essential for respiration.

The benefits of the sun have been known since ancient times, especially for hardening purposes. In the solar spectrum, along with visible light rays, there are also invisible infrared and ultraviolet rays. Under the influence of infrared rays, blood vessels dilate, blood circulation increases, tissue nutrition improves, which helps eliminate inflammatory processes. Ultraviolet rays, unlike infrared rays, do not have a warming effect, they are not felt by the body and penetrate the skin to a much smaller depth. At the same time, their biological activity is much higher, since under the influence of ultraviolet rays vitamin D is formed in the skin, which prevents the development of rickets in children. In addition, ultraviolet rays have a bactericidal (killing microbes) effect, have a beneficial effect not only on the skin, but also help strengthen the body as a whole.

Sand is an important natural healing factor. Treatment with heated sand has long been used as a remedy for rickets and chronic joint diseases.

Clean sea ​​air also has healing properties. It contains a high content of microcrystals of salts (chloride, sulfate, bromide, sodium iodide, calcium and magnesium), which improves regenerative processes in the mucous membrane respiratory tract, stimulates local immunity, helps eliminate inflammatory processes in the bronchi and lungs. Moreover, sea air, saturated with iodides and bromides, helps to improve sleep and reduce the child’s irritability.

Thus, if used wisely natural factors- the sun, air and water can have a great healing effect on the child and become our “true friends”.

The influence of the beauty of nature on humans.

The beauty of nature plays a big role in cultivating spiritual nobility. It cultivates the ability to feel, perceive subtleties, shades of things, phenomena, movements of the heart. Nature is a source of goodness, its beauty influences the spiritual world of man only when the young heart is ennobled by the highest human beauty- goodness, truth, humanity, sympathy, intransigence to evil.

Heartless, soulless “rippers” of the living, ruthless wasters of the beauty of nature are those children and adolescents in whose souls the sense of goodness is dulled and there is no sincere desire to become better. The dulling of the sense of human dignity leads to the fact that a person does not see the beauty of nature.

The beauty of nature fosters refinement of feelings, helps to feel the beauty of a person.

In nature, loud sounds are rare, the noise is relatively weak and short-lived. The combination of sound stimuli gives animals and humans the time necessary to assess their character and formulate a response. Sounds and noises of high power affect the hearing aid, nerve centers, and can cause pain and shock. This is how noise pollution works.

The quiet rustle of leaves, the murmur of a stream, bird voices, the light splash of water and the sound of the surf are always pleasant to a person. They calm him down and relieve stress. But the natural sounds of the voices of Nature are becoming increasingly rare, disappearing completely or are drowned out by industrial transport and other noise.

A person always strives to go to the forest, to the mountains, to the shore of the sea, river or lake.

Here he feels a surge of strength and vigor. No wonder they say that it is best to relax in the lap of nature. Sanatoriums and holiday homes are being built in the most beautiful corners. This is not an accident. It turns out that the surrounding landscape can have different effects on the psycho-emotional state. Contemplation of the beauty of nature stimulates vitality and calms nervous system. Plant biocenoses, especially forests, have a strong healing effect.

The perception of a beautiful landscape is an intimate meeting between man and nature. The beauty of nature evokes in him a complex of positive feelings: safety, relaxation, calm, warmth, freedom, goodwill, happiness. American experts believe that this is due to a feeling of psychological comfort as a result of long-term human evolution. Thus, human genetics constantly needs a natural pattern, natural beauty, natural harmony. Reality loses its soil and sinful soul when the heavenly glow of beauty descends on it. The beauty of wild nature can be compared to spring water: the less taste it has, the more healing it is considered.

The beauty of wild nature is a kind of symbol that sinks into the life of both an individual and an entire nation. An example of this is the use of natural symbols in the coats of arms, flags and coins of different states. Largely thanks to their natural beauty, gold, silver, pearls, and diamonds began to be considered an object of wealth and luxury. The beauty given by nature is its highest and most beautiful gift.

Preserving beauty in the landscape means, first of all, not destroying the elements and conditions that make it beautiful."

The beauty of nature has a complex closed non-verbal code, on the basis of which little-conscious and subtle communication arises. Non-verbal information generated by a beautiful landscape stimulates the emergence of a special range of emotions. According to some theoretical views, we may enjoy and appreciate disharmony in music or confusion of colors and distortion of shapes in painting. Likewise, in natural aesthetics we can value certain sensations that are not literally pleasant, says Bayard Callicott. If nature had the same degree of beauty everywhere, it would become monotonous. It is better when beauty is concentrated, as in a painting, at some point in the landscape.

Humanity has been living for thousands of years on our old planet. Throughout the history of life and development, man has had a consumerist attitude towards nature, taking from it everything he needed. she “didn’t refuse” him anything. What is the importance of nature for humans?

But, as you know, sooner or later everything comes to an end. The planet's resources are depleted over time. The technocratic path of development of civilization in our time has brought the planet to an environmental disaster.

Many people have probably already heard about the situation with the planet’s ozone layer, with harmful emissions, and with water pollution.

“Intelligent” human activity is leading the planet to disaster. And in order to find the right way to solve the problem, let's try to understand the pressing problem in detail.

Deforestation

Let's plunge into times not so distant - into the era of the Romanovs. By decree of Peter I on New Year They began to chop and decorate the Christmas tree. Since then, for more than 3 centuries, most families, according to this tradition, cut down coniferous trees in order to celebrate such an important holiday for everyone, and then, without remorse, they send the cured spruce to the trash heap as unnecessary. It’s even scary to imagine how many trees “died” for our amusement and desire to celebrate the coming year.

Let's also pay attention to how much wood is cut down to make paper. As you know, the first paper appeared in the 11th century. in Spain. The technology has been spread and improved over the years. Now it is difficult to imagine modern life without such a product. Books, magazines, reports, building materials - paper is used everywhere. The planet is “going bald” by hundreds of hectares in order to satisfy our needs.

An important factor is the release by plants of oxygen, which is so tedious for human life. And not only for humans, but for all living things on Earth. Over the past hundred years the population has increased dramatically.

For comparison, at the beginning of the 20th century. About 20 million people lived in Europe. There were about the same number of Chinese. Nowadays the situation has changed significantly for the better. And despite this, the amount of green coverage is decreasing. The critical point is already very close. Humanity itself is destroying the house in which it lives.

How to influence the situation

The plant world feeds, clothes and shoes a person, whose needs are growing every year in all directions. Deserts left behind by deforestation also harm wildlife. To avoid a brewing problem, it is necessary to restore vegetable world, in particular forests, in order to stabilize and compensate for what we take away.

The importance of nature for humans - only life in harmony between humans and nature will allow us not to have today’s problems in the future and will contribute to the development and prosperity of civilization as a whole.