When does a rainbow often appear? Rainbow - sky bridge

Seeing a rainbow is a sign of the rainbow, providing hope. Such favorable signs, which are associated with our ancestors, most often brought good luck to those who had the opportunity to see this phenomenon in many religions, the rainbow had different interpretations, for example, a rainbow in the Christian interpretation meant manifestations of heavenly power, and in the local beliefs of individual peoples and paganism the rainbow also meant happiness.

But the people of Ireland paid the most attention to this manifestation in the sky, who considered this phenomenon to be something divine and more than once worshiped it. Based on the beliefs of the Irish, a legend arose that the rainbow represents the path along which small but very greedy creatures called gnomes descend to the earth after a thunderstorm.

According to the beliefs of many Scandinavians, if a rainbow fell on one of the residential buildings in the village, then trouble would occur in this family, or one of the residents of this house would soon die. But among the Scandinavians, the rainbow was far from a terrible phenomenon, although it was a bridge between the world of the living and the dead, but a person who managed to walk along this path immediately went to heaven. And then many of his sins were forgiven, which was the best thing for the inhabitants of Scandinavia.

Numerous peoples who revered the pagan faith, as was previously constrained, considered this phenomenon to be a bridge over which the souls of the dead could cross into the world of the dead, but in addition to this belief, there were other interpretations of such a phenomenon among our ancestors, for example, many years ago there were such beliefs in the appearance of a rainbow:

• If the rainbow has a curved appearance and seems to hang above the ground, then our ancestors believed that this meant heavy rains.
• If, on the contrary, the rainbow hangs high from the ground and is strongly curved, then our ancestors interpreted this as a strong upcoming drought.
• If the rainbow is predominantly green, it means it will rain for a long time.
• If there are more shades of yellow in the rainbow, then this manifestation of color meant that in the future the weather should clear up and stabilize
• If the color of the rainbow is largely red, you can expect strong winds
• Sometimes we can observe a rainbow without rain, this phenomenon contradicts the very nature of the origin of the rainbow and, therefore, it was most often explained that there will soon be a cold and harsh winter.
• But if a woman wants to give birth to a boy, then in this case she must find where the rainbow begins and at that very place wish for the conception of a son.
• For lovers, a rainbow can symbolize how phenomena personify a strong family, happiness and good luck for a young couple, which is why the halls and the wedding table of lovers are decorated with balls of different colors in the form of an arch that resembles a rainbow, which in itself personifies the luck of the spouses in their life together.

The meaning of finding a double rainbow in the sky

One rainbow is good, because it in itself personifies good luck, but what does it mean when two rainbows appear in the sky at once? For any person who believes in signs about the rainbow, the phenomenon of two rainbows is incredible luck and, according to people, it is at this moment that you can make any wish. Regardless of the scale of the wish, it will definitely come true. But even such a successful phenomenon has its own laws; a wish can be fulfilled only when the person who made the wish does not want to harm other people; if this wish is negative, then it is unlikely to come true.

In different religions, both one and two rainbows had different meanings, for example, in the religion of ancient Christians, it was believed that two rainbows were used by God as an appeal to people, that all their sins were forgiven and that there would be no end of the world.

Various artists of the Middle Ages preferred to depict the throne of the ruler in the form of a rainbow, which symbolized the divine origin of the ruler, and the manifestation of the three primary colors of the world, red, green and blue, meant a reminder to our ancestors of the need to pass on to the younger generation the teachings about the great flood and fire, and also new earth. Also in the religion of Christians, the primary colors personified not only the legends of the ancients, but also the reign of divine gifts to people.

But in addition to the religious view of the manifestations of two rainbows, there is also a scientific point of view; most often it represents impending bad weather.

The appearance of a rainbow in different months

• For the most part, people used to pay special attention to the April rainbow. This was marked by the fact that it was previously believed that it was the first thunderstorm and the rainbow that followed it. It meant that spring had truly established itself on earth, and the time of winter was over.
• Also, our ancestors paid a lot of attention to the thunderstorm itself, considering its manifestations as a confrontation between white and dark forces, and in other words, between winter and spring, which fight for leadership over the weather. And the appearance of a rainbow in the sky after such a phenomenon was considered a victory for the white forces and the defeat of the dark ones, and if there was no rainbow, it was believed that the evil forces had won and the bad weather would persist for a long time.
• The appearance of a rainbow in winter means that winter will be accompanied by severe cold and frost, but all this will pass without consequences.
• But in Siberia, such a phenomenon meant that a magical creature called the Silver Hoof was running nearby, from the blows of whose hooves various types of gems and gold were born
• The formation of a rainbow in the autumn foreshadowed our ancestors that there would still be rain for a certain period of time and the weather would be cold, but soon this would all pass and autumn would delight with warm weather.

How to use a rainbow to predict upcoming weather

In order to predict the weather using a rainbow, you do not always need to have a huge amount of knowledge; you need to know a few basic rules that will help with this.

• If a rainbow appears in the sky early in the morning, expect rain.
• But if you observe a rainbow as an evening phenomenon, then you can say that the weather for the coming day will be good.
• If during the rain a rainbow appeared and disappeared at the end of the bad weather, then you can expect variable weather.
• If it rains for a long time, and the rainbow does not appear either during the rain or after it, then you can expect trouble.
• But if there are several types of rainbows in the sky at once, then the weather should soon stabilize.

Elena Samonkina

Research

Subject: Where does a rainbow come from?

Completed: Bagrationova Polina, Mukha Lena

pupils of the preparatory group

Preschool educational institution "Olenyonok" Nizhny Kuranakh

Scientific adviser: Samonkina Elena Alexandrovna

teacher

1. Introduction (Relevance).

2. Theoretical part

3. Practical part

5. Conclusion

6. Bibliography

Characteristics of the study:

The topic relates to empirical research, as it involves conducting your own observations and experiments.

Preliminary work: familiarizing children with research methods, conducting a training session.

Introduction (relevance)

"Multi-colored rocker

Hung over the meadow" (rainbow).

The impact of nature on our lives is pervasive. The beauty of nature cannot leave anyone indifferent. One of the most beautiful natural phenomena is the rainbow. Rainbow attracts the attention of not only children, but also adults. Who among us has not admired this wonderful natural phenomenon? The choice of theme is due to the fact that children look at the rainbow with interest, and they also love to draw with paints and the drawings turn out as bright as a rainbow.

One day, when my mother and friend Lena and I were walking on the street, we saw a rainbow in the sky. She was so beautiful. We asked mom: where did the rainbow come from? Mom said she didn’t know, she just appeared in the sky. Lena and I wanted to know where the rainbow comes from? How many colors does it have? And can there be other colors? We asked the kindergarten teacher about this. She advised us to do our research and find out for ourselves.

Problem: find out how and why rainbows appear? Can we make a rainbow ourselves?

Object of study: rainbow.

Subject of study: getting a rainbow at home.

Target: Identifying the properties and capabilities of different materials needed to create a rainbow at home.

Tasks:

1. Study the literature.

2. Understand the features of the appearance of such a phenomenon as a rainbow.

3. Conduct experimental work with different materials.

4. Prepare a report.

Hypothesis: if we carry out experimental work, we will find out why a rainbow appears in the sky, what colors are in it. And most importantly, we will get a rainbow ourselves at home.

Expected Result:

Will acquire new knowledge and skills focused on the development of cognitive abilities;

They will learn to conduct experiments and experiments to obtain a rainbow;

They will be able to visualize the results of their research.

Research stages: Stage 1 – analyze your knowledge;

Stage 2 – collecting information: questioning, studying literature, watching TV shows;

Stage 3 – conducting experiments;

Stage 4 – report.

Research methods:

1. Theoretical

2. Practical

Experimental base of the study: preparatory group of the children's school "Olenyonok"

Practical significance of the work: The significance is that the children learned a lot of useful information, discovered unusual possibilities for obtaining the rainbow effect using different materials (methods, introduced to the children. The work can be used to help the teacher in ecology classes.

Theoretical part

To find out how to conduct research (determine the sequence of actions), we looked at cards with research methods. We needed to collect information.

At first we thought, what do we know about where rainbows come from?

It happens in the summer, when it rains, and has the shape of an arc. We sketched this phenomenon on pieces of paper.

Then we turned to the teacher and the children in our group with questions. 20 children took part in the survey.

Questions yes no

1. Have you seen a rainbow? yes - 20 children

2. Do you know how many colors there are in the rainbow? (what) yes -12 children; no - 8 children

3. Do you know where it comes from? no - 20 children

To find out how and why rainbows appear, we decided to turn to our ecologist. To do this, we went to the environmental laboratory, to Olga Nikolaevna. And they asked to answer the questions: “Why does a rainbow appear?” Olga Nikolaevna told us: Sunlight seems colorless, but in fact it consists of different colors. A rainbow can be seen when the sun comes out during and after rain. The sun's ray is reflected in the raindrops, refracted and the 7 colors of the rainbow are obtained. There are always seven of them and they are arranged in order. And the rhyme will help you remember this order: “Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits.” We also looked at pictures of natural phenomena. On them, the rainbow has the shape of an arc. As a group we drew a rainbow and put all the colors in order. But it turns out that the rainbow has the shape of an arc because we look at it from the bottom up

And our teacher (Elena Aleksandrovna) said that if we looked at a rainbow while flying on an airplane, we would see that the rainbow has the shape of a circle.

In the library, we (together with Elena Alexandrovna) read and looked at books, from which we learned that there are interesting experiments on how to get a rainbow yourself. We decided to try experiments.

Practical part

Experiment 1: What is a rainbow? - mixing colors.

What colors does a rainbow consist of? To get orange you need to mix red and yellow, to get purple you need to mix red and blue, to get green you need to mix yellow and blue.

We mixed colors and painted a rainbow.

Experiment 2: Rainbow film.

Materials: liter bowl of water, bottle of light nail polish

Place a bowl of water on the table so that the sun's rays do not fall on it. Hold the brush from the bottle of varnish over the bowl until a drop of varnish falls into the water. We observe the surface of the water and see that the varnish forms a thin film on the surface of the water. We turn the bowl towards the light, when the beam falls on the surface, the play of rainbow tones is visible.

Experiment 3: The rainbow has appeared.

Material: mirror, bowl of water.

Place the mirror in the water at a slight angle. Catch a ray of sunlight with a mirror and direct it to the wall (white cardboard). We turn the mirror until we see a spectrum on the wall. Water acts as a prism that separates light into its component colors. Experiment 4: Rainbow in bubbles.

Material: jar with soap bubbles.

We blow bubbles, the light falls on the soap bubbles, you can see a rainbow in them.

Experiment 5: Rainbow on disk.

Material: disks. If you take a computer disk and shine light on it, you will see the colors of the rainbow. You can also see a rainbow in a puddle where gasoline has been spilled.

conclusions

Rainbows happen in summer, autumn, and spring. It appears when sunlight is reflected in water droplets. The rainbow can be seen not only in the sky, it can be seen in paints (by mixing and obtaining different colors). The colors of the rainbow are always arranged in this order. There are only seven of them.

Conclusion

The objectives set in our study were achieved. The hypothesis was confirmed. We learned why such a phenomenon as a rainbow appears, conducted experiments, learned to draw a rainbow in different ways; told the children in our group about our research. Try to conduct experiments yourself and get a rainbow at home.

Bibliography:

1. Great Encyclopedia of Preschoolers, M.: Makhaon, 2004.

2. Kulikovskaya I. E., Sovgir N. N. Children's experimentation, M.: Pedagogical Society of Russia, 2005.

3. Savenkov A.I. Methodology for conducting educational research in kindergarten Samara: educational literature, 2004.

According to the Bible, the rainbow is a symbol of God's promise to mankind to never again cause . Indeed, often a rainbow is evidence that it has rained somewhere nearby. As a rule, we see a rainbow in sunny weather, when there are rain clouds (usually cumulonimbus) at a short distance. To find out what a rainbow is, in this article we will talk about its two components: sunlight and raindrops.

Primary and secondary rainbows.

Why and where do rainbows come from?

Sunlight is a mixture of colors. When light rays pass through a glass prism, some of them are bent and refracted more than others. Light emerging from a prism spreads out into a continuous band of colors called a spectrum. The colors go from red, which is the least curved, through orange, yellow, green and blue to the most purple. The purple color is the most curved.

Sunlight passing through water droplets is refracted in the same way as sunlight passing through a prism. This creates an atmospheric solar spectrum in the sky that we call a rainbow.

In short, a rainbow is a group of semi-circular arcs of color that appears as a huge arch in the sky. Rainbows are often visible after rain. They are formed when sunlight breaks through rain clouds. Raindrops act like miniature prisms that refract or break up sunlight into different colors and also reflect it to create a spectrum.

We can easily create an artificial rainbow at home using a garden hose. You just need to stand with your back to the sun and adjust the watering of the hose to a fine spray, thus creating a water “mist”. A rainbow can also be seen opposite the place where the spray of the waterfall falls.

Rainbow at Victoria Falls (on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe)

If there is only one rainbow, or if it is the main one, then such a rainbow always has a red color on the outside (top) of the arc and blue on the inside. Typically, the radius of a rainbow is about one-quarter of the visible sky, or 42 degrees. When there is rain nearby, we need to look at that part of the sky that is opposite the sun at an angle of 42 degrees relative to our shadow; This is where the rainbow should appear.

Sometimes you can see another, less bright rainbow around the main one. This is a secondary rainbow, which is formed by light reflected twice in drops. In a secondary rainbow, the order of colors is “inverted” - red is on the inside, purple is on the outside. A secondary rainbow forms at an angle of 50-53° relative to our shadow. The area between the two rainbows appears relatively dark because it lacks both once and twice reflected rays. The secondary rainbow is weaker than the main one and usually disappears faster.

There is even evidence of a third or tertiary rainbow, but this phenomenon is considered extremely rare. Several observers also reported seeing quadrangular rainbows in which the faint outer arc had a rippling and pulsating appearance.

Who was the first to define what a rainbow is?

We cannot say with absolute certainty who was the first to give the correct explanation of what a rainbow is. Primacy is usually given to the Frenchman René Descartes (1596-1650), the philosopher and writer who systematically addressed this issue in an appendix to his famous work Discourse on Method in 1637.

Descartes supposedly made an accurate calculation of the paths that light rays took at different points on a glass globe filled with water (simulating a raindrop), thereby determining their angles of refraction. This was the solution to a mathematical problem that had eluded scientists for two millennia and was the key to explaining what a rainbow is.

But note that Descartes only “supposedly” made this calculation. As it turns out, Willebrord Snell, a Dutch astronomer and mathematician, discovered the mathematical law of light refraction 16 years before Cartes' dissertation on the subject. However, Snell was unable to publish his work and died in 1626. Then, some 80 years after Snell's notes were discovered, controversy arose that Descartes had somehow seen Snell's manuscripts and passed off their conclusions as his own.

The end result was that in the West, especially in English-speaking countries, the law of light refraction became known as Snell's Law, and in France it is called Descartes' Law.

So, although Descartes explained what a rainbow was, he really couldn't do it without precise calculations of the refraction of light. But to whom exactly, Descartes or Snell, this part of the work belongs, we may never know.

Where and when can you see a rainbow?

Sailors know that rainbows can be used to predict the weather. Generally speaking, showers and thunderstorms move from west to east, so sailors are guided by the old adage:

Rainbow in the morning - it will rain; rainbow in the evening - good weather.

In the morning the sun is in the east, and to see the rainbow we must face the west, where it rains. Since rains usually come from the west, a morning rainbow can warn us about this. Late in the evening the sun is in the western part of the sky. After the rain or thunderstorm has passed over or past us, it usually retreats to the east, where we will see the rainbow.

And since thundershowers are more common in the late afternoon than in the early morning, rainbows are much more common in the evening. It is for this reason that the appearance of a rainbow is usually associated with the beginning of better weather.

If the sun sets or rises, the full arc of the rainbow can be seen. If the sun is at an angle of 42 degrees or higher above the horizon, we will not be able to see the rainbow because it will be below the horizon. A clenched fist held at arm's length is approximately 10 degrees; therefore, if the sun is approximately "four fists" above the horizon, we will not see a rainbow. The only opportunity to see a rainbow at this time will be from an airplane or from the top of a high mountain. An airplane will provide the best opportunity to see the entire 360-degree rainbow projected onto the ground, but the sight is so rare that only a few are lucky enough to see it.

The answer is known: it is a multi-colored arc-shaped stripe that sometimes appears against the sky. A rainbow is an optical, atmospheric and weather phenomenon at the same time. It occurs when the air is saturated with tiny drops of water and light passes through them.


This happens after or during rain, fog, or in clear weather near a seething river, fountain, or sprinkler.

Why is the rainbow colored?

A rainbow is made up of rays of light. Where do their colors come from? We see the light as white. In fact, sunlight is made up of particles that vibrate at different frequencies. Our brain (thanks to our eyes) distinguishes it like colors. For example, we perceive rays with a high oscillation frequency as red, and those with a low oscillation frequency as violet. In the general flow, rays of different frequencies are mixed, and the light appears white.

When it passes through drops of water hanging in the air, it changes direction - it is refracted. Moreover, its different rays are refracted at different angles: red ones at a small angle, and, say, violet ones at a large angle. And at the exit from the droplets, the “white” light breaks up into a spectrum - rays with different colors. We see them as a rainbow.

A similar picture is obtained when a film of gasoline on a puddle or a soap bubble shimmers in different colors.

Why is a rainbow not always visible after rain?

For a visible rainbow to be born, the flow of light must be strong enough. You won't see a rainbow in cloudy weather.


In this case, the light should be in front of the eyes, and not behind the head. Usually some people see a rainbow, while others - at the same time as the first - do not see it. Why? If the sun is with your back, then you will see the light before it passes through the drops and begins to play in the spectrum.

When the sun is too high, its rays do not reach the eyes after refraction. The higher the sun, the smaller the arc of the rainbow. Therefore, a rainbow is not visible at noon, but is more often observed in the morning or in the evening.

But when you go up (for example, up the stairs), more and more light rays enter your eyes, and the rainbow grows. And the passengers of a flying airliner see through the windows not a rainbow arc, but a full circle!

How many colors are there in a rainbow?

No need to smile - the question is not as stupid as it seems.

Of course, we are used to the fact that there are seven colors, but this is a tribute to tradition. It comes from Isaac Newton. In experiments, he showed where the spectrum comes from. The great scientist counted five colors in the rainbow - red, yellow, green, blue and violet. However, he didn’t really like the figure.

Seven was considered a magical number (seven days of the week, seven wonders of the world, seventh heaven, seven deadly sins, etc.). “Taking a closer look” at the rainbow, Newton added two shades to the spectrum - orange and indigo (blue-violet), and there were seven colors.


But the ancient Russians were sure that there were only four colors in it - red, blue, green and crimson. The Japanese see the rainbow as six colors - they consider green to be a variety of blue. In short, among different nations the number of rainbow colors ranges from nine to two (light and dark).

There is no point in asking how many there really are - the colors of the spectrum imperceptibly transform into each other and it can be conditionally divided into as many bands as you like.

How to remember the order of colors in a rainbow?

Well, it's quite easy. We remember them by the first letters of the words in a simple phrase: “Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits”(red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). There is also a modern version: “Every designer wants to know where to download Photoshop.”

The British have a shorter phrase about “pheasant”: Run off you girls – boys in view(“Run, girls – the boys have appeared”).

There is a more serious option: Richard of York gave battle in vain(“Richard of York fought in vain”). Pay attention to the set of colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet - the British kept “indigo”! What can you do, in their language blue and blue colors are designated the same.

How to get a rainbow at home?

You will not be able to see a full-fledged rainbow from floor to ceiling. But still…

1. Take a CD, place it in sunlight and change the angle. So it is not difficult to get bright rainbow spots, stripes or a circle along its edge on the disk.


2. On a sunny day, place a bowl of water on a windowsill or window table. Place a mirror at the bottom. Taking it in your hand, move it and the mirror so that a stream of rays reflected by the mirror hits the paper. The light from it, passing through a layer of water, will decompose into a spectrum. A piece of the rainbow will appear on the paper.

When I see a rainbow in the sky, I always rejoice and joke about how much longer we will live. :) A rainbow is a signal that there will no longer be such large-scale floods as the Great Flood on Earth. At least for a Christian, that's what a rainbow symbolizes.

How did the rainbow come into being?

Sometimes it seems that the rainbow has always existed, but the Old Testament says that God created the rainbow after the Great Flood destroyed all life on Earth. She became a sign, a promise to Noah’s family and descendants, to all living things, that there would no longer be a flood that would destroy all flesh. The rainbow has become a symbol of God's Covenant with man.

In order to make a rainbow, you need sunlight and droplets of water, which is why you can see a rainbow:

• after the rain;
• during fog;
• on the shore of a reservoir;
• near the fountain;
• while watering plants;
• near the waterfall.

What is a rainbow from a physical point of view?

Sunlight, which appears white to us, is made up of different wavelengths of light. The wavelength for each color is different, from red (the longest waves) to violet - the shortest. Mixing these colors produces white.

A rainbow occurs when light is refracted in drops of water. It is refracted, and a person sees all the colors of the spectrum accessible to the eye. In addition to the seven well-known colors of the rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, there are also countless shades and color transitions.

How is the attitude towards the rainbow reflected in the language?

Rainbows have always been a bit of magic, a complex and incomprehensible phenomenon. In the mythology of different countries there are beliefs associated with the rainbow, myths and legends. Yes, and I, too, being a modern person who knows the nature of the appearance of a rainbow, still believe that seeing it is a good sign. She has always been a symbol of something good, joyful, bright.

For example, the word “rosy” means “optimistic”, “set up for success” - “rosy prospects”, “rosy dreams”. The word “rainbow” is usually used when one wants to say “the whole spectrum”, “the whole completeness”, for example, “a rainbow of feelings”, “a rainbow of words”.

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Last year, my friends and I climbed the Holy Nose Peninsula on Lake Baikal. In the morning the weather was sunny, in the afternoon it became cloudy. In the middle of the climb we were caught in a downpour. But we kept going, hoping for the best. And for good reason. The sun came out again and a rainbow appeared in the sky. We perceived this natural phenomenon as a reward for our efforts and faith in ourselves.

Why does a rainbow appear

Divine mercy, a symbol of abundance, a shining rocker, a staircase to another world... The ancient people called the rainbow what they called it. And indeed, a rainbow looks like some kind of fairy-tale miracle. She's so lovely. But alas... This is a common natural phenomenon, and it has a scientific explanation.
A ray of light is the magician who sometimes turns into a multifaceted rainbow. Light consists of many colorful particles. Mixed together they give us the color white. After rain, fog remains in the atmosphere. The sun, at an angle of 42 degrees, hits these transparent clumps and decomposes into different colors. We are able to distinguish only seven of them - green, red, blue, orange, cyan, violet, yellow. It is they who appear before our eyes after the rain. In fact, in a rainbow, one color smoothly transitions into another. But these transitional shades are elusive to the human eye. There are different rainbows:

DIY rainbow

The mechanism of rainbow formation is simple. Therefore, as a science experiment, you can do it at home with your children using a water hose. You can take a special hose with a sprayer, or clamp the neck and make the spray yourself. We direct the spray towards the sun. And voila! A rainbow appears in the splashes.

The same thing can be done in another way. You need to take a transparent glass of water and place it on the windowsill. Place a sheet of paper on the floor nearby. The window must be moistened with hot water. The sun's rays passing through a glass of water will disintegrate into colors. Thus, you can see a rainbow on paper. The main thing in this matter is to correctly adjust the position of the glass and paper.

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I have always loved observing nature and its phenomena. The rainbow constantly aroused my admiration and joy, while at the same time remaining a mystery. I was interested in how it appears, why there are so many colors in the rainbow, and why is it arched? The answers to these questions were found and turned out to be simple and interesting.

Why does a rainbow appear in the sky?

A ray of light is made up of particles. These particles are nothing more than segments of an electromagnetic wave having different lengths. They differ in color, but a person sees them as one ray of white color. And when this white light falls on a transparent drop of water, then several different colors can be distinguished.

If the light rays are reflected from the drop more than twice, then two rainbows are immediately visible.

What conditions are necessary for a rainbow to appear?

For a rainbow to appear, only two factors are needed - a light source and high humidity. And they, in turn, can be:

1. Sky after rain.
2. Drops of fog illuminated by the sun's rays.
3. Waterfalls.
4. The shore of a reservoir in sunny weather.

A rainbow is visible only when the rays do not fall on the drops at right angles. In this case, the light source should be located behind the observer.

What other rainbows are there?

In addition to the well-known arc-shaped rainbow, there are other varieties of this phenomenon.

A white (or foggy) rainbow appears when a faint fog is illuminated by sunlight. This phenomenon occurs rarely.

A fire rainbow looks like a glowing ring around the sun. It usually occurs when white crystals contained in clouds are hit by powerful, bright light.

Moonbows occur at night and are difficult to spot. Due to poor lighting and the characteristics of the human eye, it appears white. This rainbow is mainly visible during the full moon.

In fact, a rainbow is a circle. It’s just that its lower part is hidden by the horizon line, and we only see the upper part.

A rainbow is simply an unforgettable phenomenon that you want to look at without taking your eyes off. And don’t think about the laws of physics due to which it arises.

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I am, of course, an inquisitive person, but the desire to find out about how a rainbow appears, it didn’t occur to me. Until recently. I was riding on a tram and suddenly I began to notice that other passengers and people on the street were enthusiastically looking somewhere into the sky. I didn’t have a clear view of the object of their attention, but when I got off the tram, I saw the mostbig rainbow, which I have only ever seen. It was so huge and so bright, and it amazed me so much that I immediately had a desire to urgently find out: “How does such a miracle happen?”.

How does a rainbow appear in nature?

It’s good that great minds once asked this question, and now they don’t have to rack their brains over this problem. And we, unlike the ancient Indians, already know that rainbow- not a road leading to another world, but a simple physical phenomenon. Science explains the process this way: a rainbow is refraction of light and its reflection indrops of water, which contributes to the appearance of a spectral arc.

Soap bubble as a visual explanation

Soap bubble. It is transparent, just like a drop of water. The light fell on him, or rather - light beam. In this ray there is many colors, which are not visible to us. But as soon as the ray collides with the surface of the bubble, it seems will split into waves, some of which will be repelled from it, and some will penetrate inside the bubble. Then these two parts will meet. And then an almost life-like situation will happen: if their characters coincide, then the waves will strengthen each other, become brighter, if they do not coincide, they will weaken and fade. As a result of this tandem patterns and multi-colored rays are formed. Here's a rainbow for you.

Light plays in the same way with drops in the air, and as a result we we see a rainbow in the sky.

About rainbows beyond science

While wondering about the origin of the rainbow, I learned something else interesting:

• Rainbow became a prototype peace flag, authored by Aldo Capitini. During the Iraq War, the Italians hung rainbow flags from the balconies, thus expressing protest.
• Isaac Newton first identified only five colors of the rainbow. But later, wanting to draw a parallel between the colors of the spectrum and musical notes, he added blue and orange.
• Moonlight can also be refracted. The consequence of this process is lunar rainbow. The light of the moon is much weaker than the sun, so a person sees such a rainbow in the form white arc. But you can see all its colors by taking a photo with a DSLR camera using a long shutter speed.
• Most people are familiar with the saying from childhood: “Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits.” The abbreviation of which helps not to forget the sequence of the colors of the rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.

But there are many more between them transitional shades.

And yet, when you find explanations for such phenomena as rainbow, I want to quickly forget them and continue to believe in miracle. :)

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I always liked rainbow, and later, at school and at the university, I was able to get acquainted with a section of physics called " optics", where phenomena such as rainbows are considered. The scientific name for a rainbow is dispersion, denotes the decomposition of a beam of white light into a spectrum (range) of colors that we see.

How does a rainbow appear?

A rainbow appears when a ray of light falls on raindrops. In this case the drop is a prism, and white light, consisting of all the colors of the rainbow, is divided into them, part of the light is reflected. Each color passes through a prism differently. Red color- the shortest wave, and violet- the longest in the visible spectrum. Passing through the boundary between air and water, each wavelength of light (color) changes its direction, but in different ways, each with its own angle of refraction. Due to the fact that the beam first enters the medium and the angle of refraction of each color is different, this is enhanced by the fact that the speed of passage through the medium is also different for each color. And when the ray leaves the medium and is refracted again, it already turns out to be 7 different rays.

Like this one white ray becomes seven rays of different colors.

This phenomenon of refraction and division of a ray into colors is called dispersion.

The rainbow is primary, when the light in the drop is reflected once, and secondary when light is reflected twice in a drop. In the secondary rainbow the order of colors is reversed - the outer color is violet, and in the primary rainbow it is red. This is a very beautiful and very rare natural phenomenon.

Double Rainbow

exists in nature a rainbow consisting of a first-order rainbow and a second-order rainbow. Between them there is a dark stripe, which is called the Alexander stripe, thanks to the philosopher who first described it in 200 BC - Alexander of Aphrodisias.

In laboratory conditions, scientists manage to obtain a much larger number of rainbows - three, four or more. But no one has ever seen more than two rainbows in nature.

Researchers

Rainbow phenomenon has interested people since the beginning of time. Indeed, it is difficult not to be interested in such a spectacle. There have been many beliefs associated with the rainbow, and until now, probably, every person, seeing a rainbow, feels it as a good omen.

The first to give a relatively accurate explanation of the rainbow phenomenon were Persian astronomer Qutb ad-din al-Shirazi (1236-1311). Around the same time, an explanation was given by German scientist Dieter of Freiburg. In 1611 he described his observations and gave physical explanations Mark Anthony de Dominis.

And yet, he gave the most complete explanation of the rainbow René Descartes in 1637. Later it Newton added in his treatise "Optics", explaining the reasons for the appearance of colors and the appearance of a rainbow of the first and second orders.

Nowadays, the question of how a rainbow appears is completely known and confirmed by numerous experiments. Based on this phenomenon and studies of other optical phenomena, scientists were able to draw many parallels and found rainbow-like natural phenomena, based on the same principle of refraction and separation of light.

Manifestations of dispersion in nature

1. rainbow;
2. Red sunset- this is the same decomposition of light into a spectrum due to the different gas composition of the Earth’s atmosphere;
3. play of light in diamonds is also observed due to dispersion;
4. rainbow on soap bubbles and oil films;
5. halo(rainbow circular glow around the Sun or Moon, and also happens around street lamps).

We can observe all these natural phenomena under certain conditions - when there is light source and medium for its refraction. Little ones rainbows are constantly present in our lives - be it a laser disc or the beveled side of a mirror reflecting a rainbow.

Experience

Clearly see the process of turning light into a rainbow you can do it by doing a simple experiment. You need to take a transparent bowl, pour water into it, and put a mirror on the bottom. Having placed a sheet of white paper perpendicular to the table, you need to shine a flashlight at an angle on the mirror so that the reflection appears on the sheet of paper. There you will see a rainbow.

It is very useful to conduct this experiment with children, simultaneously telling them about the nature of this phenomenon.

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