In what area is interethnic cooperation developing? What is interethnic relations
Interethnic relations... This term has recently been heard quite often from radio and television screens, and those interested in hot news can also find it on the pages of modern periodicals or popular Internet resources. Sometimes in a good context, but more often, you will agree, still in a sad or disturbing one. Unfortunately…
In my article, I propose to consider this term in more detail, give it a definition, look into history and give some typical examples.
Interethnic relations. Definition of the concept
Interethnic relations are a set of individually experienced relationships between people who either belong to different nationalities or are representatives of different nationalities. This concept is studied simultaneously by two general psychology and ethnopsychology.
How do these relationships arise?
Yes, in fact, they develop gradually, during the work process or also stem from family, everyday life, friendly and any other informal communication.
Depending on the historical past of a particular country, the socio-political situation, economic, cultural and living conditions, the nature of such relationships can change and take friendly, neutral or (in the most extreme case) negative forms. In addition, it can be significantly influenced by personal interest in communication.
Interethnic relations. Their varieties and forms
This kind of relationship can arise between representatives of different nationalities at the level of one state, and they, of course, can also develop between different states or nations.
Scientists have been able to identify two main forms of interethnic relations:
ethnic or national conflict;
peaceful cooperation, which includes several subtypes:
Ethnic mixing. It occurs when different groups, spontaneously mixing with each other, after a certain number of years begin to form one nation. As a rule, this happens through If you delve deeper into history, you can find out that it was in this way that Latin Americans once appeared, in whose traditions to this day the customs of the Spaniards, the Portuguese, and African slaves, and local aborigines are mixed.
Ethnic assimilation or absorption. It happens when one people almost completely dissolves in another or even several at the same time. This can happen both in peacetime and in wartime. For example, the United States was able to form without bloodshed and enslavement. But in ancient times everything happened much more harshly, and the conflict between Assyria and Rome can be cited as an example.
If the assimilation scenario is violent, then the larger and stronger nation prohibits the second, for example, from using its own language or adhering to its own customs and traditions.
Ways to resolve conflicts
According to modern sociologists and political scientists, if relations between nations have reached a dead end and any attempts to get out of the current situation ultimately led to its further aggravation, there are several real ways to influence this conflict:
Recognize the existence of interethnic problems and solve them using national policy methods.
At the national level, realize the unacceptability of violence and the acquisition of the culture of another people. Allow any nationality to realize its freedoms and rights, respect its identity, language and customs, without showing any hostility or mistrust.
To normalize the ethnopolitical situation, use various economic levers.
Create various kinds of cultural infrastructure in those regions characterized by a mixed national composition. For example, national centers, schools with the opportunity to attend classes in their native language, as well as provide the opportunity to observe all national traditions and customs.
Organize special international commissions, councils or other structures that will deal with the peaceful resolution of all emerging national disputes.
The problem of interethnic relations arises, first of all, where people do not hear each other and do not even want to try to reach an agreement peacefully.
Lecture:
Interethnic relationsRelations between different states, as well as between different peoples of the same state, are called interethnic.
Let us consider two trends in interethnic relations in the modern world. First - integration– close mutually beneficial interethnic contacts, cooperation in politics, economics, and culture. In the modern global world, the rapidly growing productive forces are confined to one nation or one state. A process of broad cooperation between countries is underway. A striking example of the economic integration of nations and states is the European Union, which unites about 30 European countries. An example of political integration is a number of international organizations headed by the UN. An example of cultural integration is the celebration of Christmas, Halloween, etc. The integration of states contributes to the erasure of national borders and the unity of humanity. An important principle of building interethnic relations is tolerance and mutual respect between nations.
The second trend in interethnic relations is differentiation, this is the reverse process of integration, when nations strive for independence, separation and confrontation. A characteristic feature of differentiation is, for example, the strengthening of protectionist measures in international trade, nationalist and extremist views. The desire of nations for differentiation has led to the emergence of such socially dangerous phenomena as:
nationalism and its extreme form of chauvinism, expressed in hatred of other nations;
segregation– forced separation of one nation from another on some basis, for example, racial discrimination;
genocide– physical destruction of a nation is a particularly grave crime against humanity;
separatism, which consists in the desire of the nation to separate from the state and create its own independent state entity;
ethnic cleansing – the policy of forcibly expelling people of a different ethnic group from the territory of the country.
The third trend in interethnic relations is globalization(more details).
Thus, there are two main forms of interethnic relations: peaceful cooperation (stable relations) and ethnic conflict (unstable relations). We talk about peaceful cooperation when nations interact and benefit each other. The main forms of peaceful cooperation are ethnic mixing through interethnic marriages and ethnic absorption - natural or forced assimilation, in which one nation completely loses its language, culture and national identity. Ethnic conflict arises as a result of the clash of interests of different nations and often develops into armed struggle.
Causes of ethnic conflicts and ways to resolve them
The causes of ethnic conflicts can be:
territorial claims;
struggle for political power or political independence;
inequality in the possession of material resources and benefits;
infringement of the rights, values, interests of an ethnic group;
ethnocentrism - superior views of an ethnic group towards its own culture and rejection of another culture;
deterioration of the environmental situation in the territory of one ethnic group due to the actions of another, and others.
Ethnic conflicts lead to dire consequences, people die, cultural values are destroyed. The resolution of ethnic conflicts, on the one hand, depends on the activities of international organizations (primarily the UN) and commissions, which must take into account the interests of each of the conflicting parties. On the other hand, it depends on the internal attitudes of the person himself. It is very important that every person does not allow violence, adheres to humanistic views on resolving ethnic issues and maintains tolerant interethnic relations.
Maintaining stable interethnic relations is the main goal of the national policy of any state. Its main directions are:
ensuring the equality of all nations living in the state, for example, the laws of the Russian Federation guarantee the right of every citizen to determine their nationality;
creating conditions for preserving ethnic culture, for example, teaching the native language in schools;
organizing events that bring nations closer and expanding cultural ties, for example, holding international song and dance festivals;
preventive measures aimed at promoting an intolerant attitude towards nationalism and chauvinism.
Spontaneously developing cooperation has been known for many centuries to humanity, which consists of a huge number of communities, collectively representing an ethnically mixed environment, where productive cooperation often operates in the production of material goods and in everyday life; the creation and preservation of national cultural values is combined with the knowledge of other cultures.
In the 20th century There is an increase in integration trends of two directions:
economic, political integration leading to
formation of unions of states;
integration of national entities within a multinational country. This may meet the interests of the peoples living in a single state and contribute to the strengthening of this unity.
The domestic experience of interethnic cooperation is significant. Multinational teams worked fruitfully in all sectors of the economy and culture of the USSR. The unity of peoples was clearly manifested in battles, labor, and everyday life during the Great Patriotic War, and in the post-war revival of the country.
Cooperation in the cultural sphere ensured the elimination of illiteracy, the creation of a written language of 50 ethnic groups, and the flourishing of the bright, original art of small peoples. Scientists note that in the Soviet Union in the 20th century. Not a single small culture disappeared and in fact the entire ethnic mosaic of the huge state was preserved, while in other regions of the world hundreds of small cultures disappeared. At the same time, the mistakes and crimes of the totalitarian authorities led to grave tragedies for many people and entire nations. Centuries-old national ties were disrupted due to ill-conceived administrative-territorial division, and the environmental situation in the regions inhabited by indigenous small ethnic groups worsened. The forced relocation of peoples undeservedly accused of collaborating with the German occupiers caused great damage to the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people and had a serious impact on their destinies. It took a long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.
In Europe and other parts of the world in the last third of the 20th century. Integration in the sphere of economics and then politics developed widely. This is due to the process of globalization, the formation of a post-industrial, information society, as well as the need for unity in the fight against international terrorism.
One example of integration is the activities of the European Union (EU), which unites (2005) 25 states with a population of 450 million people speaking 40 languages. The EU has introduced a single citizenship and a single currency - the euro. Supranational authorities have been created: the European Parliament, the Council of the EU, the European Court. The EU Constitution has been drafted. However, it can only come into force after it has been approved by all EU countries (by a parliamentary decision or a popular referendum). Russia does not remain aloof from the integration processes of the 21st century. This manifests itself in particular:
in caring for the formation of a common economic, humanitarian legal space with several countries included in the Commonwealth of Independent States created after the collapse of the USSR;
in negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the areas of economics, justice, security, science, education, and culture. Much space in the partnership documents is devoted to joint actions to comply with the principle of non-discrimination, including countering any forms of intolerance and racism, and respect for human rights.
Along with the trend towards international integration, there is also a tendency towards differentiation. It manifests itself in different forms. The formation of independent post-Soviet states and the division of Czechoslovakia into two states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia - took place largely peacefully. Armed action accompanied the collapse of Yugoslavia.
National relations find their expression in social actions, which largely depend on the individual motivation and behavior of the subjects of society.
National relations can be friendly and mutually respectful, or, on the contrary, hostile and conflicting.
Concept of ethnic communities
Ethnic communities are associations of people based on a common historical past, which provokes identity in their worldview, cultural and spiritual traditions.
The main feature of ethnic communities is their common historical region of residence.
Today there are several thousand ethnic communities in the world, and the modern geography of their settlement is very diverse.
Interethnic conflicts and interethnic cooperation
Interethnic conflicts are a type of social conflict that occurs between members of different ethnic communities. In many scientific works, the basis of interethnic conflicts is indicated by types of political and civil confrontation.
Interethnic conflicts often exist in two forms: in the form of political competition and in the form of armed confrontations. Often the formation of the image of an enemy in the person of another people occurs on a historical basis.
Interethnic cooperation is the interaction between representatives of different ethnic groups, which is reflected in economic, political and cultural public relations. The main principle of interethnic cooperation is mutual assistance, as well as respect for representatives of other nations.
Culture of interethnic relations
The culture of interethnic relations is the level of relationships between people and ethnic groups of different nationalities, which is based on moral principles, legal norms, as well as norms of mutual trust and respect.
A low level of culture of interethnic relations provokes the emergence of interethnic conflicts, while a high level contributes to the development of interethnic cooperation.
National politics
National policy is an integral part of the activities of any state, which regulates interethnic relations of citizens in various types of social interaction.
The essence of national policy directly depends on the general vectors of state policy. The national policy of legal democratic states is based on the principle of respect for people belonging to any ethnic community. The task of national policy is to bring peoples closer together and establish the most favorable cooperation between their representatives.
Topic18. Family and life
The family is one of the most ancient forms of social associations. The history of the family as a social institution goes back more than 4 millennia.
Family as a social institution
The family is the first step in social interaction, which is why the family is often called the unit of society. Like other social institutions (for example, the state), the family is subject to the social laws of society.
Based on the history of the development of the family institution, we see that no society could do without this social group.
Moreover, the family is currently the only social institution that provides education and preparation for the socialization of the new generation.
Family and life, everyday relationships
Everyday relationships develop between family members in the course of daily life. Household relations are a system of non-productive connections that are aimed at satisfying primary needs (the need for housing, food and clothing).
Everyday relationships in a family should be perceived in two aspects - depending on the time that each family member spends on living together, and also depending on how responsibilities are divided between spouses and children.
One of the most important moral foundations for a favorable family life is mutual assistance in housekeeping. In many families, children are actively involved in helping with everyday issues.
According to statistics, only women are involved in solving family household issues.
Harmony in everyday relationships is no less important a component of a happy family than mutual understanding between spouses and spiritual closeness. The reason for the vast majority of divorces is disagreements between spouses in everyday relationships.
Family in modern society
The public has a huge impact on the life of a family. At different historical times, the institution of family experienced different qualitative transformations.
In modern society, the family is also going through some changes. They are mainly associated with processes such as urbanization and industrialization. The advent of the information age is also of no small importance in the life of a modern family: all the innovations that come to society are reflected in the traditions and nature of intrafamily interaction.
Recently, we can also observe dramatic changes in the social roles of family members.
So, if at the beginning of the 20th century only men managed the family budget, today, the family budget is predominantly under female control, which indicates a gradual transformation of the traditional patriarchal family model.
Topic 19. Youth in modern society
Youth is a large socio-demographic group that unites individuals based on socio-psychological, age, and economic characteristics.
Youth in modern society
From a psychological point of view, youth is a period of formation of self-awareness, a stable system of values, as well as social status. Young people represent the most valuable and at the same time the most problematic part of society.
The value of the younger generation lies in the fact that, as a rule, its representatives have increased determination, the ability to assimilate large amounts of information, originality and critical thinking.
However, these advantages give rise to certain problems in the realization and existence of young people in society. Thus, critical thinking is often aimed not at the search for truth, but at the categorical rejection of already existing norms and dogmas that guide other members of society.
Modern youth are also characterized by new negative qualities that were absent in their predecessors, in particular, detachment from the world around them, reluctance to work, and increased negativism.
Interethnic (international) relations are relations between ethnic groups (peoples), covering all spheres of public life.
Policy
Remember:
what is an ethnic community? What is the impact of ethnic diversity on the current situation in the country and in the world? What is the essence of social conflict?
The main scientific problem is to determine, based on the ideas of humanism and analysis of historical experience, the optimal ways to regulate interethnic relations. The problem is multifaceted, including issues of history and modern everyday life, the spiritual world of the individual, culture, education, sociology, psychology, economic, political, legal relations; Therefore, scientists use methods from a range of humanities. From the middle of the 19th century. comprehensively explores the problem ethnology- a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, the forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, the interaction of the individual and the social environment.
Ethnology distinguishes two levels of interethnic relations. One level is the interaction of peoples in different spheres of public life: politics, culture, production, science, art, etc. Another level is the interpersonal relationships of people of different ethnicities in different forms of communication - labor, family and everyday life, educational, informal types of relationships .
Interethnic relations find their expression in human actions and largely depend on individual behavior and its motivation, which is based on personal experience, mastery of cultural norms, the influence of family and immediate environment.
The ethnic processes of our time are characterized by two trends: integration- cooperation, unification of different ethno-state communities, bringing together all aspects of people’s lives; differentiation- the aspirations of peoples for national independence.
Interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful or, conversely, conflictual and hostile.
Spontaneously developing cooperation has been known for many centuries to humanity, which consists of a huge number of communities, collectively representing an ethnically mixed environment, where productive cooperation often operates in the production of material goods and in everyday life; the creation and preservation of national cultural values is combined with the knowledge of other cultures.
In the 20th century there is an increase integration trends twofold:
Economic, political integration leading to
formation of unions of states;
Integration of national entities within multinational
national country. This may be in the interest of
clans living in a single state, promote the
re-establishment of this unity.
The domestic experience of interethnic cooperation is significant. Multinational teams worked fruitfully in all sectors of the economy and culture of the USSR. The unity of peoples was clearly manifested in battles, labor, and everyday life during the Great Patriotic War, and in the post-war revival of the country.
Cooperation in the cultural sphere ensured the elimination of illiteracy, the creation of a written language of 50 ethnic groups, and the flourishing of the bright, original art of small peoples. Scientists note that in the Soviet Union in the 20th century. Not a single small culture disappeared and in fact the entire ethnic mosaic of the huge state was preserved, while in other regions of the world hundreds of small cultures disappeared. At the same time, the mistakes and crimes of the totalitarian authorities led to grave tragedies for many people and entire nations. Centuries-old national ties were disrupted due to ill-conceived administrative-territorial division, and the environmental situation in the regions inhabited by indigenous small ethnic groups worsened. The forced relocation of peoples undeservedly accused of collaborating with the German occupiers caused great damage to the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people and had a serious impact on their destinies. It took a long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.
In Europe and other parts of the world in the last third of the 20th century. Integration in the sphere of economics and then politics developed widely. This is due to the process of globalization, the formation of a post-industrial, information society, as well as the need for unity in the fight against international terrorism.
One example of integration is the activities of the European Union (EU), which unites (2005) 25 states with
population of 450 million people speaking 40 languages. The EU has introduced a single citizenship and a single currency - the euro. Supranational authorities have been created: the European Parliament, the Council of the EU, the European Court. The EU Constitution has been drafted. However, it can only come into force after it has been approved by all EU countries (by a parliamentary decision or a popular referendum). Russia does not remain aloof from the integration processes of the 21st century. This manifests itself in particular:
In caring for the formation of a common economic, huma
nitarian legal space with several countries,
included in the Commonwealth created after the collapse of the USSR
Independent States;
In negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the areas
economy, justice, security, science, education,
culture. Large place in partnership documents
joint actions to comply with the principle
discrimination, including opposition to any forms
intolerance and racism, respect for human rights.
Along with the trend towards international integration, there is also a tendency towards differentiation. It manifests itself in different forms. The formation of independent post-Soviet states and the division of Czechoslovakia into two states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia - took place largely peacefully. Armed action accompanied the collapse of Yugoslavia.
I“The more enlightened states are, the more they communicate
i share ideas with each other and the more the intensity increases.
I l a and the activity of the universal mind." 1
\: K. Helvetia i