In what climatic zones is the Arctic located? Climatic zones and types of climates of the Earth
Characteristics of climatic zones (table)
There are 7 types of climate zones on the planet. They are divided into two types: permanent (main) and transitional.
Constant climate zones- belts where one single air mass dominates throughout the year.
Transitional- written with the prefix “sub”, they have two changes during the year air masses: summer comes more hot (the one closer to the equator), colder in winter (the one closer to the pole). In December-February airthe masses are shifted to the south, and in June-August - to the north of the planet.
Name of climate zones: 1) Equatorial climate zone-type: permanent-main - location: located on both sides of the equator from 5°-8° northern latitude up to 4°-11° south latitude, between subequatorial belts.-description: The predominance of equatorial air masses throughout the year. Constantly high temperatures(on the plains 24° - 28°C). Weak, unstable winds. Characterized by the presence of a stripelow pressure with a constant influx of trade winds into it and a tendency to general upward movements air andrapid transformation of tropical air into humid equatorial air. Heavy rainfall throughout the year.Constantly hot and humid equatorial climate, caused by a large influx of solar radiation.
2) Tropical climate zone-type: permanent-primary -location: The belt is located in tropical latitudes. The northern and southern tropical zones of the Earth can be clearly distinguished. - description: V tropical zone all year round There is only one dominant air mass - the tropical air mass. She, in her turn, forms a zone of constantly increased pressure over the climate zone with clear weather throughoutof the year. Thus, the weather in the tropics depends entirely on the height of the sun above the horizon. During the summer months, whenthe sun rises to its zenith, the temperature in the tropics rises above +30°C. In winter, when the sun is abovethe horizon is no longer so high, the temperature in the tropics drops, and on cold winter nights it can even drop tonegative temperatures. Sudden changes from hot to cold throughout the day and throughout the year, as well as a low amountprecipitation has led to the formation of a natural zone of deserts and semi-deserts in the tropical climate zone withvery sparse flora and fauna.
3)Temperate climate ic belt-type: permanent-primary- location: It is located between 40 and 60 latitudes, bordering on the subtropical and subarctic (in the southern hemisphere - subantarctic) climatic zones.-description: There are northern and southern temperate zones on the planet, however, in the Southern Hemisphere it is practically not affects continents. since the temperature of a moderate air mass varies with the seasons of the year, in a temperateclimatic zone there is a clear change in them. All seasons are clearly expressed: snowy winter gives way to spring, which is replaced byhot summer comes and autumn comes again. Temperature differences in the temperate zone are very significant. Actuallythe border with the subtropics practically coincides with the winter isotherm of 0°C. IN temperate zone negativetemperature. Over a large area of the belt in winter time snow cover is established.
4) Arctic (Antarctic) climate zone-type: permanent-primary -location: The belt occupies the polar regions of the Earth. The belt occupies the largest area in Antarctica, spreading almost the entire continent. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is located in the very north of Eurasia and North America, includingyourself to Baffin Island, Greenland, Taimyr Peninsula, New Earth, Spitsbergen, islands of the Arctic Ocean.-description: All year round, one single Arctic (in the Southern Hemisphere - Antarctic) air dominates here. weight. Almost the entire year in the Arcticclimate zone, the air temperature does not rise above0°C, and with further removal to the poles it always remains negative. Particularly severe winters are observed inAntarctica. There is very little precipitation. The belt is occupied by the natural zone of the Arctic and Ant arctic deserts. Bigpart of it is covered by a multi-kilometer-long shell of cover glaciers. So much low temperatures these areasare explained by the fact that the sun never rises high above the horizon in subpolar latitudes, its rays “slide”on the surface of the earth and do not warm it up even in polar day conditions, when the polar night comes (and onAt the poles they last for six months) the surface of the planet does not receive any heat from the sun and cools to -70 -80°C.
The Arctic type of climate is characteristic of the territory of the Arctic and subarctic zone. There is such a phenomenon as the polar night, when the sun does not appear above the horizon for a long time. During this period there is insufficient heat and light.
Features of the Arctic climate
Peculiarity arctic climate lies in very harsh conditions. Here only in certain time During the year, the temperature rises above zero, and the rest of the year there are frosts. Because of this, glaciers have formed here, and part of the mainland has a thick snow cover. That is why a special world of flora and fauna has formed here.
Characteristics
Main characteristics of the Arctic climate:
- very cold winter;
- short and cool summers;
- strong wind;
- There is little precipitation.
Precipitation
The Arctic climate zone is conventionally divided into two types. In area continental type About 100 millimeters of precipitation falls per year, in some places - 200 mm. Near oceanic climate There is even less rainfall. Mostly snow falls, and only in summer, when the temperature barely rises above 0 degrees Celsius, does it rain.
Arctic climate territory
Arctic climate is typical for polar regions. In the Southern Hemisphere, this type of climate is common on the Antarctic continent. As for the north, it covers the zone of the Arctic Ocean, the outskirts of North America and Eurasia. Here is a natural belt of arctic deserts.
Animals
The fauna in the Arctic climate zone is quite poor, since living beings have to adapt to difficult conditions. On the territory of continents and islands they live northern wolves and lemmings, Novaya Zemlya deer and arctic foxes. Greenland is home to populations of musk oxen. One of the traditional inhabitants of the Arctic climate is. It lives both on land and swims in water areas.
The bird world is represented by polar owls, guillemots, eiders, and pink gulls. On the coast there are flocks of seals and walruses. Pollution of the atmosphere, oceans, melting glaciers, global warming contributes to the reduction in animal and bird populations. Some species are protected by various states. National reserves are also created for this purpose.
Plants
The flora of the tundra and desert in the Arctic climate is poor. There are no trees here, only shrubs, grasses, mosses and lichens. In some areas, polar poppies, bluegrass, alpine foxtail, sedge, cereal plants. Most of the vegetation is under permafrost, making it difficult for animals to get food.
Amplitude
The amplitude of the Arctic climate is one of the main indicators. In general, temperatures throughout the year range from +5-+10 to –40 degrees Celsius. Sometimes in some areas it drops to -50 degrees. Such conditions are difficult for people to live in, so they mainly conduct Scientific research and extraction of raw materials.
Temperature
For the most part, winter lasts in the Arctic climate zone. The average air temperature is –30 degrees Celsius. Summer is short, lasting several days in July, and the air temperature reaches 0 degrees, can reach +5 degrees, but very soon frosts set in again. As a result, the air does not have time to warm up in a short period of summer, glaciers do not melt, and, moreover, the earth does not receive heat. That is why the continental territory is covered with snow, and glaciers float in the water areas.
Antarctic belt - the southernmost geographical zone Land that includes Antarctica and its adjacent islands and parts of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans with a border between 48-60° south latitude.
The Antarctic climate is characterized by a very harsh climate, with low air temperatures all year round, since the Earth's cold pole is located in the center of Antarctica. In winter the average temperature is between - 60 to –70 °C, characterized by a long polar night. In summer the average temperature ranges from – 30 to – 50 °C, above – 20 °C doesn't rise. The radiation level is high, up to 30 kcal/cm² per month, but only 10% of the heat goes to warm the snow surface, the rest of the energy is reflected into space, so a negative radiation balance can be traced. Precipitation falls in the form of snow, its amount decreases from the coast to the center of the continent, respectively. from 500–700 to 30–50 mm . On the coast there are strong katabatic winds up to 12 m/s, frequent snow storms and fog, while in the central regions of the mainland the weather is mostly calm and clear.
The adjacent areas of the oceans are covered with ice. Square ice cover varies from season to season, reaching a width of 500-2000 km in winter. The bottom surface is divided by vast basins. In summer, a narrow strip of sparse ice forms along the coast, and the surface layers of water are cold. Characteristic feature Antarctic waters are icebergs.
On land, the landscape of the zone predominates Antarctic deserts, the main part of the continent is covered with ice, only in the coastal areas are there Antarctic oases - exposed areas of land. Also areas not covered with ice mountain ranges and individual rocks - nunataks. Above 3000 m there is an area permafrost. Coastal oases contain mostly drainage and salt lakes, as well as lagoons surrounded by ice shelves; there are no rivers.
Flora and fauna
Vegetable and animal world Antarctica is peculiar because of its long isolation. This explains the absence of land mammals and freshwater fish. In summer, the rocks of the mainland heat up to a temperature just above 0 °C, and lichens, mosses, fungi, algae, and bacteria grow on them in places. Invertebrates found small sizes: rotifers, tardigrades and some species of wingless insects. Although Antarctic waters are cold, they are rich in fish and small crustaceans (krill). IN Antarctic zone seals live, seals and whales nest on the coast seabirds, namely penguins, skuas, albatrosses. Tundra vegetation grows on the islands and many birds live.
In accordance with international agreements, it is prohibited in Antarctica economic activity, only scientific. A wide range of research and observations are carried out by scientists different countries, especially climate change in natural conditions without the influence of the human factor.
Related materials:
Brief description of Russian climates:
Arctic: January t −24…-30, summer t +2…+5. Precipitation - 200-300 mm.
In this climatic region There are zones of arctic deserts and tundras. Here earth's surface warms up quite weakly, which is the reason for such harsh conditions and, as a consequence, the flora and fauna of this area are rather scanty. In addition to the fact that throughout the year it dominates cold air, severity climatic conditions Long polar nights also intensify. The air temperature in winter can drop to -60ºС. Winter in this climate zone is extremely long (it lasts approximately 10 months). The number of seasons here is reduced to two: spring and autumn are absent. Summer is also quite cold (temperatures usually do not rise above 5ºC).
Subarctic: (up to 60 degrees N latitude). summer t +4…+12. Precipitation is 200-400 mm.
Winters in this climate zone are quite long and cold, although still less severe than in the Arctic. Summer is a little warmer (up to 12º degrees), but also quite short. The amount of precipitation is approximately the same as in arctic belt(200-400 mm per year). They fall more often than in the Arctic, but in quantitative terms they are inferior to them. For subarctic climate cloudiness and strong winds. This is due to the passage of Arctic cyclones.
Moderate continental: January t −4…-20, July t +12…+24. Precipitation 500-800 mm.
The main features of this type of temperate climate are hot summers (in the middle the temperature rises to 30ºС) and frosty winters (temperatures drop to - 30ºС). Precipitation varies depending on proximity to the Atlantic. Climate formation occurs under the influence of the transfer of Atlantic air masses. Humidity in the area is moderate continental climate varies from excessive in the north, northwest, to insufficient in the south, southeast. This is the reason for changes in natural zones (from taiga to steppe). The air masses of the Atlantic, moving deeper into the continent, acquire more and more continental properties.
Continental climate: January t −15…-25, July t +15…+26. Precipitation 200-600 mm.
Formed under the influence of air masses temperate latitudes coming from the west. At the same time, colder arctic air masses move from north to south, and continental tropical air moves to the north. As a result, the north receives 3 times more precipitation than the south. Here the difference between summer and winter temperatures increases even more. average temperature in July it reaches 26ºС, and in January -25ºС. The natural zones of the continental climate also change in the direction from north to south from the taiga to the steppe.
Sharply continental: t January −25…-45, t July +16…+20. Precipitation is more than 500 mm.
This climate zone is dominated by continental air of temperate latitudes. A characteristic feature of a sharply continental climate is low cloudiness and a small amount of atmospheric precipitation, which falls mainly in warm time of the year. In addition, due to low cloud cover, the earth's surface warms up quite quickly in the summer and cools down in the winter. The result is hot summers and frosty winters. Low rainfall in winter period promotes strong soil freezing and preservation of permafrost. Within this climate zone There is only one natural zone - the taiga.
Monsoon: January t −15…-30, July t +10…+20. Precipitation 600-800 mm
As the continent cools in winter, it increases Atmosphere pressure, and cold and dry air masses move towards the ocean, where the air is warmer (water cools more slowly). In summer, the continent warms up better than the ocean, and cold air from the ocean tends to the continent. This produces strong winds called monsoons, hence the name of the climate. Sometimes typhoons even form here.
, polar bear . Herbivorous inhabitants of the tundra include: arctic hare, lemming, musk ox and wild reindeer. They are food for arctic fox and wolf. polar bear also a predator, he prefers to hunt sea animals from the ice. Many bird species are endemic to cold regions and sea creatures. In addition, the Arctic is home to wolverines, stoats, and long-tailed ground squirrels.
Millions nest in the tundra during the polar summer migratory birds. The Arctic seas are home to seals, walruses, and several species of cetaceans: baleen whales, narwhals, killer whales and beluga whales.
Bacteria
In January 2019, scientists discovered bacteria resistant to most antibiotics. The resistance of microorganisms appeared thanks to the blaNDM- gene, which was discovered in 2008 in India.
Relief
According to the relief features in the Arctic, they are divided into: the shelf with islands of continental origin and the adjacent margins of the continents and the Arctic basin. Shelf area occupied marginal seas- Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukotka. The land relief of the Russian Arctic is predominantly flat; In some places, especially on the islands, it is mountainous. The central part is the Arctic basin, an area of deep-sea basins (up to 5527 m) and underwater ridges.
Peculiarities
Features of nature: low radiation balance, average air temperatures close to 0 °C summer months with negative average annual temperature, the existence of glaciers and permafrost, the predominance of tundra vegetation and arctic deserts.
Average temperatures of the coldest winter month - January - range from −2…−4 °C in the southern part of the Arctic region to −25 °C in the north of the Barents Sea, west of the Greenland Sea, in the Baffin and Chukchi seas and from −32…−36 ° C; V Siberian region, in the north of the Canadian and in the adjacent part of the Arctic basin to −45...−50 °C in the central part of Greenland. Minimum temperatures in these areas they sometimes drop to −55…−60 °C, only in the Arctic basin they do not fall below −45…−50 °C. When deep cyclones break through, the temperature sometimes rises to −2…−10 °C. Average July temperatures in the Arctic basin are 0…−1 °C.
The ice cover of marine areas is about 11 million km² in winter and about 8 million km² in summer.
Natural resources
The Arctic contains a colossal amount of undeveloped energy resources - oil and gas. Oil reserves in the Arctic (both offshore and onshore) were estimated in 2008 by the US Geological Survey at 90 billion barrels. According to British Petroleum, in 2017 the world consumed about 620 million barrels of oil annually (based on an average of 1.7 million barrels per day). Thus, given the existing demand for oil in 2017, Arctic reserves would last for another 145 years.
At the same time, production natural resources in the Arctic is extremely complex and dangerous from an environmental point of view. In the harsh climate of the Arctic, the likelihood emergency situations increases significantly. The ability to eliminate the consequences of an oil spill, as well as its effectiveness, are complicated by numerous storms with high waves, thick fog and many meters of ice. If an accident occurs during the polar night, which lasts here for several months, then work to eliminate the consequences will have to be carried out in the dark, almost at random. Another danger is icebergs, a collision with which can be fatal for an oil production platform. To combat icebergs, it is planned to use fire ships - ships loaded with flammable substances (such ships were used in naval battles to set fire to and destroy enemy ships).
Experts are convinced that the consequences of a major oil spill can only be partially eliminated. Thus, retired Coast Guard Admiral Roger Roof said the following: “Oil spills permanently pollute the water. Nowhere in the world is it possible to purify the affected water by more than 3, 5 or 10 percent, and even more so in ice.”
Environmental organizations such as Greenpeace and the World Wildlife Fund are protesting the development oil fields in the Arctic. In 2012, the international campaign “Defend the Arctic” began, which calls on people around the world to sign a demand for a moratorium on oil production in the Arctic.
“The Arctic shelf is a large and until now practically untapped reserve of the Russian oil and gas industry, but without its development it is impossible to solve the problems of the Russian Energy Strategy until 2020.” Among the largest Russian gas fields are the Shtokman, Rusanovskoye and Leningradskoye fields, located in the western Arctic.
Arctic climate change
The Arctic climate has experienced significant fluctuations over the past 600 years. During this period of time, at least three or four significant warming events occurred, quite comparable both in scale and duration with the famous “warming of the Arctic” in the first half of the 20th century. Climate fluctuations in the period preceding the era of instrumental observations were completely determined by changes in natural factors and, first of all, the speed of rotation of the Earth and the nature of atmospheric circulation. Scientists predict extremely strong warming of the Russian Arctic already in the 30s of the 21st century.
Temperature
Overall, research shows that temperatures in the Arctic are rising twice as fast as in the rest of the world. This could lead to the extinction of many plant and animal species in the region. Warming threatens the existence of the indigenous peoples of the Arctic - their food and way of life directly depend on the flora and fauna.
The organization representing the interests of the peoples of the Arctic and Arctic countries is the Arctic Council.
According to American experts, air temperature in recent times winter months was 2-6 degrees Celsius above average throughout the Arctic.
Arctic ice
Arctic ice has great value for the Earth's climate system. Ice cap reflects Sun rays and thus prevents the planet from overheating. In addition, Arctic ice plays big role in water circulation systems in the oceans.
The total mass of Arctic ice has decreased by 70% compared to the level of the 1980s. In September 2012, according to the Hydrometeorological Center, the area of the ice cap reached its minimum for the entire period of observation, amounting to 3346.2 thousand km². The Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, and Chukchi Sea reached the lowest indicators - 65% of the norm. Ice density also decreased. In 2013-2014, ice melting occurred much more slowly; only a minimum of 5000-5100 thousand km² was reached (versus 3346.2 in 2012). The slight increase in the mass and area of ice in 2013-2014 should not be considered a change in the trend of disappearance of the ice cap, but the rate of this trend turned out to be much slower than predicted. Total losses ice for 2003-2013 amounted to 4.9%.
It must be taken into account that even before the start of satellite observations (1979), very low-ice periods were also observed, one of which in 1920-1940 also sparked discussions about the warming of the Arctic.
According to American scientists who studied climate change in all areas of the Arctic, last years square ice cover is rapidly decreasing. As of February 25, 2015, this figure was 14.54 million square meters. km. And for the period 1981-2010, the ice area in the Arctic averaged 15.64 million square meters. km.
Many experts suggest that in the 21st century, most of the summer body of water The Arctic will be completely ice-free, and this will open up new prospects for sea transportation of goods.
Man and the Arctic
Traditional industries include hunting, gathering, reindeer herding and fishing. The natural environment is the basis of life for the peoples of the North, therefore ecological problems acquire a special poignancy for them. Industrial development of the Arctic could lead to the destruction of native habitats and pose a threat of extinction small peoples North as independent ethnic groups.
During the period from February 20 to 21, 2018, the third international Conference"Arctic: shelf projects and sustainable development regions", which was attended by more than 300 specialists from different regions Russia, USA, Canada, Kuwait, Azerbaijan, Switzerland, Denmark, Argentina and other countries.
Arctic development
Map of the Arctic in 1940. The routes of Arctic expeditions and flights are shown
For a long time, the Arctic was considered a territory unsuitable for human life ( "dead ground"), impassable either by water or land.
As a result of the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743), the entire Siberian coast of the Arctic Ocean up to Cape Bolshoy Baranov was explored, described and mapped.
Since 1874, voyages on steam ships across the Kara Sea to the mouth of the Ob and Yenisei began, which were called the Kara expeditions.
Drifting polar stations
Legal regime of the Arctic
The international status of the Arctic is enshrined in international agreements on the Arctic. The Arctic itself is divided into five sectors of responsibility between Russia, the United States, Norway, Canada and Denmark. However, the exact border of the Arctic is not defined. Initially, a sectoral approach prevailed, according to which the Arctic was divided between adjacent circumpolar states, with the North Pole being the border of all interested states. In 1909, Canada declared sovereignty over all territories between the North Pole and its northern coast. In May 1925, Canada officially secured its right to its Arctic sector. By a resolution of the USSR Central Executive Committee of 1926, the entire territory from the North Pole to the mainland of the USSR, limited by meridians, was declared the territory of the USSR. However, the sectoral approach contained certain legal lacunae, since it determined the legal status of islands and lands, but not the water areas of these sectors. Therefore, in 1982, the Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted, according to which the state’s waters extend only to the Arctic shelf, while the off-shelf zone is declared international. Russia joined this agreement in 1997. According to the new convention, territorial coastal waters by 12 miles, and the economic territory is a 200-mile zone near the coast. As a result of the adoption of this convention, Russia lost sovereignty over 1.7 million km² of its water area.
Polar possessions of Russia
Northern borders polar dominions The USSR was determined by a resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR dated April 15, 1926.
The water boundary then ran from the Kola Peninsula through the North Pole to the Bering Strait.
In 1997, Russia ratified the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. The convention establishes equal 12 miles of sovereign territorial waters and 200 miles of economic zone - with free navigation but exclusive rights to use mineral and biological resources. True, any country can claim its national jurisdiction over sea bottom and its subsoil (Part VI of the Convention) and beyond 200 miles, if it is proven that the shelf from its shores extends beyond this distance.
To achieve rights to polar possessions, Russia will have to prove that the underwater Lomonosov and Mendeleev ridges are of continental origin associated with Russian territory. In relation to the Lomonosov Ridge, this is disputed by Denmark, which believes that the ridge is a sunken part of Greenland. To collect evidence that the Lomonosov Ridge is a continuation of the polar possessions of the Russian Federation, the Russian side conducted an unprecedented expedition “Arctic-2007” in July-August 2007, which consisted of surface and underwater parts and ended with the planting of the Russian flag on the bottom of the Arctic Ocean near North Pole of the Earth.
Head of the Ministry of Nature Russian Federation Sergei Donskoy said that Russia is waiting for Canada to submit its application to the UN to expand the shelf in the Arctic at the end of 2018 - beginning of 2019, after which a decision on a similar Russian application can be expected.
Land territories
Land territories Arctic zone of the Russian Federation are defined in accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 2, 2014 No. 296 “On the land territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation”. They are listed below:
- Murmansk region (entirely).
- Nenets Autonomous Okrug (entirely).
- Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (entirely).
- Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (entirely).
- Some territories of the north of the Komi Republic:
- Territories municipalities“Belomorsky municipal district”, “Loukhsky municipal district” and “Kemsky municipal district” (Republic of Karelia).
- Some territories of the north of the Republic of Sakha - Yakutia:
- Some territories of the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory:
- Some territories of the north of the Arkhangelsk region:
- Lands and islands located in the Arctic Ocean, specified in the resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of April 15, 1926 “On declaring lands and islands located in the Arctic Ocean as the territory of the USSR” and other acts of the USSR.
Transport routes
A cross-polar air bridge passes through the Arctic ( shortest way between North America and Asia) and the Northern Sea Route - the shortest sea route between East Asia and Europe. A strategic transport and industrial hub integrated into the Northern Sea Route as a transport corridor is the operating port of Arkhangelsk. The throughput capacity of the transport and logistics hub is up to 11.5 million tons/year. The port has multi-cargo terminals operating around the clock/year-round service. Has a beneficial geographical location and provides direct access to the World Ocean both in the western and eastern directions. It has significant reserves of port and access railway capacities, unlike other existing port sites in the North-West region.
The Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030, the Strategy for the Development of Russia's Sea Port Infrastructure until 2030, and the Strategy for the Social and Economic Development of the Northwestern Federal District until 2020 provide for the construction deep-sea region seaport of Arkhangelsk (GR MPA). The area is planned to be built near the lighthouse on Cape Kuisky, 3 km northwest of the mouth of the Kui River. The area of the deep-water port will be 270 hectares, including 150 hectares of artificial land. It is planned to build an approach canal about 10 km long and 160 m wide. The cost of construction is estimated at 149.8 billion rubles in prices of the corresponding years. Implementation is planned in two stages: 2018-2023 (design, construction, commissioning) and 2026-2028 (infrastructure expansion and reaching design capacity). Management company according to the project is ATPU "Arkhangelsk", CEO- Sergey Kokin.
Military applications
Among other things, in the territories adjacent to the Arctic there are components of the missile attack warning system of Russia and the United States, as well as interceptor missiles of the United States (Alaska) and Russia (the coast of the Arctic Ocean). There is a Thule Air Base in Greenland.
Arctic powers regularly conduct military exercises in the region.
In 2013, Russia conducted military exercises using the cruiser Pyotr Velikiy and the nuclear submarines Orel and Voronezh. Launches were also carried out cruise missiles.
Canada also conducted the Nanook exercise in 2011, and the Nunalivut exercise in 2013 to practice landing on the islands of Cornwallis and Ellef-Ringnes.
In 2013, the Arctic Challenge exercise was held with the participation of the Air Forces of Finland, Sweden, Great Britain and the USA. The exercise area covered the Gulf of Bothnia and the Norwegian part of the Barents Sea. Also in 2013, the UK conducted exercise Cetus 13, where they practiced landings in conditions of −30 °C on training grounds in northern Norway.
March 6, 2018 General Director of the Russian joint stock company"RTI" Maxim Kuzyuk announced the creation of a radar for round-the-clock monitoring and aerial reconnaissance of the Arctic in the interests of the development of the Northern Sea Route.
During the period from March 8 to March 15, 2018, the Arctic Edge 18 exercise took place in Alaska, in which one and a half thousand American military personnel from the Air Force took part, Marine Corps and other divisions.
On April 4, 2018, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg announced the alliance’s intention to increase naval forces in the Arctic in response to the actions of the Russian side.
In astronomy
The asteroid (1031) Arctic, discovered in 1924, is named after the Arctic.
see also
Notes
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