Landfill design and requirements for it. Is it possible to go to a landfill? or Disposal of MSW and industrial waste
Two types of garbage containers will be installed in all courtyards near Moscow: gray for organic waste, blue for dry waste. Photo by the press service of the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the Moscow Region
In the Moscow region, a new environmental standard is being introduced and a technological waste disposal system is being created: 12 waste processing complexes (WTP), 4 thermal treatment enterprises will be built in the region, all obsolete landfills will be closed, and separate waste collection will be introduced starting next year. The payment will include a fee for the removal of municipal waste, and the amount of the utility bill will increase by no more than 2%.
Now the Moscow region annually generates 4 million tons of waste, the region receives another 7 million tons from neighboring Moscow, 95% of the waste has so far been sent to landfills. The construction of KPO will reduce this figure by at least half. And after the commissioning of four thermal waste treatment plants, only 20% will go to landfill - enterprises with a capacity of 700 thousand tons of waste each will be put into operation by the beginning of 2022. The emergence of a new waste processing infrastructure will make it possible to completely abandon old landfills: out of 39 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills, 24 have already been closed, the rest will not exist by 2021 or earlier, Governor Andrei Vorobyov said in August of this year.
Landfills cannot be closed at once, because it is necessary to build an effective system for collecting, transporting, sorting, processing and disposing of waste; this takes time, he noted: “The garbage will be sorted, selected and recycled. Part consists of four useful fractions: paper, metal, glass and plastic. Another 30% is organic matter; it will be sent to special landfills adjacent to KPO to be turned into humus, the so-called gray compost.” “The Moscow region will become the first region in Russia with a new environmental standard and an existing technological waste disposal system,” the governor emphasized.
The first two KPOs, located in Zaraysk and Serebryanye Prudy, have already begun work, and another one will appear in Roshal by the end of the year. Public activists and building managers began to be introduced to their work: the first group at the end of October visited the Ecograd complex in the Zaraisky urban district - a modern, fully automated, high-tech enterprise for sorting and composting municipal solid waste (MSW). The first KPO sorting line with a capacity of 50 thousand tons per year has been operating at full capacity since September, and public discussions have already taken place on increasing capacity to 350 thousand tons per year.
Now many are sure that after sorting garbage at home and in yards, the waste still ends up in one landfill. This is not true: waste must be separated precisely because it is subsequently processed depending on its type. “The new MSW processing complexes allow us to solve the main problem - to reduce the volume of MSW disposal by almost half, since all solid municipal waste will be supplied to waste processing plants. Half of them will be completely recycled, including 20% of waste - useful fractions (metal, glass, plastic, paper) will receive a “second life” and will be used to produce new goods from recycled materials. 30% is organic or food waste, it will be composted. But the second half of MSW, the so-called non-recyclable “tails,” will undergo careful burial after neutralization. Starting from 2021, they will be sent to MSW processing plants that use heat treatment technology. All this will make it possible to completely close outdated landfills in the coming years,” said Minister of Housing and Communal Services of the Moscow Region Evgeny Khromushin.
Starting from December, containers for separate waste collection will be installed centrally in the Moscow region. Multi-colored containers will be placed in every yard and private household: gray ones with a picture of a banana for organic waste and blue ones with a picture of a bottle for dry waste. And from January 2019, all management organizations of apartment buildings and owners of private households will have to enter into agreements with one of the companies - a regional operator: a separate line “Removal of municipal waste” will appear in the unified payment documents in the “Utilities” section.
Maximum unified tariffs for operator services have already been approved; the amount of the fee depends on which cluster produces waste. In total, seven clusters have been identified in the Moscow region - according to the number of regional operators that have passed the competitive selection. On average, the payment will increase by no more than 2%.
Calculation of the cost of services of a regional operator for the removal of municipal waste consists of several quantities. First of all, from the basic unit of measurement, which depends on the category of waste generators - these can be the owners of multi-apartment housing stock or individual housing construction, as well as retail chains, social institutions, etc. This value is measured either in square meters of housing, or in employees and workplaces. In addition, the calculation formula includes the accumulation standard in cubic meters, which is established for the year by order of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Moscow Region.
“For example, an owner living in a two-room apartment with an area of 54 sq. m in an apartment building located in Voskresensk (tariff 787 rubles/cubic m) will pay 101.52 rubles. more, the fee increase will be only 1.16%. By the way, residents can find out which cluster the area belongs to on the websites of the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the Moscow Region or their administrations,” said Evgeny Khromushin.
Companies will be fined for mixing waste during removal, but there are no plans to introduce any sanctions for non-compliance with separate collection for citizens - the authorities are counting on the awareness of residents. “The conscious transition of owners to separate waste collection will be accompanied by a bright information campaign on regional and municipal television in the press and social networks, since it is impossible without a person understanding the specific advantages of the new approach, without everyone knowing what the future fate of the garbage is after it is collected. taken away for sorting, right up to burial at a landfill and reclamation,” emphasized the Minister of Housing and Communal Services of the Moscow Region.
What is the difference between the concepts of “domestic solid waste” and “municipal solid waste”, and what should they be called correctly? This confusion arose not so long ago - after the changes adopted by the authorities, where for the first time the very concept of solid waste was clearly spelled out, and work on their storage and disposal was included in the list of public utilities.
These changes have been in effect since January 2016, but still not all citizens have managed to understand the difference between household solid waste and municipal solid waste. Therefore, it is worth talking separately about how MSW and MSW differ.
The main part of the garbage of any modern city is this, that is, the garbage that is generated daily in any apartment.
Such waste consists of various biological (food and plant remains, bones) and synthetic (plastic, glass, cellulose, metals, textiles, etc.) components that are unsuitable for further use. Based on their composition, they can be divided into two types:
- Biological (also called waste).
- Non-biological (regular household waste).
What waste is considered “municipal solid”
The very concept of municipal solid waste was first established by Federal Law dated December 29, 2014 No. 458-FZ. Based on this document, this is actually the garbage that is formed and accumulated in residential premises as a result of human activity, as well as consumer goods that have lost their useful properties over time.
Legislators also included waste from legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, which is similar in composition to ordinary household waste, as (municipal) waste.
It turns out that the main feature by which waste can be classified as municipal is its formation in the course of a person’s daily life or as a result of the activities of organizations or enterprises whose work is not directly related to the production of goods, works and services.
MSW or MSW: what is correct and what is the difference
Since the adoption of the above law, in the Russian legal field there has been only one correct name for household waste - solid municipal waste. And the expression “solid waste” has become a colloquial expression, and is no longer used in official documents and reports.
Initially, MSW is a broader concept than solid waste, since it includes not only the garbage that ordinary citizens take out of their homes every day, but also similar waste from organizations (for example, office garbage).
As we see, MSW and MSW are the same thing, and it is not so important for the average citizen what differences exist between these terms. The specific difference is more important for those enterprises or organizations that are involved in the collection and disposal of household waste - since the use of colloquial designations is completely excluded in official documents and reports.
Video report on pressing problems of collection and disposal of municipal solid waste
The legislative definition of the status of MSW is due to the need to establish more understandable relations for citizens regarding the collection and disposal of waste. If before the entry into force of Federal Law No. 458-FZ, payment for the collection and removal of household waste depended on the status of the premises (non-residential or residential), as well as its area, now the tariff will be tied to the status of the consumer (individual or legal entity/individual entrepreneur) and established standards for the accumulation of MSW. These standards differ for certain types of consumers (residents of apartment buildings, individual residential buildings - and owners of offices and enterprises).
It seems logical that residents of an apartment building - ordinary average families - will accumulate less waste than, say, a large office with many employees and visitors. Accordingly, payments for residents will also be less.
So, the concept of “domestic solid waste”, which is familiar to every person, was legislatively changed to “municipal solid waste”. We hope that this innovation will help improve the state of the environment in Russia - now solid household waste is allocated to a special group, and the rules for handling it are strictly regulated at the legal level.
Approved Order of the Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation dated November 17, 2017 N 1555/pr
Set of rules SP-320.1325800.2017
"LANDS FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE. DESIGN, OPERATION AND RECLAMATION"
Polygons for solid communal waste. Projecting, operation and reclamation
Introduced for the first time
Introduction
This set of rules was developed in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law of December 30, 2009 N 384-FZ "Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures", as well as in accordance with the Federal Law of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on fire safety requirements", Federal Law of January 10, 2002 N 7-FZ "On Environmental Protection", Federal Law of June 24, 1998 N 89-FZ "On Industrial and Consumption Waste", Federal Law of March 30 1999 N 52-FZ “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population”, Federal Law of November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency, and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation”, Law Russian Federation dated February 21, 1992 N 2395-I “On subsoil”, Federal Law dated June 3, 2006 N 74-FZ “Water Code of the Russian Federation”.
The work was carried out by the joint-stock company "Center for Methodology of Standardization and Standardization in Construction" - JSC "CNS" (work manager - A.I. Mikhailov; responsible executor - A.V. Bormashov). Performers - G.L. Tsehansky-Sergeev, V.G. Bykov, S.A. Derevianko, T.V. Lugovoy, A.G. Lebedev, M.V. Androsova, A.A. Talyzin, E.I. Kemyashova.
1 Application area
This set of rules applies to the design, operation and reclamation of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills.
2 Normative references
This set of rules uses regulatory references to the following documents:
GOST 12.1.004-91 System of occupational safety standards. Fire safety. General requirements
GOST 17.5.1.01-83 Nature conservation. Land reclamation. Terms and definitions
SP 3.13130.2009 Fire protection systems. Warning and management system for evacuation of people in case of fires. Fire safety requirements
SP 20.13330.2016 "SNiP 2.01.07-85* Loads and impacts"
SP 22.13330.2016 "SNiP 2.02.01-83* Foundations of buildings and structures"
SP 42.13330.2016 "SNiP 2.07.01-89* Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements"
SP 56.13330.2011 "SNiP 31-03-2011 Industrial buildings" (as amended No. 1)
SanPiN 2.1.4.1110-02 Sanitary protection zones for water supply sources and drinking water pipelines
SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200-03 Sanitary protection zones and sanitary classification of enterprises, structures and other objects
Note - When using this set of rules, it is advisable to check the validity of the reference documents in the public information system - on the official website of the federal executive body in the field of standardization on the Internet or according to the annual information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year , and on issues of the monthly information index "National Standards" for the current year. If a referenced document to which an undated reference is given is replaced, it is recommended that the current version of that document be used, taking into account any changes made to that version. If a reference document to which a dated reference is given is replaced, it is recommended to use the version of this document with the year of approval (acceptance) indicated above. If, after the approval of this set of rules, a change is made to the reference document to which a dated reference is given, affecting the provision to which the reference is given, then this provision is recommended to be applied without taking into account this change. If the reference document is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which a reference to it is given is recommended to be applied in the part that does not affect this reference. It is advisable to check information about the operation of sets of rules in the Federal Information Fund of Standards.
3 Terms and definitions
In this set of rules the following terms with corresponding definitions are used:
3.2 inert materials: Materials consisting of chemically inactive substances - non-metallic minerals (sand, crushed stone, etc.), artificial non-metallic materials (expanded clay, etc.).
3.3 climatic-geographical features: Climatic-geographical (climate-forming) and geophysical factors of the external environment: light regime, pressure and atmospheric circulation (wind regime), temperature regime, humidity (precipitation), atmospheric phenomena (magnetic and electrical anomalies).
3.4 conservation: Temporary cessation of landfill activities.
3.5 landfill bed: The lower part of the landfill in contact with the soil, consisting of a base and walls.
3.6 landfill capacity: The amount of waste being buried.
3.7 landfills for municipal solid waste: Specially equipped structures designed for disposal and disposal of waste.
3.8 cessation of MSW landfill activities: Termination of waste disposal and disposal.
3.9 working map: The area of the landfill where waste is buried.
3.10 recreational zone: A specially allocated territory in a suburban area or in a city, intended for organizing recreational areas for the population and including parks, gardens, urban forests, forest parks, beaches, and other objects.
3.12 static stability of waste: Compaction of waste, its further decomposition and mineralization.
4 General provisions
4.1 When designing buildings and premises of utility facilities on the territory of MSW landfills, you should:
Adopt design schemes that provide the necessary strength, rigidity and spatial stability of the building as a whole, as well as its individual elements at all stages of construction (installation) and operation;
When choosing structures, building products and materials for buildings located on the same site, follow the recommendations for object unification.
Calculation and design of building structures for solid waste landfill buildings must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SP 20.13330, SP 22.13330.
4.2 The total area of buildings and structures located on the territory of solid waste landfills is determined in accordance with SP 56.13330.
4.3 MSW landfills are specially equipped structures designed for the disposal and disposal of waste. At landfills, the static stability of waste is ensured, taking into account the dynamics of compaction, mineralization, gas release, maximum load per unit area, the possibility of subsequent rational use of the site after the closure of landfills and their reclamation.
4.4 At MSW landfills, the burial of waste of hazard classes 1-2, radioactive and biological waste is prohibited.
4.5 At MSW landfills, waste sorting is permitted in order to extract individual fractions for subsequent disposal.
4.6 At MSW landfills, it is permitted to collect biogas containing methane, with its subsequent use as a source of thermal and electrical energy.
5 Requirements for the location of municipal solid waste landfills
5.1 When designing, construction, reconstruction, conservation, cessation of operation and reclamation of MSW landfills, climatic and geographical and soil features, geological and hydrological conditions of the area are taken into account.
5.2 MSW landfills are located outside cities and other populated areas in accordance with the requirements of SP 42.13330 and SanPiN 2.1.4.1110. The minimum distance from the landfill to the residential area is 500 m.
The size of the sanitary protection zone of the MSW landfill is determined in accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200.
5.3 The area of the site allocated for the MSW landfill is calculated based on the condition that its service life is no more than 25 years.
5.4 The construction of solid waste landfills on subsidence soils is permitted provided that the subsidence properties of the soil are completely eliminated.
5.5 The site intended for the placement of solid waste landfills must meet the following requirements:
Have soil conditions characterized by uniform geological structure throughout the entire site;
Have hydrogeological conditions characterized by the occurrence of aquifers at a depth of at least 5 m;
The elevation of the base of the landfill bed should be 2 m above the calculated groundwater horizon.
5.6 The site for the location of a solid waste landfill must be non-flooded or non-floodable.
5.7 The site for the MSW landfill should be located on a flat area, excluding the possibility of precipitation washing away part of the waste and polluting adjacent lands and open water bodies.
5.8 The site for the MSW landfill should be located on the leeward side (for prevailing winds) in relation to municipalities and recreational areas.
5.9 It is not allowed to use wetlands and areas with groundwater outlets in the form of springs for MSW landfills.
5.10 It is allowed to locate a site for solid waste landfills on the territory of ravines, starting from their headwaters, provided that the requirements for organizing the collection and removal of surface runoff are met by installing interception channels for draining water into open water bodies.
6 Requirements for the construction of municipal solid waste landfills
6.1 MSW landfills are divided according to capacity and method of waste disposal:
by annual capacity (amount of waste received per year):
Up to 120,000 m3 per year;
More than 120,000 m3 per year;
by burial method:
Card (disposal of waste on working cards);
Trench (waste disposal in trenches).
6.2 The designed capacity of the landfill should be calculated taking into account the volume of MSW received, the service life of the landfill, and the degree of MSW compaction.
6.3 The territory of the MSW landfill is divided into zones: production and auxiliary (economic).
The production area may include technological areas determined by the design assignment, including:
Storage area;
Sorting, crushing, briquetting area, etc.;
Composting area;
Burial site;
Thermal destruction area.
6.4 The disposal site is divided into operational stages, taking into account the provision of waste reception within 3-5 years.
6.5 The auxiliary (household) zone is intended to accommodate: an administrative building, a checkpoint together with a stationary radiometric control point; weight; garages and areas with sheds and workshops for parking and repairing machines and mechanisms; fuel and lubricants warehouse; warehouses for storing energy resources, building materials, workwear, household equipment, etc.; power supply facilities and other structures. The territory of the auxiliary (economic) zone must have a hard surface, lighting and entry from the landfill.
An auxiliary (household) zone should be designed in the area of the solid waste landfill bordering the access road.
6.6 The base and walls of the MSW landfill bed must consist of a waterproofing material (clay, soil-bitumen-concrete, asphalt concrete, asphalt-polymer concrete, polymer, geosynthetic, fabric and other materials) providing a filtration coefficient (permeability) of no more than 0.10-0.11 m/ s, resistance to mechanical damage - not less than 1.8 kN.
6.7 The MSW landfill must be equipped with a drainage system (intercepting bypass channels) that ensures effective collection and removal of leachate. The design of the drainage system must provide the possibility of its washing (cleaning) during operation, as well as provide access to monitor its performance.
6.8 Disposal should be carried out in layer-by-layer alternation of MSW and inert materials (in order to ensure waste decay, prevent the release of harmful substances into the atmosphere and waste combustion).
6.9 The landfill area must be fenced.
6.10 Along the perimeter of the landfill within the fenced area, a surface runoff collection system with local treatment facilities must be provided.
The entry of polluted surface runoff into the citywide storm drainage system or discharge into nearby water bodies without treatment is not permitted.
6.11 Purified filtrate and surface runoff, storm water after treatment in local treatment facilities can be used for technical purposes, including for watering the MSW storage area in the summer to ensure fire safety.
6.12 The auxiliary area is intended to accommodate industrial and utility buildings for personnel, machinery and mechanisms.
6.13 The territory of the auxiliary (economic) zone must be provided with lighting according to a permanent scheme, daily maps are illuminated according to a temporary scheme.
6.14 At the exit from the solid waste landfill, a control and disinfection installation is provided with the installation of a concrete bath for the running gear of garbage trucks, using disinfectants approved for use in the prescribed manner. The dimensions of the concrete bath must be such as to ensure the processing of the chassis of garbage trucks.
6.15 Facilities for cleaning, washing and disinfecting special vehicles and containers must be located in the auxiliary area before entering the production area of the MSW landfill at a distance of at least 50 m from household facilities (administrative buildings).
7 Requirements for the operation of municipal solid waste landfills
7.1 When dumping waste on a map, disposal of MSW is allowed only on a working map. Intermediate (during filling out the card) or final (last layer) insulation of the compacted layer of MSW is carried out at a temperature above 5°C daily, at a temperature of 5°C and below - no later than three days from the time of storage of MSW.
The minimum distance between working cards is 5 m.
7.2 For landfills receiving less than 120,000 m3 of MSW per year, a trench waste storage system can be used. The trenches are arranged perpendicular to the direction of prevailing winds, which prevents the spread of solid waste. The soil obtained from digging trenches is used for layer-by-layer isolation of waste and backfilling of trenches after filling.
7.3 The base (bottom) of the trench must meet the waterproofing requirements specified in 6.6. Hydrogeological conditions for placement of trenches must comply with the requirements of 5.5.
7.4 The dimensions of the trench (length, width, depth) are set taking into account the filling time:
For one to two months - at temperatures above 0°C;
For the entire period of soil freezing - at temperatures below 0°C.
7.5 To contain light fractions of waste that spill out during unloading of solid waste from garbage trucks and are moved by bulldozers to the working area, portable mesh fences (shields) should be used. Portable fences are installed as close as possible to the place of unloading and storing MSW, perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds.
7.6 Regularly, at least once per shift, waste retained by portable shields is collected and placed on the surface of the working map, compacted on top with an insulating layer of soil.
7.7 Intercepting bypass channels that discharge filtration wastewater must be regularly cleaned of debris.
7.8 The burning of MSW is not allowed on the territory of the landfill, and measures must be taken to prevent their ignition.
8 Fire safety requirements
8.1 Notification and management of evacuation of people in case of fire should be carried out in accordance with SP 3.13130.
8.2 Fire safety measures must comply with GOST 12.1.004 and SP 3.13130.
8.3 The inert materials used for layer-by-layer alternation of waste (see 6.8) must be non-flammable.
8.4 When the air temperature is above 30°C, waste storage and disposal areas must be watered.
For irrigation, you can use purified filtration water and storm water after treatment in local treatment facilities (see 6.11).
9 Requirements for the reclamation of municipal solid waste landfills
9.1 After dumping the MSW landfill to the prescribed height, it is closed and reclaimed.
9.2 The last layer of waste after closing the landfill is finally covered with an outer insulating layer of soil. The thickness of the outer insulating layer must be at least 0.6 m.
9.3 To protect a closed MSW landfill from weathering or washing away the final outer layer of soil from the slopes of the landfill, it must be landscaped by creating terraces and planting trees and shrubs on them, immediately after laying the outer insulating layer. The choice of tree and shrub species is determined by local conditions.
9.4 The use of the territory of the reclaimed MSW landfill for capital construction is not permitted.
Bibliography
Federal Law of December 30, 2009 N 384-FZ "Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures"
Federal Law of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements"
Federal Law of March 30, 1999 N 52-FZ "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population"
Federal Law of November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ "On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency and on introducing amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation"
So, we again turn to the topic of waste disposal. This time, the reason was the legislative initiative of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources to ban the disposal of certain groups of waste. Let's look at the draft resolution and the possible consequences of its adoption.
Currently, there is no norm in environmental legislation that would determine which waste can be buried in a landfill and which cannot. Such standards are found only in sanitary regulations. Therefore, the need to put things in order in this matter has been brewing for a long time.
Solid household and industrial waste is disposed of in landfills. What is their difference? According to the Federal Law of June 24, 1998 No. 89-FZ “On Production and Consumption Waste” (as amended on July 3, 2016; hereinafter referred to as Federal Law No. 89-FZ), only the concept of “solid municipal waste” (formerly – Federal Law No. 89-FZ) has a clear definition. municipal solid waste). Accordingly, everything that is not MSW is classified as industrial waste by default, with the exception of radioactive or biological waste, which a priori cannot be disposed of in conventional MSW landfills or industrial landfills.
SANITARY STANDARDS
Issues of waste disposal at landfills are regulated by several sanitary regulations. A landfill for waste disposal can be of two types − MSW landfill And special landfill for industrial waste.
DICTIONARY
Waste disposal— isolation of waste that is not subject to further disposal in special storage facilities in order to prevent the release of harmful substances into the environment.
Municipal solid waste- waste generated in residential premises during consumption by individuals, as well as goods that have lost their consumer properties during their use by individuals in residential premises to satisfy personal and household needs. MSW also includes waste generated during the activities of legal entities, individual entrepreneurs and similar in composition to waste generated in residential premises during consumption by individuals.
Waste disposal facilities— subsoil plots provided for use in the established manner, underground structures for the disposal of waste of hazard classes I-V in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on subsoil.
Polygons— a complex of environmental structures designed for storing, isolating and neutralizing solid waste, providing protection from pollution of the atmosphere, soil, surface and groundwater, preventing the spread of rodents, insects and pathogens.
Landfills for solid waste disposal are designed, operated and reclaimed in accordance with the requirements of the Instructions for the design, operation and reclamation of landfills for municipal solid waste (Moscow, 1998; hereinafter referred to as the Instructions).
According to the Instructions, solid waste includes waste from economic activities of the population (cooking, cleaning and routine repairs of apartments, etc.), including waste from local heating devices, large household items, packaging, waste from courtyards, streets, squares, green care waste plantings, etc.
At the same time, it is allowed to bury some types of industrial waste at MSW landfills, subject to special conditions. Thus, Appendix 9 to the Instructions contains a List of industrial waste of hazard class IV, accepted at municipal solid waste landfills without restrictions and used as an insulating material. This list includes waste such as aluminosilicate sludge, asbestos crumbs, bentonite, gypsum, slate, thermal power plant slag, lime and other relatively inert waste, which, when in contact with MSW and the environment, will not cause potentially great harm to the environment. That is why they are used to isolate layers of MSW at a landfill.
PLEASE NOTE
The IV hazard class of waste in this case is given according to the sanitary classification of waste in accordance with SP 2.1.7.1386-03 “Sanitary rules for determining the hazard class of toxic production and consumption waste”:
. Class 1 - extremely dangerous;
. Class 2 - highly dangerous;
. Class 3 - moderately dangerous;
. Class 4 - slightly dangerous.
Unlike the environmental classification, which has five waste hazard classes, here there are only four. The class is determined by calculation or experimental method based on various hazard parameters of waste components in accordance with these sanitary rules.
In addition, Appendix 10 to the Instructions proposes a List of industrial wastes of hazard classes III and IV, accepted at municipal solid waste landfills in limited quantities and stored together, which provides standards for the disposal of certain industrial wastes per 1000 m 3 of MSW. This list includes waste from the production of acetic anhydride, rubber, polystyrene plastics, electrical insulating materials, waste from the suspension and emulsion production of styrene copolymers, etc. These materials also have low reactivity, do not oxidize easily, and are a good buffer material when mixed with MSW.
Appendix 11 to the Instructions contains a List of industrial wastes of hazard classes IV-III, accepted in limited quantities and stored under special conditions. For example, activated carbon and trimmings of leatherette are accepted provided they are laid in a layer of no more than 0.2 m, and non-returnable wooden and paper containers should not contain oiled paper to avoid fire.
Hygienic requirements for solid waste landfills are specified in SP 2.1.7.1038-01 “Hygienic requirements for the design and maintenance of landfills for municipal solid waste” (hereinafter referred to as SP 2.1.7.1038-01). According to SP 2.1.7.1038-01, waste from residential buildings, public buildings and institutions, trade enterprises, public catering, street waste, construction waste and some industrial waste of III-IV hazard classes can end up in MSW landfills.
List of such waste in each case agreed with Rospotrebnadzor. Toxic industrial waste is buried only after neutralization at special landfills, the same applies to radioactive and biological waste. Waste from medical institutions (now called medical waste) according to SP 2.1.7.1038-01 is allowed to be buried at a solid waste landfill.
Let us remind you that according to SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the management of medical waste” (hereinafter referred to as SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10) for medical waste there is its own classification of danger.
Extraction
from SanPiN 2.1.7.2790-10
[…]
2.1. Medical waste, depending on the degree of its epidemiological, toxicological and radiation hazard, as well as negative impact on the environment, is divided into five hazard classes (Table 1):
Class A is epidemiologically safe waste, similar in composition to municipal solid waste (hereinafter referred to as MSW).
Class B - epidemiologically hazardous waste.
Class B - extremely epidemiologically hazardous waste.
Class G - toxicologically hazardous waste of hazard classes 1-4.
Class D - radioactive waste.
[…]
SP 2.1.7.1038-01 contains an important clarification: collecting recyclable materials directly from a garbage truck is not permitted. This must be done at the waste collection stage or afterwards at special sorting stations in compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements.
Industrial waste can be buried with MSW provided that the toxicity of the mixture of industrial waste and household waste does not exceed the toxicity of household waste according to the analysis of the water extract. The main indicator characterizing the danger of waste is the content of toxic substances in one extract, as well as BOD and COD:
Extraction
from SP 2.1.7.1038-01
[…]
8.2. Industrial waste of hazard class 4, accepted without quantitative restrictions and used as an insulating material, is characterized by the content of toxic substances in the water extract (1 liter of water per 1 kg of waste) at the level of a filter from municipal solid waste (MSW), and according to integrating indicators — biochemical oxygen demand (BOD total) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) — not higher than 300 mg/l, have a homogeneous structure with a fraction size of less than 250 mm.
8.3. Industrial waste of hazard classes 4 and 3, accepted in limited quantities (no more than 30% of the mass of solid household waste) and stored together with household waste, is characterized by the content of toxic substances in the water extract at the level of filtrate from solid waste and BOD values 20 and COD 3400 - 5000 mg/l O2.
[…]
Thus, some types of industrial waste may well be disposed of in a solid waste landfill, while other types can be disposed of exclusively in industrial waste landfills. The design and operation of industrial waste landfills is carried out in accordance with SNiP 2.01.28-85 “Landfills for the neutralization and disposal of toxic industrial waste”, which not only specifies the standards for the design and operation of landfills, but also describes in detail:
What groups of industrial waste can be accepted at the landfill;
Under what conditions are they accepted?
What methods of pre-treatment, neutralization, and disposal should waste undergo at sorting stations or special treatment plants before entering the landfill.
In practice, the process of transferring waste to disposal is as follows. The enterprise has a list of waste that it is obliged to transfer to a licensed organization. If an enterprise wants to transfer waste for disposal to a MSW or industrial waste landfill, the list must be checked with the license for receiving waste from this landfill. The names, codes and hazard classes of waste must be the same. Provided that the enterprise has waste passports, as well as the readiness of the landfill to accept its waste, a transfer agreement is concluded.
Often, enterprises, in order to simplify the waste transfer process, strive to send for disposal not only MSW and permitted industrial waste, but also waste of class I and II according to environmental classification. Moreover, if this waste ends up in a landfill mixed with MSW, it is difficult to visually identify it, as a result waste that is potentially highly hazardous to the environment and humans is buried. Most often, the total mass of MSW includes mercury-containing lamps, oily rags and paper, and packaging materials contaminated with hazardous substances.
In addition to toxicity, these wastes when buried also cause indirect harm to the environment, because most industrial wastes are potential secondary raw materials, the reuse of which can save a significant amount of resources. It is this approach to waste management that has been adopted in the West and is beginning to be implemented in our country.
REFERENCE
The percentage of recycled raw materials in Russia is relatively small, although according to the State report “On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2015”, the percentage of waste use/neutralization is generally growing: in 2014, 46% of waste was used/neutralized, in 2015 - 53%. Moreover, this is mainly waste from the mining industry - overburden and host rocks, which can be used as material for backfilling quarries, reclamation, etc. relatively simple and profitable.
DRAFT DECREE ON BURIAL PROHIBITION
In connection with the need to implement state policy to reduce the total amount of waste disposal, the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources has developed a draft Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On approval of the List of types of waste that contain useful components, the disposal of which is prohibited.”
The resolution was developed in order to implement clause 8 of Art. 12 of Federal Law No. 89-FZ, which states: “The disposal of waste that contains useful components that are subject to disposal is prohibited. The list of types of waste that contains useful components, the disposal of which is prohibited, is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.”
The project provides a list of waste groups that are expected to be step by step enter burial ban in order to encourage their reuse (see table).
This resolution will work in the general system of mechanisms for stimulating environmental users to dispose of waste from production, such as extended responsibility of producers for the disposal of waste from the use of goods, development, approval and implementation of regional programs in the field of waste management, incl. with MSW.
The list of waste groups itself corresponds to the list of finished goods, including packaging, subject to disposal after they lose their consumer properties (approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 24, 2015 No. 1886-r). The ban on burial is due to the fact that this waste contains useful components: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, incl. mercury, polymer materials, rubber, glass, paper and cardboard. To implement the resolution, it is necessary, first of all, to establish flows of receipts data waste on usage: at the collection stage - introduce their separate collection; at the sorting stage - to isolate useful waste components from the total mass of MSW.
REFERENCE
Today, the highest percentage of recycling is achieved for the group of waste ferrous and non-ferrous metals (up to 98%) and waste glass containers (up to 94%), as well as waste tires and tires (up to 78%). There is a network of recycling enterprises for this waste, it is easy to collect and deliver it to the processing site, and the cost of receiving the waste is favorable for the supplying enterprises.
These data apply only to legal entities and individual entrepreneurs; for the population, according to various estimates, the collection of recyclable materials from waste does not exceed 2.5%. This state of affairs is due to the fact that separate waste collection has not been established among the population, there is no network of waste sorting plants, and the overall profitability of collecting recyclable materials from the population tends to zero. The country has a network of waste sorting plants and a network of waste processing plants, but they are all operating at half capacity due to a lack of supplies of raw materials. Moreover, for some factories, raw materials are purchased abroad (for example, cullet - in Estonia).
Let's consider the situation for each group of waste that is supposed to be prohibited from being buried.
Waste paper and cardboard
Paper production in Russia is gradually increasing its pace. Approximately half of the total volume of uncontaminated paper and cardboard waste generated is recycled. The waste paper collection rate is about 30%. The release of paper from the MSW mass is only 1.5%, while such paper is wet and contaminated and is of little use as a raw material for production.
Waste paper and cardboard are waste products subject to producer responsibility (recycling standards have been introduced since 2016 at the level of 5-10%), which strengthens the effect of the draft resolution. Waste paper processing plants are underutilized.
Waste of thermoplastic products: waste of packaging made of polymer materials
Thermoplastic product waste is mostly waste from ordinary plastic bottles. Their number is constantly increasing, while in our market 80% of plastic products are domestically produced. However, about 13% of plastic waste is recycled, the rest ends up in landfills. The market for recycling plastic waste has been developing in recent years; in Russia there are up to 4,000 enterprises for processing such waste, but they all operate at 50-60% capacity.
Their manufacturers are also responsible for the waste of plastic packaging products; the recycling standard in 2016 was set at 5-10%, in 2017 - 10-15%. Producer responsibility, together with a ban on disposal, will contribute to the development of a collection and recycling system.
Waste glass and glass products: glass containers and packaging
In 2015, 186 thousand tons of glass waste were generated, the collection percentage was no more than 38%. Preparation of cullet causes a lot of difficulties (for example, sorting light and dark glass, cleaning from dirt, etc.). Recycled glass is used in the glass industry, building materials, etc. As already noted, the demand for cullet in Russia is satisfied through imports. Sorting glass is a very expensive undertaking, so it is preferable to carry out separate collection initially.
The list of goods subject to disposal after they have lost their consumer properties includes:
Sheet glass, bent and processed;
Hollow glass, including containers and other glass closures.
The introduction of a ban on waste disposal will require the functioning of a system of selective collection of glass containers, the development of a market for the circulation and recycling of cullet and glass packaging waste.
Scrap and waste of ferrous metals. Scrap and waste containing non-ferrous metals
The high percentage of scrap metal collection today is due to reasonable prices for receiving this recyclable material. The profitability of collecting and transferring scrap has ensured the development of a good infrastructure for receiving metals, which is why packaging recycling standards are also high - 20% in 2016 for cans made of ferrous metals.
BY THE WAY
It is much cheaper to obtain aluminum from recycled materials than by smelting it from aluminum-containing minerals.
Waste equipment and other products containing mercury
Mercury is a very toxic substance, so the burial ban is intended, among other things, to reduce the danger of mercury pollution of the environment.
Mercury, mercury-quartz, fluorescent lamps;
Impulse relays containing mercury;
Valves, mercury thermometers;
Mercury-zinc cells and batteries, mercury-containing galvanic cells, etc.
In Russia, 68 million mercury lamps are produced annually, while consumer enterprises generate 15 thousand tons of waste containing mercury, and approximately 13 thousand tons of this are transferred for disposal. Gradually, the amount of mercury-containing waste will decrease, because Alternative light sources are entering the market. Disposal of such waste together with MSW is unacceptable, because can cause poisoning of soil, groundwater and subsequently the population. In general, recycling of waste containing mercury, according to official statistics, today does not exceed 62.7% of the volume of their generation, according to expert estimates - no more than 40%.
Computer, electronic, optical, electrical equipment that has lost its consumer properties
Waste from electronic and electrical equipment is increasing in volume every year. This waste contains many valuable components, plastic, metals, and also toxic substances. About 50 million tons of waste electrical and electronic equipment are generated annually in the world, incl. in Russia - from 0.9 to 1.4 million tons. The system for accounting for the generation and management of such waste in Russia is poorly developed, so it is difficult to say exactly what percentage of generated waste is disposed of. According to experts, no more than 5-8% of the volume of waste generated in this group in Russia is collected and processed, and the bulk of waste comes for processing from legal entities.
Significant volumes of this type of waste are selected from municipal waste and processed by private individuals to recover precious metals. At the same time, hazardous substances after disassembly end up in MSW streams, and are often simply thrown away, causing enormous harm to the environment.
On the territory of the Russian Federation, about 70 companies in different regions advertise services for recycling such equipment, but many of them do not have recycling capabilities.
Reasons for the lack of an industry for processing this waste in Russia:
There is no motive for the owner/producer of waste, the owner of secondary raw materials;
The collection infrastructure of the population and enterprises is not developed;
Insufficient number of trained recyclers of such waste.
At the same time, existing large processing companies note underutilization of capacities. Large chains of electronics stores often replace outdated equipment with an additional payment for new ones, while the old equipment is transferred to recycling companies.
The list of goods subject to disposal after they have lost their consumer properties includes the following groups of goods:
Computers and peripheral equipment;
Communication equipment;
Household electronic appliances;
Optical instruments and photographic equipment;
Rechargeable batteries;
Electric lighting equipment;
Household electrical appliances;
Non-electric household appliances;
Hand tools with built-in electric motor;
Industrial refrigeration and ventilation equipment.
Waste of tires, tires, inner tubes
Tires and tires are the largest waste of rubber products. Tire production volumes in Russia are growing, half of them are exported. According to statistics, 77% of the volume of waste tires and tires is sent for recycling, which is a good indicator, however, according to experts, only 10% is recycled, and 20% is burned, while the volume of waste generated is several times greater than official data. Recycling plants are underutilized, raw materials are in short supply, and the resulting recycled rubber is also not in demand.
A promising direction is the production of crumb rubber, the consumption volumes and popularity of which have increased in Russia. The structure of the crumb rubber market is dominated by products of Russian enterprises; at the same time, there is an increase in imports of crumb rubber. The structure of consumption of crumb rubber is dominated by the production of rubber products - 36%, the share of rubber and other coatings is estimated at 20%, tires and tires - at 15%.
The main problem in the domestic production of crumbs is the lack of a system for collecting used tires for subsequent processing.
Tires, tires and rubber tubes are included in the list of goods subject to disposal after they have lost their consumer properties. In 2016, a recycling standard of 15% was established for this group of goods, and in 2017 - 20%.
A ban on the disposal of such waste will contribute to the formation of waste collection and disposal infrastructure and the utilization of existing production capacities.
Municipal solid waste
One citizen produces up to 400 kg of MSW per year; more than 50 million tons of unutilized MSW are accumulated in the country every year, while according to various estimates, no more than 5-8% of the total volume of waste is recycled.
Disposal of useful components contained in MSW is advisable only if waste is collected separately, because Selection of valuable components from a mass of waste is expensive and unprofitable.
The content of components that can be recycled directly depends on the morphological composition of MSW (it is influenced by the climate zone, the degree of housing improvement, number of floors, type of fuel, etc.). The largest part of MSW consists of paper, cardboard, food waste, and plastic. In this case, the profitability of transporting the valuable fraction of MSW to the consumer must be taken into account. The most cost-effective transportation of non-ferrous metal scrap as a fraction of MSW.
Conditions under which sorting of MSW before disposal is feasible and economically beneficial:
The capacity of the total MSW flow is at least 100 thousand tons/year;
The amount of waste fractions in the total volume of MSW is at least 20-30% of the total volume of MSW;
The transport distance is no more than 100 km, except for the transportation of non-ferrous metal waste, where it can reach 1000 km.
The introduction of a ban on the disposal of unsorted MSW will require the construction of waste sorting complexes and waste processing plants.
International experience
International experience in the field of recycling waste shows good results thanks to the adopted international agreements.
European Union Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 04/26/1999 “On waste disposal at landfills” obligated member countries to develop a MSW management program. It also banned the disposal of certain types of waste, such as car tires and liquid waste, into landfills. The document stipulates that only pre-processed waste can be delivered to the landfill, which predetermines the need to increase the number of waste processing plants.
The second important document is Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 2008/98/EC of 11/19/2008 “On waste and the repeal of certain regulations.” The purpose of the document is also to reduce the volume of landfills. The most important content is the introduction of quantitative goals for the processing of a number of types of solid waste.
Conclusion
The draft resolution fits into the general policy of the state to reduce the amount of generated and disposed waste, increase the amount of recycled waste and generally reduce the harmful effects of waste on the environment. Provided that the resolution is correctly implemented and the infrastructure for separate waste collection, waste sorting complexes, and the approval of transparent territorial waste management schemes appear in a timely manner, the result will not be long in coming, especially if the implementation of the project is stimulated by economic mechanisms.