Biology lesson. Topic: "The development of life in the Proterozoic and Paleozoic eras"
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Tasks: Studying problems of phylogenetics and patterns of evolution organic world, which allows us to reveal ways of using a historical approach to the study of living natural phenomena. Give scientific explanation history of the development of flora and fauna using latest technologies allowing to show variety and diversity ancient life.
Educational objective: To achieve students’ assimilation of knowledge of evidence of macroevolution of the main directions and paths historical development living nature, the main aromorphoses and idioadaptations in the world of plants and animals.
Educational tasks: Use the evidence of evolution to defend views on the reality of the historical development of living nature and continue to form the scientific worldview of students while revealing pictures of the evolution of the organic world, identifying the contradictory nature of this process.
Developmental tasks: Formation of the ability to identify the main aromorphoses and idioadaptations in the world of plants and animals, to reveal cause-and-effect relationships between the paths and directions of evolution, to give a materialistic explanation historical changes wildlife. Development of creative activity of students using the latest technologies.
Lesson type: Combined (problematic)
Method: Didactic
Equipment: computer, table, drawings, minerals.
During the classes
1 . Consolidation of the studied material.
Hello.
In the last lesson, you and I began to study a very interesting and important topic"The Development of Life on Earth."
What era of the Earth and the main directions of evolution did we study?
Now our task is to consolidate the material we have learned. 4 students work at a computer, where they complete a homework test for 5-10 minutes. And with the rest we work with an oral-frontal survey.
Test (computer):
- How long is the Archean era?
a.900 Ma
b.3500 million years
V. 2000 Ma - What is the age of the Archean era
A. 2000 Ma
b. 3500 Ma
V. 900 Ma - Aromorphoses in the Archean era
A. the formation of photosynthesis
b. oxygen breathing
c.sexual process
d. multicellularity - What is the Archean era called?
A. era early life
b. ancient life
c.ancient life - What does aromorphosis open up to?
A. divergence
b.biological progress
c.degeneration
g.idiotaptation
Working with the class:
- On what basis is the history of the Earth divided into eras and periods.
- Explain how and how the first living organisms arose.
- What important aromorphoses occurred in the Archean era. What did this mean for the development of life on Earth?
- When and as a result of what processes oxygen appeared in the Earth's atmosphere. How did this affect the development of life?
- Explain the simultaneous existence in various ways respiration, nutrition, reproduction and simple and complex organisms.
- What is the idioadaptation of the Archean era.
- On what principle did the development of the Archean era proceed? Prove it.
- Give examples of the living world of the Archean era.
Summarize test task and homework survey.
3. New topic.
Explanation using a computer. Presentation on the topic “The development of life in the Proterozoic and Paleozoic eras”
Students write down new topic lesson in notebooks “The development of life in the Proterozoic and Paleozoic eras.”
At the border of the Archean and Proterozoic eras, the structure and functions of organisms became more complex, which marked the beginning biological evolution. The Proterozoic era lasted 2000 million years.
What's the landscape like? Proterozoic era where life is concentrated.
Climate: Became more severe, ice cover spread over almost the entire planet.
Land: It was lifeless, but soil-forming processes began along the shores as a result of the activity of bacteria, algae and fungi. Blue-green algae dominated, giving way to an abundance of green algae, including multicellular ones, which in evolutionary terms were more advanced in their method of nutrition, reproduction and structure (leaves, stem, root). But still life was concentrated in water.
It is difficult to trace the evolution of the Proterozoic era, because There was a process of recrystallization of sedimentary rocks and destruction of organic remains. As a result, remains of bacteria, algae, fungi, lower invertebrates and lower chordates were preserved.
A major step was the appearance of organisms with:
- 2-way symmetry of the body (anterior, posterior, left and right sides, dorsal and abdominal surfaces, each of which performs its own function.
- Multicellularity.
What is the name of the hypothesis about the origin multicellular organisms and who created it?
What living organism was taken as the basis for the multicellularity hypothesis, what tissues were formed and what functions did they perform?
From here we conclude that aromorphoses are a 3-layered worm-shaped body in which new organs have appeared - this is a new formation; arthropods originated from them, giving rise to ancient chordates.
What are the aromorphoses of plants and animals of the Proterozoic era?
Fill out the table (to be completed by students)
The third very important era of the Earth is the Proterozoic era- era ancient life, its age is 570 million years, and it lasted 330 million years, it consists of 6 periods (see table)
Having remembered the main aromorphoses of the Archean and Proterozoic eras, sum up this life? (for about 3 billion years, life on Earth was influenced driving forces evolution reached diversity and was mainly concentrated in water)
Indeed, at the beginning of the Paleozoic era, plants inhabited mainly the seas, but already in the Ordovician and Silurian the first land plants–psilophytes.
Consider the landscape of this period, what its features are.
How do you think we can explain the release of land from water and the death of many algae?
Consider the drawing of the first land plant, a psilophyte, and identify features of adaptation to new environment. (the presence of tissues that protect the cell from drying out, conducts water vascular system, supporting the body in an upright position, the presence of root-like outgrowths that strengthen the plant in water)
Name the ancestors of psilophytes.
The further evolution of plants on land went in the direction of dividing the body into vegetative organs and tissues, and the system was improved.
But, unfortunately, in the arid Devonian, psilophytes disappear and horsetails, mosses and pteridophytes appear, which, due to the wet and warm climate reached great development in the Carboniferous period, at which time gymnosperms also appeared, descended from seed ferns.
When comparing land plants of the Paleozoic era, what plant do you think ferns came from?
Why natural selection acted towards the conservation of pteridophytes.
Was it just the path of idioadaptation? further development ferns.
Students watch a presentation about plants of the Paleozoic era.
Task: Fill out the table - aromorphoses of plants.
Aromorphoses of plants:
The fauna of the Paleozoic era developed very rapidly and was represented big amount various forms. Life in the seas flourished. In the Cambrian period, these were all the main types of animals (except for chordates) - these were sponges, corals, echinoderms, mollusks, huge predatory crustaceans, panzerniki.
Then, in the Ordovician, aromorphosis occurred—the appearance of jaws, with the help of which gnathostomes captured food and the shellfish survived.
What is the nature of the relationship between shellfish and gnathostomes.
The evolution of Paleozoic animals followed the path of aromorphosis, idioadaptation, progress and regression.
IN Silurian period Along with the first land plants - psilophytes - the first air-breathing animals - arthropod spiders, scorpions, millipedes - came to land.
Lungfish lived in the Devonian seas, which is why this age is called the “age of fish.” They could breathe atmospheric air (swim bladder), but mostly lives in water.
Which fish made landfall.
How did you move?
What was the climate of the Devonian period and why did this period contribute to the appearance of lobe-finned fish (work with the textbook)
Lobe-finned animals gave rise to the first amphibians - stegocephalians, which reached their peak in the Carboniferous period. They divided (diverged) into several groups from small ones that fed on invertebrates to large fish-eating predators. The group that has survived is the one that has undergone major changes:
- Internal fertilization occurred
- Egg-reserve yolk and dense shell
- Development of an embryo in an egg on land.
- horny cover.
These are the features of reptiles in the Permian period - which were called cotylosaurs. They were herbivores and predators (animal-toothed lizards). From this group later reptiles and mammals evolved.
What aromorphoses of the animal world are characteristic of this era.
Fill out the table (one student works at the board, and the rest in a notebook)
Aromorphoses of animals:
The emergence of jaws
Pulmonary respiration
Fin structure
Internal fertilization - egg
Evolution of the circulatory system
The emergence of large systematic groups.
Give examples of idioadaptations of the Paleozoic era.
What path did the development of the Paleozoic era take?
4. Consolidation.
Solving a crossword puzzle (working on a computer).
- Name the first representative of amphibians
- In what period do psilophytes disappear?
- Name the idioadaptations to the lack of oxygen in water.
- Name a major aromorphosis in the evolution of vertebrates.
- What is the name of the form of evolution due to which stegocephals were divided into big number forms
- What period is called the “age of fishes”
- The first land plants.
- In what period does terrestrial vegetation reach its greatest flourishing?
- Name the group of animals from which reptiles and mammals evolved.
Summarize the work.
5. Homework: learn the paragraph and answer the questions.
Palaeozoic. The work was completed by students of grade 9 “G” Bondar Anastasia and Ivanova Maria, Pikalevo, 2011 Contents. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Beginning and continuation. Climate. Representatives. Vegetable world. Animal organisms The most important aromorphoses. Period Beginning End Early Paleozoic Cambrian 542 Ma 488 Ma Ordovician 488 Ma 443 Ma Silurian 443 Ma 416 Ma Late Paleozoic Devonian 416 Ma 359 Ma Carboniferous 359 Ma 299 Ma Permian 299 Ma 251 Ma Climate Paleozoic The climate of the early Paleozoic was quite monotonous: most of the land surface was occupied by areas with an arid climate. Only near the equator were there areas with a tropical humid climate. Starting from the Silurian period of the Paleozoic era, the climate becomes cooler. In the Middle Devonian, areas with a tropical humid climate occupied almost all areas near the equator and on the coasts of tropical seas. In the late Paleozoic, the climate became more severe. The cooling was facilitated by the concentration of most of the southern continents into a single supercontinent, Gondwana, which rose high above the surrounding seas. Vegetable world. During the Paleozoic, some groups of plants were gradually replaced by others. At the beginning of the era, from the Cambrian to the Silurian, seaweed dominated, but already in the Silurian, higher vascular plants growing on land appeared. Until the end of the Carboniferous period, spore plants predominated, but in Permian period , especially in its second half, a significant part of terrestrial vegetation consists of seed plants from the group of gymnosperms (Gymnospermae). Before the beginning of the Paleozoic, with the exception of a few questionable finds of spores, there are no signs of the development of land plants. However, it is likely that some plants (lichens, fungi) began to penetrate into hinterland sushi even in the Proterozoic, since sediments from this time often contain significant amounts of essential plants. In order to adapt to new living conditions on land, many plants had to radically change their anatomical structure. Animal organisms. It was in the Paleozoic that living organisms came to land and the “skeletal revolution” occurred, when many organisms acquired shells, shells and skeletons. The Paleozoic world is dominated by arthropods: spiders, scorpions, giant dragonflies, cockroaches, beetles. Fish lived in the water, on the basis of which amphibians and insectivorous small reptiles appeared in the Devonian. The vegetation included giant ferns and horsetails, which formed dense thickets. During the Carboniferous period, the earth appeared coniferous forests - cordaite taiga, with trees reaching a height of 20 meters. The most important group of animals of the early Paleozoic are trilobites, which flourished in the Cambrian and Ordovician. In the Silurian they were replaced by cephalopods. The most important aromorphoses. A continental, arid climate prevailed on Earth. Therefore, the dominant position was occupied by gymnosperms and reptiles, which had a number of adaptations for transporting unfavorable conditions , lack of moisture. The wide distribution of gymnosperms is explained by the fact that in conditions arid climate they had a number of advantages over ferns. An important aromorphosis was the appearance of a coated seed with a supply of nutrients. This provided the embryo with nutrition and protection from unfavorable environmental conditions. The egg developed inside the ovule and was protected from exposure to adverse factors external environment . Thus, the reproduction of these plants did not depend on the availability of water. Gymnosperms had well-developed integumentary and conductive tissues, and the leaves were modified into needles, which, on the one hand, improved the supply of water to the plants, and on the other, reduced its evaporation. Among the animals wide use got reptiles. Their appearance was due to a number of aromorphoses: internal fertilization , dense membranes and a supply of nutrients in, horny integuments of the body, more advanced respiratory and circulatory systems. During this period it happened an important event
- the first primitive mammals appeared.
The Paleozoic era consists of six periods: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous (Carboniferous), Permian. Cambrian. The name comes from the area where geological layers with the remains of organisms were first discovered. The Cambrian climate was warm, there was no soil on land, so life developed in. On land, only bacteria and blue-green algae were found. Green diatoms swam freely in the seas, golden algae, and the red ones, brown algae were attached to the bottom. IN initial period Cambrian salts washed off the land increased the salinity of the seas, especially the concentration of calcium and magnesium. Marine animals freely absorbed mineral salts on their body surfaces. Trilobites appeared - ancient representatives of arthropods, similar in body shape to modern woodlice. Mineral salts that were absorbed into their body formed on the outside chitinous shell. Trilobites with a chitin-shell body, divided into 40-50 sections, swam freely at the very bottom of the sea (Fig. 39).
Rice. 39. Early Paleozoic fauna (Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian): 1 - archaeocyte colony; 2 -- skeleton of Silurian coral; 3 - jellyfish; 4 - Silurian shells cephalopods; 5 - brachiopods; 6 - trilobites - the most primitive crustaceans (Cambrian)
In the Cambrian period appeared different kinds sponges, corals, mollusks, sea lily, later sea urchin. This period is also called the period of invertebrate development.
Ordovician(the name is given by the name of the tribe that once lived at the site where the fossil remains were discovered). Brown and red algae and trilobites continued to develop in the sea. The ancestors of modern octopuses and squids appeared - cephalopod snails (molluscs), as well as brachiopods, gastropods. The ancestors of modern lampreys were found in geological strata, hagfish - the skeleton of jawless vertebrates. Body and tail section they were covered with dense scales.
Silur(by tribe name). Due to the beginning of active mountain-building processes, the distribution of sea and land changed, the size of the land increased, and the first vertebrates appeared. Huge people lived in the seas Cancerscorpios-predatory arthropods that reached 2 m in length and had 6 pairs of limbs. The front pair of limbs located around the oral cavity were turned into claws for grinding food. The first vertebrates appeared in the Silurian period - armored fish(Fig. 40).
Rice. 40. Jawless armored "fish"
Their internal skeleton was cartilaginous, and on the outside the body was enclosed in a bony shell consisting of scutes. Due to the lack of paired fins, they crawled along the bottom rather than swam. They resembled fish in body shape, but actually belonged to the class jawless(cyclostomes). The clumsy shellfish did not develop and died out. Modern cyclostomes lampreys And hagfish- close relatives of armored fish.
At the end of the Silurian, intensive development of land plants began, prepared by the earlier emergence of bacteria and blue-green algae from the water. soil formation. Plants were the first to colonize land - peilophytes(Fig. 41).
Rice. 41. The first plants to reach land were psilophytes and rhinophytes.
Their structure was similar to that of multicellular green algae; there were no real leaves. With the help of thin thread-like processes, they strengthened themselves in the ground and absorbed water and mineral salts. Along with psilophytes, arachnids came onto land, reminiscent of modern scorpions. At the end of the Silurian, shark-like creatures also lived predatory fish With cartilaginous skeleton. The emergence of jaws played a role big role in the development of vertebrates. The settlement of land with plants and animals began.
Devonian(named after the county of Devonshire in Southern England) is called the period of fish. The size of the seas decreased, deserts increased, and the climate became dry. Cartilaginous animals appeared in the seas (descendants - modern sharks, rays, chimeras) and bony fish. Depending on the structure of the fins, bony fishes were divided into ray-finned (fins similar to a fan) and lobe-finned (fins similar to a brush). Lobe-finned fish had fleshy and short fins. With the help of two pectoral and two pelvic fins, they moved to those lakes where there was still enough water left. With the onset of drought, they adapted to breathing. These fish breathed using a swim bladder equipped blood vessels. Over time, the paired fins turned into five-fingered limbs, and the swim bladder became lungs. Until recently, it was believed that lobe-finned fishes became extinct at the end of the Paleozoic. However, in 1938 the museum South Africa a fish 1.5 m long and weighing 50 kg was handed over. The fish was named coelacanth in honor of a museum employee, Mrs. K. Latimer. Scientists believe that coelacanth appeared 300 million years ago. The structure of the coelacanth retains the characteristics of amphibians and other vertebrates, including humans (five-fingered limbs). At the end of the Devonian, the first amphibians appeared from lobe-finned fish - stegocephalians(Fig. 42).
Rice. 42. Fauna of the second half of the Paleozoic (Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian): 1 - lobe-finned fish(Devonian); 2 - the oldest amphibian - stegocephalus (Carboniferous); 3 - dragonfly (carbon); 4 - the oldest reptile - a predatory lizard - foreigner (Perm); 5 - omnivorous lizard - Dimetrodon (Permian); 6 - herbivorous lizard - pareiasaurus (Permian); 7 - fish-eating lizard (Permian)
IN Devonian period formed from plants spore horsetails, mosses, ferns. Seed ferns were widespread. Land plants enriched the air with oxygen and provided animals with food.
Carbon(Carboniferous period) (named due to thick deposits during this period coal). The climate during this period became humid, warm, and the swamps again encroached on land. Giant tree mosses - lepidodendron and sigillaria, calamnites- 30-40 m high, 1-2 m wide formed dense forests. Vegetation began to develop especially rapidly in the middle of the Carboniferous period (Fig. 43).
Rice. 43. Tree-like plants of the Carboniferous period
Seed ferns gave rise to gymnosperms, and in the evolution of plants the seed method of reproduction appeared. Great development reached stegocephals, which appeared in Upper Devonian. The body shape of stegocephalus resembled a newt and a salamander; they reproduced by throwing eggs. Thanks to the development of larvae in water and respiration using gills, the development of amphibians is still associated with water. Between amphibians and reptiles there is a period of 50 million years. The environment has always influenced the evolution of organisms.
Permian(by city name). There was a rise in mountains, a decrease in land size and climate change. At the equator the climate became humid and tropical, while to the north it became warm and dry. Ferns, horsetails, and mosses, adapted to humid climate. Gymnosperms replaced spore-bearing plants.
Happened significant changes and in the animal world. The dry climate contributed to the disappearance of trilobites, Paleozoic corals, and amphibians - stegocephalians. But the oldest reptiles have achieved significant diversity. They laid eggs that had a special layer of liquid that protected the embryo from drying out. In addition, the complication of the lungs created the prerequisites for protecting the body of reptiles with scales, which protected the body from drying out and prevented skin respiration. Thanks to such characteristics, reptiles have spread widely on Earth.
Among reptiles, intermediate forms between amphibians began to develop - cotylosaurs, 25 cm long. Their body was similar to lizards, and their head was like a frog; they ate fish. Fossil remains of beast-toothed lizards, from which mammals originated, have been found).
Permian aromorphosis.
1. Reproduction by laying eggs (the liquid inside the egg protects the embryo from drying out), internal (female body) fertilization of the egg has appeared.
2.Keratization of the body (protects from drying out).
1. Mobility of the cervical vertebra, free rotation of the head and quick response to actions environment.
2. Development of muscles, respiratory organs, blood circulation, appearance of the rudiments of the brain.
3. Free support of the body on the limbs (necessary for rapid movement).
Paleozoic. Cambrian. Ordovician. Silur. Devonian. Carboniferous (Carboniferous period). Permian. Psilophytes. Stegocephals. Gymnosperms.
1.Periods of the Paleozoic era.
2.Aromorphoses of the Paleozoic.
1.Give a description of each period of the Paleozoic.
2.Give examples of plant and animal species that appeared in the Silurian and Devonian.
1.Prove the advantage of the Paleozoic compared to the Archean and Proterozoic.
2.Name the first species of plants and animals that came onto land. What period do they belong to?
1.Make a comparative diagram of the development of the organic world in the Carboniferous and Devonian periods.
2.Name the aromorphoses of the Permian period.
The Mesozoic era includes three periods - Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous.
Triassic
IN Triassic The continental, arid climate prevailed on Earth. Therefore, the dominant position was occupied by gymnosperms and reptiles, which had a number of adaptations to endure unfavorable conditions and lack of moisture.
The wide distribution of gymnosperms is explained by the fact that in arid climates they had a number of advantages over ferns. An important aromorphosis was the appearance of a coated seed with a supply of nutrients. This provided the embryo with nutrition and protection from unfavorable environmental conditions. The egg developed inside the ovule and was protected from the effects of unfavorable environmental factors. Thus, the reproduction of these plants did not depend on the availability of water.
Among animals, reptiles are widespread. Their appearance was due to a number of aromorphoses: internal fertilization, dense shells and supply of nutrients in the egg, horny integument of the body, more advanced respiratory and circulatory systems.
During the Triassic period, an important event for the subsequent history of the Earth occurred - the first primitive mammals appeared.
Jurassic period
During the Jurassic period, the climate becomes more humid and warmer, and powerful vegetation develops. Trees reach huge size, such as redwoods. Some types of sequoia have survived to this day. Thus, in California, the Mammoth tree grows, the height of which reaches 100 m, the diameter of the trunk is 12 m, and its life expectancy is over 2500 years.
The rapid development of vegetation during the Jurassic period provided a good food supply, which led to the appearance of giant reptiles. Brontosaurus, for example, reached a length of 20 m, and diplodocus - 26 m. These huge animals fed on lush aquatic vegetation. The large, massive body limited their ability to move on land.
Ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs lived in reservoirs. Plesiosaurs 1000 reached from 0.5 to 15 m in length, had flippers, a wide flat body and a small head on long neck. They ate fish and small aquatic animals.
During the Jurassic period, flying reptiles appeared: rhamphorhynchus and pterodactyls. The first ones had a long tail and narrow wings, and the second - wide wings and short tail. These animals lived on the coasts and ate mainly fish.
Cretaceous period
During the Cretaceous period there was a dramatic change in climate as a result of the dispersal of clouds and an increase in the number of solar radiation. As a result, the number of ferns and gymnosperms decreased, and the first angiosperms appeared.
Ancient reptiles were the ancestors of birds and mammals, as evidenced by paleontological finds. Thus, prints of animals were discovered that combined the characteristics of birds and reptiles. They had wings, and their body, like birds, was covered with feathers. However, like reptiles, they had a long tail of 20-21 vertebrae, scales were preserved on the head, fingers were on the limbs, teeth were placed on the jaws, and the trunk vertebrae were movably connected. These animals lived in trees and ate insects or fruits.
For a long time The direct ancestors of birds were considered to be Archeopteryx, a skeletal imprint of which was found in the sediments Jurassic period. However, later paleontological finds showed that true birds appeared at the same time as Archeopteryx. (According to some scientists, Archeopteryx is a feathered reptile, a dead-end branch in the evolution of reptiles.)
The evolution and spread of birds was determined by the following aromorphoses: the appearance of a four-chambered heart and warm-bloodedness, feathers, more developed nervous system(increase in size cerebral hemispheres and the appearance of the cerebral cortex), an increase in the supply of nutrients in the egg and the formation of a calcareous shell.
Thanks to aromorphoses, the dependence of birds on the environment has decreased. Despite changes in ambient temperature, they maintain a constant body temperature, so they are active even in winter and do not fall into torpor, like reptiles. The supply of nutrients in the egg and the presence of a calcareous shell provided nutrition and protection for the embryo. The development of the brain has complicated the behavior of birds: they have well-developed care for their offspring and have developed complex conditioned reflexes, which ensures the prosperity of this group of animals.
The ancient toothed reptiles are considered the ancestors of mammals. From these animals a group of small reptiles separated, which had constant temperature bodies, gave birth to live young. From them came the first mammals, reminiscent of rats and hedgehogs.
Among the aromorphoses that caused the appearance of mammals, it should be noted the appearance of a four-chambered heart, hair, thanks to which thermoregulation improved, warm-bloodedness arose, and the development of the nervous system, especially the cerebral hemispheres and cerebral cortex; viviparity and feeding of young with milk. These changes ensured the survival and resettlement, offspring, and dominance of mammals on Earth.
At the end of the Mesozoic era, during the Cretaceous period, there was a mass extinction of animals. According to scientists, at the end Cretaceous period 17% of families and 45% of genera of living organisms became extinct, including dinosaurs. There are many hypotheses about the reasons for the extinction of dinosaurs, some of them are evolutionary, others are catastrophic.
Evolutionary hypotheses explain the extinction of dinosaurs by gradually acting causes - climate change, plant communities. According to this hypothesis, climate change to hot and dry contributed to mass extinction plants. Reducing quantity plant food led to the extinction of herbivores and then carnivores.
In accordance with the catastrophe hypothesis, the Earth collided with a small asteroid or a large d16 meteorite, which resulted in an increase in dust in the atmosphere. Dust hampered the process of photosynthesis, plants began to die out, and then animals.
Evolution of animals. Battle for Life - Size.
Discovery Channel documentary.
How helpful was this material?
A1.Life on Earth arose:
1) initially on land
2) initially in the ocean
3) on the border of land and ocean
4)simultaneously on land and in the ocean
A2. The first living organisms that appeared on Earth according to the method of feeding and breathing were:
1) aerobic autotrophs.
2) anaerobic autotrophs.
3) aerobic heterotrophs.
4) anaerobic heterotrophs.
A3. When the supply of abiogenically synthesized products is depleted organic matter, organisms appeared on Earth according to the method of nutrition and the method of nutrition:
1) aerobic autotrophs.
2) anaerobic autotrophs.
3) aerobic heterotrophs.
4) anaerobic heterotrophs.
A4. The largest aromorphosis, which had a significant impact on early stages evolution of life on Earth was:
1) the appearance of prokaryotes
2) the appearance of eukaryotes
3) the emergence of photosynthesis in prokaryotes
4) the emergence of respiration in eukaryotes
A5. The oldest era listed in the history of the Earth:
1) archaea
2) Paleozoic
3) Mesozoic
4) Proterozoic
A6. Billions of years have passed since the first living organisms arrived on land:
1) about 3.5
2) about 1.5
3) about 2.5
4)about 0.5
A7. The main organisms that existed on Earth in the Archean:
1) bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)
2)multicellular algae and coelenterates
3) coral polyps and multicellular algae
4) marine invertebrates and algae
A8. The main evolutionary event in the development of the organic world in the Proterozoic:
1) the emergence of plants onto land
2) exit of multicellular animals onto land
3) the appearance and flourishing of eukaryotes (green algae)
4) the appearance and flourishing of prokaryotes (blue-green algae)
A9. The main organisms that existed on Earth in the early Paleozoic (Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian):
1) Bony fish, insects and algae
2) trilobites, armored fish and algae
3) corals, cartilaginous fish and spore plants
4) cartilaginous fish, insects and spore plants
A10. The main organisms that existed on Earth in the late Paleozoic (Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian):
1) cartilaginous fish, trilobites and algae
2) armored fish, trilobites and ferns
3) cartilaginous and bony fish, insects and pteridophytes
4) armored and cartilaginous fish, reptiles and gymnosperms
A11. The main evolutionary event in the development of the organic world in the middle of the Mesozoic (Jurassic)
1) the dominance of gymnosperms and the appearance of the first birds
2) the flowering of ferns and the appearance of gymnosperms
3) the rise of amphibians and the appearance of the first mammals
4) the appearance of ferns and the flowering of reptiles
A12. The dominant position of mammals in the evolution of the organic world is associated with their:
1)relatively large sizes body
2) high fertility and care for offspring
3) warm-bloodedness and intrauterine development
4) adaptability to in different ways reproduction
A13. The main evolutionary event in the development of the organic world in the middle of the Cenozoic (Neogene):
1) dominance of mammals, birds and insects
2) extinction of reptiles and appearance of birds
3) the dominance of gymnosperms and the extinction of reptiles
4) the appearance of the first mammals and the extinction of reptiles
organic world, what they had biological significance for evolution?
Fill the table"
Aromorphosis Meaning
1) Appearance:
2) Cellular
kernels
3) Photosynthesis
4) Sexual
process
5) Multicellular
body
Please help, thanks in advance
Help me with the answers.Thanks in advance!
1) The earth was formed:
a) 2.5 billion years b) 3.5 billion years c) 4.5 billion years
2) Uniting molecules various substances formed multi-molecule complexes:
a) cells b) coacervates c) carcinogens
3) First single-celled organisms were:
a) heterotrophs b) autotrophs c) symbionts
4)Appearance large quantity heterotrophs led to the appearance of:
a) photosynthesis b) chemosynthesis c) biosynthesis
5) The appearance of the kernel led to:
a) asexual process b) sexual process
6) The division of cell functions in the first multicellular organisms led to the formation of:
a) differentiated b) primary tissues.
7)B Paleozoic era The first land plants appear:
a) succulents b) psilophytes c) ferns
8) Large aromorphosis in Paleozoic era is the appearance:
a) two circles of blood circulation b) improvement of the nervous system c) the appearance of a grasping type apparatus
9) The first land-based air-breathing animals were:
a) insects b) arthropods (arachnids) c) birds
10) The appearance of the first angiosperms happened in:
a) Paleozoic era b) Mesozoic era c) Cenozoic era
11) Significant changes in flora in the Cenozoic era was accompanied by:
a) drought b) global warming c) glaciation
12) Arrange in the required order the position of man in the system of the animal world:
a) order-primates b) phylum-chordates c) class-mammals
d) family - hominids e) kingdom - animals f) genus - man g) species - skilled man.
13) List specific features, inherent in man.
14) Animals with a height of 120-150 cm, weight 20-50 kg brain mass
550g were called:
a) a skilled man b) the most ancient man c) Autralopithecus.