Moderate thermal zone. Thermal zones of the earth
General information . The area of Europe is about 10 million km 2, incl. the islands account for about 730 thousand km 2 (the largest are Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Spitsbergen, Iceland, Ireland, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete), the peninsulas account for about 1/4 of the territory of Europe (Scandinavian, Iberian, Apennine , Balkan, Kola, etc.). Population: about 700 million people (1980). The extreme continental points of Europe: in the north - Cape Nordkin, 71°08" north latitude; in the south - Cape Marroqui, 36°00" north latitude; in the west - Cape Roca, 9°31" west longitude; in the east - the eastern foot of the Polar Ural near Baydaratskaya Bay, 67°20" eastern longitude of Europe, it is washed by the seas and: in the north and north-west - the Kara, Barents, White and Norwegian; in the west - the Baltic and Northern; in the south - the Mediterranean, Marmara, Black and Azov, in the east and the southeast, the border with is most often drawn along the eastern foot of the Urals, along the Emba River to the Caspian seas , the Kuma and Manych rivers to the mouth of the Don.
In Europe, it is customary (from a physical-geographical point of view) to distinguish Eastern Europe (mostly European territory) and Western Europe (mainly foreign Europe), which, in turn, is divided into Northern, Central, and Southern Europe. Over 1/2 of the territory of Europe is occupied by the USSR (Eastern Europe), the rest - Andorra, Vatican City, Great Britain, Gibraltar, Denmark, West. Berlin, Ireland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, San Marino, part of Switzerland, .
The modern political map of foreign Europe has developed as a result of fundamental socio-political changes caused by the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia, the defeat of the fascist powers in World War II of 1939-45 and the victory of people's democratic and socialist revolutions in a number of countries of foreign Europe. As a result, two groups of countries with fundamentally different socio-economic systems were formed in Europe: socialist (so-called Eastern European countries), which, along with the USSR, includes Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Albania , and capitalist (Western European), which includes other countries.
Nature. The topography of Europe is dominated by lowland plains and hills; mountains occupy 17% of Europe's territory. The smoothest terrain is in eastern Europe, where there is a vast Eastern European (Russian)a plain, the southeastern part of which (Caspian Lowland) is below sea level. In Western Europe, where plains and mountains occupy approximately the same area, the main plains areCentral European, Middle Danube, Lower Danube, Paris Basin, Padan. For Northern , Western and Central Europe and the peninsulas of Northern and Southern Europe characterized by low and middle mountains. Among them stands out big number ancient massifs; Armorican, Central French, Czech, etc. The most significant mountains are the Alps (height up to 4807 m, Mont Blanc), Carpathians, Pyrenees, Scandinavian, Apennines, mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. The Urals stretches along the eastern border of Europe. Often referred to as Europe. The active ones are mainly in the Mediterranean and Iceland, where manifestations of modern volcanism are associated active work.
The climate is predominantly temperate, in the west - oceanic, with mild winters and cool summers, in the east - continental, with snowy frosty winter and hot or warm summer. Northern regions and the Arctic islands have harsh subarctic and arctic climates. In Southern Europe - Mediterranean climate, with soft damp in winter and hot summer. The average temperature in January is from -24° C on the Arctic islands to +12° C in the south, in June, respectively, in the west up to 29° C. Precipitation per year ranges from 1500-2000 mm (in some places more) in the mountains, up to 200 mm or less on the Caspian lowland; The aridity of the climate generally increases from northwest to southeast. In most of Europe, precipitation occurs mainly in the warm half of the year, in the Mediterranean - mainly in winter. The glaciation area is over 116 thousand km 2, the main centers of glaciation are the Arctic islands, Iceland, the Scandinavian mountains, and the Alps.
On the plains of Europe, rivers with a calm flow predominate, among them the Volga (the largest in Europe), the Dnieper, the Don, the Pechora, Northern Dvina, Danube, Vistula, Odra, Elbe, Rhine, Seine, Loire, Rhone, Tagus, Pau. All of these rivers are navigable, some are connected by canals, and many are used for hydroelectric purposes. In Fennoscandia, short rapids rivers with weakly developed valleys with lake-like extensions predominate; in mountainous areas the rivers have a large drop, and there are waterfalls. Large lakes Europe - Ladoga, Onega, Venern, Chudskoye, Balaton, Geneva.
The flora and fauna of Europe belongs to the Holarctic kingdom. On islands Arctic OceanArctic deserts are developed; on the mainland, tundras, forest-tundras, forests (taiga, mixed and broad-leaved), forest-steppes, and steppes alternate from north to south; in southern Europe - subtropical Mediterranean forests and shrubs, in the southeast - semi-deserts. In the highest mountain systems (Alps, Carpathians and some others) - altitudinal zone with sequential change from bottom to top mountain forests, meadows and landscapes of the nival belt. A large area is dominated by cultural landscapes. Numerous nature reserves National parks and other protected areas.
Geological structure and metallogeny. The ancient core of the European continent is occupied by its northern and eastern parts, with a foundation of Archean-Early Proterozoic age (see map).
From the northwest, the tectonic nappes of the Scandinavian Caledonides, composed of riftogenic formations of the upper Riphean - Vendian, eu- and miogeosynclinal strata of the Cambro-Silurian, are thrust onto the East European platform; at the base of the most internal covers are known - relics of the crust of the Proto-Atlantic Ocean or its marginal sea. These nappes have undergone noticeable metamorphism; they are unconformably overlain by Devonian clastic sediments (molasse), filling individual grabens. To the north, the Scandinavian Caledonides continue towards Western Spitsbergen, and to the southeast - the British Isles. The British Caledonides are significantly different in structure from the Scandinavian ones; they have two main zones: northwestern (northern highlands of Scotland), metamorphic, and southeastern ( southern highlands Scotland, northern England and Wales), non-metamorphic. The first, thrust in the northwest, towards the Precambrian platform massif in northwestern Scotland and the Hebrides, is composed of Riphean-Vendian and Cambro-Lower Ordovician strata, which experienced major deformations, metamorphism and granitization in the Early Ordovician (Grampian phase); the second is characterized by a gradual weakening of dislocations to the southeast, in the direction of the platform massif of the Midlands of England, composed of Cambro-Silurian rocks, underlain by ophiolites in the north, deformed at the end of the Silurian - beginning of the Devonian. In the south of Ireland and England, the outer zone of the Central European Hercynides is thrust onto the Caledonides, and to the east, onto the Midland massif; on the continent, the northern front of the Hercynides stretches through northeastern France, Belgium, Germany, the German Democratic Republic to Poland (Odra line), hiding further under the Alpine thrusts of the Carpathians, and is accompanied in a number of areas by forward troughs (Franco-Belgian and Ruhr, as well as the Upper Silesian coal basin ).
The Hercynides occupy a significant area within Central Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Their outer zone is composed of thick Devonian clay-shale and Lower Carboniferous flysch and was deformed in the Middle Carboniferous. The outer zone is separated by a narrow rise of the metamorphic base from the inner one, the section of which is formed by sandy-shale deposits of the Ordovician-Silurian, as well as shale or carbonate strata of the Devonian - Lower Carboniferous. The age of the deformations is the beginning and middle of the Carboniferous. In the Central zone, stretching through the south of Brittany and the Vendee into the Central French Massif, Vosges, Black Forest to the Bohemian (Bohemian) Massif, rocks of the metamorphic complex of the late Precambrian appear on the surface, including in places the lower Paleozoic and host Middle and Late Paleozoic age. This zone experienced the first deformations in the Devonian and the final ones before the Middle Carboniferous. Its analogue, and initially, probably, a western continuation, is the Central Iberian zone with a northwestern - southeastern strike. To the southeast of it, analogues of the external and internal zones Central European Hercynides, northwest and also south of Central zone In Central Europe, a similar sequence of zones is observed, but with a southern (on the Iberian Peninsula - northeastern) direction of displacement along thrusts. Within the Hercynides, a large number of intermontane troughs and depressions of the middle and small size, filled with continental carbon-bearing sediments of the Middle and red-colored strata of the Upper Carboniferous and Permian with the participation of volcanics.
Between the southwestern edge of the East European ancient platform and the northern front of the Hercynids, partially overlapping them, there is a vast and deep Central European depression (mega-syneclise), which continues in the northwest into the North Sea, where its constituent rocks unconformably overlie the Caledonides. Within the continent, the depression apparently has a foundation of different ages - Caledonian, Baikal, and in some places, possibly even more ancient. In its modern contours, the Central European Basin formed in the Permian and experienced intense subsidence in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Due to the development of the Middle Permian salt-bearing strata, the so-called. Zechstein, numerous salt domes arose in the depression. The depression is oil and gas bearing, especially within the North Sea. Smaller depressions, usually called basins, which arose in the late Paleozoic, were superimposed on the internal parts of the Hercynian fold system. The most significant of them are the Paris and Aquitaine basins containing deposits and.
In southern Europe, the Hercynides are overlain by the Alps, which include the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, Balkans, as well as the Andalusian Mountains (Cordillera-Betica), Apennines and Dinaric Mountains. The Alpine geosyncline arose on the Hercynian foundation, fragmented and overlain by carbonate Triassic, in the process of stretching and spreading of the continental crust, which led at the end of the Triassic - beginning of the Jurassic to the new formation of a basin with oceanic-type crust, now appearing as part of ophiolite nappes. The formation of the latter began at the end of the Jurassic, with the first compression pulses, and continued in subsequent eras of deformation, up to the Miocene, and in some places even later. As a result, the Alpine structures acquired a very complex ridge structure, with thrusting in the Alps, Carpathians and Balkans, as well as in the Cordillera-Betica to the north, in the Apennines and Dinarides - Hellenids - towards the Adriatic Sea, in the Pyrenees - to the north and south. In front of the fold-cover structures, forward troughs were formed - Pre-Pyrenees, Pre-Alpine, Pre-Carpathian, etc., and in their rear - back and intermountain troughs, of which the largest is Pannonian, common to the Carpathians and Dinarides. All of them are made of thick clastic (molasse) strata of Oligocene-Neogene age. The formation of most of the depressions that now make up the Mediterranean Sea - Algerian-Provence, Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Aegean, which absorbed individual parts of the Alpine structures, also dates back to the Oligocene-Miocene. At the same time, the Western European rift system arose, including the Rhine and Rhone grabens. At the same time, an outbreak of volcanic activity occurred, affecting not only the Alpine belt (the periphery of the Tyrrhenian basin, the Pannonian and Aegean basins), but also the epi-Hercynian platform (the Central French and Czech massifs, the Rhine and Rhone grabens, etc.).
The Caledonian metallogeny of Europe was most clearly manifested in the Scandinavian geosynclinal-fold belt in Norway and Great Britain. At the early stage of the geosynclinal regime, numerous pyrite-polymetallic deposits in Norway and Sweden arose here in connection with basaltoid volcanism. At a later stage, in connection with granitoid magmatism, hydrothermal base metals and gold were formed ore deposits, known, for example, in the UK.
The Hercynian metallogeny is most typical of the Central European Hercynides. An early stage is distinguished with basaltoid magmatism, accompanied by minor magmatic deposits of titanomagnetites and large pyrite-polymetallic deposits of the Rio Tinto type in Spain. At a later stage, in connection with granitoid magmatism, numerous hydrothermal deposits of non-ferrous metal ores arose. The metallogeny of the activated areas of the platform is clearly manifested in the form of belts of alkaline rocks with rare metal and apatite mineralization Kola Peninsula USSR and Norway. Hercynian stage geological history belong to the largest Lower Rhine-Westphalian and Donetsk coal basins.
Alpine metallogeny manifested itself within the Caucasus-Balkan-Mediterranean belt. The early stage of the Alpine stage is characterized by copper-pyrite deposits of the Caucasus, Carpathians, and partly the Alps; the late, orogenic stage is characterized by skarn and hydrothermal deposits of tungsten and molybdenum ores, gold, lead and porphyry copper deposits. Among the sedimentary geosynclinal formations of the Alps there are large deposits of the Mediterranean bauxite province, and sedimentary deposits of iron and manganese are found.
Along the front of the geosynclinal-folded belts of the Caledonides, Hercynides and Alps of Europe there are forward troughs of the corresponding age, containing deposits of oil, gas, salts, sulfur (Pre-Carpathian trough).
Minerals of foreign Europe. On the territory of foreign Europe there are large deposits of oil and gas, and , , and some others (see map, see table).
Among other continents, foreign Europe ranks 1st in the world in terms of reserves, 2nd in coal reserves, gas fields of the Po River Valley in Italy, and the Gela and Ragusa fields on the island of Sicily (Italy). A sharp turn in the conduct of prospecting and exploration work in overseas Europe occurred in 1959 after the discovery of one of the world's largest gas fields - Groningen (Slochteren) in the Netherlands. Active geological prospecting and exploration began in the North Sea, which led to the discovery of a number of large and major offshore oil and gas fields in the UK, the Netherlands, Norway and Denmark. In total, 21 are known within foreign Europe with a total area of about 2800 thousand km.
Most of the basins are associated with areas of development of platforms of different ages (Precambrian East European, Baikal-Caledonian Central European and Hercynian Western European). total area platform-type basins 1,400 thousand km 2. The remaining basins are associated with the area of development of Alpine folded mountain structures and zones of their articulation with platforms. The overwhelming majority of oil and gas reserves are concentrated in Europe's largest Central European oil and gas basin (the North Sea), as well as in the Pre-Carpathian-Balkan oil and gas basin, the Aquitaine oil and gas basin, the Adriatic-Ionian oil and gas basin, and partly in the Baltic oil and gas region. The main productive horizons are confined to Phanerozoic deposits.
Among the countries of foreign Europe, Albania, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary, East Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia have proven oil and gas reserves. The most significant reserves are in the UK and Norway. At the beginning of 1983, 752 oil and 804 gas fields were discovered in foreign Europe. Of these, the Groningen gas field is gigantic, 47 fields (26 oil and 21 gas) belong to the category of large and largest (oil reserves from 50 to 500 million tons, gas reserves from 50 to 500 billion m 3), the remaining fields are medium-sized and small ones. The largest deposits in socialist countries: oil - Moreni-Gura-Ocnice (Romania), Algye (Hungary); gas - Salzwedel-Pekkensen (GDR), Przemysl-Jaksmanice (Poland). The main proven hydrocarbon reserves (over 80%) are concentrated at a depth of 1 to 3 km; the interval of 3-5 km contains 17% of the reserves.
The total reserves of all types of coal in foreign Europe are estimated at 873 billion tons, reliable reserves at 243 billion tons, of which about 642 billion tons are hard coals and 230 billion tons are brown coals (1983). The largest reserves among European countries are found in Germany, Great Britain, Yugoslavia, Poland, East Germany (brown coal), Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria (brown coal), Romania, and France. Significantly smaller reserves are concentrated in the Netherlands, Greece (mainly brown coal), Spain, Belgium, Austria (brown coal). Most of the deposits of hard coal are associated with Carboniferous deposits and are confined mainly to the Namurian and Westphalian stages of the Carboniferous (Belgium, Bulgaria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, Germany, France). The largest coal basins are the Lower Rhine-Westphalian (Ruhr), Saar, Aachen, Krefeld (Germany), South Wales, Yorkshire, South and North Scotland (Great Britain), Lorraine, Nord-Pas-de-Calais (France), Upper Silesian, Lublin (Poland), Ostrava-Karvinsky (Czechoslovakia), Dobrudzhansky and others (NRB), Spitsbergen (Norway). The deposits of the Asturian Coal Basin (Spain) are confined to deposits of Upper Carboniferous age. As an exception, there are minor coal deposits in the Permian and Jurassic formations (France, Great Britain). The thickness of individual coal seams is from 1 to 3 m; the total thickness reaches 84 m (Germany). The quality of coals is predominantly good, they have a high calorific value; these are bituminous coals, anthracites, coking coals (Great Britain, Germany). In the Lorraine coal basin (France), the coals are mainly fatty, long-flame. Coals of the Asturias Basin are predominantly gas (volatile component content up to 45%); coals of similar composition are mined in deposits in Belgium and the Netherlands. Large basins and deposits of brown coals and lignites of Eocene-Pliocene age are known: Magdeburg, Middle German, Lower Lausitz (GDR), North Bohemian and Sokolovsky (Czechoslovakia), East Maritsky (NRB), Muntenia, Comanesti (SRR), Krekansky and Kolubarsky ( SFRY), Lower Rhine (Germany), Ptolemais, Megalopolis (Greece), Köflach-Voitsberg basins (Austria). The quality of coals varies.
The deposits belong to various industrial-genetic types. There are numerous hydrothermal deposits of vein or veinlet-disseminated type in granites. These include part of the deposits of France (Limousin, Morvan, Forez, Chardon, etc.), Spain (La Virgen, Monasterio, Albarran, Esperanza, etc.), some deposits of the GDR, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The ores of such deposits contain U from 0.14% to a few percent. Some deposits occur in Upper Paleozoic crystalline rocks. Part of the reserves is concentrated in stratiform sedimentary and sedimentary-infiltration deposits located in Permian sandstones (Le Brugeau, Le Bois Noir, Lodève in France). Deposits in metamorphic rocks enriched in carbonaceous material are of great importance (for example, Ciudad Rodrigo in the province of Salamanca in Spain with an ore content of up to 0.15% U). A special position is occupied by deposits in black shale (up to 0.10% U) - Ranstad et al. (Sweden). Minor deposits containing 0.1-0.5% U have also been identified in Italy (Prite), Portugal (Urjeirika, etc.), Germany (Mentzenschwandt), Switzerland (Emme-Iflis), Great Britain (Mainland).
Ferrous metal ores. The main reserves of iron ore are contained in -magnetite deposits associated with Precambrian crystalline rocks -
London, thanks to new geological exploration data, can reach a new level in the world oil market, although today the UK is one of the leading oil-producing countries in Europe. We compiled a rating of the largest oil producers in Europe, deliberately not including Russia in it.
Norway
Countries with access to the North Sea have been Europe's oil feeder for many years. With growing demands, these countries lost their leading positions in the ranking of European donors, but ensured relative energy independence for themselves.
Europe's leader in oil production today is Norway, producing about two million barrels of oil per day. For Europe, these are huge numbers, which allows the Scandinavian kingdom to feel in economic security, since in addition to a high level of economic diversification, stability is ensured by funds from oil exports.
For comparison, the entire European Union produces about one and a half million barrels per day.
Great Britain
Daily oil production in the UK is currently about 800,000 barrels, which is a record figure in the European Union, but this does not allow us to abandon imported raw materials for a long time.
Previously, oil and gas were delivered to the UK mainly from the North Sea shelf, but the amount of this fuel has long been insufficient to cover the country's growing needs.
The largest oil fields on the British continental shelf in the North Sea are: Leman Bank, Brent, Morekham and Bizzard. Among the continental ones - the largest oil field Wutch Farm is considered to have reserves of about 60 million tons of oil.
Denmark
Another Scandinavian state, which ranks third in Europe in oil production, has four times more modest indicators. Denmark produces 200,000 barrels per day.
In terms of energy resources, Denmark is completely self-sufficient. In recent years, oil has been discovered offshore in the North Sea and in southern Jutland.
Germany
The fourth place is occupied by the economic locomotive of Europe - Germany. Naturally, for an economy like Germany, the production of approximately 170,000 barrels of oil per day is insufficient, so the country imports significant volumes of petroleum products.
The basis oil industry Germany - coastal areas. Most of Germany's oil comes from the largest oil field in the middle west coast Schleswig-Holstein.
According to scientists' forecasts, about 560 million tons of oil are stored in the depths of Germany, the extraction of which was until now considered too labor-intensive and unprofitable.
Italy
Italy closes the top five, producing 112,000 barrels of oil per day. The largest deposits on land are Trecate, Monte Alpi, Ragusa, on the continental shelf - Rospo Mare, Aquila, Gela. Most offshore fields in Italy produce heavy oil, which complicates its processing.
At the end of the 90s, oil production ceased in most offshore fields due to depletion of reserves. As a result, by 2003, 90% of all oil in Italy was produced on land. The Italians are not discouraged - and according to their forecasts, there is still a lot of oil in the country that just needs to be extracted.
Romania, Ukraine, France, Türkiye
To compare the scale and understand Europe’s place in the oil market, it is worth noting that the figures for the top three in the world exceed 10 million barrels per day. This three includes Russia, the USA and Saudi Arabia.
However, it is European oil companies that are the main players in the market. The lack of resources on their territory does not prevent these companies from winning the right to oil production in various parts of the world. The fact is that European companies Thanks to many years of work in the market, they have the necessary experience, technology and trained personnel, which the countries in which this oil is produced cannot boast of.
Europe is a region rich in a wide variety of natural resources. They are distributed unequally across its territory. Each country has its own reserves, on which its economy is partially built.
General information
Despite the diversity of natural resources in Foreign Europe, they are being significantly depleted. This is due to several factors:
- this region is the most densely populated on the planet, which leads to massive consumption of resources;
- Europe started using them earlier than other regions;
- The territory of Europe is relatively small and replenishment of resources occurs slowly.
The overall assessment of the security of Overseas Europe includes the number of minerals, forests, water and energy resources. Each region has its own predominant resources.
Minerals
Characteristic mineral resources European territory is ambiguous. On the one hand, they are quite diverse; almost all types of minerals are represented here. On the other hand, their number is insignificant and decreases every year, without having time to recover.
Below are the mineral natural resources of Foreign Europe in the table.
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Resource |
Percentage of world supply |
Other minerals are mined in very small quantities. The distribution of minerals across Europe is uneven:
- hard coal is mined mainly in Germany and Poland;
- Germany and Bulgaria are rich in brown coal;
- potassium salts are mined in Germany and France;
- uranium ore is produced by France and Spain;
- Bulgaria, Poland, Finland are rich in copper;
- oil is found mainly in the UK, Norway and Denmark;
- Gas reserves are large in Great Britain, Norway, and the Netherlands.
As you can see, the most affluent countries are Germany and Great Britain.
Rice. 1. Coal Basin in Germany
Water
Water resources are among the most significant in the economy of any country. Water is used in all branches of production, in agriculture, and in people's lives.
Water resources are determined by the total amount fresh water, which is available in the region. Fresh water refers to rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Foreign Europe is rich in both rivers and lakes, but they have relatively small sizes. European rivers are located on plains and in mountains. Mountain reservoirs provide hydropower resources region.
The total volume of European lakes is 857 cubic meters. km. Most lakes are located in the northern part of Europe - Finland and Norway. In mountainous areas there are also round-shaped lakes formed as a result of the collapse of glaciers.
There are about 2.5 thousand reservoirs in Europe. Most of them are in the southern part of the region.
There are problems with the supply of fresh water in the Mediterranean area. In hot summers there is often drought here.
Rice. 2. River network of Europe
Forest
Europe's forest resources are quite large. About 33% of the territory is covered with diverse forests. Today there is an increase in their number. Mainly distributed in Europe conifers trees.
The forest is the largest natural resource potential Foreign Europe. The wood processing industry provides 3.7 million jobs and contributes 9% to the region's economy.
Largest area forest plantations falls on Northern Europe - Finland and Norway. The least forests are located on island countries.
Rice. 3. Map of forest resources in Europe
Earth
Land resources are the basis for the education of others, for human activity. Land is of greatest importance in the economy. Agriculture is the main type of industry for the population of Foreign Europe. Almost 50% of the territory is given over to these needs. The most favorable soil for farming is found in the southern regions. Animal husbandry is carried out in the mountains. In northern countries, agroclimatic conditions are not very favorable for agriculture.
Only 5% of European land was given over to the construction of housing and other buildings.
Soil resources are actively used for the construction of communications and agriculture. This has a detrimental effect on flora and fauna.
Recreational resources
The natural conditions of Foreign Europe determine that it is the main center of tourism in the world. Every year 2/3 of all tourists come here. They are mainly attracted by the sights of various European countries. Tourism is one of the main sectors of the economy.
The main recreational areas of Europe are mountains and sea coasts. The most favorable natural areas are in the Mediterranean. IN local seas Cruise travel is actively practiced. In the mountains, people practice skiing and mountaineering.
In Foreign Europe, the most visited countries are France and Italy.
What have we learned?
Due to the active use of natural resources in Europe, they are gradually depleted. Today, this region is the richest in mineral deposits and forests. Another significant economic item is tourism. The problem of European countries is the shortage of fresh water.
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The territory of modern foreign Europe is home to a wide variety of mineral resources. IN currently energy reserves and mineral raw materials are quite depleted, which explains the high share of imports of such resources in the region.
Types of minerals
The variety of mineral resources of Foreign Europe, both ore and non-metallic groups, is very extensive. But in rare cases, deposits have a pan-European or global significance. On average, no more than 12% of the total mineral resources in the world are concentrated here.
Rice. 1. Raw quartz
According to the latest data from Moscow State University, the percentage of world reserves is as follows:
- Coal - 20%;
- Zinc - 18%;
- Lead - 14%;
- Copper - 7%.
The share of oil in Foreign Europe, together with bauxite, gas and iron ore, accounts for no more than 6%.
Other resources are characterized by insignificant quantities.
Rice. 2. Mineral collection
The peculiarity of the resource base of the region is that the main basins of Foreign Europe have been used for many years and decades, as a result of which the deposits are severely depleted. Therefore, the need for imports today is high.
Upon closer examination of the map of mineral resources of Foreign Europe, it becomes clear that the main deposits coal are located in Germany and also in Poland.
Rice. 3. Map of mineral resources of Foreign Europe for grade 10
Brown coal is also predominantly concentrated in basins in Germany, although there are a number of large deposits in the Czech Republic and Bulgaria. The relevant data can be viewed in the table.
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Oil and natural gas in this region are located mainly in Norway and the UK, as well as in the Netherlands. Today there are 21 large oil and gas basin in European countries.
Despite small gas and oil reserves, France is the leader in bauxite and iron ore. Poland and Bulgaria are rich in copper, as is Finland.
Mineral reserves still remain significant. Ore mining today is carried out on the Balkan Peninsula, in France and Sweden. There are some reserves of polymetals on European territory. They are concentrated mainly in Spain and in the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Features of the placement of minerals
When looking at the map, it becomes clear that the main fields and deposits in the region are unevenly distributed. This is explained by the geological features of the territory.
First of all, we are talking about tectonic structures covering both southern and northern region region.
The north of Foreign Europe is characterized by a platform structure, but it is not very homogeneous. The most stable area here is the Baltic Shield, as well as the equally famous and ancient East European Platform.
Due to the tectonic features of the platforms, the distribution of minerals in the region is observed.
Rice. 4. Coal
The northern part of the platform is characterized by a significant amount of fuel fossils that formed in the zone of sedimentary cover and individual areas of platform troughs. Many features are explained by the presence of the Hercynian folding and the Baltic Shield.
The south of Foreign Europe is located in a relatively young zone. This folded area is part of a large geosynclinal belt. Therefore, the minerals here are quite young in age.
Here there are resources of both sedimentary and igneous origin.
Among the main regions in modern world, the provision of mineral resources in Foreign Europe is the worst. Because of this feature, the mining industry has received minimal development here. A own enterprises are highly dependent on the import of raw materials from other countries of the world.
According to the latest data, Foreign Europe accounts for most of world energy imports.
What have we learned?
Based on the above data, it becomes noticeable that all the fossil resources here are widely scattered across different parts of the region. Despite the considerable number of basins and deposits, reserves are currently severely depleted. Therefore, the countries of Foreign Europe are forced to import the necessary minerals from other regions.
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Detailed solution to Topic 6 in Geography for 10th grade students, authors V.P. Maksakovsky Basic level 2017
- Gdz workbook on Geography for grade 10 can be found
Task 1. Using atlas maps, characterize the economic and geographical position of one of the countries of foreign Europe (optional). Use standard plan characteristics EGP of the country(see plan on p. 233).
Task 2. Using the “calling card” of foreign European countries on the flyleaf of the textbook, specify the characteristics of their political system. Explain why no other part of the world has as many constitutional monarchies as Western Europe. Draw republics and monarchies on an outline map. Also use the table. 2 in Applications.
Monarchies in Europe have survived more as an important part of culture. Modern European monarchs have limited power or simply serve a ceremonial role.
Task 3. Using the map of mineral resources of foreign Europe in the atlas, compare the countries of the region in terms of the richness and diversity of fuel, ore and non-metallic minerals. Apply a standard characteristic plan natural prerequisites for the development of industry in the country (region).
Task 4. Using Fig. 44, characterize foreign Europe as the main region of immigration. Highlight countries with mass immigration and emigration of the population. Extract from rice. 44 as much information as possible.
In terms of the level of immigration (people coming to the country), Great Britain, France, and Germany stand out among the countries of the region. The number of foreign workers there exceeds 6 million people, and in Germany it reaches 10 million people. The main immigration flows come from the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, Eastern Europe, African and Asian countries. At the same time, there is population migration within Europe itself. For example, migration for the purpose of employment from less economically developed countries of Europe (Balkans, Spain, Italy) to more developed ones, primarily to the UK.
Task 5. Based on the map of the peoples of foreign Europe in the atlas, characterize the distribution of the peoples of the Indo-European and Ural families. Identify countries with single-national, bi-national and multinational composition population.
Almost all peoples living in Europe belong to the Indo-European family. Ural family represented in Europe only by Finns and Estonians.
Task 6. Using Fig. 45 and physical card foreign Europe in the atlas, classify millionaire cities in the region according to their EGP. Identify cities located: 1) on sea coasts; 2) at river mouths; 3) far from the seas, but on navigable rivers; 4) far from the seas. Reflect the classification results in the table. Which countries have their capitals close to the geographic centers of those countries?
Which countries have their capitals close to the geographic centers of those countries?
In Belarus, Spain, Poland.
Task 7. Using the text and pictures of the textbook, atlas maps and tables 22-27 in the “Appendices”, specify the characteristics of one of the industries of foreign Europe (optional). Indicate the main regions and largest centers or main basins, establish their distribution by country. Using Figures 21-26, determine where oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, and steel come from in foreign Europe.
Mechanical engineering is the leading industry in Europe. This industry accounts for 1/3 of all industrial products of the region under consideration and 2/3 of its exports. Mechanical engineering is focused primarily on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure and most of all gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. Particularly developed Automotive industry. Car brands such as Renault (France), Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany), and Volvo (Sweden) are world famous. An important feature of mechanical engineering in foreign Europe is the active penetration of capital from other countries, primarily the USA and Japan. Oil and natural gas enter Europe from the Persian Gulf countries (the largest supply flows) and Venezuela. Iron ore is supplied from Brazil, India, Australia, and Canada.
Task 8. Using the map of foreign Europe in the atlas, give examples of the orientation of regions and centers of ferrous metallurgy to: 1) coal basins; 2) iron ore basins; 3) cargo flows of coal and iron ore (including sea).
Examples of the orientation of ferrous metallurgy centers towards: 1) coal reserves (Ruhr in Germany, Donbass in Ukraine); 2) iron ore deposits (Lorraine in France, Ural in Russia); 3) at the intersection of coal and ore flows (Taranto in Italy).
Task 9. Using Fig. 49 identify the crops that are most typical for countries belonging to the Central and Southern European types of agriculture. Establish similarities and differences. For explanation, also use the agroclimatic map in the atlas.
The Central European type of agriculture is characterized by the predominance of dairy and dairy-meat livestock farming, as well as pig farming and poultry farming. Crop production in this type not only satisfies the basic food needs of the population, but also “works” for livestock farming. A significant and sometimes the predominant part of arable land is occupied by fodder crops. The South European type of agriculture, on the contrary, is characterized by the predominance of crop production, while livestock farming plays a secondary role. The main place in the crops is occupied by grain crops, but also significant areas are occupied by fruit plantations (plantations of citrus fruits, grapes, olives, nuts, tobacco, essential oil crops).
Task 10. Using the text of the textbook and the transport map of foreign Europe in the atlas, schematically plot the main railway lines on the contour map, navigable rivers and seaports of the region. Give examples of countries with single-center (radial) and multi-center transport network configurations. Think about the reasons for their formation.
Transport networks of individual countries can be radial (single-center) configuration (France) or multi-center (Germany).
Task 11. Using plans of the central parts of London or Paris in the atlas and additional sources of information, prepare a report on cultural and historical attractions. Why did they become major tourism centers?
There are many attractions in central London. The most famous symbol of London is the clock tower of the Palace of Westminster, which is better known as Big Ben. The Palace of Westminster itself hosts meetings of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Not far from the abbey is the residence of Her Majesty the Queen - Buckingham Palace. The Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace is one of the most recognizable ceremonies in the world. An important tourist attraction is Trafalgar Square, which is also the geographical center of London. In the center of Trafalgar Square stands a column in honor of Admiral Horatio Nelson. Also in Trafalgar Square there are pedestals in the corners, three of which are permanent, and the fourth pedestal is a platform for contemporary artists. Two more landmarks of London rise above Trafalgar Square - the London National and Portrait Galleries. Also one of the main attractions is the London Eye - the famous Ferris wheel in the center of London. The London Eye is located a five-minute walk from Big Ben. In the center of London is the Tower of London and next to it is Tower Bridge. The Tower is the oldest building in London and houses the British Crown Treasures. And Tower Bridge is the only drawbridge across the Thames in London.
London, like Paris, are the oldest cities in Europe and its cultural centers.
Task 12. Make a plan for a two-week vacation in foreign Europe, dedicated to getting to know World Cultural Heritage sites. Offer one or two route options.
European countries have a large number of attractions that are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. To get acquainted with them, you can create 2 routes, one will go along Northern Europe, some Central European countries and the UK. The second route will pass through the countries of Central Europe.
1 route (main points):
Suomenlinna Fortress (Helsinki, Finland) - royal residence Drottningholm (Stockholm, Sweden) - Geirangerfjord (Norway) - old Bergen shipyard (Norway) - Kronborg Castle (Denmark) - Rune stones in Jelling (Denmark) - Windmills in the Kinderdijk-Elshout area (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) - Schröder House (Utrecht, the Netherlands) - Concentric canals of the 17th century in the Singelgracht quarter (Amsterdam, the Netherlands) - Historic city center of Bruges (Belgium) - Grand Place in Brussels (Belgium) - Neolithic quarries in the area of Spienne (Mons, Belgium) - Megalithic monuments Stonehenge (UK) - Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey (UK) - Tower of London (UK)
Route 2 (main points):
Palace and park complex of the Radziwills in Nesvizh (Belarus) - Mir Castle (Belarus) - Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) - Historical center of Warsaw (Poland) - Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp (Auschwitz, Poland) - Royal salt mines in Wieliczka and Bochnia (Wieliczka , Poland) - Historical center of Krakow (Poland) - Historical center of Prague (Czech Republic) - Column of the Holy Trinity in the city of Olomouc (Olomouc, Czech Republic) - Aachen Cathedral (Aachen, Germany) - Cologne Cathedral (Cologne, Germany) - Speyer Cathedral ( Speyer, Germany) - St. Mary's Cathedral and St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim (Germany) - Palaces and parks of Potsdam and Berlin (Germany)
Task 13. Analyze the map of the Ruhr industrial region in the atlas. Identify its main industries and industrial centers. Which industries are old and which are new?
The Ruhr is one of the most typical old industrial areas in Europe. In the Ruhr industrial region, a complex complex of industrial production has formed, including coal, metallurgical, chemical industries, heavy (including military) engineering, energy and enterprises of many related industries. New industries that have developed in this region include instrument making, electrical engineering, and electronics. The largest industrial centers regions are Essen, Duisburg, Dortmund, Bochum.
Task 14. Using the “calling card” of foreign European countries on the flyleaf of the textbook and the selection of diagrams on p. 217-219, do it short message about one of the countries (of your choice).
When preparing your message, you can use the answers to tasks 1 and 15 of this topic.
The Federal Republic of Germany is a state in Central Europe. Territory area - 357,408.74 km². Population 82 million people. By state structure is a federal state. Germany is a developed country with a very high level life.
The country's urbanization level is 74%. The largest cities are: Berlin (the capital with a population of 3.5 million people), Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt am Main. The ethnic composition of the population is dominated by Germans (92%).
Germany does not have significant reserves of any minerals. The only exception is coal mined in the Ruhr Basin. However, today these resources are limited or depleted because they have been exploited for a long time. Therefore, the country's economy is concentrated mainly on the sector industrial production and the service sector. The basis of the economy (from 70% to 78%) is services, 23-28% is manufacturing. The agricultural sector accounts for 0.5-1.5% of GDP, employing the same amount of the country’s economically active population.
Germany has highly productive agriculture. About 70% commercial products agriculture comes from livestock farming. Cattle breeding is the main livestock industry in Germany. Pig farming ranks second in importance.
Germany is one of the founding countries and a member European Union, a member of NATO, is part of the Big Seven.
Task 15. Using atlas maps, plot on a contour map the main industrial centers, agricultural areas, transport routes and seaports of one of the foreign European countries (of your choice).
Task 16. Review the material in Part I of the textbook and Topic 6 “Foreign Europe”, as well as the tables in the “Appendices” and write down in a notebook all the information and digital data related to Germany. Use your notes for a more complete description of the economic and social geography of this country.
The most important feature of the economic and geographical position of Germany is its location at the crossroads of trans-European trade and transport routes in latitudinal and meridional directions, and the presence of access to the Baltic and North Seas.
In terms of its form of government, the Federal Republic of Germany is a parliamentary republic, and in terms of its administrative-territorial structure it is a federal state.
In terms of total GDP, the country is second only to the USA, China, India and Japan, and in terms of GDP per capita it is among the top ten leading countries in the world.
The structure of the economy indicates that the country is at a post-industrial stage of development.
In terms of industrial production, Germany ranks fourth in the world.
Mechanical engineering focuses on labor resources, scientific base and infrastructure, and also gravitates towards large cities and agglomerations. In Great Britain and the Czech Republic, there are enterprises in this industry in almost every city.
The automotive industry has developed especially strongly. Car brands such as Volkswagen and Mercedes (Germany) are world famous.
The country has a developed ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. WITH sectoral structure The copper industry stands out among the non-ferrous industries.
The transport network of Germany is multi-center.
Agriculture in Germany is distinguished by a high level of mechanization and chemicalization and, accordingly, the same level of yield of field and garden crops and livestock productivity. The industry is characterized by the predominance of livestock farming. They raise mainly dairy cattle and pigs. Crop production almost completely satisfies the population's food needs. Of the food crops, the most important are wheat, barley, potatoes, and sugar beets.
The international specialization of Germany is the export of automobiles, machine tools, industrial equipment, electrical and electronics products, sea vessels, chemicals and light industrial products.
Task 17. Work in a notebook
17.1. Group the countries of foreign Europe according to the following criteria: 1) size of territory; 2) population size; 3) level of urbanization. Draw conclusions.
By territory size
After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among European countries, countries of medium size predominate. At the same time, there are a number of dwarf states in Europe. Europe contains part of the largest country in terms of area - Russia (its European part).
By population
After analyzing the table, we can conclude that among European countries, countries with a population of 3 to 20 million people predominate. Also among European countries there are countries with a population of more than 20 million people and less than 1 million.
By level of urbanization
After analyzing the table, we can conclude that almost all European countries are highly urbanized. Countries with an urbanization percentage above 80% are dwarf states and the most economically developed countries in Europe. This also includes Iceland, whose high urbanization is caused by climate influences. A lower level of urbanization is typical for the countries of Eastern Europe and the countries of the Balkan Peninsula.
17.3. Using the tables, figures and text from Topic 6, determine which countries in the region are among the top ten countries in the world in terms of production individual species industrial and agricultural products. Present the obtained data in the form of a table.
17.4. Using the textbook material and additional sources information, describe your virtual trip along the Danube from its sources to its mouth.
The Danube is the second longest river in Europe (after the Volga). The Danube is often called an “international” river, as it flows through the territory of 10 countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine and Moldova. The main feature of the Danube is the yellowish-brown color of its water, which is given to the Danube by suspended particles of silty soils washed off from the coastal surface. Therefore, the Danube is considered the muddiest among the largest rivers in Europe. The Danube originates in the Black Forest mountains in Germany. Territories water basin, covered by the Danube along its entire length, have the most diverse landscape. These include high mountain areas with glaciers, mountain ranges medium height, covered with forests. There are karst plateaus devoid of any vegetation, low mountain plateaus with river valleys, as well as forest and steppe plains. IN downstream The Danube branches and forms a vast delta, cut through by a dense network of channels.
17.5. Prepare an oral report about one of the microstates Western Europe.
San Marino is one of the smallest states in the world. Located in Southern Europe, surrounded on all sides by Italy. San Marino is the oldest state in Europe. Its area is only 60.57 km². The country is entirely located on the southwestern slope of the Monte Titano mountain range, rising above the hilly plain of the Apennine foothills. The capital of the state is the capital of the same name - San Marino, in which most of all the attractions are concentrated. Business card, and the main attraction of San Marino (both the city and the whole country) is the medieval complex “The Three Towers of San Marino”, located on the three peaks of Monte Titano. There are many different museums in the capital. Despite its tiny size, San Marino is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.
17.6. Identify the methods of cartographic representation on maps that you used when studying topic 6. Which of them are new to you?
The following methods were used to compile maps on this topic:
The method of map diagrams, with which you can trace the structure of industry;
Movement signs that are used to show spatial movements of any social, natural or economic phenomena(For example transport routes, population migration, etc.);
Icon method (reflection of production volume by country);
Qualitative and quantitative background method.
Self-control and mutual control block
Test your knowledge of specific material:
1. Which of the listed countries in foreign Europe are constitutional monarchies: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Greece, Germany?
Answer: Norway, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain.
2. Which of the following countries use the Danube waterway for access to the sea: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Albania, Romania, Poland, Hungary, Germany?
Answer: Of the above, let Hungary and Serbia use the Danube Waterway for access to the sea, since they do not have access to the sea and the Danube River plays an important transport role. In addition, of the listed countries, the Danube flows through the territory of Croatia, Romania and Germany, however, these countries have open access to the sea, so the Danube waterway is of less importance than for other countries.
3. Which of the following ports of foreign Europe are classified as world ports: Oslo, Glasgow, London, Hamburg, Rotterdam, Marseille, Barcelona, Athens, Gdansk, Constanta?
Answer: Rotterdam, Hamburg, Marseille, Constanta (more than 50 million tons of cargo are handled annually)
4. Which of the following areas are considered highly developed: Midland, South Wales, London, Paris, Lorraine, South Germany?
Answer: London, Paris. South German (modern highly developed regions).
Find answers to the questions in the text of the textbook:
1. What are the characteristic features of a Western European city?
In the center of such a (Western European) city there is usually a main (market) square with a town hall and a cathedral, from which the narrow streets of the old city with residential buildings, shops and buildings radiate. Architectural and historical landmarks are usually preserved in the old city. The remaining parts are dominated by modern buildings.
2. What are they? specific features fuel and energy economy of Eastern European countries?
In the fuel and energy economy of most countries of foreign Europe, the leading place is occupied by oil and natural gas, both produced in the region itself (North Sea) and imported from other countries (Russia). IN Eastern Europe, unlike Western European countries, the focus on coal as an energy source has been partially preserved (Poland, Czech Republic). The majority of thermal power plants in the region also focus on coal basins.
3. What is the main difference between the northern and southern parts of foreign Europe in terms of the set of minerals?
In the northern part of the region, both ore and fuel minerals are common. In the southern part, ore deposits predominate, and the reserves of fuel resources here are much smaller.
4. What are the characteristic features of the transport system of foreign Europe?
The region's transport system is of the Western European type. In terms of transportation range, it is inferior to the systems of the USA and Russia. But in terms of transport network availability, it ranks first in the world. It is characterized by high traffic density, great importance international and transit transportation. Road transport plays a major role in the transportation of passengers and goods.
Use the cards to answer the questions:
1. In which countries of foreign Europe does the role of capital not be played by the largest city of the country?
Answer: Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, San Marino, Montenegro, Switzerland.
2. Which countries in the region have the highest population density?
Answer: The highest population density is typical for Monaco (more than 10,000 people/km2). High densities are also typical for Malta, San Marino, the Netherlands and Belgium.
3. How can you get from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea by water without going around the Jutland Peninsula?
Answer: You can use the Kiel Canal, which connects the Baltic and North Seas. It runs from the Kiel Bay, near the city of Kiel, to the mouth of the Elbe River, near the city of Brunsbüttel.
4. Which industries are most typical for industrial areas and hubs formed: 1) in capital cities; 2) in port cities; 3) in coal basins?
For industrial areas formed in metropolitan regions typically mechanical engineering, electronics, food industry. In port cities: shipbuilding and ship repair, food industry (fish processing and imported products). Ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, and the chemical industry are developed in the coal basins.
5. Which metallurgical plants use imported raw materials and fuel?
Plants located in coastal regions and ports operate using imported raw materials and fuel. Such plants are found in Italy (Taranto), Germany, France, and Great Britain.
Explain:
1. When and why did foreign Europe become a global hotbed of immigration?
Europe is characterized by the “aging of nations”, when the proportion of the elderly population increases and the proportion of young and working-age people sharply decreases. When superimposed on the still low birth rates, the demographic problem of Europe becomes clear, which leads to a shortage of labor resources. In this regard, European countries for some time pursued a policy of attracting immigrants who were interested in moving to more highly developed countries with a high standard of living. However, this situation changed dramatically in 2015, when another European migration crisis arose. As a result of the increase in the number of wars in the Middle East and Syria, as well as the population explosion in Africa, the proportion of refugees from these regions has sharply increased. In total, more than 1.5 million migrants arrived in Europe during this time (2015-2016).
2. Why is there a sharp advantage of the capital over other cities in France and Great Britain, but this is not typical for Germany and Italy?
These cities (Paris and London) are the oldest political and industrial centers of both countries and Europe as a whole. This is precisely what explains the preponderance of these metropolitan agglomerations over other cities within their countries. In the case of Germany and Italy, their modern capitals were not always political centers shit So Rome became the modern capital of Italy only in 1870, and even after that, during the Second World War, the capital was moved from Rome to other cities.
3. Why in the structure of water consumption in Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Sweden 60-80% is accounted for by industry, and in Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece - by agriculture?
The countries of Southern Europe have more favorable agroclimatic resources compared to the countries of Central and Northern Europe. This makes it possible to actively develop agriculture; a significant part of its products is exported and is an international specialization of countries. The countries of Central and Northern Europe have significant reserves of mineral resources, which allows them to develop industry.
4. Why do oil monopolies explore and produce oil in the North Sea, although its cost is many times higher than in the countries of the Near and Middle East?
Oil from the Near and Middle East, despite its low cost, requires costs to deliver this oil to the region. At the same time, many countries are pursuing an energy security policy, during which they purchase energy resources (including oil) from various countries to reduce the dependence of the country's energy security on political and economic issues. Also, in the course of this policy, oil is being developed and produced on its territory.
5. Why does Norway have more income from fishing than from agriculture?
Agricultural land in Norway occupies 3% of the country's area, which is a consequence of the climatic (poor soils) and orographic features of the country's territory. Almost the entire territory of the country is occupied by the Scandinavian mountains, strongly dissected by fjords and cut by deep valleys. At the same time, the country has an extended coastline and is washed by seas on 3 sides. In connection with this, fishing is developed.
6. Why is the Rhine River superior to all others in terms of cargo turnover? river systems peace?
The Rhine is the largest river in Western Europe, which flows through countries such as Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, and the Netherlands. All these countries are among the highly developed countries of the world. The river is also navigable for 952 km (to the city of Basel and along Lake Constance), which, combined with the climatic conditions of the region (the Rhine does not freeze throughout the year), allows it to be the most important transport artery of the region. Along the Rhine are located big cities, characterized by a high level of industrial development.
7. Why has Europe been and remains the main region of international tourism?
This region has a rich history and cultural heritage, which is represented by architectural sights, museums, etc. The region also has a variety of recreational resources: mountains, sea coast, vast plains. All this together attracts tourists to this region.
8. Why is the condition in depressed old industrial areas environment, usually the most threatening?
In old industrial regions, the main energy resource was coal. When coal is burned, large amounts of particulate matter and carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere. The presence of coal attracts ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering, which also affects the environment. All these problems are multiplied as a result of the long existence of these areas, during which economic activity person.
Please indicate:
1. In which of the following countries does the population speak languages of the Germanic group of the Indo-European family: Italy, Austria, Greece, Germany, Finland, Great Britain?
Answer: Austria, Germany, Great Britain.
2. Which of the following countries is characterized by an influx of immigrants: Italy, Spain, Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland?
Answer: Largest influx immigrants are typical for Italy, Germany and France.
3. Which of the following statements are correct for the following countries?
Answer: Statement 1 is true for Poland, Hungary, Germany, Italy.
Statement 2 is true for France and Finland.
Statement 3 is true for Switzerland.
Statement 4 is true for Poland, Hungary, France, Finland, Italy.
Statement 5 is true for Germany and Switzerland.
Can you:
2. From memory, identify the countries that have land borders: 1) only from Germany; 2) only with Spain; 3) with Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia?
Answer: 1 - Denmark and the Netherlands; 2 – Portugal; 3 - Austria.
4. Name a country in foreign Europe where there is practically no rural population?
Answer: Monaco, Vatican.
5. Should we exclude single-national countries from the list below: Belgium, Spain, Norway, Portugal, Germany, Great Britain?
Answer: single-national countries - Norway, Portugal, Germany.
Choose the correct answer:
1. France borders on: a) three countries; b) five countries; c) six countries.
Answer: France borders on 7 countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra.
2. The largest urban agglomeration of foreign Europe: London, Paris, Rhine-Ruhr, Holland.
Answer: Paris metropolitan area.
3. Of the capital cities of the region on the sea coast are: Madrid, Paris, Rome, Vienna, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Prague, Sofia, Athens.
Answer: Stockholm, Copenhagen, Athens.
4. Most oil in foreign Europe is produced in: Spain, Austria, Norway, Great Britain, Romania, Albania.
Answer: In Europe, Norway produces the most oil (13th place in the world ranking as of 2016 according to OPEC).
Find out the country:
1. An island country in Western Europe, characterized in the past by mass emigration to the United States. Member of the European Union. Specializes in dairy farming.
Answer: Ireland.
2. A country located on a peninsula in Northern Europe. Is constitutional monarchy. Specializes in mechanical engineering, production of ferrous metals, forestry and woodworking industries.
Answer: Sweden.
3. A country that is a confederation of 26 independent administrative units, whose population speaks four official languages.
Answer: Switzerland.