Trophies in service with Soviet partisans. Pistol - machine gun for concealed carrying Sergeev
People with different views can argue with each other for a very long time, but these disputes almost never change their views (this applies primarily to issues related to worldview - religion, politics). In theory, since “truth is born in a dispute,” any dispute should end with both sides accepting a single point of view; in reality, this almost never happens. This article attempts to explain why people almost never change their political/religious views.
Every person has a need to understand everything he knows. When he realizes (feels, perceives) that something is not clear to him, this awareness causes unpleasant emotions in him (now this is called cognitive dissonance, or also leaving the comfort zone). To get rid of these unpleasant emotions, he begins to collect information, analyze, etc., until understanding comes.
This is obviously some kind of universal mechanism formed during evolution. Suppose a primitive man in the forest heard the roar of an unknown animal. The realization that he did not understand what this roar meant forced the man to collect new information, which later helped him take right decisions- either run away from this animal or hunt it.
Here's another example: you arrived at the bus stop 40 minutes before the scheduled bus arrived; the bus arrived 30 minutes ahead of schedule. On the one hand, it’s nice (because I had to wait less), but at the same time, you will be a little nervous at the thought that you need to figure out why this happened. The unpleasant sensations will pass only when you find the answer to the question why such a change in schedule occurred.
The phrase “a person has a need to understand everything” should not be taken too literally: for example, if you are driving a car, then not everyone will have a need to understand how the engine works. But if it breaks, such a need may arise.
This mechanism more or less worked in the world of primitive man, and even then with many side effects: often primitive people In order to understand something (more precisely, to obtain the illusion of understanding), they found a mystical explanation for it (the reason for everything is the will of the spirits, magic, etc.). Now, when we have a huge amount of information about the structure of this world (information that determines our worldview), this mechanism is more likely to harm us.
Each person has his own worldview - a system of views on issues related to religion and politics. When a person discovers facts that do not fit into his worldview, this causes him cognitive dissonance, i.e. unpleasant emotions. And most often, in order to avoid cognitive dissonance, he simply denies these facts - declares them fake, “Photoshop,” etc. In addition, he may become aggressive towards the person presenting these facts.- punishment for these unpleasant emotions.
For this reason, as I see it, education promotes dogmatism. Our education system is structured in such a way that students are offered only that knowledge that fits into a certain worldview.
It seems in Lately in the West, some educators began to realize this problem, so education began to provide alternative points of view. But this idea has already been distorted: for example, in the USA, in school biology textbooks, the “theories” of creationists are taught on a par with the theory of evolution, which prevents students from seeing the truth (this is about the same as if alternative points of view were taught with the generally accepted history of the Second World War views on the Holocaust, according to which this Holocaust did not happen at all, but was a Jewish conspiracy to denigrate opponents of the Jews).
If a person is engaged in self-education, the same problem arises again, since he is looking for for himself those sources of knowledge that fit into his worldview (do not cause cognitive dissonance in him). If he is an atheist, he reads books about evolution, if he is a believer, he reads books about church miracles; if he is for Russia, then he visits mainly pro-Russian sites, and if he is for Ukraine, then he visits pro-Ukrainian sites. When communicating on the Internet, people prefer to visit sites where people with similar views gather, and it begins to seem to him that such people are the majority.
We can conditionally say that the worldview is formed from books that were accidentally read first (or, more correctly, in general). different sources information).
It would be too exaggerated to say that education harms thinking - education also develops thinking and eliminates some forms of dogmatism. Perhaps in the future there will be an education that will certainly develop thinking. Perhaps to achieve this, education must constantly keep the student in a state of mild cognitive dissonance. To do this, we need, relatively speaking, to constantly prove to the student that there are things that we do not understand (for example, in quantum mechanics).
On the Internet you can often hear the thesis that atheists read the Bible more often than believers. This can be explained this way: an atheist believes that what is written in the Bible is fiction, and therefore what he read does not cause cognitive dissonance in him; a believer who believes that the Bible describes real events, discovers things there that do not fit into his worldview(for example, Christ spat in the eyes of the blind), this causes cognitive dissonance in him and he stops reading. And this, by the way, is an argument that not everything in the Bible is fictitious - if the Bible were just a collection of fairy tales, much more would have been written beautiful story.
Of course, people often get acquainted with alternative points of view, and at least from time to time visit resources where these points of view are presented. But here another problem often arises: it is difficult to draw information from resources that are not very popular in your environment.
Since the era of the first democracies ( Ancient Greece), great success achieved by speakers - people who knew how to speak beautifully. The reason here is still the same - others like to enjoy these things together. beautiful speeches. And for this reason, very often demagogues made their way to the top, who with their speeches fooled the masses (the word “demagoguery” from ancient Greek means “currying favor with the people”). Perhaps for the same reason, in the West, the most popular media openly manipulate public consciousness, while honest media have relatively low ratings.
The James Randi Foundation makes a pretty convincing argument that the paranormal doesn't exist. But the arguments known to me that paranormal phenomena still exist far outweigh this.
There has long been debate about whether the Americans landed on the Moon. On both sides, the arguments are very convincing: on the one hand, Soviet cosmonauts say that there was a transmission from the surface of the Moon at that moment, but on the other hand everything is very strange - a flag wavering in a vacuum, no stars in the sky, various “conspiracy theories” of missing materials and etc. (although I have heard that the arguments of the “refutators”, upon careful examination, turn out to be not particularly convincing).
In political disputes, you can also find your own “evidence” for any point of view. Therefore, when people hold certain views, it seems to them that their position is based on logic, and it turns out to be almost impossible to convince them.
I really like the phrase that I came across on the Internet: “Logic makes a person an idiot if he doesn’t have sufficient quantity information."
The main idea of this article is that it is useful for people to experience cognitive dissonance from time to time - it cures a person from dogmatism. If you are reading an article and want to put it aside because you feel some kind of “break in the pattern,” try reading this article to the end.
It turns out that clever man- this is someone who is not afraid of cognitive dissonance, or rather is ready to endure it until a new understanding comes.
Finally, I note that although people should probably develop flexibility of thinking, excessive flexibility of thinking can harm society. The optimal level of flexibility should be sought.
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IN modern society there is a growth in the cult of education. The imposition of the need for book knowledge begins in early age, when a child just enters the threshold of school and receives grades for completed tasks and lessons learned.
Unfortunately, no one says what to do next with this memorized knowledge and completed tasks. The education system is not interested in whether they will be useful in later life these lessons, whether they will improve the child’s standard of living or whether they will remain in the background of memory.
In the current education system, knowledge appears as a direct goal. Only knowledgeable person worthy of a good life and respect - this is what is drilled into children from school.
This approach makes a person boast about his education and diploma. Connoisseurs proud of their school gold medal are happy to show off their achievements, arrogantly commenting on what they by and large they don't understand very well. It turns out that there is no other way to implement the acquired knowledge.
Our head becomes like a huge warehouse or library. Only a few actually use all the knowledge that is stored in our memory.
Knowledge is of benefit to a person only when it is not seen as a goal. Knowledge should act as a tool or means to achieve a goal.
Knowledge is like magic
Another problem with the attitude towards knowledge is its perception as something magical. This problem lies in the fact that a person is not only unable, but does not want to apply the information received in life.
Most people who read think of themselves as geniuses just because they read a lot. But in reality they are simply absorbing information. In the hope that she will somehow change a person’s life without his participation in it.
Mindless reading
In childhood, all children are read fairy tales that have nothing to do with real life. The child grows and begins to read on his own fiction, which is a little closer to reality, but is still fiction.
Fiction cannot give a person the real necessary knowledge, advice, or endow him with experience. This means that it cannot lead to any changes in life.
Such reading implies entertainment, but not development.
Information overload
Modern life is characterized by an overabundance of information. The abundance of news does not allow a person to focus on what is important. People are in constant desire learn something new (whether necessary or not). A fear of missing out on something truly useful is formed, which leads to the need to collect everything more information, analyze and sort it.
Oversaturation with information does not make it possible to weed out what is unnecessary; a person begins to absorb everything, filling his head with garbage.
Hence it turns out that the book itself, just like reading, will not bring any benefit if a person does not know what exactly needs to be done with the information received and whether he needs it at all.
If you think about why people read books, then it’s not difficult to find the answer. They not only allow you to relax and have fun, but also broaden your horizons and can guide you on the right path.
The benefits and importance of books are beyond doubt. But, of course, we are talking about good ones that are written competently, understandably and interestingly. Often, a book that is simply designed and has a purely aesthetic appeal is able to capture the reader's attention. It’s a pleasure to flip through its pages, even without knowing what it’s about. we're talking about.
What can we say about interesting book! She bewitches for more than one hour. You probably went on trips with the heroes more than once and romantic adventures, experienced emotional distress and doubts. Sometimes the character traits of the main character resemble your own, and in such a way that you strangely predict the development of the plot. While reading the work, it is easy to find questions of interest or properly, finding a clear parallel between the events described and real life. All this demonstrates the importance of the book, because it is the formative factor in a person’s worldview and his attitude to life.
The importance of books cannot be overestimated, considering that reading them relieves stress in 68% of cases. This was proven by an experiment conducted in the UK, where experts studied the effectiveness of various non-drug remedies to combat ubiquitous stress. To get rid of its consequences, you only need 6 minutes of quiet reading to yourself.
Another important point that emphasizes the importance of books is that the media cannot replace the quality of information contained in books. If you think that everything broadcast on radio and television is useful, then you are mistaken. The fact is that a large number of information does not always indicate its quality. Swimming in this huge information flow, it is sometimes very difficult to draw the necessary conclusions. In addition, it takes an amount of time that some people cannot even understand, it is so sorely lacking.
Of course, you can find any work in the form, but reading from a screen may have a negative impact on your vision. Printed, faceless template sheets may leave you indifferent. And only a book located in, with its pages, font, illustrations, can create an extraordinary impression.
Video on the topic
Sources:
- About the benefits of reading books
A person's life doesn't change very often. Usually everything goes smoothly and predictably, but sometimes it gets boring. And at such moments a book can come to the rescue. The right author can change everything in life, make the world amazing and bright.
Instructions
Books are sources of information. Some simply entertain a person, while others can motivate. Some give information or even change their worldview. But you need to understand that each printed source has its own purpose. Don't expect a detective to have a significant impact on life, it's unlikely. But financial management can make you
For seventeen years now we have been convinced that Putin is the best, the only and irreplaceable, that without him, there will be no Russia, liberals will seize power, everything will fall apart and it will become “like in Ukraine”...
But is Putin doing anything that no other person could do?
Of course, replacing Putin with another person who will do the same will not make our lives any sweeter. However, the appearance of a developed democracy “like in Europe” can be created. Or rather, “like in the USA”, because in the USA this is exactly what they do - a Republican replaces a Democrat, then vice versa. The essence of what is happening does not change, important decisions are still made by senators who have been representing the same club for a hundred years, and the Fed, a banking cartel, is in general in charge of finances.
It would be possible to nominate a fresh pair of civilian “Medvedev” and some FSB colonel for each election, so that they would win in turn. And then no one could say that the country is ruled by special officers alone. And if there were democracy “identical to natural”, the liberal would not turn his nose up.
But for some reason even this doesn’t happen!
Although this would be logical to create a more complete illusion of democracy, which our leaders who destroyed the Union undertook to build. Those who began to copy the Western system, even to the point of renaming the police into police, internal troops to the National Guard, etc.
But why didn’t they reproduce such an important “sexual characteristic” of democracy as changing the name of the president every 4 years, this most important ritual, without which the “cargo cult” of the Western system is completely incomplete?
There may be the following reasons for not changing Putin, even if only for other people from the so-called “Kremlin circle”.
- The danger of substitutability. If the people understand that the country can be governed different people and the president can be different, and not the same “now and ever and forever and ever” - it will be much more difficult to ensure that the “Medvedev” desired by the ruling elite wins the elections.
There will be a risk that people will “get loose”, get the hang of it and start voting for “just anyone.” Some Zhirinovsky will jump out like a jack-in-the-box - and the people, who have lost their fear, will choose him. And okay, if it’s Zhirinovsky, it’s easy to come to an agreement with him. What if it's someone else?
However, this is not the only and, probably, not even the main reason.
- Personal agreements. Within the ruling elite there is great amount various kinds of informal agreements not reflected in any documents. Distribution of positions and powers between different clans, families, the so-called “Kremlin towers” - who is entitled to what or, conversely, is not entitled to it. Who is more equal than everyone else, who “feeds” from what territory, industry or scheme - and so on and so forth.
Putin plays the role of custodian of various agreements that the ruling class cannot document, since many of them contradict the principles of equal competition, market economy and other democracies.
This means that these agreements cannot be transferred to the next executor of the role of president, so that he can continue to monitor their compliance.
If everything is documented, you will end up with thermonuclear compromising material, the leakage of which will become inevitable in the event of a regular change of presidents.
That is why, during Medvedev’s presidency, Putin remained in the position of prime minister - continuing to fulfill the role of custodian of all agreements of the ruling elite. Medvedev, who played the role of president, was hardly privy to all matters to the end.
That is, when Putin leaves (not for the post of prime minister, but for good), all internal agreements within the ruling elite will go with him, and they will have to negotiate again, with someone else in the role of overseer. And during this difficult process, internal squabbling may begin, everyone will pull the blanket over themselves, taking the opportunity to update the agreement. And someone may be thrown out of the galley altogether, as happened with Berezovsky and Khodorkovsky after Yeltsin left.
- The hybrid monarchy is another reason Putin is indispensable.
The monarchy in Russia was never completely abolished, despite the abdication of Nicholas, the execution royal family and the exodus of the other Romanovs.
From explicit form the monarchy became implicit and was reproduced first under Stalin, who, in essence, was a “Soviet monarch”, then under Brezhnev, who was held at the highest level government post before coffin board despite the state of health. And now - under Putin, who has become something of a “monarch in a democracy.”
The monarchy in Russia after 1917 passed from its classic shape into a hybrid - at first it was a hybrid with Soviet system, and now a hybrid with democracy. The hybrid is strange, ugly, painful, but nevertheless quite stable.
The hybrid monarchy in post-revolutionary Russia became a combination of de jure council power and de facto monarchy. Today it is a de jure democracy and a de facto monarchy.
At the same time, it was preserved the main problem monarchies: if the monarch turns out to be a patriot and a competent leader, the country has been developing steadily over a long period, as it was under Stalin. If the monarch turns out to be a weak-willed person, for whom friends are more valuable than the state, and personal ambitions more important than development– we get long-term degradation.
This is a note to all supporters of the monarchy, who see it as a panacea for all Russia’s ills. Monarchy is not a panacea, it was proven by Nicholas II and confirmed by Yeltsin and Putin. A monarchy only increases the period of development or degradation of the country, depending on who ends up in the role of monarch - that’s all it differs from a republic, where the president and prime minister change every 4-8 years. It has been proven and reproven many times in all countries of the world.
Thus, Putin is not being changed not because he is such a great ruler, a brilliant commander in chief, a unique economist. It’s just that informal agreements within the ruling elite were focused on him. And Putin has proven many times his loyalty to those around him and his readiness to cover “his own”, protect the results of privatization, preserve the “gains of democracy” and so on. And here it’s not a fact that someone else will handle it better. It’s better not to.
The hybrid monarchy simply turned out to be a convenient form for the ruling elite, who want to maintain control over Russia, so that at the same time informal agreements worked out between families with with great difficulty, remained intact.
This is why Putin is not being changed.
Everyone at the top is very happy with Putin. And below they don’t want to change the power as a whole, because they want to prolong the “wonderful moment of stability” - so they agree with what the ruling elite proposes. And many people like the monarchical tradition as such, in any form, as long as there is some kind of king and sits until his death.
And it turns out that this irremovability of Putin pleased everyone. Or almost everyone.
For lovers of democracy, elections are a pleasure to go to a polling station every few years and throw a piece of paper with a tick in the ballot box. A ritual of choice from two or more persons (parties).
For lovers of the monarchy - the only and irreplaceable, lifelong ruler. And then his successor will rule - everything is like under a monarchy, only the successor will not be his son, but someone from the “new aristocracy,” but these are details.
The ruling elite is the custodian of informal agreements, the guarantor of the “unwritten constitution” operating within, among the dozen families to which modern Russia belongs.
And it turns out that it’s good at the top and bearable at the bottom.
But they do not seek good from good.
Alexander RUSIN, Publicist.ru
Excuses are the nails with which people build a house for defeat.
Don Wilder
Yesterday on Lifehacker there was a wonderful video about “”. But people are not fleas, they have a brain and a consciousness that helpfully suggests the reason why you cannot jump out of the jar. Despite the fact that these " force majeure", as a rule, exist only in our heads; they are the most powerful brake on change.
To overcome these internal barriers, some people need to find themselves in some extreme circumstances, to get that same “kick in the ass.” For others, it is enough to simply undergo psychological training and be able to see their life from the outside. But in any case, in order to destroy the walls, you must first see them. We present for you the most popular excuses of all times. Read them and find “your” points.
1. I don't have time.
2. It’s too late, if only I had started earlier...
3. It's too difficult.
4. I'm just waiting for inspiration.
5. I don’t have enough money yet.
6. I'm too tired today.
7. I will definitely start tomorrow, on next week, next month, next year.
8. I'm too young.
9. I'm too old.
10. I don't have the required talent.
11. It will take too much time.
12. I'm not smart enough for this.
13. I do not have the necessary experience.
14. I'm too busy.
15. I will have to abandon people who need me.
16. I'm not sure if this is the right decision.
17. What if I don't succeed?
18. My life is not bad anyway.
19. It's too risky.
20. I'm scared.
21. I don't have the resources I need.
22. I have invested too much in my current job.
23. I don’t have the necessary connections.
24. Many people have already tried and failed before me.
25. I don't know how to do this.
26. No one will support me.
27. I will do this when the children are older.
28. I have no skills.
29. Now is not the best time in the economy.
30. I don't know where to start.
31. I don’t have enough strength.
32. Too many competitors.
33. No one has ever done this before.
34. Everyone says that this is impossible.
35. Now is simply not the time.
Have you read it? Did you find your favorite excuses on the list?
Now just throw these items into the trash, wipe them from your memory.
Change will never come if we fence ourselves off from it with barricades of good reasons. Take better leaf paper and make a list of reasons why you must succeed in your chosen business. List in it all the favorable circumstances, your strengths and skills, remember the people who believe in you.
Good luck and may the force be with you!
Why don't people change their lives? - This is, of course, a rhetorical question. So many times I have encountered people who were unhappy with their work, family or life. Years passed, they continued to grumble and did not change anything, concluding themselves in the voluntary slavery of an unhappy life.
I will deliberately not cover the issue of family dissatisfaction and everything connected with it, because this is a more confusing topic, and trying to understand it may lead to writing another book. I want to address career dissatisfaction and look at the root causes of stagnation in people's lives.
From birth we receive positive and negative character traits. As you grow up, grow up and learn, some traits become stronger, while others fade away. And this is a completely natural process. A lot depends on our environment in childhood and the moral and psychological lessons of life that we receive from an early age. Here I would like to draw your attention to the fact that many, for some reason, lose sight of our innate qualities, believing that those acquired by us in the process of growing up have more. I consider this a strategic mistake. Every year a person layers one layer after another of qualities of character, knowledge and experience, but his core (innate characteristics) are constants that change rather weakly over the course of his entire life. In my opinion, those born to be a leader will always be one to one degree or another. He can be a leader among friends, be the head of an enterprise or an official. The inner voice will always push a person towards leadership.
Some might argue that this may change with age and experience. For example, a person suffered a major failure and swore not to be in the forefront. I agree, this happens and a person just took a break, but sooner or later he will still begin to manifest himself in one situation or another as before, because it is difficult to deceive his nature. Nevertheless, the process of deceiving one’s essence is possible. If you want, you can move mountains, right? And now we have gradually come to the price of such deception and its consequences in people's lives. I have already lost count of how many times I have written about stereotypes in society, which every year only gain strength and from an early age are imprinted with a red-hot iron on the fragile minds of people. The pervasive information flow has almost reached its apogee. From the moment of birth, we immediately, voluntarily or involuntarily, fall into it.
Starting with TV or radio in the maternity hospital, we get deeper and deeper into it tenacious paws. He tells Us what to eat, wear, who to work with, what to drive, where to go on vacation and who to be friends with. It sets the rhythm of your whole life and “helps” you build your destiny, but does it really help? You can answer this question with complete confidence - NO. I will say more - it interferes as much as possible.
And what? Are we living happier? No, rather the opposite.
At first, under the pressure of all this, you choose the wrong profession for yourself. Then you go and work for a year or two or a dozen and you realize that this type of activity just makes you sick. Life does not stand still.
During the time you worked at a job you didn’t like, you probably loaded yourself up with loans and thereby took the hook of the system deeper. You didn't think about it
that when you go to such a job, you begin to “suck” all the problematic issues in your head, everything that you don’t like?
And the more diligently you do this, the more of them you have.
And every day you can plunge into the abyss of negativity associated with work issues. Come home and you probably don’t even have the energy to clean, because all your energy is devoted to work. And it doesn’t matter that you were just sorting out documents, you just don’t like this work and you get the feeling that you’ve been pulling cast iron bars all day.
So years pass and only a few try to break out of such shackles. Many people think that the manager is to blame or the team is unlucky.
They quit one place and come to the same position. And after six months or a year the feeling of dissatisfaction returns again. There are people who can run from themselves and change 8 jobs in 5 years (I’ve seen such resumes), and maybe there are those who have more.
There are quite a few who cling to power and the “golden calf” in their workplace. And they “calm down” their feeling of dissatisfaction with waste, hence one of the reasons for shopaholism. Such people simply cannot admit to themselves that their soul does not need this, because the mind has forced it to remain silent. sure signs incorrectly selected career path. Work should delight and inspire new achievements. Difficulties in your activities should encourage you and help you develop, not depress you.
Don't focus on work problems. Don’t repeat the same negative situations and skirmishes in your head 100 times.
This will only turn you on even more. Try to switch to other thoughts. Every day, when you go to work, you don’t have to think about what my boss will do today.
Try to break the vicious circle of negative thoughts. Try to think about pleasant moments. Don’t be afraid to change your field of activity if you think that you are already tired of your current one and don’t have the strength to continue. Beware of frequent changes, because (change jobs more than once every 1.5–2 years) they will not bring you anything good, but can only ruin you.
achievement list Try not to spend everything free time
at the computer or TV. Meet with friends in nature and go for walks more often. Do not try to get deeply into loans, because in addition to money, they will take away your confidence in the future and choice.
further development Don't be afraid to contact to professionals for help in solving psychological problems
. Remember, the longer you endure something, the worse the consequences of your emotional discharge will be. It is better to change jobs during your vacation, because it will be difficult to resolve issues while at your old job with interviews, and your head will be filled with not the best thoughts. Coming like this for an interview to a new organization, you may scare away.
personnel worker
Don't chase brands, new products and trends.
You still won’t catch up, but you will swallow the hook of the system even deeper. Develop your own opinion on any issue. I could list all kinds of advice for a very long time. this issue, but I repeat that perfect recipe No. You must develop measures for yourself to improve your life. New life always begins with the realization that you are no longer ready to share energy with the old one.
Harmony of soul and mind to you, dear readers!
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