Common newt. Lifestyle and habitat of the common newt
Often in music school they give homework assignments to build newts. Solfeggio tritones, of course, have nothing to do with Greek god depths of the sea To Triton, and to the animal world, in general, too.
Tritones are intervals that are so called because between the sounds of these intervals there are neither more nor less, but exactly three tones. Actually, tritones include two intervals: an augmented fourth and a diminished fifth.
If you remember, there are 2.5 tones in a perfect quart, and 3.5 in a perfect fifth, so it turns out that if the quart is increased by half a tone and the fifth is decreased, then their tonal value will be equal and will be equal to three.
You can read about simple intervals (about fourth and fifth).
In any key you need to be able to find two pairs of tritones. The pair is uv 4 and mind 5, which mutually turn into each other. One pair of tritones is always in natural major and minor, the second pair is in harmonic major and minor (a pair of characteristic tritones).
To help you, here is a solfeggio sign - tritones on the steps of the mode.
From this tablet it is immediately clear that increased fourths are either on the IV or VI level, and diminished fifths are either on the II or VII level. It is important to remember that in harmonic major the sixth step is lowered, and in harmonic minor the seventh step is raised.
How are newts resolved?
There is one thing here general rule: increased resolution intervals increase, decreased intervals decrease. In this case, the unstable sounds of the newts turn into the nearest stable ones. Therefore, uv 4 is always resolved into a sixth, and mind 5 into a third.
Moreover, if the resolution of the tritone occurs in natural major or minor, then the sixth will be small, the third will be major. If the resolution of tritones occurs in a harmonic major or minor, then, on the contrary, the sixth will be major, and the third will be minor.
Let's look at a couple of examples in solfeggio: tritones in the key of C major, C minor, D major and D minor in natural and harmonic form. In the example, each new line is a new key.
Well, now I think a lot has become clearer. Let me remind you that today our focus was on Solfeggio tritones. Remember, yes, that they have three tones, and you need to be able to find two pairs in each key (in natural and harmonic form).
I just have to add that sometimes in solfeggio the tritones are asked not only to build, but also to sing. It’s difficult to sing the sounds of a tritone right away, this trick will help: first, silently you sing not a tritone, but a perfect fifth, and then also mentally the upper sound goes down a semitone, after such preparation the tritone is sung easier.
Titan beyond the rings of Saturn
Among the satellites of the planets in solar system the most amazing ones come across: Europa is completely covered with ocean, a real volcanic hell reigns on Io, Epimetheus and Janus constantly chase each other, changing places from time to time
Our solar system consists mainly of the Sun and eight planets. Of course, people are primarily fascinated by the Earth's neighbors - Mars, Jupiter, Saturn... However, the moons revolving around them are also quite interesting.
At first glance, Ganymede is very similar to our Moon, but the sizes of both satellites are not comparable. Ganymede is the largest satellite of Jupiter, and indeed the entire solar system. It even has its own magnetic poles - a unique case for planetary satellites.
If Ganymede revolved around the Sun, it could be considered a full-fledged planet: the Jovian moon is 8% larger than Mercury and is 3/4 the size of Mars.
Ganymede
9. Miranda - the ugly duckling
The moons of Uranus are generally not particularly beautiful, but Miranda is truly an ugly duckling among them. It seems as if the creator of all the moons of the solar system finally molded together the debris left over from a hard day's work and launched it in a lump into the orbit of Uranus.
However, if people ever manage to land on the moon on this satellite, their eyes will see sights unseen in space. Miranda has the most diverse landscape in the solar system: giant ranges alternate with deep plains, and many canyons are 12 times deeper than the famous Grand Canyon.
Miranda
8. Callisto – record holder for craters
Another Jovian moon, Callisto, most closely resembles the face of a pimply teenager. There is no geological activity on Callisto, which in itself makes it unique in the solar system, so craters resulting from meteorite impacts are constantly superimposed on each other.
Very hard to find untouched corner on Callisto, the entire moon is covered in a network of craters, making it a record holder in the solar system.
Callisto (bottom and left), Jupiter (top and right) and Europa (below and left of the Great Red Spot)
7. Dactyl - asteroid satellite
Dactyl is the most small satellite in the solar system, its length is approximately 1.6 km. It is also one of the few moons orbiting small planets called asteroids.
IN Greek mythology Ida was the name of a mountain in which tiny creatures called dactyls (fingers) lived. Therefore, it is logical that the satellite of the asteroid Ida received such a name.
Asteroid Ida and its satellite Dactyl
6. Epimetheus and Janus - an eternal race
Epimetheus and Janus are two satellites of Saturn that move in almost identical orbits, probably because in ancient times they formed a single whole. Moreover, every four years they change places, each time miraculously avoiding a collision.
Epimetheus and Janus
5. Ringbearer Enceladus
Enceladus is one of the large inner moons of Saturn. The surface of Enceladus reflects almost everything falling on it. sunlight, therefore this Saturnian moon is considered the most reflective cosmic body in the solar system.
Enceladus also has geysers that emit water vapor and dust into the open space. Researchers believe that it was thanks to the volcanic activity of its satellite that Saturn acquired the E ring, through which the orbit of Enceladus passes.
E Ring and Enceladus
4. Triton - a satellite with ice volcanoes
Triton is Neptune's largest moon. It is also the only satellite in the solar system that orbits its planet in the opposite direction to its motion around the Sun.
Triton has many volcanoes, but unlike regular volcanoes that spew lava, the volcanoes on this Neptunian moon spew out water and ammonia, which immediately freeze in very cold outside temperatures.
Triton - very bright celestial body, since it ice surface reflects most of sunlight.
Triton
3. Europe - ocean satellite
Europa is another satellite of Jupiter and has the smoothest surface in the solar system. The fact is that all of Europe is covered by an ocean with a thick crust of ice on the surface.
However, under the ice there is a huge amount of water, which is heated by the inner core of the satellite and constant tidal currents caused by Jupiter's gravitational pull. Suffice it to say that the ocean of Europe contains 2-3 times more water than everything earth's oceans taken together.
According to the calculations of some scientists, the ocean waters of Europe can have so much high temperature, that the appearance of life on this Jovian moon is not at all ruled out. Moreover, we're talking about not about bacteria, but about much more complex and large forms life.
Europe
2. Io is a volcanic hell
The constant tidal gravitational influence of the giant planet Jupiter causes regular heating of the interior of its moon Io, which in turn leads to ongoing volcanic activity.
The entire surface of Io is covered with volcanoes, and there are currently more than 400 active ones. Eruptions occur so frequently that a person flying near the satellite spacecraft Voyager was able to photograph some of them.
At the same time, it is almost impossible to see craters on Io - the erupting lava immediately fills them.
1. Titan is the best candidate for colonization
Titan is perhaps the strangest moon in the solar system. It has long been known that it has an atmosphere, more dense than that of the earth. The titanium atmosphere is dominated by nitrogen, but there are also other gases, such as methane.
For a long time, it remained a mystery what was hidden under the thick titanium clouds. However, images taken from the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft in 2005 proved the presence of methane-ethane lakes and rivers.
Scientists also suggest the existence of underground reservoirs, which, coupled with low gravity, makes Titan the best candidate to terrestrial colonization from all satellites in the solar system.
The US Navy and Northrop Grumman are modernizing software and sensors taking into account the latest high technology so that the new maritime unmanned aerial vehicle "Triton" can high probability detect and identify enemy ships at sea, US Navy and industry officials say. The Warrior publication writes about this.
The US Navy's Triton unmanned aerial vehicle, dubbed the MQ-4C, is running new software version 3.1. The developers are faced with the task of ensuring the readiness of the UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) for combat use by 2018. However, the first Tritons are expected to be received this year.
“The software in version 3.1 provides the ability to use the UAV's sensors in a production environment,” said Tom Twomey, senior manager of the Triton program at Northrop Grumman.
The sensor package being developed for this UAV includes what the US Navy calls a multi-function array sensor (MFAS).
Triton's electronics include an electro-optical/infrared sensor with a 360-degree field of view and an inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR). Such a radar is capable, based on narrow-band coherent sensing, of recognizing air and sea targets from generated two-dimensional radar images. In other words,
Triton's sensors create complete picture situations at sea with almost cinematic quality (photos and videos).
The onboard radar station of the UAV with antenna aperture synthesis forms a radar image of the area by coherently processing signals reflected from the underlying surface. The principle of synthesis is based on the movement of the on-board radar antennas for sequential formation of an antenna array large sizes on the flight path.
“This type of radar allows us to get a picture of the ship. That is, the output will not be an abstract signal from some vessel, but a specific picture, and it will be clearly visible whether it is a tanker or a warship,” explained Tom Tuomey.
Triton was created as a naval analogue of the Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle. The developers were faced with the task of creating a UAV with long range and flight altitude capable of performing combat missions on reconnaissance for a long time in the specific conditions of the Pacific theater of military operations.
“Program to create a family of high-altitude UAVs Global Hawk for a long time seemed very promising,” explained Gazeta.Ru editor-in-chief magazine " Unmanned aircraft» Denis Fedutinov.
According to him, as part of its implementation, in particular, it was planned to replace manned reconnaissance aircraft with unmanned ones, which was in the spirit of the times: new technologies promised advantages in the quality of intelligence data, the speed of obtaining it, as well as the absence of risk for pilots.
Meanwhile, Fedutinov emphasizes, the planned replacement of aircraft strategic intelligence The U-2 Dragon Lady on the Global Hawk, as it turned out, has a number of opponents who pointed out that some qualitative parameters of the data received were not only lower than those originally stated, but also lower than those received by the U-2 reconnaissance equipment, despite the difference aged.
According to the expert, the received negative reviews motivated developers from the Northrop Grumman corporation to carry out work on equipping the Global Hawk UAV with an OBC (Optical Bar Camera) camera used on the U-2 aircraft. However, these actions do not seem to have led to a change in the attitude of the US Air Force towards this UAV, purchased in a much larger smaller quantities than the developers expected.
Failures with the customer, whom Northrop Grumman saw as the main one, forced us to look for alternative paths possible deliveries, explained Denis Fedutinov.
That is why the decision by Germany to refuse UAV data, made several years ago, caused a very harsh reaction from the United States, and also led to a reconsideration of the decision in Germany.
On present moment Outside the United States, Global Hawk UAVs are used as part of the NATO-wide AGS program, and are used in single quantities by Australia, Denis Fedutinov recalled. However, it is obvious that export supplies of UAVs of this size are, for obvious reasons, very limited. Potentially, the number of foreign operators can only be expanded to include a very small number of countries, such as Japan and Canada.
Thus, according to Denis Fedutinov, the Triton program for the US Navy, which uses a UAV built on the basis of the Global Hawk, can in a certain sense become a salvation for this program as a whole.
The US Air Force in the Pacific theater has four RQ-4 Global Hawk strategic reconnaissance UAVs deployed at Andersen Air Force Base on the island of Guam.
The Triton is built with a more reinforced and voluminous wing than the Global Hawk to allow the aircraft to quickly change altitude in adverse conditions. weather conditions taking into account the possibility of icing,” said Tom Tuomey.
The US Navy separately tested Triton's software and sensor system performance by placing them on a Gulfstream aircraft.
"Triton" is designed to ensure the performance of combat missions for more than 24 hours at altitudes of more than 50 thousand feet (more than 15 thousand m), with a combat radius of 8.2 thousand miles (10 thousand km), the developers from the Navy explained USA. Triton will be able to collect data on an area of 2.7 million square miles during a single flight. The idea of its use is to provide command staff for the US Navy intelligence information at long ranges and in real time using sensors, cameras and data transmission channels.
"Triton" is an unmanned aerial vehicle with a very high degree autonomy. He is capable of performing combat missions without continuous remote control, Tuomey explained. Computer algorithms and on-board systems allow UAVs of this type to take into account wind, temperature and altitude.
“The combat mission is loaded in full. But if the need arises, the autonomy mode can be turned off and the UAV can be switched to remote control mode,” said Tom Tuomey.
The US Navy also announced that the Triton will be equipped with next-generation mid-air collision avoidance systems. Last year, Northrop Grumman received a $9.6 million contract to install a collision avoidance module into the MQ-4C Triton avionics.
Northrop Grumman will test and support the software and ensure proper operation of this unmanned aerial vehicle.
Equipped with reconnaissance equipment and the ability to operate within the framework of the C4ISR (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) reconnaissance and monitoring system, as well as having strike capabilities, the Triton will complement the P-8 Poseidon anti-submarine aircraft. Together, the two aircraft will gradually replace the base's aging P-3C Orion patrol aircraft.
The first Triton unit is expected to be deployed on the island of Guam. In addition to the island of Guam, the Tritons will also be based in eastern and western states USA, in the Middle East and on the island of Sicily (Italy), say representatives of the US Navy.
Thus,
The tasks of the Triton unmanned aerial vehicle are reconnaissance, surveillance, and warning, carried out using specially configured marine sensors and radar systems.
The length of the Triton is 45 feet (13.68 m), take-off weight - 32 thousand pounds (14.6 tons), wingspan - 131 feet (39.82 m). In total, it is planned to supply the US Navy with 68 such devices.
“The adoption of Triton-type UAVs for reconnaissance in the Pacific theater is not last resort associated with the deterioration of US relations with China and North Korea“, aviation expert Vladimir Karnozov told Gazeta.Ru.
According to him, these countries do not make any mutual concessions, and the situation is sometimes very, very tense. Sending a manned aircraft to conduct reconnaissance in this region is at times downright dangerous. The situation of 2001, when the Chinese forced the US Navy P-3C Orion plane to land, may repeat itself, recalls Vladimir Karnozov. And the use of Triton-type UAVs in this situation is more comfortable for the Americans. It is for reconnaissance in the area of the disputed islands (the Spratly Islands, small islands and reefs that are located in the center of the South China Sea) that the Triton UAV will be stationed at Andersen Air Base, the expert emphasizes.
In Russia, reconnaissance missions in the Pacific theater of operations are assigned to long-range aircraft. anti-submarine aviation Pacific Fleet Tu-142MZ.
According to the Interfax agency, aircraft of this type recently began training flights over the seas Far East. Scheduled flights are carried out from the Kamenny Ruchey airfield ( Khabarovsk region). The crews of anti-submarine aircraft practice missions according to their intended purpose - searching, classifying and tracking submarines of a mock enemy with the integrated use of radar and hydroacoustic detection equipment.
The crews of the Tu-142MZ are practicing the skills of passing a given course over a directionless terrain, coherence of actions when piloting in the absence of ground radio equipment air navigation both day and night.
Common newt refer to class amphibians. Because his life takes place in two elements: water and land. This species of amphibian is widespread throughout Europe. He is the smallest of all that can be found in Russia.
The dimensions of the newt range from 9-12 cm, with half of it being the tail. The body is covered with pleasant to the touch, slightly rough skin. Its color can change throughout life: lighten or, on the contrary, darken.
The color of the back itself is often olive-brown, with narrow longitudinal stripes. In males, large dark spots can be seen on the body, which are not found in females. Newts moult every week.
This skin secretes a caustic poison. It does not pose a threat to humans, but if it enters the body of a warm-blooded animal, it can cause death. It destroys platelets in the blood, and heart stops like that common newt protects himself.
During the breeding season, males begin to grow a high crest edged with orange and blue iridescent stripes. It serves as an additional respiratory organ, since it is permeated with many blood vessels. The comb can be seen on photo male common newt.
All four legs of lizards are well developed and they are all the same length. There are four fingers on the front ones, and five on the back ones. Amphibians swim beautifully and run quickly along the bottom of a reservoir; on land they cannot boast of this.
Interesting fact is that common newts can restore not only lost limbs, but also internal organs or eyes. Newts breathe through the skin and gills; in addition, there is a “fold” on the tail, with the help of which the lizard obtains oxygen from the water.
They see very poorly, but this is compensated for perfectly developed sense of smell. can sense their prey at a distance of up to 300 meters. Their teeth diverge at an angle and securely hold prey.
The common newt lives in Western Europe, in the North Caucasus. You can also find it in the mountains, at an altitude of more than 2000 meters. Although it is more common for him to live in forests near bodies of water. One species of lizard can be seen on the shores of the Black Sea, this Lanza's common newt.
Character and lifestyle of the common newt
Life newt lizards can be divided into winter and summer. With the arrival of cold weather, at the end of October, it goes to dry land for the winter. It chooses piles of branches and leaves as a shelter.
Having found an abandoned hole, he will gladly use it. They often hide in groups of 30-50 individuals. The selected location is located near the “native” reservoir. At zero temperature, the lizard stops moving and freezes.
With the arrival of spring, already in April, newts return to water, the temperature of which can even be below 10 ° C. They are well adapted to cold and can easily tolerate it. Newts are nocturnal lizards; they do not like bright light and cannot tolerate heat; they avoid open spaces. During the day they can only be seen when it rains. Sometimes they live in small flocks of several.
Its volume should be at least 40 liters. There's something to be done water area and a small island of sushi. It is necessary to change the water weekly and maintain the temperature at about 20 °C.
There is no need to specially illuminate or heat the terrarium. At cohabitation two males, fights over territory are possible. Therefore, it is recommended to keep them in different containers, or increase the size of the terrarium several times.
Nutrition of the common newt
Diet triton consists mainly of invertebrates animals. Moreover, while in the water, it feeds on small crustaceans and insect larvae; when it comes to land, it happily eats earthworms and slugs.
Its victims can be toad tadpoles, oribatid mites,. Fish eggs found in the water are also used for food. It is interesting that, being in water, newts are more gluttonous and fill their stomachs more densely. Domestic lizards are fed bloodworms, aquarium worms and earthworms.
Reproduction and lifespan of the common newt
In captivity, newts live for about 28 years, in natural conditions duration depends on external factors, but, as a rule, no more than 15. Lizards reach sexual maturity at 2-3 years and already begin to participate in peculiar mating games. They last from March to June.
Returning from wintering, the male common newt waits for a female in a pond. Seeing her, he swims up, sniffs and touches her muzzle. Having made sure that in front of him is an individual of the opposite sex, he begins to dance.
Moving back and forth, finding himself near the female, he stands on his front paws. After 10 seconds, he makes a jerk, bends his tail strongly and pushes a stream of water towards the female. Then he begins to hit himself on the sides with his tail and freezes, watching the reaction of his “friend.” If the female is delighted mating dance, then she leaves, allowing the male to follow her.
Males deposit spermatophores on pitfalls, which the female captures with her cloaca. After internal fertilization they begin to spawn. The number of eggs is large, about 700 pieces. Each of them, individually, is attached by the female to a leaf, while carefully wrapping it with the help of its hind legs. The entire process can take approximately 3 weeks.
After another three weeks, the larvae emerge. They are 6 ml long, with a well-developed tail. On the second day, the mouth appears and they begin to catch their own prey. In this case, they will be able to use their sense of smell only on the 9th day.
The photo shows a common newt larva
After 2-2.5 months, the grown newt can come to land. If the lizard has not had time to develop sufficiently by the beginning of the cold weather, then it remains in the water until next spring. After the breeding season, adult newts switch to a terrestrial lifestyle.
IN lately population common newt decreased sharply, and therefore he was included in Red Book. Lizards bring tangible benefits: they eat mosquitoes and their larvae, including malaria ones. Natural enemies They also have enough. These are , and , which eat juveniles as they grow up in water bodies.
UAV NORTHROP GRUMMAN MQ-4C TRITON
THE NORTHROP GRUMMAN MQ-4C TRITON
22.04.2015
The US Navy began flight testing of the sea reconnaissance drone Northrop Grumman MQ-4C Triton, equipped with an on-board MFAS (Northrop multifunction active sensor) radar, flightglobal.com reported on April 20.
The radar was tested on a test platform based on a Gulfstream GII aircraft (pictured). “We are confident that the radar will perform reliably, with five days of flight testing planned,” says MQ-4C Triton program manager Sean Burke.
The US Navy plans to maintain a robust aerial surveillance arsenal in the form of 117 Boeing P-8A maritime patrol aircraft and approximately 50 MQ-4C drones. In May 2018, the commissioning of a modernized version of Triton with a radar and a set of optoelectronic sensors is planned.
Military Parity
09.02.2016
The US Navy and Northrop Grumman are busy creating a radar subsystem to equip the MQ-4C Triton UAV, Military Parity reports with reference to ainonline.com (February 5).
This subsystem is designed to avoid collisions (sense-and-avoid - SAA), which should improve the safety of UAV flights of this type and fully comply with the requirements International organization civil aviation(International Civil Aviation Organization). Typically, airplanes and helicopters are equipped with a collision warning system and automatic system signals, but these devices are not sufficient for a drone.
In 2013, the Navy commissioned Exelis to create such a radar, but it failed, and a year later the contract was awarded to Northrop Grumman for $39 million. The contract involves redesigning the thin-tile electronically scanned antenna array and is expected to be completed by December of this year. In 2020, it is planned to increase the potential of the radar with the ability to operate in air-to-air mode.
Military Parity
20.02.2016
The US Navy has completed the first of two phases of testing the Northrop Grumman MQ-4C Triton drone, Military Parity reports citing flightglobal.com (February 17).
The program included flights with a total duration of 60 hours, testing the capabilities of sensors - a radar with an active phased array, an optical-electronic station and a hydrocarbon detector. The test results may give permission to begin low-volume production of Tritons in the second quarter of this year.
In 2017, it is planned to begin testing to achieve initial operational readiness, including interaction with the Boeing P-8A Poseidon base patrol aircraft.
The US Navy plans to buy 70 Tritons, including two reserved for flight testing. The fleet expects that four devices will be continuously in the air in five regions of the World Ocean (20 drones), the remaining 48 will be on standby to replace them. According to calculations, there will be four lost aircraft per 100 thousand flight hours (navy estimate predicting four aircraft losses per 100,000 flight hours).
Military Parity
21.03.2016
The Australian government has approved the acquisition of the second batch (4 units) of P-8A Poseidon UUV aircraft. As Australian Aviation recalls, the first program for the acquisition of eight P-8A UUV aircraft was approved in 2014. The first aircraft is currently being assembled in the USA.
According to the recently released Australian Defense White Paper, the first batch of eight aircraft will enter service by the early 2020s. Seven additional aircraft, to be purchased in two tranches, are planned to be delivered by the end of the 2020s.
Government approval and approval of the first of these two additional tranches was announced by Defense Minister Marise Payne at a conference in Canberra on 15 March.
According to the minister, this increases the order for P-8A aircraft to 12 units. The first of these is expected to be delivered later this year. All 12 vehicles will be in operation by 2022.
M. Payne also confirmed the Australian government's order for high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicles aircraft Long Endurance (HALE) MQ-4C Triton, which is scheduled to enter service in 2023.
TsAMTO