A dash between the infinitive and the infinitive. When to put and not to put a dash between the subject and the predicate: rule
The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of a sentence
The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.
The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of a sentence. They are associated with the meanings of moods and tense of the predicate verb.
The troops are moving to the front.
(The action actually happens and takes place in the present tense).
Yesterday he came to see us.
(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).
You should talk to your mother, Ivan!
(The action is not realized in reality, but is desired by the speaker).
The subject and predicate are called the main members of a sentence because all the minor members in a sentence directly or indirectly extend them.
Let us show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:
The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram.
Subject as a member of a sentence. Forms of subject expression
The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?
The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in “unusual” forms. The following table will help you correctly determine the subject.
Basic ways of expressing the subject.
Part of speech in subject position | |
Noun in i. P. | Language reflects the soul of the people. |
Pronoun in i. P. | He left. Who was there? This is right. This is my brother (for questions: who is this?) The house, which was barely standing, belonged to a forester. (Here, pay attention to the subject of the subordinate clause.) The sparks that flew from the fire seemed white. (Here, pay attention to the subject of the subordinate clause.) Someone has come. Everyone fell asleep. |
Infinitive | Being honest is half the battle. To understand means to sympathize. Smoking is harmful to health. |
Combination of words (one of which is in i.p.) | He and I visited there often. Two clouds float across the sky. |
A combination of words without and. P. | About an hour passed. |
Predicate as a member of a sentence. Types of predicate
The predicate is the main member of a sentence, which is connected with the subject by a special connection and has a meaning expressed in the questions what does the subject of speech do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he? and etc.
The predicate in Russian can be simple or compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.
Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the others carry the semantic load. In other words, in compound predicates, the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
(Verb was Colonel
(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, to the word work the semantic load of the predicate decreases.)
Among compound predicates, a distinction is made between compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.
Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate
A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.
It can be expressed by the following verb forms:
Present and past tense forms of the verb. | |
Future tense form of the verb. | |
Forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. |
We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verbal predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb to wait.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb, which serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb, which expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.
(Here began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnawing is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)
(Here I don’t want is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)
The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (must, glad, ready, obligated, etc.) and an auxiliary verb-linking be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense this linking is omitted).
(here the copula will be omitted).
So, let’s imagine the structure of a compound verbal predicate with the formula:
CONDITION VERB SKAZ. = AUXILIARY VERB + UNDEFINED FORM |
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a copular verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.
(Here the copular verb becomes, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)
(Here the copular verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)
Let's imagine the structure of a compound nominal predicate with the formula:
CONDITION NAME SKAZ. = CONNECTION. VERB + NAME PART |
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, various forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the state category, verb in the indefinite form.
In the Russian language, at least four main types of one-part sentences can be distinguished.
Basic types of two-part sentences
Form of expression of subject and predicate | Examples |
The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate - by a specific form of the verb. | |
The subject is expressed by a noun or pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate - by a noun in the nominative case. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears and the case of the predicate changes to instrumental. | |
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - also by the indefinite form of the verb. Particles are possible between the subject and the predicate, this means. | |
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - by an adverb. | |
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - by a noun in the nominative case or a phrase based on it. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears and the case of the predicate changes to instrumental. | |
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate - by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it. A linking verb appears in the past and future tenses. | |
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate - by an adjective or participle (full or short) in the nominative case. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears in the predicate. |
Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical basics in them.
Basic types of one-part sentences
Typical form and meaning | ||
Nominative (nominal) sentences | These are sentences where the main member is expressed by a noun or a pronoun-noun in the form of the nominative case. This main member is considered the subject and indicates that there is no predicate in the nominative sentence. Nominative sentences usually report that some phenomenon or object exists (are) in the present. | Large area in the city. Here's a bench. |
Definitely personal proposals | The predicate is expressed by a verb in the 1st or 2nd person form. The ending of the verb in these cases clearly indicates the person and number of the pronoun (I, we, you, you). There is no need to use these pronouns as subjects. | |
Vaguely personal proposals | The predicate is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person plural form (in the present and future tense) or in the plural form (in the past tense). In such sentences, the action itself is important, and the doer is either unknown or unimportant to the speaker, so there is no subject in them. | |
Impersonal offers | These are sentences in which there is not and cannot be a subject, since they denote actions and states that are thought to occur “by themselves,” without the participation of an active agent. According to their form, these sentences are divided into two types: with a verbal predicate and with a predicate - a word of the state category. The verbal predicate can be expressed by a verb in the 3rd person singular form (in the present and future tense) or in the neuter singular form (in the past tense). This role is usually played by impersonal verbs or verbs in impersonal use. The verb predicate can also be expressed by the infinitive form of the verb. | To avoid freezing, she captured jacket |
In addition, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be the word No. | The owners are not at home. |
Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance
All members of the sentence, except the main ones, are called secondary.
The secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but extend (explain) it. They can also explain other minor members.
Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:
According to their meaning and role in the sentence, minor members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are recognized by questions.
Appreciated (to what extent?) high- circumstance.
Appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.
Canvases (whose?) his- definition.
Supplement as part of a sentence. Types of add-ons
A complement is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions of indirect cases (i.e., all except the nominative) and denotes the subject. The object usually extends the predicate, although it can also extend other members of the sentence.
I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition logs extends the predicate.)
Reading (what?) magazines is a fascinating activity. (Here the journals complement extends the subject.)
Objects are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of a verb and complete phrases.
During the campaign he shaved with (what?) a bayonet. (Here the complement bayonet is expressed by a noun.)
This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) beauty. (Here the complement of beauty is expressed by an adjective in the role of a noun.)
And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the complement to remain is expressed by the infinitive form of the verb.)
He read (what?) a lot of books. (Here the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)
Additions can be direct or indirect.
Direct objects belong to transitive verbs and denote the object to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.
I don’t know when I’ll see my relatives now (v.p.).
These furnaces used to melt steel (v.p.).
All other additions are called indirect.
Play the piano (p.p.).
I put the bread on the table (v.p. with a preposition).
I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the infinitive form of the verb).
§ 5.1
Dash is placed between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a connective, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by nouns in the nominative case form: Loneliness in creativity - difficult thing(Ch.); Next station - Mytishchi; Moscow games - beautiful academy sports creativity(gas.).
Usually, dash put:
1) in sentences that have the nature of a logical definition: Geometry - department mathematicians who study spatial forms and relationships of bodies;
2) in sentences of book and written styles (scientific, journalistic, official business), containing a characteristic, assessment of an object or phenomenon: Matter - objective reality, existing outside and independently of human consciousness; Disarmament - command time;
3) in identity sentences (the subject and the predicate express the same concept): Moscow is the capital Russia;
4) after homogeneous subjects: Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan - the largest cities Volga region;
5) with structural parallelism of parts of a sentence: Diligent in the brigade - treasure, lazy - heavy burden;
6) to clarify the meaning of the sentence; compare: Older his sister - teacher; Older his sister is his teacher.
Note. In a number of cases, a dash is usually not placed: 1) in sentences of simple composition in a conversational style of speech: My mother is an engineer; My brother is a schoolboy; 2) if comparative unions act as connectives as if, as if, exactly, as if, no matter what and so on.: Speeches as speeches(Furm.); The stars are like small diamonds; The clouds are like fairy-tale monsters; Today the sky is like the sea. Deviations from this provision among classical writers and modern authors are associated with previous punctuation norms or with the desire to emphasize the connotation of comparison contained in the predicate: Your speeches are like a sharp knife(L.); This phrase is like a grand slam in Jumble(T.); This girl is like a holiday!(Already); The duration of the war is like a century of life(TV); 3) if the predicate is preceded by a negation not: This officer is no match for you(Fed.); ... The Ussuri tiger is not a fairy tale at all, it’s almost a reality(March.); Poverty is not a vice(linear); The heart is not a stone(linear); Analogy is not proof. Placing a dash in this case aims to logically and intonationally emphasize the predicate: But an explanation is not an excuse(M.G.); His views on family etiquette - isn't this a prejudice?; 4) if between the subject and the predicate there is an introductory word, sometimes an adverb, conjunction, particle: Dubava seems to be a friend of Korchagin(AND ABOUT.); Risk, as we know, is a noble cause; Totally rash act step dangerous; Sergeev now famous artist; Fir Same tree resinous; March only Start spring. Wed. the presence or absence of a dash depending on the specified conditions: Ivanov - good chess player; Ivanov, seems good chess player(presence of an introductory word); Ivanov now experienced chess player(presence of adverb); Ivanov also a famous chess player(presence of union); Ivanov just a beginner chess player(presence of particle); 5) if the predicate is preceded by a secondary member of the sentence related to it: Stepan us neighbour(Sh.); Kolya to me Friend; 6) if the predicate precedes the subject: Beautiful man Ivan Ivanovich!(G.); Slavnoe place this valley!(L.); Picturesque Indian people(Gonch.); Not bad student this boy. The placement of a dash in this case emphasizes the intonational division of the sentence into two parts: Glorious people are neighbors my!(N.); Amazing case - dream(T.); Psychological curiosity - my mother(Ch.); deft little thing - little mind human(M.G.); Coffin - road(TV); 7) if the subject in combination with the predicate forms an indecomposable phraseological unit: Penny price theory that fixes some patterns(Goal.); Two of a Kind(linear). |
§ 5.2
Dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if both of them are expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) or if one of the main members is expressed by the nominative case of the noun, and the other by the indefinite form of the verb: About the decision speak - only confuse(M.G.); Our duty is to protect strength until our last breath(P.); Of course it's big art - wait(Esb.); Tea drink - not firewood chop(last); Force turn me off the right path - pipes!; Write mediocre things - it doesn't take any talent(infinitive in the function of the nominative topic, the predicate is expressed in a whole sentence); It would seem that, What's easier - write response letter(cf.: Writing a reply letter is easy).
But (with inversion and no pause): Which happiness son hug!(Dolm.)
§ 5.3
Dash comes before words this, this is, this means, this means, here, adding the predicate to the subject: Catch ruff or perch - what is it? bliss!(Ch.); Sports and culture - here are two keys to joy, beauty(gas.); To understand means to forgive; Latest autumn - This when the mountain ash shrinks from frost and becomes as they say, "sweet"(Prishv.) - the whole sentence acts as the predicate.
§ 5.4
Dash is put if both main members of the sentence are expressed by cardinal numerals or if one of them is expressed by the nominative case form of the noun, and the other by a numeral or a phrase with a numeral: Twenty years - good thing(Sim.); Partings and meetings - two main parts, from which happiness will someday be formed(Dolm.); Three times five is fifteen; Speed - sixty kilometers per hour.
§ 5.5
Dash is placed between the subject, expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, and the predicate, expressed by a predicative adverb (state category) starting with -o, if there is a pause between the main members of the sentence: Giving in is shameful(Tendr.); This is very unbearable - to move(Gonch.); This terrible - chicken out at the last moment; This is fucking fun - ride on the boat[cf. without pause: Ride on the boat funny; Judge a man in disgrace easily(L.T.)].
§ 5.6
Dash is placed before the predicate, expressed phraseological unit: Both woman and man - a couple of nickels(Ch.); And the porch - God forbid another prince(A.T.); His income now is Be healthy; Seryozha - the seventh water on jelly for both you and me.
§ 5.7
With a subject expressed by a word This, dash put or not put depending on the logical selection of the subject and the presence or absence of a pause after it. Wed:
This is the beginning started everyone. - This is not bad Start; This is loneliness(Ch.). - This is home Zverkova(G.).
§ 5.8
A dash is usually not placed if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun and the predicate by the nominative case form of the noun: He is corruption, he is plague, he is ulcer these places(Kr.); I'm honest Human and I never give compliments(Ch.).
Dash in this case it is set:
1) with logical underlining: I am the page to your pen. I'll accept everything. I'm a white page. I - the keeper to your goodness...(Color);
2) when contrasted: I am a manufacturer, you are a shipowner(M.G.); She is solid clew nerves, and He - embodiment Olympic calm;
3) with structural parallelism of sentences or parts of a sentence: Without you I - star without light. Without you I - creator without peace(Br.); We - People restless because We - in the answer for the planet, Two people, he and she, walked side by side: he was young Human in a dark suit, she is young, very pretty young woman in a colorful dress;
4) when inverting the main members of the sentence: Hero of this performance - me ; Example to that - he.
§ 5.9
A dash is not placed if one of the main members is expressed by an interrogative pronoun, and the other by a noun in the nominative case or a personal pronoun: Tell me, Who is yours Friend, and I'll tell you who are you; This whose book?; Who are you?
§ 5.10
A dash is usually not placed if the predicate is expressed by an adjective, pronominal adjective, or prepositional-nominal combination: The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the driver is stubborn...(P.); The earth is great and beautiful(Ch.); Cherry my garden!(Ch.); Heaven without single clouds; People Here extraordinary kindness.
Dash before the predicate-adjective is placed:
1) with the logical or intonational division of a sentence: Pupils - cat-like, long(Sh.); Height near the scattered houses of the farm - team(Kaz.);
2) in the presence of homogeneous predicates: Rhythm Suvorov Military School - clear, fast, military (gas); He has changed a lot: gait, movements, facial features, even look - softer, calmer, simpler;
3) with structural parallelism of parts of a sentence: The night is warm, the sky is blue, the moon is silver, the stars are brilliant.
§ 5.11
In footnotes, a dash separates the word being explained from the explanation, regardless of the form of expression of the predicate: Poseidon - in ancient Greek mythology, the god of the seas; Pegasus - considered a symbol poetic inspiration.
§ 6. Dash in an incomplete sentence
§ 6.1
Dash is placed when there is a pause in so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate): To the left, in the corner, by the door, on a stool - a bucket of water for those who are thirsty(Room.); Behind the gate is the third parade ground, a parade ground of extraordinary size.(Cupr.); Guys - for axes...(A.T.); And this is you - in front of your daughter?(Fed.); And at the door there are peacoats, overcoats, sheepskin coats...(M.); There is fog outside the night window(Bl.); The Olympic flame is on our land!(gas.); In the role of the offended are small children; And then - a moment of silence; Watermelons and melons - mountains; Cows - two; The answer is complete silence; Ahead is A. Karpov.
If there is no pause in elliptical sentences, a dash is not placed: And in the house there is knocking, walking...(Gr.); Suddenly there is a deep pothole in front of me(L.); The creaking of footsteps along the white streets, lights in the distance(Fet); Khokhla is on fire! (M.G.); Revolver on the table!(Tr.); On the right is the door to the next room, on the left is the exit to the terrace(this is how stage directions are formatted in plays); That's the whole point.
§ 6.2
Dash placed in incomplete sentences when there is parallelism of constructions (sentences or parts of a sentence): Her[literature] beauty is in truth, its main meaning is in truth(Cor.); There are curious people in all the windows, boys on the roofs(A.T.); Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(S.-Sch.); Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert, at the other end - forests, swamps, moss(Fed.); Terkin - further. The author follows(TV); And above this plow - all dreams, and under this plow - all the earth, and the soul - as in the first moment of a meeting, and the soul - like the sail of a ship(Bl.); Oh, I want to live madly, to perpetuate everything that exists, to humanize everything impersonal, to embody the unfulfilled!(Bl.); There is no fence. There is no gate. There are no boundaries. In front of the house there is a flower garden, a fence, behind there is a square courtyard strewn with fresh sand.(Cat.); Milk soup for the first course, pancakes with cottage cheese for the second.
§ 6.3
Dash is posed in incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the forms of the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and predicate, with a clear intonation division into two parts: Skiers have a good base; To the masses - culture; For youth - education. Typically, such sentences are used as slogans and newspaper headlines.
§ 6.4
Dash is placed in dismembered (two-term) headings, which are incomplete verbless sentences in which there are words with the meaning of the subject of the action, the object, the circumstances that answer the questions “who - what?”, “who - where?”, “what - where?” , “what - how?”, “what - where?” and so on.: Masters of Arts - Youth; Tourism is for everyone; The troops are on their way; Heroes are nearby; Cares and joys - in half; New books are in great demand.
§ 6.5
Dash is put in an incomplete sentence, forming part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the place of the omission: Yermolai shot, as always, victoriously; I'm pretty bad(T.); Outside the window of the carriage a hummocky plain floated, bushes ran, distant ones - slowly, near ones - in a race.(A.T.); The officers' voices became louder every minute, the words became sharper, the arguments became more irreconcilable.(Goal.); The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge(last); Pick up a few more examples, which ones don’t matter; In his eyes - how to get rid of me as quickly as possible; Now I understand why everyone is attracted to him - his inflexibility; We got down to business cheerfully, they even enthusiastically; It was difficult to establish which of them was right and which was wrong(cf. without an auxiliary verb: It was difficult to establish who was right and who was wrong); Some voted for the proposed resolution, while others, on the contrary, voted against it.(cf.: Some voted for, others against); It was dangerous to go further through the quagmire, and it was also dangerous to stay; Only steel alloys can withstand this temperature, and among light metals - only titanium alloys; There was a lot of construction work ahead, and most importantly, the construction of a water pipeline; You have been here for a long time, and I have only been here for a few days; Some work, understanding their business as common to everyone, others - trying to benefit only for themselves; Passengers... were stuffing suitcases, bags, packages, carrying pillows, some to lie with their heads away from the window, some to lie with their heads towards the window(Rose); The pockets were double: the inner one was made of linen, the outer one was made of gray calico(South.); One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms.
If there is no pause at the place where the clause is missing, a dash is not placed: Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka(Ch.); Of our battery, only Solyony will go on a barge, we will go with the combat unit(Ch.); Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him(Adv.); The thief has one sin, but the owner and I have ten(Acute); ...You do long things, and I do short ones(Leon.).
§ 6.6
Dash is placed in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence when any member is omitted and even without omission: They looked at each other: Raisky - with cold curiosity, she - with daring triumph(Gonch.); There has been such a girl in everyone's life. One met his in the laboratory, another - in the radio room, the third - in a geological party, the fourth - at sea, the fifth - in the sky, at the intersection of air roads(Hump.); Witnesses spoke in the hall - hastily, in discolored voices, judges - reluctantly and indifferently(M.G.).
§ 7. Intonation dash
§ 7.1
Dash is placed to indicate the place where a simple sentence breaks down into verbal groups in order to emphasize or clarify the semantic relationships between members of the sentence when the desired meaning cannot be expressed by other punctuation marks or word order. Wed:
I couldn’t walk for a long time(i.e., was deprived of the ability to move for a long period, for example after a serious illness). - I couldn't walk for a long time(i.e., could not engage in long walking);
If necessary, please(i.e., if necessary, please contact me). - If necessary, please(i.e. I make a request when I feel a need).
Such a dash is called an intonation dash; it can separate any part of a sentence: ...Life is lashing out unstoppably, irreparably. Set out bowls and plates! Every plate will be shallow, every bowl will be flat(Color); Let's go to the club - read, play checkers, dance - a dash in front of homogeneous circumstances of the goal emphasizes their connection with the predicate (cf. also: I take binoculars - observe); Everyone loved him - for his inherent perseverance, willpower, for the plethora of his entire being; Pedestrians were approaching the station - with bundles, bags, suitcases - homogeneous members of the sentence relate to the predicate and have the meaning of a complement, and in the absence of a dash they could be perceived as inconsistent definitions to the subject: I - what, you are a major specialist(cf.: Does he not agree to leave?).
§ 7.2
It also has an intonation character dash, which is placed between members of a sentence to express surprise or to indicate logical stress: And they threw the pike into the river(Kr.); A few minutes later the chains rattled, the doors opened, and Shvabrin walked in(P.).
§ 8. Connecting dash
§ 8.1
Dash placed between two or more words to indicate limits (“from...to”):
1) spatial: Non-stop flight Moscow - Khabarovsk; Through this village one could go to the big path Uralsk - Lbischensk - Sugar - Guryev(Furm.);
2) temporary: Crusades XI-XIII centuries; Theater repertoire on January March;
3) quantitative: Manuscript volume ten - twelve author's sheets(same in numbers: 10 - 12 ); Cargo weighing 300 - 350 tons; 5 - 7 times superiority.
§ 8.2
Dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called a doctrine, scientific institution, etc.: Physical law Boyle - Marriott; Match Karpov - Kasparov; Match "Torpedo" Moscow - "Metalist" Kharkov.
§ 8.3
Dash placed between individual words to show the internal connection between them: The congress of the International Union of Architects, held under the motto "Architecture - Human - environment"(gas.); Yesterday Today Tomorrow.
1. Dash is placed between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a connective, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by nouns in the nominative case form: Lonelinessin creativity - difficultthing(Ch.); Nextstation - Mytishchi;Moscowgames- beautifulacademysports creativity(gas.).
Usually, dash put:
1) in sentences that have the nature of a logical definition: Geometry - departmentmathematicians who study spatial forms and relationships of bodies;
2) in sentences of book and written styles (scientific, journalistic, official business), containing a characteristic, assessment of an object or phenomenon: Matter- objectivereality,existing outside and independently of human consciousness;Disarmament- commandtime;
3) in identity sentences (the subject and the predicate express the same concept): Moscow is the capitalRussia;
4) after homogeneous subjects: Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan- the largestcitiesVolga region;
5) with structural parallelism of parts of a sentence: Diligentin the brigade -treasure, lazy- heavy burden;
6) to clarify the meaning of the sentence; compare: Olderhis sister - teacher;Olderhis sister is his teacher.
Note. In a number of cases, a dash is usually not placed:
1) in sentences of simple composition in a conversational style of speech: My mother is an engineer; My brother is a schoolboy;
2) if comparative unions act as connectives as if, as if, exactly, as if, no matter what and so on.: Speeches as speeches(Furm.); The stars are like small diamonds; The clouds are like fairy-tale monsters; Today the sky is like the sea.
Deviations from this provision among classical writers and modern authors are associated with previous punctuation norms or with the desire to emphasize the connotation of comparison contained in the predicate: Your speeches are like a sharp knife(L.); This phrase is like a grand slam in Jumble(T.); This girl is like a holiday!(Already); The duration of the war is like a century of life(TV);
3) if the predicate is preceded by a negation not: This officer is no match for you(Fed.); ... The Ussuri tiger is not a fairy tale at all, it’s almost a reality(March.); Poverty is not a vice(linear); The heart is not a stone(linear); Analogy is not proof.
Placing a dash in this case aims to logically and intonationally emphasize the predicate: But an explanation is not an excuse(M.G.); His views on family etiquette - isn't this a prejudice?;
4) if between the subject and the predicate there is an introductory word, sometimes an adverb, conjunction, particle: Dubava seems to be a friend of Korchagin(AND ABOUT.); Risk, as we know, is a noble cause; Totally rash actstepdangerous;Sergeevnow famousartist; FirSametreeresinous;MarchonlyStartspring. Wed. the presence or absence of a dash depending on the specified conditions: Ivanov- goodchess player; Ivanov,seems goodchess player(presence of an introductory word); Ivanovnow experiencedchess player(presence of adverb); Ivanovalso a famous chess player(presence of union); Ivanovjust a beginnerchess player(presence of particle);
5) if the predicate is preceded by a secondary member of the sentence related to it: Stepanusneighbour(Sh.); Kolyato meFriend;
6) if the predicate precedes the subject: Beautifulman Ivan Ivanovich!(G.); Slavnoeplacethisvalley!(L.); PicturesqueIndian people(Gonch.); Not badstudentthisboy. The placement of a dash in this case emphasizes the intonational division of the sentence into two parts: Gloriouspeople are neighborsmy!(N.); Amazingcase- dream(T.); Psychologicalcuriosity - my mother(Ch.); deftlittle thing - little mindhuman(M.G.); Coffin - road(TV);
7) if the subject in combination with the predicate forms an indecomposable phraseological unit: Penny pricetheory that fixes some patterns(Goal.); Two of a Kind(linear).
2. Dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if both of them are expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) or if one of the main members is expressed by the nominative case of the noun, and the other by the indefinite form of the verb: About the decisionspeak- onlyconfuse(M.G.); Our duty is to protectstrength until our last breath(P.); Of course it's bigart - wait(Esb.); Teadrink- not firewoodchop(last); Forceturn me off the right path -pipes!; Writemediocre things -it doesn't take any talent(infinitive in the function of the nominative topic, the predicate is expressed in a whole sentence); It would seem that,What's easier - writeresponse letter(cf.: Writing a reply letter is easy).
But (with inversion and no pause): Whichhappinesssonhug!(Dolm.)
3. Dash comes before words this, this is, this means, this means, here, adding the predicate to the subject: Catchruff or perch - what is it?bliss!(Ch.); Sports and culture - here are two keysto joy, beauty(gas.); To understand means to forgive; Latestautumn - Thiswhen the mountain ash shrinks from frost and becomesas they say,"sweet"(Prishv.) - the whole sentence acts as the predicate.
4. Dash is put if both main members of the sentence are expressed by cardinal numerals or if one of them is expressed by the nominative case form of the noun, and the other by a numeral or a phrase with a numeral: Twenty years- goodthing(Sim.); Partings and meetings- twomainparts,from which happiness will someday be formed(Dolm.); Three times five is fifteen; Speed - sixty kilometers per hour.
Note. In specialized literature, when characterizing an object, a dash is often not used in this case: The crane's lifting capacity is 2.5 tons, boom radius is 5 m; The melting point of gold is 1063°C.
5. Dash is placed between the subject, expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, and the predicate, expressed by a predicative adverb (state category) starting with -o, if there is a pause between the main members of the sentence: Giving in is shameful(Tendr.); This is veryunbearable - to move(Gonch.); Thisterrible - chicken outat the last moment; This is fuckingfun - rideon the boat[cf. without pause: Rideon the boatfunny; Judgea man in disgraceeasily(L.T.)].
6. Dash is placed before the predicate, expressed phraseological unit: Both woman and man -a couple of nickels(Ch.); And the porch -God forbid another prince(A.T.); His income now isBe healthy;Seryozha - the seventh water on jelly for both you and me.
7. With a subject expressed by a word This,dash put or not put depending on the logical selection of the subject and the presence or absence of a pause after it. Wed:
This is the beginningstarted everyone. - This is not badStart; This is loneliness(Ch.). - This is homeZverkova(G.).
8. A dash is usually not placed if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun and the predicate by the nominative case form of the noun: He is corruption, he is plague, he is ulcerthese places(Kr.); I'm honestHumanand I never give compliments(Ch.).
Dash in this case it is set:
1) with logical underlining: I am the pageto your pen. I'll accept everything. I'm a white page. I -the keeperto your goodness...(Color);
2) when contrasted: I am a manufacturer, you are a shipowner(M.G.); She is solidclewnot ditches, butHe - embodimentOlympic calm;
3) with structural parallelism of sentences or parts of a sentence: Without youI- starwithout light. Without youI- creatorwithout peace(Br.); We - Peoplerestless becauseWe - in the answerfor the planet, Two people, he and she, walked side by side: he was youngHumanin a dark suit, she is young, very prettyyoung womanin a colorful dress;
4) when inverting the main members of the sentence: Heroof this performance - me; Exampleto that - he.
9. A dash is not placed if one of the main members is expressed by an interrogative pronoun, and the other by a noun in the nominative case or a personal pronoun: Tell me,Whois yoursFriend,and I'll tell youwho are you;Thiswhose book?;Who are you?
10. A dash is usually not placed if the predicate is expressed by an adjective, pronominal adjective, or prepositional-nominal combination: The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the driver is stubborn...(P.); The earth is great and beautiful(Ch.); Cherrymy garden!(Ch.); Heaven withoutsingleclouds; PeopleHereextraordinary kindness.
Dash before the predicate-adjective is placed:
1) with the logical or intonational division of a sentence: Pupils - cat-like, long(Sh.); Heightnear the scattered houses of the farm -team(Kaz.);
2) in the presence of homogeneous predicates: RhythmSuvorov Military School -clear, fast, military (gas);He has changed a lot:gait, movements, facial features,evenlook - softer, calmer, simpler;
3) with structural parallelism of parts of a sentence: The night is warm, the sky is blue, the moon is silver, the stars are brilliant.
11. In footnotes, a dash separates the word being explained from the explanation, regardless of the form of expression of the predicate: Poseidon - in ancient Greek mythology, the god of the seas;Pegasus - considered a symbolpoetic inspiration.
§ 6. Dash in an incomplete sentence
1. Dash is placed when there is a pause in so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate): To the left, in the corner, by the door, on a stool - a bucket of water for those who are thirsty(Room.); Behind the gate is the third parade ground, a parade ground of extraordinary size.(Cupr.); Guys - for axes...(A.T.); And this is you - in front of your daughter?(Fed.); And at the door there are peacoats, overcoats, sheepskin coats...(M.); There is fog outside the night window(Bl.); The Olympic flame is on our land!(gas.); In the role of the offended are small children; And then - a moment of silence; Watermelons and melons - mountains; Cows - two; The answer is complete silence; Ahead is A. Karpov.
If there is no pause in elliptical sentences, a dash is not placed: And in the house there is knocking, walking...(Gr.); Suddenly there is a deep pothole in front of me(L.); The creaking of footsteps along the white streets, lights in the distance(Fet); Khokhla is on fire! (M.G.); Revolver on the table!(Tr.); On the right is the door to the next room, on the left is the exit to the terrace(this is how stage directions are formatted in plays); That's the whole point.
2. Dash placed in incomplete sentences when there is parallelism of constructions (sentences or parts of a sentence): Her[literature] beauty is in truth, its main meaning is in truth(Cor.); There are curious people in all the windows, boys on the roofs(A.T.); Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(S.-Sch.); Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert, at the other end - forests, swamps, moss(Fed.); Terkin - further. The author follows(TV); And above this plow - all dreams, and under this plow - all the earth, and the soul - as in the first moment of a meeting, and the soul - like the sail of a ship(Bl.); Oh, I want to live madly, to perpetuate everything that exists, to humanize everything impersonal, to embody the unfulfilled!(Bl.); There is no fence. There is no gate. There are no boundaries. In front of the house there is a flower garden, a fence, behind there is a square courtyard strewn with fresh sand.(Cat.); Milk soup for the first course, pancakes with cottage cheese for the second.
3. Dash is posed in incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the forms of the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and predicate, with a clear intonation division into two parts: Skiers have a good base; To the masses - culture; For youth - education. Typically, such sentences are used as slogans and newspaper headlines.
4. Dash is placed in dismembered (two-term) headings, which are incomplete verbless sentences in which there are words with the meaning of the subject of the action, the object, the circumstances that answer the questions “who - what?”, “who - where?”, “what - where?” , “what - how?”, “what - where?” and so on.: Masters of Arts - Youth; Tourism is for everyone; The troops are on their way; Heroes are nearby; Cares and joys - in half; New books are in great demand.
5. Dash is put in an incomplete sentence, forming part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the place of the omission: Yermolai shot, as always, victoriously; I'm pretty bad(T.); Outside the window of the carriage a hummocky plain floated, bushes ran, distant ones - slowly, near ones - in a race.(A.T.); The officers' voices became louder every minute, the words became sharper, the arguments became more irreconcilable.(Goal.); The world is illuminated by the sun, and man is illuminated by knowledge(last); Pick up a few more examples, which ones don’t matter; In his eyes - how to get rid of me as quickly as possible; Now I understand why everyone is attracted to him - his inflexibility; We got down to business cheerfully, they even enthusiastically; It was difficult to establish which of them was right and which was wrong(cf. without an auxiliary verb: It was difficult to establish who was right and who was wrong); Some voted for the proposed resolution, while others, on the contrary, voted against it.(cf.: Some voted for, others against); It was dangerous to go further through the quagmire, and it was also dangerous to stay; Only steel alloys can withstand this temperature, and among light metals - only titanium alloys; There was a lot of construction work ahead, and most importantly, the construction of a water pipeline; You have been here for a long time, and I have only been here for a few days; Some work, understanding their business as common to everyone, others - trying to benefit only for themselves; Passengers... were stuffing suitcases, bags, packages, carrying pillows, some to lie with their heads away from the window, some to lie with their heads towards the window(Rose); The pockets were double: the inner one was made of linen, the outer one was made of gray calico(South.); One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms.
If there is no pause at the place where the clause is missing, a dash is not placed: Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka(Ch.); Of our battery, only Solyony will go on a barge, we will go with the combat unit(Ch.); Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him(Adv.); The thief has one sin, but the owner and I have ten(Acute); ...You do long things, and I do short ones(Leon.).
6. Dash is placed in similarly constructed parts of a complex sentence when any member is omitted and even without omission: They looked at each other: Raisky - with cold curiosity, she - with daring triumph(Gonch.); There has been such a girl in everyone's life. One met his in the laboratory, another - in the radio room, the third - in a geological party, the fourth - at sea, the fifth - in the sky, at the intersection of air roads(Hump.); Witnesses spoke in the hall - hastily, in discolored voices, judges - reluctantly and indifferently(M.G.).
§ 7. Intonation dash
1. Dash is placed to indicate the place where a simple sentence breaks down into verbal groups in order to emphasize or clarify the semantic relationships between members of the sentence when the desired meaning cannot be expressed by other punctuation marks or word order. Wed:
I couldn’t walk for a long time(i.e., was deprived of the ability to move for a long period, for example after a serious illness). - I couldn't walk for a long time(i.e., could not engage in long walking);
If necessary, please(i.e., if necessary, please contact me). - If necessary, please(i.e. I make a request when I feel a need).
Such a dash is called an intonation dash; it can separate any part of a sentence: ...Life is lashing out unstoppably, irreparably. Set out bowls and plates! Every plate will be shallow, every bowl will be flat(Color); Let's go to the club - read, play checkers, dance - a dash in front of homogeneous circumstances of the goal emphasizes their connection with the predicate (cf. also: I take binoculars - observe); Everyone loved him - for his inherent perseverance, willpower, for the plethora of his entire being; Pedestrians were approaching the station - with bundles, bags, suitcases - homogeneous members of the sentence relate to the predicate and have the meaning of a complement, and in the absence of a dash they could be perceived as inconsistent definitions to the subject: I - what, you are a major specialist(cf.: Does he not agree to leave?).
2. It also has an intonation character dash, which is placed between members of a sentence to express surprise or to indicate logical stress: And they threw the pike into the river(Kr.); A few minutes later the chains rattled, the doors opened, and Shvabrin walked in(P.).
§ 8. Connecting dash
1. Dash placed between two or more words to indicate limits (“from...to”):
1) spatial: Non-stop flightMoscow - Khabarovsk;Through this village one could go to the big pathUralsk - Lbischensk - Sugar - Guryev(Furm.);
2) temporary: CrusadesXI-XIII centuries;Theater repertoire onJanuary March;
3) quantitative: Manuscript volumeten - twelveauthor's sheets(same in numbers: 10 - 12 ); Cargo weighing 300 - 350 tons;5 - 7 times superiority.
Note. If between two adjacent numerals it is possible to insert non-words according to their meaning from to, and the word or, then they connect hyphen:Will be on a business tripfive sixdays(but with a digital designation a dash is placed: ...5 - 6 days).
2. Dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called a doctrine, scientific institution, etc.: Physical lawBoyle - Marriott;MatchKarpov - Kasparov;Match"Torpedo" Moscow - "Metalist" Kharkov.
3. Dash placed between individual words to show the internal connection between them: The congress of the International Union of Architects, held under the motto"Architecture - Human - environment"(gas.); Yesterday Today Tomorrow.
The need for punctuation marks became noticeable with the development of printing. Italian typographers invented punctuation in the 15th century. It was accepted in most European countries. The use of the sign began in the 18th century. Nikolai Karamzin consolidated its function in the Russian language. It was first described by A. A. Barsov in 1797. The placement of a dash between the subject and the predicate follows the rules of classical and business language. In oral speech, it is used to express a pause with a rise and fall of tone.
Why are rules needed?
Every person can learn to write correctly. Literacy distinguishes people, indicating their intelligence and desire to stand out. Simply filling out documents is confusing, since many do not know the basic rules for writing case endings. Most often, applications are issued. This is where you will need to know the rules for placing a dash between the subject and the predicate. These are the main members of the sentence, which are always in the nominative case.
Their study begins in elementary school, but not everyone remembers what connects them. The subject is the main member of the sentence, which tells about whom or what the text is talking about. It is necessary to ask a question to find out who or what is in charge. “When mom came home, her mood improved.” Since mother is a living being, the question is who? This is what the proposal is about.
We can then find out what she is doing or has already done. The predicate will help us with this. It indicates the action being performed by the subject. For example, what did our mother do? (came). Since the sentence is complex, it has two grammatical bases. The second part talks about mood. In this case, the appropriate question would be what? (mood) and what did it do? (improved). Depending on what the author wants to say, how to convey feelings, the placement of punctuation marks will depend. Using a dash assumes knowledge of the nuances of writing.
The role of the sign in a sentence
In writing, punctuation marks help to clearly express thoughts and separate sentences or parts of sentences. The dash is not used as often as the comma, however, the rules for placing a dash between the subject and the predicate will help you create simple and complex sentences.
Everyone learns the basics of the Russian language, but not everyone remembers how to use a dash in writing. As a result, many people express themselves without unnecessary punctuation. The importance of the dash is underestimated, because with its help they attract the reader’s attention, emphasize semantic stress, and place it before the word “this”.
In the grammar of the Russian language, signs are divided into several categories:
- The separating dash is placed between the subject and the predicate.
- Highlighting is necessary for introductory and insert structures.
- The dividing line is necessary for direct speech and dialogue.
To consider all cases of placing a dash between the subject and the predicate, determine the role of the dash in the sentence. This will help you avoid and write consciously.
Writing a dash: basic rules
The grammatical basis is divided by a punctuation mark, which replaces the missing part of a compound predicate, most often a nominal one. In a sentence, the placement of a dash will occur according to one of the schemes. One of the following options is possible:
- The noun acts as a subject and predicate, each of which is in the nominative case: “Mom is the best friend,” “Work is a helper from boredom.”
- The main members of the sentence are indicated by the indefinite form of the verb: “To live is to serve the Motherland,” “To love is to be a person.”
- Noun plus infinitive: “Thinking about others is the law of life for a moral person,” “My dream is to make the world a better place.”
The placement of the dash sign between the subject and the predicate differs depending on which parts of speech express the main members of the sentence. This is a cardinal number in the nominative case, a phrase with it, or a noun in the same case. For example, the entire Galaxy is more than a million stars; Seven seven - forty nine. However, in specialized literature, characteristics are written without using a dash.
Correct placement of the sign
The indefinite form of the verb is associated with a state category or an adverb with the meaning: “Not knowing the rules of the Russian language is bad.” In a sentence with an infinitive subject and a predicate in the form of a predicative adverb starting with the letter o, if a pause is made: “Not knowing the rules of the Russian language is bad.” If there is no emphasis in intonation, the sign is not needed: “Smoking is harmful.”
Examples of placing a dash between the subject and the predicate:
- Algebra is a branch of mathematics that studies operations on elements of sets.
- Ottawa is the capital of Canada.
- The next station is Moskovskaya.
In addition, a punctuation mark is necessary in a sentence that differs in the nature of its logical definition: “Geography is a unified complex of sciences that study the geographical envelope of the Earth.” In scientific and journalistic texts, traits are used to indicate an assessment of an object or phenomenon: “Character is persistent mental properties that determine the behavior of an individual.” A dash is placed if there are homogeneous subjects: “Courage and strength are the traits of heroes in Rus'.”
Writing dashes according to the rules of the Russian language
Placing a dash between the subject and the predicate is necessary when the meaning of the sentence is double. For example, Younger sister is my friend; My younger sister is a friend. The presence of homogeneous subjects implies writing the trait: “Kindness and tenderness are positive characteristics.”
A phraseological phrase is an expression in which there are two or more units with an integral structure and meaning. When using it in the text, it is necessary to write a dash: “My brother and I are the seventh water on jelly.” The use of the pronoun THIS depends on whether the text is read with or without a pause, and whether the subject needs to be logically identified. The difference can be seen when comparing sentences: “This performance is the performance of a new actress.” "This is a very complex problem."
Using a punctuation mark, sentences are separated intonationally so that its content is easily perceived: “The voice is quiet, calm...”. “The sea near our house is dark blue.” The sign will help enhance the brightness of the images described when writing essays.
Regardless of the form in which the predicate is expressed, a dash is placed in footnotes to separate the main word from the explanation. Often such placement of a dash between the subject and the predicate is found in dictionaries. “Artemis is the goddess of the moon and hunting, forests, animals, fertility and childbirth.”
In what cases is a dash not used?
The section of the Russian language “Punctuation” is intended to consider the correct placement of punctuation marks. It reflects the way of adjusting the intonation structure of speech, syntactic and semantic relationships in the language. It is important to know in what cases dashes are not written in order to convey emotional overtones.
If the subject of a sentence is a personal pronoun and the predicate is a noun in the nominative case, a dash is not needed. This can be seen in the sentence: “I’m a good mother, so I always support my children,” “He’s a professional in his field, so he’ll fix everything quickly.”
In literary texts, popular science, journalistic, and educational texts, the conditions for placing a dash between the subject and the predicate are observed. There is no need to use a sign when using a personal or interrogative-relative pronoun that is related in meaning to a noun in the nominative case.
When punctuation is not needed
When writing any sentence, punctuation marks are taken into account. They will be needed in simple and complex sentences and will emphasize the importance of homogeneous members. They do not put a dash when expressing the predicate with an adjective, pronominal adjective: “He has a smart head, but a cold heart,” “My native country!” A dash is not needed if the predicate is logically emphasized or there is a contrast: “I am a good teacher, you are a joiner and carpenter.”
Do not use the line in simple sentences when using colloquial speech: “My mother is a milkmaid.” Between the main members there can be a comparative union like, exactly, as if, kind of like, no matter what. In this case, placing a dash between the subject and the predicate in a two-part sentence is reduced to the absence of a sign.
- Your eyes are like a bottomless ocean.
- Your hairpin looks like an owl.
- Your voice is like the song of a nightingale.
No dash: rules
The particle is NOT used with all independent parts of speech. Before the predicate it is necessary for negation. This indicates that there is no need to use the bar in the sentence. Often the rule governs the writing of proverbs and sayings.
- Poverty is not a vice.
- Analogy is not proof.
- It is famously remembered, but goodness will not be forgotten.
- Bad things will not stick to good things.
However, if it is necessary to emphasize the predicate with the help of intonation, the placement of the dash is different. In this case, a sign must be placed: “Living life is not a field to cross.”
When not to use a dash: examples
Despite the fact that a dash in a sentence defines the boundaries of simple sentences and separates the subject and predicate, in some cases it is not written. The rule applies when writing a phrase that contains an introductory word, conjunction, particle, adverb.
- Soybeans are known to be a healthy crop.
- Theater is still a popular art form.
- June is just the beginning of the summer holidays.
In stories, authors often use a minor part of the sentence that does not agree with the predicate. Sentences are composed by placing the predicate before the subject: “Maria is our friend,” “San Sanych is a good person!”
Anyone can correctly write a dash between the subject and the predicate by watching the video below.
A dash is a sign that divides a sentence into two parts. It adds an additional semantic nuance and helps to avoid difficulties in punctuation of the text. The correct placement of a dash is necessary in any text in the usual understanding of the entire section of punctuation in the Russian language. The punctuation mark is vividly illustrated in the classics and works of poets of our country.
Punctuation marks are like markers. Who invented them and what is the role of these punctuation units besides another reason for lowering students’ grades for their incorrect placement in the dictation? But thanks to such elements of writing, the perception of the text and the emotional message are achieved. It is simply necessary to be a literate person today. Therefore, knowledge of basic punctuation and spelling is necessary for everyone. The dash between the subject and the predicate - examples, exceptions, rules will be discussed in this article.
Semantic centers of sentences (SSC)
Having initially read the title of this publication, a person who has graduated from school a long time ago most likely begins to frantically remember the members of the sentence. And it’s unlikely that examples of sentences with a dash between the subject and predicate immediately come to mind.
A combination of words connected in meaning and having intonation completeness is called a sentence, the totality of which forms the text. Each such statement tells about some object or subject. By asking questions inherent in the nominative case - “what?”, “who?” - you can determine the first component of the grammatical basis of the statement - the subject. That is, it is part of the semantic center of the sentence. “Employees at the repair shop have completed preparing the equipment for winter.” In this version, “employees” are the subject of the message. We are talking about repair shop workers.
Having decided who the sentence is about, it is necessary to highlight the action performed by the subject of the statement. It is expressed by the predicate. A logical question arises in the example under consideration - “What did the employees do?” - completed the preparation of the equipment. The predicate is “completed” and is considered the second semantic center of the sentence.
Dash function
The sign defining silence, semantic separation, was introduced into Russian writing by the historian N. M. Karamzin. Although there is an opinion that the punctuation unit first appeared in the Russian press in the 60s, and Nikolai Mikhailovich only contributed to its popularization.
In modern Russian writing, a dash between the subject and the predicate is a punctuation rule that every fifth grader knows. Main purpose of the sign:
- Separating function. Separating parts of a statement with meaning and filling in the excluded members of a sentence with a sign. I walked along the poppy field to the left, and Andrey went to the right. Here the predicate “went” is missing in the second part of the statement. The dividing function is the dash between the subject and the predicate. Examples: Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine, the meeting place is the assembly hall. In the first case, Kyiv is the subject, and the capital is the predicate. Both parts of the sentence are expressed by a noun. This is one of the requirements when a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate.
- Excretory function. Writing lines in dialogue.
- Connective purpose: to quantitatively or semantically combine two words. Bus "Moscow - Dolgoprudny".
Punctuation: a dash between the subject and the predicate. Explanation with examples
When the semantic centers of a statement are nouns, moreover, in the nominative form, there are several cases in which the sign of “silence” is used:
- To convey a fixed (logical) meaning: A square is a regular quadrilateral. Algebra is a discipline that generalizes and expands knowledge of arithmetic.
- Journalistic statements or scientific judgments that describe the characteristics of an object or evaluate a phenomenon: A thunderstorm is a natural phenomenon that occurs as a result of electrical discharges.
- Judgments where the subject and predicate are identical in meaning: Sevastopol is a city in Crimea.
- After subjects answering one question and referring to one predicate: Kirovograd, Dnepropetrovsk, Vinnitsa are cities in the central part of Ukraine.
- To add precision to a statement: Mom is my friend. Or when in judgments there is a connective like “this”, “here”: The path through the dunes is desolate kilometers of silence, drought and thirst.
Requirements for placing a dash when the centers of a sentence consist of different parts of speech
The “-” sign can be used in statements where the main members are not only nouns.
So, we continue to consider the dash between the subject and the predicate. Examples of sentences when semantic centers are expressed by different parts of speech:
- Five six is thirty. The phrase “five six” is the subject, “thirty” is the predicate, both are expressed by a numeral. The height of the peak of the Carpathians is two thousand six hundred fifty-five meters. In this case, “height” is a noun that reflects the subject; after the sign, the entire phrase refers to the numeral and is expressed by the predicate. It follows: a dash is placed when the main members of the statement act as a numeral and/or a noun. But! In the nominative case. The exception is texts describing the characteristics of the subject in specialized literature, for example: boom reach 12 meters; The melting point of the metal is 1000 degrees.
- To live with wolves is to howl like a wolf. SVPs refer to the indefinite form of the verb (IFG). Conclusion: sentences with a dash between the subject and the predicate can be found when its main members are expressed by the infinitive.
- Our goal is to complete the task before Monday. The combination of an infinitive and a noun expressing SCP also requires the use of a “-” sign.
Cases when the sign is not used
- The absence of a dash between the subject and the predicate is possible when SCPs are made up of simple sentences, usually in a conversational style: m oh dad director of a scientific enterprise; my sister is an analyst.
- If the predicate is attached to the second part of the grammatical basis of the statement (the subject) with the conjunctions “as”, “as if”, “sort of like”, “exactly”, “as if”: m oh the school yard is like a garden; the stars are like little diamonds; the sky is like an ocean.
- The predicate expresses negation using the particle “not” - this is the case of the absence of a dash between the subject and the predicate. The rule has exceptions, but more on them later. Examples: The heart is not a stone. The word is not a sparrow.
- The grammatical basis of the sentence is divided by an introductory word: a August is known to be the season for fruits and vegetables; Ivanov is now a famous hairdresser. If in the last version we omit the adverb “now”, then we get a statement when a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate: Ivanov is a famous hairdresser.
- The semantic centers of the sentence form a phraseological turn: d a pair of boots.
- The predicate appears in a sentence before the subject: з wonderful girl Tatyana Pavlovna.
- The subject is a personal pronoun, and the predicate is a noun. He is an ulcer, he is a plague, he is a corruption of these places.
Exceptions
Deviation from the requirements put forward for the placement of a dash or its absence can be observed in modern authors and classics. For example, the judgment: eh that man is like a hero! It seems that according to the punctuation rule, if there is a connective “how”, then the “-” sign is not placed. However, its presence can be justified by the author’s desire to emphasize the nuance of the comparison.
For a clear contrast, the author can use intonation and logical stress. In this case, a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate. Examples: Isn't his views on raising children a prejudice? Preparing for the Olympics is not that easy.
Dash between subject and predicate: table
There is a dash (subject + predicate): |
|
Noun + noun | A dog is man's friend. |
Numeral + numeral | Three times two is six. |
Infinitive + infinitive | Eating right is loving yourself. |
Infinitive + noun | Drinking coffee in the morning is a pleasure. |
Noun + infinitive | My goal is to defend my diploma. |
Subject (that means this) predicate | Teaching is the best hobby. |
No dash: |
|
"Not" predicate | The word is not a sparrow. |
Predicate (precisely, sort of like, as if, as) subject | Lips like rose petals. |
Predicate + subject | A wonderful person Andrey Vladimirovich! |
Subject = pronoun | She's a librarian. |
Preparing for the Olympics is not that easy. |
Conclusion
The basic rule before placing a dash is to determine the semantic center of the sentence (subject, predicate), establish which part of speech they belong to, and know the cases when such a sign is absent.
Competent language skills are the key to prosperity, success and respect. After all, life is an endless exam.
- Sagittarius woman: description of the zodiac sign, ideal couple, attitude towards career and marriage, talismans The best couple for a Sagittarius
- Taurus and Taurus Compatibility
- Astrology and sexual compatibility The ideal man for a Sagittarius woman
- How to borrow, repay loans and how to lend money - signs