Current water temperature in Lake Baikal. Temperature
From this article you will learn what kind of weather awaits you on Lake Baikal in a given month, and what its features are. In addition, I will tell you what clothes to take with you to feel comfortable. Therefore, when going on vacation, you will already know about all the nuances and, hopefully, have a great time.
Baikal weather is unpredictable, although I often hear how sunny days on the lake is compared to Sochi or the Riga seaside. But these are completely different sunny days in quality ;-)
East Coast after the storm
Climate on Baikal
Baikal is located in sharply continental climate, so there are relatively hot summers and harsh cold winter, large temperature differences even during the day. Add to this that the lake is very elongated over 600 km, so on the same day on different parts The weather may be completely different.
The climate on Lake Baikal can be called unique, because the lake itself greatly influences it. Here's how it happens: a large expanse of water warms up greatly over the summer, then for a long time giving off heat environment, so winter on Baikal is a little warmer and milder than in the neighboring one, for example. In spring, on the contrary, the ice melts for a long time, cooling the air around. In Irkutsk, everything is already blooming in May, but on the lake only the buds begin to bloom, and not everywhere.
Another feature of the weather on Lake Baikal is crazy winds - there are many of them and each has its own name: sarma, verkhovik, barguzin, mountain, kultuk. The names are usually given after the names of the valleys from which these winds blow. Most strong winds they blow in autumn and winter (due to the difference in temperatures in the basin and on the mountain ridges), luckily in the summer it is less, but it also happens. Even when it’s +25 degrees outside, a rather cold, unpleasant wind can blow from a lake or valley, making you want to wrap yourself up warm. If you are going to water trip along Baikal, pay attention to the winds special attention and study them - there may be storms!
Serge pillars on Olkhon
The most dry place on Baikal - Olkhon Island - precipitation here is about 200 mm per year, in Listvyanka a little more - about 400 mm per year. But in the southeast in the area of the Khamar-Daban ridge - the most wet place, this is confirmed by our experience. We were in Slyudyanka three times, and all the time there was a lingering drizzling rain, and the sky was covered with a veil of clouds.
There is one more nuance, it concerns the increasing frequency of lately forest fires in summer. Because of them, the lake is covered in thick smog, sometimes visibility is reduced to 100-200 meters. You can breathe (although the smell of burning is clearly felt), but you cannot see the surrounding beauty.
The white veil is smog. Olkhon Island
Weather on Baikal by month
When is the best time to go to Baikal? The most favorable months to visit the lake it is July and August, even so: from mid-July to mid-August. It’s still cool in June, but in September it’s already cool ;-)
In Listvyanka
Weather on Baikal in June
The air temperature during the day is from +8 to +20 degrees, and at night it can drop to +3 +5 degrees. The water temperature is about +12 degrees - it is unlikely that you will be able to swim. At this time there is often fog in the morning. In the north of the lake at the beginning of the month there may still be ice, and the weather is appropriate.
Baikal in July
The temperature in July rises slightly, especially towards the end of the month: about +22-24 degrees during the day and +15-17 degrees at night. The water warms up in the bays to +17-19. Short beach season on Baikal opens exactly this month - there are a lot more people, especially in the popular ones, on the Small Sea and a little less on the east coast.
Beach in Maksimikha
Baikal in August
The beginning of August is the peak season on the lake, when the water and air are warmest. The water in the bays of the Small Sea and in the shallow Chivyrkuisky Bay warms up to +24 degrees - you can swim and sunbathe! Wrote a separate detailed article about - I recommend checking it out. In July and August, tent camps spring up along the banks, the bases are full of people, life is in full swing. This is the perfect time for hiking around the surrounding area. Here is our experience of a short hike: .
Great Baikal Trail
Autumn on Baikal It begins suddenly and can drag on for a long time. In the first half of September it can still be Indian summer with a temperature of about +20 degrees and sun, and at the end of the month it gets sharply cold: up to +10 during the day. This is a time for romantics who value peace and solitude. In addition, nature blooms with colors, so good time for photography.
Baikal in winter suitable for active recreation: in Listvyanka you can ride a snowmobile or in a sled with Baikal huskies; a famous ski resort, and the winters there are the mildest on the entire coast - ideal for snowboarding or skiing.
In February and March When the ice stops, ice skating tours around Lake Baikal are organized. The most best place for such trips - the coast of the Small Sea, where, due to strong winds blows out all the snow - it turns out to be a giant skating rink.
Camp on the shore near Goryachinsk
What to take with you to Baikal?
What things should you take with you on a trip to Lake Baikal as a savage? The main list is this, in the summer:
- good wind resistant tent
- rug
- sleeping bag
- gas cylinders (firewood is not available everywhere)
- pot and dishes
- comfortable shoes
- wool socks to wear at night if necessary
- thermal underwear will not be superfluous
- windbreaker with hood
- fleece jacket
- hat (when the wind is especially cold)
Well, other things: pants, T-shirts, shorts...
I wish you clear skies, bright sun over your head and warm water. Let the weather on Lake Baikal please you - have a nice holiday!
The huge mass of water in the lake is the main factor influencing weather and climate. It heats up and cools down much more slowly than the soil of the surrounding land. Therefore, Baikal cools the surrounding area in summer, and on its shores it is always fresher and cooler than in the area far from the lake. And in the fall and early winter, the lake, on the contrary, releases the heat accumulated over the summer into the air. This reduces the contrast winter temperatures on the coast.
The features of the relief surrounding the lake also enhance the moderating influence of Baikal on weather and climate, since the Primorsky and Baikal ridges prevent the movement of precipitation and cold air currents from the northwest.
The mountainous topography of the coastal part of the lake, indented by gullies and valleys, greatly influences the microclimate of individual sections of the coast. In some valleys it lingers warm air, others are open to cold air currents. Therefore, in the neighboring bays and bays of Baikal, both sunny and rainy weather can occur simultaneously.
Air temperature
The highest air temperature on Lake Baikal is in July. But due to the cooling effect of the lake in summer, the air temperature on its shores is, on average, 10 °C lower than, for example, in Irkutsk. In winter, on the contrary, the air on the coast of Lake Baikal is 5-10 °C warmer than outside it.
As already mentioned, some bays and bays of the lake may have their own microclimate. For example, on the western coast of the lake, in Peschanaya Bay climatic conditions are such that average annual temperature air above 0 °C and is +0.4 °C. This is the warmest place not only on Lake Baikal, but throughout Eastern Siberia. Due to the favorable microclimate, a recreation center was built in the bay back in the last century, which is still very popular today.
Water temperature
The surface temperature of a lake's water is greatly influenced by depth and removal. warm waters large rivers - Selenga, Barguzin, Upper Angara. Maximum warm-up surface waters Lake Baikal occurs in July-August. At the mouths large rivers, in the Chivyrkuisky Bay, the bays of the Small Sea and in shallow waters, the water temperature can rise to +18...+24 °C. In an open lake, above great depths, the upper layer of water has time to warm up, on average, to +10...+12 °C, and in calm conditions - to +14...+16 °C. Very rarely the surface of the water in open Baikal warms up to 20 °C.
Atmospheric precipitation
In general, rain, snow and other atmospheric precipitation On the western coast of the lake there is much less rainfall than on the eastern coast. Why? Air flows, saturated with moisture and flowing towards the lake from the north-west, are delayed by the Primorsky and Baikal ridges.
Particularly little precipitation falls in the Maloye More area and on Olkhon Island - only 16-26 cm per year. It rains so rarely on Olkhon that this is reflected in the very name of the island: “Olkhon” translated from the Buryat language means “dry island”. In winter, as in summer time, on Olkhon sunny and clear weather. Therefore, there is almost no snow. If it does fall out, it quickly evaporates under the bright rays of the sun.
Thunderstorm at night on Baikal
On the southeastern and eastern coasts of the lake, the amount of precipitation increases and falls most of all in the Khamar-Daban mountains - up to 1.2-1.4 m per year.
The snow cover in the lake area is very uneven. The most snow falls on Southern Baikal in the section Tankhoi - the city of Baikalsk. The snow thickness here is about 40 cm on the coast and about 20-30 cm in coastal areas.
The snow is most unevenly distributed in Middle Baikal, where northwestern winds are strong. They carry the snow away west coast to the east. Northern Baikal, as a rule, completely covered with snow. In general, due to snow transport by northwest winds, western part Lake Baikal is less snowy than the eastern part.
Snow cover
Fogs
Quite often fogs form on Lake Baikal. Fog is tiny drops of water suspended in the air. Fogs are similar in origin to clouds. Only fogs form in low layers of the atmosphere, and clouds are high above the ground.
Fog
In summer, fogs form in a layer of warm water flowing from the land. humid air to a colder water surface. Late autumn and in winter, the formation of fogs occurs due to the evaporation of water from the warmer surface of the lake compared to the surrounding air. Fogs are most frequent at maximum contrasts in air temperature and water surface - in July, as well as in December-January, before the lake freezes.
Cloudiness
Most clouds form in the north east coast lakes. Less - on the western coasts, since they are most blown by north-west winds. Cloudiness over Lake Baikal is seasonal nature. From October to December low clouds develop.
Cloudiness
First arise heavy fogs. They rise up and form clouds. In mid-January, the lake becomes covered with ice, and in February, almost cloudless weather sets in on Baikal, which prevails until the end of winter and throughout the summer.
Scheme of fog and cloud formation on Lake Baikal during the warm period
Duration of sunshine
Duration sunshine - important indicator climate. There is almost 400 hours more sun on Lake Baikal than on the Riga seaside and 200 hours more than on the Caucasian resorts. On average, the sun shines on Lake Baikal 2,200 hours a year. This is more than 180 days - half of all days in the year.
Change of seasons
In spring, huge masses of Baikal water cool the coastal air, and at the end of summer and autumn, on the contrary, they warm it up. Due to this spring bloom plants on Baikal is delayed, on average, by 10-15 days compared to Irkutsk or Ulan-Ude. On the contrary, in the cold season, if in Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude frosts below 10 ° C occur in mid-November, then in Southern and Middle Baikal - in mid-December - a month later.
Spring on Baikal
The maximum influence of the lake's water masses on the coastal climate is observed in a narrow coastal zone up to 500 m wide. However, in the valleys facing the lake, its influence extends over a much greater distance. Thus, the onset of seasons on Lake Baikal is delayed due to the influence of enormous water mass lakes.
In general, the climate on Lake Baikal is milder than in the rest of Siberia: summers are cooler and winters are warmer. These features bring the climate of Baikal closer to the climate of the seas.
Glossary
Atmosphere - air envelope Earth.
Weather- the state of the atmosphere, which is characterized by such indicators as air temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, humidity, wind direction and strength, and others.
Climate- the most frequently recurring weather over a long period of time.
Microclimate- climate in a small area (for example, in a valley, bay).
Relief- the shape of the Earth's surface.
Atmospheric precipitation- water in the form of rain, snow, hail, fog, dew.
Fog- accumulation of tiny drops of water near the surface of water or land, which are formed when water vapor cools.
Sunny shine- illumination earth's surface direct rays of the sun.
Incomparable picturesque nature, pure clear water, “volumes” of water mass, vast expanses, fresh air, aromas of herbs - all this is about Baikal.
By July, the air on Lake Baikal warms up and good weather sets in.
This year, the entire month of July in Eastern Siberia is hot weather, as on southern resorts Russia.
The weather on Lake Baikal is different from the weather surrounding area Baikal region and Transbaikalia. Thanks to local air circulation the weather is very varied. Different parts of Baikal have their own microclimate. The weather of the western and eastern coasts, the southern and northern parts of the lake is significantly different. Even in individual bays the weather can be different.
The water temperature in different parts of Lake Baikal also differs significantly. The temperature of the surface layer in open Baikal varies within 10-15 °C, more small places the water warms up to 22 °C.
Lake Baikal. Marina Yagovkina | Gismeteo
The warmest places for swimming in Baikal are on the Small Sea (in Mukhor Bay), on the southern tip of Baikal, near the village of Kultuk, as well as in the bays of Barguzinsky, Chivyrkuisky, Proval, and Posolsky Sora. How many degrees the water in Baikal warms up depends on many factors - the depth of Baikal, the presence of underwater currents and weather conditions(cloudiness, air temperature, wind). When there is no wind and it is cloudy, daily fluctuations in water temperature do not exceed 0.5 °C. In clear sunny weather During the day, in the very surface layer, the water temperature can increase by 1-2 °C. During stormy weather, intense mixing occurs; daily fluctuations in water temperature can reach 10-12 °C.
with their own weather conditions Another popular vacation spot on Lake Baikal is different - Olkhon Island. Olkhon is the most big island on Baikal. In terms of the number of sunny days (more than 300 days), Olkhon is compared with Black Sea coast Russia. The sun is very active, even with cloudy weather you can get burned. In terms of precipitation (no more than 200 mm), the island is compared with the arid regions of Central Asia.
Olkhon Island. Marina Yagovkina | Gismeteo
A special microclimate on Olkhon Island and on the Small Sea is created by the Primorsky Ridge, which delays the movement of cold air masses from the northwest.
Primorsky Ridge. Marina Yagovkina | G ismeteo
Now the daytime air temperature on Lake Baikal is +20...+25 °C, in some places the air warms up to 27 degrees. It's cool at night, the air temperature is +10...+15 °C.
Currents in lakes are much weaker than in rivers. They are caused by the combined actions of wind, waves and currents excited by river flow. Currents persist even under the ice, although their speed decreases compared to the period of open water.
The main currents on Baikal are the alongshore current around the lake, as well as those that are formed under the influence major tributaries- Selenga, Barguzin, Upper Angara, Kichera. These are the Selenginsky, Barguzinsky and Angaro-Kichera currents. Currents excited by river flow quickly fade as they move into the lake. However, the waters of the tributaries are carried away by the alongshore current and are found at quite long distance from the mouths. They differ from Baikal water in small impurities chemicals, the presence of characteristic river waters microorganisms and appear more cloudy.
The currents are directed counterclockwise. Therefore, the waters of the Selenga River can be found in the area of the village of Bolshiye Koty and in the area of the source of the Angara River. The waters of the Upper Angara and Kichera rivers are found at west bank Northern basin of Baikal. The waters of the Barguzin Current are directed north along the Barguzin Bay, so they can be determined in water samples in the north of the lake.
Current diagram on Lake Baikal
Cartographic basis. Maps of Lake Baikal.
Atlas “Lake Baikal. Past. Present. Future". FSUE "VostSib AGP", 2005.
Scientists have calculated that alongshore currents in the Middle and Southern basins of Lake Baikal can “make a circle” in one year. The coastal current in the Northern Basin is slower. In a year it travels only 80% of the way.
The waters of Lake Baikal are constantly replenished by the waters of its tributaries. There are more than three hundred of them. The main consumption of Baikal water occurs in the form of runoff through the Angara River. The time of complete replacement of Baikal water with tributary waters is determined by calculation method: divide the volume of lake water, 23,000 km3, by the average annual water flow through the Angara, 60 km3/year, and get 383 years. This figure is often rounded up and it is said that, on average, Baikal’s water is completely renewed in 400 years.
Seasonal changes in water temperature
Water has a high ability to absorb thermal solar rays. They are absorbed mainly by the upper, fairly thin layer of water. This is well known to everyone from the experience of swimming in cold reservoirs in the middle of summer: the top layer of water is warm, but if you dare to dive, the water is simply icy!
You already know that the water in the bays and bays of the lake can warm up to 24 °C in summer, and in the center of the lake - up to +14...+16 °C. But this temperature is typical only for the uppermost layer, 1 - 1.5 m thick. The temperature of deeper layers of water increases due to their mixing with warm surface waters under the influence of wind and currents. As mixing proceeds, the thickness of the upper heated layer gradually increases by the end of summer.
Temperature differences in different layers of water
The water of shallow water bodies is mixed from the surface to the bottom. In Baikal, which belongs to deep-sea reservoirs, only partial mixing occurs, to a depth of 200-300 m. The temperature at this depth throughout the year is +3.5...+3.6 °C. Below 300 m it gradually decreases by tenths of a degree, reaching the average deep depression Baikal +3.1...+3.2 °C.
On great depths ah, in the narrowest bottom layer, the water temperature is not constant. In summer and autumn it can increase by hundredths of a degree due to the internal heat of the Earth. And in spring and early winter it decreases by up to 0.1 °C due to the descent of cold waters from the upper layers of the lake.
Let us consider how mixing and redistribution of heat occurs in the thickness of Baikal waters. In mid-March, under the rays spring sun The temperature of the upper subglacial layer of water begins to rise. After the ice melts, the water continues to warm up, the upper layers of water heat up more, the lower layers - less.
Temperature distribution in the water column
At this time, wind activity and mixing of the upper and lower layers water. As a result, already in June the temperature in the 0 - 300 m layer levels out, reaching +3.6 °C throughout the entire depth. This phenomenon is called spring homothermy.
At the end of June, when the winds subside, the upper layers of water begin to warm up again under the influence of summer sun. In the hottest and windless month of the year, July, the heating of the upper layers is maximum - +14...+16 °C. With depth, the temperature gradually decreases, reaching +3.5...+3.6 °C at a depth of 300 m: direct temperature stratification occurs - from more high temperature on the surface to lower at depth.
From the second half of August the air over Lake Baikal becomes cooler. Following the air, the surface of the water cools. The number of storms increases, mixing increases, and cooled waters spread deeper and deeper. In November, in the layer 0 - 300 m, the same temperature, equal to 3.6 °C - autumn homothermy begins. Frosty weather, strong winds and storms increase the cooling of Baikal waters. The temperature of the upper layers continues to decrease, and in December a reverse temperature stratification is established - from lower temperatures on the surface to higher temperatures at depth. The temperature from 0 °C at the surface increases to +3.6 °C at a depth of 300 m. Ice forms on the surface of the water.
in spring sun rays through the ice, the upper layers of water begin to warm up again, but the reverse temperature stratification persists under the ice, and even after the lake is cleared of ice. Gradually warming the water under the influence of the sun and mixing its upper and lower layers again lead to spring homothermy.
TO seasonal changes All living organisms living in the lake adapt in the water column. As a rule, microscopic algae and their consumers - tiny crustaceans - are concentrated in the warmest and most well-lit layers. And gobies, omul and other fish approach the clusters of crustaceans. At the greatest depths, where the temperature is below +3.6 °C, Baikal is also inhabited. Various bacteria, crustaceans, sponges, worms, and gobies live there.
Seasonal distribution of water temperature from the surface to 300 m
Ice regime
Baikal is covered with ice for about five months of the year. Freezing occurs gradually, from north to south. During storms on rocky shores splashes of water freeze, layers of ice grow in the form of icicles and splashes, which are called soku and. Shallow bays freeze first. Then open Baikal is covered with a “porridge” of pieces of ice, and in one of the windless and frosty days The surface of the lake is quickly “grabbed” by a thin crust of ice. The lake freezes completely by mid-January.
IN winters with little snow The ice is transparent and its thickness reaches 100-110 cm. In snowy winters the ice is thinner. It is believed that Baikal ice is not thick. On small Siberian lakes, the thickness of the ice cover can reach 2.5 meters.
Olkhon Island. Sokui splashes on Cape Burkhan
Due to slow cooling large masses water ice on Lake Baikal forms quite late, and at the end of March under spring rays sun it is already beginning to thaw.
After the ice forms, the frost intensifies and the temperature, especially at night, drops sharply. At sharp decline temperature inside the ice, powerful mechanical stress arises, and ice cover with a terrible roar it breaks into huge fields, the size of which can reach 10-30 km in diameter. Gaps appear between the fields, which are called dead gaps. Closer to spring, the air temperature begins to change sharply during the day from negative at night to positive during the day. Following changes in air temperature, the narrowing and expansion of ice leads to the fact that along the ice gaps the edges of the ice fields are crushed and piled on top of each other, forming ice hummocks. With further warming, thrusts may occur - huge blocks of ice, under the influence of increasing winds at this time, are squeezed onto the shore, sweeping mooring buildings out of their way, and can even damage ships that are laid up. Thus, in the spring of 1960, as a result of an ice advance, the pier in the village of Listvyanka was significantly damaged, and the Angara icebreaker with a displacement of 3,000 tons was moved ashore.
Stanova gap and hummocks
In winter, steam holes form on Lake Baikal - polynyas or areas with very thin ice, from one and a half to hundreds of meters in diameter. They appear annually in the same places as a result of the melting of the lower surface of ice under the influence of ice rising from the bottom. natural gas, waters of hot springs and tributaries of the lake. Steaming can be observed near the Selenga River, in the area of Cape Listvennichny and Cape Bolshoy Kadilny, in the Olkhon Gate Strait, above the Academic Range, near the Ushkan Islands, in the Chivyrkuisky and Barguzinsky bays, in the Small Sea and in other places.
Steaming agents are very dangerous for vehicles that travel on the icy Baikal roads until the ice breaks up. Ice breaking usually begins at the end of April in the area of Cape Bolshoy Kadilny. This occurs under the influence of warm deep waters. Baikal is completely cleared of ice in mid-June. Fluctuations in the timing of ice breaking reach a whole month. For example, in the village of Listvyanka the deadline for ice break-up is different years were observed between April 17 and May 10.
When leaving for Baikal in winter time, and especially closer to spring, when the ice begins to thaw, it is necessary to observe emergency measures caution: go to low speed, with the doors slightly open, before driving through high-risk areas, get out of the car and carefully walk around dangerous places.
Scheme of the location of steam baths and ice cracks on Lake Baikal
Impact of global warming
At the end of the 20th century, signs of global warming began to appear on Earth. The word “global” means that these signs are found in every corner of the globe - from the North to the South Poles. The most significant manifestations associated with global warming- melting glaciers in the Northern and South Poles and high in the mountains, increase in number and strength hurricane winds, storms and floods.
There are signs of warming on Lake Baikal as well. Scientists have discovered that the average annual air temperature on Lake Baikal is over 100 recent years, increased by 1.2 °C. This is twice as fast as the average annual temperature throughout globe! An increase in air temperature has led to the fact that the warming of the surface waters of open Baikal in the summer also increased. Thus, in the summers of 2003 and 2005, the water surface in open Baikal warmed up to +18...+20 °C. Until 2003, the maximum heating of surface waters reached only +14 °C.
Due to global warming, the duration of freeze-up and ice thickness on Lake Baikal are decreasing. If warming continues at the same rate, then in the next 100 years Baikal may experience winters with short and even unstable ice cover. Scientists also discovered that over the past 60 years, the proportion of small heat-loving crustaceans living in the thickness of Baikal waters has increased.
Glossary:
Period open water - the period of time during which water bodies are freed from ice cover.
Microorganisms- the smallest living organisms, visible only under a microscope (for example, bacteria, microscopic algae).
Homeothermy- uniform temperature distribution in the water column.
Direct temperature delamination- temperature distribution in the water layer from higher on the surface to lower at depth.
Reverse temperature delamination- temperature distribution in the water layer from lower on the surface to higher at depth.
Freeze-up- complete freezing of the surface of the reservoir.
Sokui- splashes of water frozen on the coastal rocks.
Stanovaya gap- a through crack in the ice that occurs when the ice cover expands and contracts under the influence of significant changes in air temperature.
Thrust- accumulation of ice on the coastline.
Steamed- wormwood or ice cover with very thin ice, formed under the influence of warm water sources, as well as gases rising from the bottom of the lake.
Weather on Baikal
Why are there rarely clouds over Baikal?
In spring and summer from the surface cold water evaporation is insignificant and clouds cannot form. The air bringing clouds from land to Baikal heats up when it passes over the coastal mountains and rolls into the basin, and the clouds dissipate. This is very clearly visible on satellite images. In them, the sky above the lake is cloudless, and the coastal areas around the lake are covered with thick clouds.
How much precipitation falls on the surface of Baikal per year?
9.29 sq. km falls in the form of rain and snow per year, or 13.1% of the moisture entering the lake.
What is maximum speed winds on Baikal?
Winds of 40 m/s (144 km/h) were recorded. Some researchers claim that at the mouth of the river valley. Sarma wind gusts up to 60 m/s (216 km/h).
What is the fiercest wind on Lake Baikal?
Northwestern, or mountainous, falling from the valleys of the Sarma, Ryta, Solntsepadi, Molokan rivers. The biggest disasters on Lake Baikal are associated with this wind. Opposite the mouth of the river. Sarma, Arctic air, rolling over the Primorsky ridge, rushes into a valley narrowing towards the mouth, which forms a natural wind tunnel at the exit to Lake Baikal. The height difference is 500 m. Masses of cold air falling from such a height acquire enormous speeds and destructive power.
Is the water level the same throughout Lake Baikal?
The difference in water level heights in different areas of the lake reaches 1 m or more. The reason is the heterogeneity of barometric pressure over the vast water area of the lake. Differences in water levels different areas Wind surges also contribute.
How much ice forms in Baikal during the winter season?
With an ice thickness of 1 m - 31.5 cubic km. But the ice thickness is various years is not the same and ranges from 70 cm to 130 cm. Accordingly, ice varies from 21.7 to 40.3 cubic km.
What is the air temperature on Lake Baikal?
The average annual temperature is distributed as follows: in the southern basin -0.7°C, in the middle -1.6°C, in the northern -3.6°C. The most warm place- Peschanaya Bay: +0.4°C. Baikal softens continentality Siberian climate. Example:
What is the water temperature in Lake Baikal?
In open Baikal, the temperature of the surface layer varies from +15°C (August) to 0°C (January). In coastal areas it warms up to +17°C in summer. In bays and litters up to +23°C. In winter, the bays freeze about a month earlier than open Baikal. In the nineties, in July, the water in the surface layer warmed up to +18°C (perhaps this is a consequence of the greenhouse effect).
What is the temperature at the bottom of Lake Baikal?
In areas of the greatest depths, the water temperature at the bottom is approximately +3.2°C.
When does Baikal freeze?
On average, freezing on Lake Baikal begins on December 21 and ends on January 16. However, there are known cases of freezing in early February. The process of ice destruction begins in April and ends in May-June.
Does all of Baikal freeze?
Yes, with the exception of a small section 15-20 km long at the source of the Angara.
What is sokui?
Ice splashes on frozen rocks and stones formed when a lake freezes. Sokui have the most varied and sometimes bizarre shapes of frozen streams and stalactites.
What is their maximum height?
On the windward sides of rocks up to 20-30 m.
What is rustling?
This is inland ice grains. It appears later than such surface forms of ice as zaberegi, salo, slush, and flask. The rustle crystals have a needle-shaped, bean-shaped shape, ranging in size from 1-2 to 10-22 mm in diameter.
What is lard?
Flat, thin ice crystals that have not yet frozen into a solid crust. They form on the surface of the water and serve as the first sign of its cooling below 0°C.
At what depth does wave breaking (burring) occur?
Off the coast - where the depth is close to half the run-up waves. In open Baikal, surfing depends on the strength of the wind. At a speed of 7-8 m/s, whitecaps appear at the tops of some waves, and with a wind of 10-12 m/s, whitecaps and surfacing occur on almost all waves.