Table liberation of eastern europe. History of Russia XIX–XX centuries
No matter how the events of the Second World War are now interpreted and its history is not rewritten, the fact remains: having liberated the territory of the USSR from the Nazi invaders, the Red Army carried out a liberation mission - returning freedom to 11 countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe with a population of 113 million people .
At the same time, without disputing the contribution of the Allies to the victory over German Nazism at the same time, it is obvious that the Soviet Union and its Red Army played a decisive contribution to the liberation of Europe. This is evidenced by the fact that the most fierce battles in 1944-1945, when, finally, on June 6, 1944, the second front was opened, still took place in the Soviet-German direction.
As part of the liberation mission, the Red Army carried out 9 strategic offensive operations, which began with Yasso-Kishinev (August 20-29, 1944).
During the operations carried out by the Red Army on the territory of European countries, significant Wehrmacht forces were defeated. For example, on the territory of Poland there are over 170 enemy divisions, in Romania - 25 German and 22 Romanian divisions, in Hungary - more than 56 divisions, in Czechoslovakia - 122 divisions.
The liberation mission began with the restoration of the USSR state border on March 26, 1944 and the crossing of the Soviet-Romanian border by the Red Army in the area of the Prut River as a result of the Uman-Botosha operation of the 2nd Ukrainian Front. Then Soviet troops restored a small - only 85 km - section of the USSR border.
It is noteworthy that the regiment took over to guard the liberated section of the border, whose border guards took their first battle here on June 22, 1941. And the very next day, March 27, troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front crossed the Soviet-Romanian border, thereby beginning the direct liberation of Romania from the Nazis .
The Red Army liberated Romania for about seven months - this was the longest stage of the liberation mission. From March to October 1944, more than 286 thousand Soviet soldiers shed their blood here, of which 69 thousand people died.
The significance of the Iassy-Kishinev operation on August 20-29, 1944, in the liberation mission is due to the fact that during it the main forces of Army Group “Southern Ukraine” were defeated and Romania was withdrawn from the war on the side of Nazi Germany, real preconditions were created for its liberation itself, as well as other countries of south-eastern Europe.
It is noteworthy that the operation itself is called Iasi-Chisinau Cannes. It was carried out so brilliantly that it testified to the leadership talent of the Soviet military leaders who led this operation, as well as the high qualities, including professional and moral, of the commanders, and, of course, of His Majesty - the Soviet Soldier.
The Iasi-Kishinev operation had a great influence on the further course of the war in the Balkans. Although the liberation of Romania itself continued until the end of October 1944, already at the beginning of September 1944 the Red Army began to liberate Bulgaria. The results of the operation had a demoralizing effect on its then leadership. Therefore, already on September 6-8, power in most cities and towns in Bulgaria passed to the anti-fascist Fatherland Front. On September 8, the troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, General F.I. Tolbukhin crossed the Romanian-Bulgarian border and practically moved through its territory without firing a single shot. On September 9, the liberation of Bulgaria was completed. Thus, in fact, the liberation mission of the Red Army in Bulgaria took two days.
Subsequently, Bulgarian troops took part in hostilities against Germany in Yugoslavia, Hungary and Austria.
The liberation of Bulgaria created the preconditions for the liberation of Yugoslavia. It should be noted that Yugoslavia is one of the few states that dared to challenge Nazi Germany back in 1941. It is noteworthy that it was here that the most powerful partisan movement in Europe was launched, which diverted significant forces of Nazi Germany and the collaborators of Yugoslavia itself. Despite the fact that the country's territory was occupied, a significant part of it was under the control of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia under the leadership of I. Tito. Having initially turned to the British for help and not receiving it, Tito on July 5, 1944 wrote a letter to I. Stalin with the wish that the Red Army would help the NOAI expel the Nazis.
This became possible in September - October 1944. As a result of the Belgrade offensive operation, Red Army troops, in cooperation with the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia, defeated the German army group "Serbia" and liberated the eastern and northeastern regions of Yugoslavia with its capital Belgrade (October 20).
Thus, favorable conditions were created for the preparation and conduct of the Budapest operation, which began 9 days after the liberation of Belgrade (October 29, 1944) and continued until February 13.
Unlike Yugoslavia, Hungary, like Romania and Bulgaria, was actually a satellite of Nazi Germany. In 1939, she joined the Anti-Comintern Pact and participated in the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia, the attack on Yugoslavia and the USSR. Therefore, a significant part of the country's population had concerns that the Red Army would not liberate, but conquer Hungary.
In order to dispel these fears, the command of the Red Army, in a special appeal, assured the population that it was entering Hungarian soil “not as a conqueror, but as a liberator of the Hungarian people from the Nazi yoke.”
By December 25, 1944, troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts surrounded the 188,000-strong enemy group in Budapest. On January 18, 1945, the eastern part of the city of Pest was liberated, and on February 13, Buda.
As a result of another strategic offensive operation - Bolotonskaya (March 6 - 15, 1945), troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front with the participation of the 1st Bulgarian and 3rd Yugoslav armies were defeated, which went on a counter-offensive in the area north of the island. Balaton group of German troops. The liberation of Hungary lasted 195 days. As a result of heavy battles and battles, the losses of Soviet troops here amounted to 320,082 people, of which 80,082 were irrevocable.
Soviet troops suffered even more significant losses during the liberation of Poland. More than 600 thousand Soviet soldiers gave their lives for its liberation, 1,416 thousand people were wounded, almost half of all the losses of the Red Army during the liberation of Europe.
The liberation of Poland was overshadowed by the actions of the Polish émigré government, which initiated the uprising in Warsaw on August 1, 1944, which was not coordinated with the command of the Red Army.
The rebels expected that they would have to fight with the police and the rear. And I had to fight with experienced front-line soldiers and SS troops. The uprising was brutally suppressed on October 2, 1944. This is the price that Polish patriots had to pay for the ambitions of politicians.
The Red Army was able to begin the liberation of Poland only in 1945. The Polish direction, or more precisely the Warsaw-Berlin direction, was the main one from the beginning of 1945 until the end of the war. On the territory of Poland alone, within its modern borders, the Red Army carried out five offensive operations: Vistula-Oder, East Prussian, East Pomeranian, Upper Silesian and Lower Silesian.
The largest offensive operation in the winter of 1945 was the Vistula-Oder operation (January 12 - February 3, 1945). Its goal was to complete the liberation of Poland from the Nazi occupiers and create favorable conditions for the decisive offensive on Berlin.
During the 20 days of the offensive, Soviet troops completely defeated 35 enemy divisions, and 25 divisions suffered losses of 60 to 75% of their personnel. An important result of the operation was the liberation of Warsaw on January 17, 1945 by the joint efforts of Soviet and Polish troops. On January 19, troops of the 59th and 60th armies liberated Krakow. The Nazis intended to turn the city into a second Warsaw by mining it. Soviet troops saved the architectural monuments of this ancient city. On January 27, Auschwitz, the largest extermination factory created by the Nazis, was liberated.
The final battle of the Great Patriotic War - the Berlin offensive operation - is one of the largest and bloodiest battles of the Second World War. More than 300 thousand Soviet soldiers and officers laid their heads here. Without dwelling on the analysis of the operation itself, I would like to note a number of facts that emphasize the liberating nature of the Red Army’s mission.
On April 20, the storming of the Reichstag was launched - and on the same day, food supply points for the population of Berlin were set up on the outskirts of Berlin. Yes, the act of unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany was signed, but today’s Germany itself hardly considers itself the losing side.
On the contrary, for Germany it was liberation from Nazism. And if we draw an analogy with the events of another great war - the First World War, when in 1918 Germany was actually brought to its knees, then it is obvious that as a result of the Second World War, Germany, although it was divided, was nevertheless not humiliated and it was not subject to unaffordable reparations, as was the case following the Treaty of Versailles.
Therefore, despite the severity of the situation that developed after 1945, the fact that for more than half a century in Europe the “Cold War” never transformed into a “hot” Third World War, I think is a consequence of the decisions made at the Potsdam Conference and their implementation in practice. And, of course, the liberation mission of our Red Army also made a certain contribution to this.
The main result of the final operations of the Red Army on the territory of a number of countries in Central, South-Eastern and Northern Europe was the restoration of their independence and state sovereignty. The military successes of the Red Army provided the political conditions for the creation of the Yalta-Potsdam system of international legal relations, with the most active participation of the USSR, which determined the world order for many decades and guaranteed the inviolability of borders in Europe.
Bocharnikov Igor Valentinovich
(From a speech at the International Scientific Conference “Iasi-Chisinau Operation: Myths and Realities” on September 15, 2014).
Presentation on the topic "Liberation of Western European countries from fascism." An EOR is presented, which tells about the role of the USSR in the liberation of the peoples of Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Austria, Germany from the Nazi invaders in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, about the operations carried out to storm the capitals of European states about the final victory of the Soviet people over fascist Germany.
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“Liberation of Western European countries from fascism”
Soviet soldiers-liberators
The presentation was made by a 6th grade student from MAOU Secondary School. Novopolevodino Gette Elina
Liberation of Europe
- For the liberation of the peoples of Europe, the Soviet armed forces in 1944-45. carried out several large strategic offensive operations, in which troops of eleven fronts, one air defense front, 4 fleets, 50 combined arms, 6 tank, 13 air armies, 3 air defense armies and 2 river military flotillas took part.
- The total number of troops and fleets was about 7 million people. At the same time, the anti-fascist movement in the occupied countries and in Germany itself gained strength, and the anti-Hitler coalition strengthened.
In the spring of 1944 Soviet troops reached the state border of the USSR for more than 400 km, approached the borders of Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania. The USSR began to liberate European countries. June 6, 1944 American and British troops landed in Normandy, in the north coast France.
Liberation of Bulgaria
September 8, 1944 - Soviet troops entered the territory of Bulgaria. Troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, numbering about 260 thousand people, took part in the liberation of Bulgaria. The Bulgarian army did not conduct military operations against the Red Army troops.
Liberation of Poland
- The 1st Belorussian Front, with the support of the Polish army, began the Warsaw operation only on January 14, 1945. The 47th Army on January 16, 1945, was able to push the enemy back across the Vistula River. On the night of January 17, 1945, together with the 64th and 47th armies of the Belorussian Front, they began fighting directly for the liberation of Warsaw, and by the evening they completely liberated the city from the fascist invaders.
Residents of Warsaw meet Soviet tank crews
The Medal for the Liberation of Warsaw was created to reward soldiers and officers who took part in the assault and liberation of the capital of Poland, Warsaw, on January 14-17, 1945.
On August 31, 1945, the procedure for presenting the award was approved. In total, approximately 701,700 liberator soldiers were awarded the medal “For the Liberation of Warsaw” for participation in the operation, assault and liberation of the capital of Poland.
Liberation of Yugoslavia
- From September 28 to October 20, 1944, the Red Army carried out the Belgrade strategic offensive operation. On October 20, Soviet soldiers liberated the capital of Yugoslavia, Belgrade.
Residents of Belgrade meet Soviet soldiers-liberators
Liberation of Hungary
In October 1944, the command of the Red Army began a military operation to liberate Hungary. Soldiers from the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts of the Soviet Army operated in Hungary. On February 13, 1945, the operation to liberate Budapest and Hungary was completed. By April 4, the Soviet Army completely expelled fascist troops from the territory of Hungary. During the liberation of Hungary, 140 thousand Soviet soldiers died.
Liberation of Budapest
The Medal for the Liberation of Budapest was created to reward soldiers and officers who took part in the assault and liberation of the capital of Hungary, Budapest, on February 11-13, 1945. By decree of June 9, 1945, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR established the medal “For the Capture of Budapest,” which was awarded to more than 350 thousand combatants. Many Red Army units and formations received the honorary name of Budapest.
Monument in honor of the liberation of the capital of Hungary, Budapest
The assault on the capital of Austria was the final part of the Vienna offensive operation, (03.16-04.15, 1945 by the forces of the 2nd (commander R. Malinovsky) and 3rd Ukrainian fronts (commander Marshal F. Tolbukhin) On April 5, 1945, Soviet troops began an operation to capture Vienna from the southeast and south. The Vienna offensive operation was completed on April 13, 1945 with the liberation of the Austrian capital from the Wehrmacht.
Berlin operation
- The assault began on April 16, 1945. At 3 a.m. Berlin time, under the light of 140 searchlights, Soviet tanks and infantry attacked German positions. After four days of fighting, the fronts commanded by G.K. Zhukov and I.S. Konev closed a ring around Berlin. 93 enemy divisions were defeated, 490 thousand people were captured, and a huge amount of captured military equipment and weapons were captured. On April 25, a meeting of Soviet and American troops took place on the Elbe .
- On May 1 at 3 o'clock, the Chief of the General Staff of the German Ground Forces, General Krebs, was delivered to the command post of the 8th Guards Army. He stated that Hitler had committed suicide on April 30 and proposed that armistice negotiations begin.
- The next day, the Berlin Defense Headquarters ordered an end to resistance. Berlin has fallen. When it was captured, Soviet troops lost 300 thousand killed and wounded.
Liberation of Czechoslovakia
- The final operation of the Red Army in Europe was the Prague strategic offensive operation, which was carried out from May 6 to 11, 1945 by troops of the 1st, 4th and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts, numbering 151 divisions in the amount of 1 million 770 thousand people.
- The largest strategic offensive operations that were of decisive importance for the liberation of Europe: Iasi-Kishinev (August 1944), Belgrade (October 1944), Budapest (October 1944-February 1945), Vistula-Oder (February January 1945), East Prussian (April January), Vienna (April March), Berlin (May April), Prague (May).
Our fellow villagers in the liberation of Western European countries
- Novopolevodinsk residents took part in the liberation of Western European countries: Podshivalov P.I., Yambulatov M.I., Glazkov A.M., Kravchenko V.S., Milov A.L., Starkov E.I. and many others. And the full holder of the Order of Glory, Mikhail Semenovich Volkov, not only took part in operations to liberate Europe from fascism, but was also an honorary citizen of the city of Trnava, the Republic of Czechoslovakia.
Glory to the victorious soldier!
Glory to the soldier-liberator!
And let the Motherland be proud of you,
That glory came to us from Yaroslav
And handed over to us by fate!
You saved Europe from the fascist plague
We must all honor and remember you.
You gave peace to the peoples of all Europe,
I want everyone to remember this and know this.
And let the wars and all the terrible troubles fade away
Low bow to you, fathers and grandfathers!
For the May of that Great Victory!
Resources used
- http://glorymuseum.ucoz.ru/index/chast_3_quotdesjat_staliniskkh_udarov/0-56
- http http://vesti.kz/europe/64746/
- http://nechto.fryazino.net/html/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=15
- http://www.kinopoisk.ru/level/4/people/97022/
- http://victory.rusarchives.ru/index.php?p=41&author_id=147
- www.rusmundir.ru
- www.glory.rin.ru
- www.persons-info.com
- www.blog.kp.ru
- www.gazeta.ru
- all-photo.ru
- www.1-film-online.com
- http://www.redarmy41-45.narod.ru/sxem.htm
- medveputa.net
- www.russkiymir.ru
- www.russalon.se
- www.playcast.ru
Liberation of the countries of South-Eastern and Central Europe
Perevezentsev S.V., Volkov V.A.
During 1944–1945 At the final stage of the Great Patriotic War, the Red Army liberated the peoples of South-Eastern and Central Europe from the totalitarian regimes of their own rulers and the German occupation forces. The Red Army provided assistance in the liberation of Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria and Norway (Finmark province).
The liberation of Romania occurred mainly as a result of the Iasi-Kishinev strategic offensive operation. It was carried out from August 20 to 29, 1944 by troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts with the assistance of the Black Sea Fleet and the Danube Military Flotilla. 91 divisions totaling 1 million 315 thousand people took part in the operation. As a result of the Iasi-Kishinev operation, the Red Army defeated the main forces of Army Group "Southern Ukraine", destroyed 22 German and almost all Romanian divisions located on the Soviet-German front. Moldova was liberated and royal Romania was removed from the Nazi bloc.
The losses of the Red Army and Navy in the Iasi-Kishinev operation amounted to 13,200 people killed, 54 thousand wounded and sick. The losses of military equipment amounted to: 75 tanks and self-propelled artillery units, 108 guns and mortars, 111 aircraft, 6,200 small arms. In total, during the liberation of Romania, the Red Army lost about 70,000 people killed.
Troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, numbering about 260 thousand people, took part in the liberation of Bulgaria. The Bulgarian army did not conduct military operations against the Red Army troops. On September 5, 1944, the Soviet Union broke off diplomatic relations with Bulgaria and declared a state of war between the USSR and Bulgaria. The Red Army entered the territory of Bulgaria. On September 6, Bulgaria turned to the Soviet Union with a request for a truce. On September 7, Bulgaria decided to sever its relations with Germany, and on September 8, 1944, declared war on Germany. In Sofia, as a result of the September uprising of the people, the government of the Fatherland Front came to power. In connection with this, the Red Army stopped military operations in Bulgaria on September 9th.
In Yugoslavia, from September 28 to October 20, 1944, the Red Army carried out the Belgrade strategic offensive operation. It was attended by troops of the 3rd Ukrainian and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts together with units of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia and troops of the Bulgarian Fatherland Front. The Danube military flotilla also took part in the operation. The total number of Red Army troops in the Belgrade operation is 300,000 people. As a result of the Belgrade operation, the Red Army, in close cooperation with the partisan army of Marshal Tito, defeated the army group "Serbia". The Germans lost 19 divisions, more than 100,000 enemy soldiers and officers were destroyed and captured. On October 20, 1944, Belgrade was liberated. The front of German troops on the Balkan Peninsula was pushed back by more than 200 km, the main communication line between Thessaloniki and Belgrade was cut, which forced the German command to hastily withdraw troops from the south of the Balkan Peninsula along mountainous and inaccessible roads controlled by Yugoslav partisans.
The liberation of Poland occurred as a result of the second stage of the Belarusian operation, the Lvov-Sandomierz, Vistula-Oder and East Pomeranian strategic offensive operations. From the second half of 1944 to April 1945. The territory of Poland was completely cleared of German troops. The Red Army defeated most of the troops of Army Group Center, Army Group Northern Ukraine and Army Group Vistula.
Over 3.5 million people took part in the operations to liberate Poland. In battles that lasted more than 9 months, about 170 enemy divisions were defeated. During the liberation of Poland, the Red Army and the Polish Army lost 265,000 people killed in offensive combat operations, and 850,000 wounded and sick. The losses of military equipment and weapons amounted to: 5,163 tanks and self-propelled artillery units, 4,711 guns and mortars, 2,116 aircraft, 286 thousand small arms. Having liberated Poland, the Red Army and the Polish Army reached the Oder and the coast of the Baltic Sea, creating the conditions for a broad offensive on Berlin.
The liberation of Czechoslovakia followed as a result of the East Carpathian, West Carpathian and Prague strategic offensive operations. The East Carpathian operation was carried out from September 8 to October 28, 1944. Troops of the 4th and 1st Ukrainian Fronts took part in the operation in the amount of 33 divisions, numbering 363,000 people. The purpose of the operation was to assist the Slovak National Uprising and liberate part of the territory of Czechoslovakia. The 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps, consisting of 15 thousand people, took part in the operation. The Red Army defeated the enemy army group "Heinrici", and, having overcome the Carpathians, entered the territory of Czechoslovakia. Having drawn off a significant part of the enemy troops, the Red Army assisted the Slovak uprising.
The West Carpathian operation was carried out from January 12 to February 18, 1945 by troops of the 4th and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts, consisting of 60 divisions, numbering 482,000 people. The 1st and 4th Romanian armies and the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps took part in the operation. As a result of the Western Carpathian operation, most of Slovakia and the southern regions of Poland were liberated.
The final operation of the Red Army in Europe was the Prague strategic offensive operation, which was carried out from May 6 to 11, 1945 by troops of the 1st, 4th and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts, numbering 151 divisions in the amount of 1 million 770 thousand people. The 2nd Army of the Polish Army took part in the operation. 1st and 4th Romanian armies, 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps with a total strength of 260,000 people. During the rapid offensive of the 1st, 4th and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts, Czechoslovakia and its capital Prague were liberated, and an 860,000-strong group of enemy troops was eliminated, which continued to resist after the signing of the Act of Surrender of Germany. On May 11, units of the Red Army met with advanced units of the American army.
During the liberation of Czechoslovakia, 122 enemy divisions were defeated and 858,000 people were captured. The Red Army troops and their allies on the Soviet-German front lost about 140,000 people killed.
The liberation of Hungary was achieved mainly during the Budapest and Vienna strategic offensive operations. The Budapest operation was carried out from October 29, 1944 to February 13, 1945 by troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts and the Danube Military Flotilla. The 1st and 4th Romanian armies operated as part of the 2nd Ukrainian Front. 52 divisions, numbering 720 thousand people, took part in the Budapest operation on the part of the Red Army. As a result of the Budapest operation, Soviet troops liberated the central regions of Hungary and its capital Budapest. A 190,000-strong enemy force was surrounded and destroyed, and more than 138,000 people were captured.
The losses of the Red Army amounted to 80,000 killed and 240,000 wounded and sick. Losses of military equipment and weapons: 1,766 tanks and self-propelled artillery units, 4,127 guns and mortars, 293 aircraft, 135 thousand small arms,
Hungary was withdrawn from the war on the German side. With the end of the Budapest operation, significant forces were released and favorable conditions were created for the development of the offensive in Czechoslovakia and Austria,
The liberation of Austria took place during the Vienna Strategic Offensive Operation, which was carried out from March 16 to April 15, 1945 by troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, part of the forces of the 2nd Ukrainian Front and the Danube Military Flotilla. The operation to liberate the eastern regions of Austria involved 61 divisions of the Red Army, numbering 645,000 people, and the 100,000-strong 1st Bulgarian Army.
During the rapid offensive, Soviet troops defeated the main forces of the German Army Group South and completely liberated Hungary, the southern regions of Czechoslovakia and the eastern part of Austria with its capital Vienna from German troops. In Austria, 32 German divisions were defeated and 130,000 people were captured.
The losses of the Red Army and the 1st Bulgarian Army during the liberation of Austria amounted to 41,000 killed, 137,000 wounded and sick. Losses of military equipment and weapons: 603 tanks and self-propelled artillery units, 764 guns and mortars, 614 aircraft, 29,000 small arms.
The successful offensive in the Vienna direction and the entry of troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front into the eastern regions of Austria accelerated the liberation of Yugoslavia.
The liberation of the northern regions of Norway was achieved as a result of the Petsamo-Kirkenes strategic offensive operation, which took place from October 7 to October 29, 1944. The operation was carried out by troops of the Karelian Front and the forces of the Northern Fleet, with a total number of 133,500 people.
As a result of active combat operations, troops of the 14th Army, in cooperation with the 7th Air Army and the Northern Fleet, in the harsh conditions of the Arctic, defeated the enemy and liberated the occupied part of the Murmansk region, the Petsamo (Pechengi) region and the northern regions of Norway, including the city of Kirkenes . In this way, assistance was provided to the Norwegian people and the Norwegian resistance movement in defeating the remnants of the German Wehrmacht troops. As a result of the Petsamo-Kirkenes strategic offensive operation, German troops lost the 19th Mountain Rifle Corps, numbering 23,000 people, in the Petsamo and northern Norway area. The losses of the Red Army and navy troops amounted to 6,084 people killed and 15,149 people wounded.
The capture of parts of the Red Army and the Northern Fleet by Petsamo and Kirkenes sharply limited the actions of the German fleet on the northern sea lanes and deprived Germany of supplies of strategically important nickel ore.
References
To prepare this work, materials were used from the site http://www.portal-slovo.ru/
Czechoslovakia. Prague. Soviet soldiers in the liberated city. TASS photo chronicle
After the German attack on the Soviet Union, I.V. Stalin declared on July 3, 1941 that the goal of “the nation-wide Patriotic War against the fascist oppressors is not only to eliminate the danger hanging over our country, but also to help all the peoples of Europe groaning under the yoke of German fascism.”
“Liberation of Europe” was a special mission for the Red Army. And more than 1 million Soviet soldiers gave their lives for peace and freedom in Europe. After the war, monuments to Soviet soldiers-liberators were erected en masse in all liberated countries and cities. But memorial places as a sign of gratitude to the liberators have become fewer and fewer since 1945. The desecration of monuments to Soviet soldiers, especially recently, has become noticeably more frequent. Meanwhile:
“Europe would not be free if not for the Soviet infantry, if not for Russian tanks and aircraft. These are not the Americans, who had real forces, well-fed soldiers in warm clothes. The Russians have arrived. Half-starved, but driven by hatred for what the Germans did to their homeland.” (Warsaw resident Jacev Wilczur)
The Germans managed to destroy 85% of buildings in Warsaw, including many historical and architectural landmarks. In total, during the Second World War, about 700 thousand residents of Warsaw were killed, including about 350 thousand Jews. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers died in battles with the Germans in Poland.
Residents of Prague meet Soviet soldiers. Emmanuel Evzerikhin/TASS Photo Chronicle. Residents of Prague meet Soviet soldiers. Emmanuel Evzerikhin/TASS Photo Chronicle
In total, about 9 million Soviet soldiers took part in the liberation of 11 European countries. The irretrievable losses of the Red Army during the liberation of European states were:
- in Poland - 600,212 people;
- in Czechoslovakia - 139,918 people;
- in Hungary - 140,004 people;
- in Germany - 101,961 people;
- in Romania - 68,993 people;
- in Austria - 26,006 people;
- in Yugoslavia - 7995 people;
- in Norway - 3436 people;
- in Bulgaria - 977 people;
In total, the irretrievable losses of the Red Army during the “liberation of Europe” amounted to about 1 million people, and in total the total irretrievable losses in the war with Germany and Japan (killed, missing, captured and did not return from captivity, died from wounds, illnesses and accidents cases) of the Armed Forces together with border guards and internal troops amounted to 8,668,400 military personnel.
In total, about 50% of European states were liberated. The total population of the countries liberated by the Red Army amounted to more than 120,000,000 people in 16 currently independent countries of Europe. The Red Army participated together with its allies in the liberation of six more countries.
I often recall the words of Grand Marshal Rokossovsky: “You cannot learn to love the living if you do not know how to preserve the memory of the dead.”
Vistula-Oder operation. Soviet soldiers enter the Polish city of Lodz, which they liberated.
The Soviet soldier did not come to Europe as an avenger. To a greater extent, he was a warrior-liberator. And at the cost of his own life, the Soviet soldier fulfilled his sacred duty, in the name of peace and goodness, in the name of the freedom of peoples from fascist evil and Nazi hatred.
It is paradoxical and surprising that of all the countries in Europe, where over the years a different idea of historical memory and tribute to Soviet soldiers has been cultivated, only in Germany is the barbaric attitude towards monuments to the Soviet liberating wars considered absolutely unacceptable. Perhaps no other liberated European country takes such care of the burials of Soviet soldiers. They do not pour paint over graves or destroy monuments.
The Germans, unlike the Poles or Bulgarians, treat history with care and honor the memory of real soldiers. Neither those who defeated them, nor those who preserved their sense of national identity, were humiliated or brought to their knees. And one of the first words I learned in already liberated Germany was the word “Freundschaft” - friendship.
We Russians are often asked: is there hatred, have we forgiven the Germans today? Yes, in a historical sense, we were forgiven. Forgot? No. Neither in a historical sense, nor in relation to each of us personally, on a mental level. We remember our dead, we remember our Immortal Regiment. But kicking the vanquished is somehow not in the traditions of the Russian people...
The Second World War devastated entire countries, reduced cities and villages to ruins, and led to the death of many millions of people, including in Europe. And today, as then during the war, with similar destructive force in one part of Europe, not only memory, but also conscience is being erased...
The Norwegian press noted in 1945: “The Norwegians will never forget what the Russians did for them, as well as for the common cause of victory over the enemy.” “The Soviet Army,” said S. Wagner, a member of the Danish Resistance in 1950, “made a decisive contribution to the liberation of Denmark. It was Soviet soldiers who defeated the German group on the island of Bornholm and returned it to Denmark. The Americans acted differently. They took advantage of the war to occupy Greenland."
Figures of war
On June 22 at 4 o'clock in the morning the war began, which lasted 1418 days and nights. On the very first day of fighting, the Nazis destroyed 1,200 Soviet aircraft, over 800 of them at airfields.
In total, they took part in hostilities during the war 34,476,700 Soviet military personnel. 490 thousand women were drafted into the Army and Navy.
Among the victims of the war 13.7 million people are civilians, of which 7.4 million were deliberately exterminated by the occupiers, 2.2 million died at work in Germany, and 4.1 million died of starvation during the occupation.
Died in the Battle of Moscow from September 30, 1941 to April 20, 1942, more than 2,400,000 Soviet citizens.
The following were executed: In the temporarily occupied territory of the USSR, the Nazis executed 7.4 million civilians, including 221,000 children.
USSR losses: Taking into account the latest archival data, employees of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces provide information (1998) about those killed during the four years of war:
irretrievable losses of the Red (Soviet) Army amounted to 11,944,100 people, including 6,885,000 people killed, 4,559,000 missing and captured. In total, the Soviet Union lost 26,600,000 citizens. In total, 34,476,700 Soviet military personnel took part in hostilities during the war.
German losses: Over the three years of the war (June 1941 - June 1944), human losses in Germany amounted to 6.5 million killed, wounded and missing. It suffered its greatest losses during the war against the USSR. In the summer of 1941, 742 thousand German soldiers died, while in the war against Poland, France, England, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Denmark and the Balkan countries, Germany lost 418,805 soldiers.
Destructions in the USSR: In the USSR, 1,710 cities, more than 70 thousand villages, 32 thousand plants and factories were destroyed, 98 thousand collective farms were plundered...
Cost of war expenses (in comparable prices): The direct costs of waging the war for all countries participating in it amount to $1,117 billion (including military costs for the war in China in 1937).
Cost of destruction amounted to 260 billion dollars, of which in the USSR - 128 billion, in Germany - 48 billion, in France - 21 billion, in Poland - 20 billion, in England - 6.8 billion.
One of the worst moments The Great Patriotic War began with the Leningrad blockade, which lasted 880 days and was broken on January 27, 1944. The number of its victims exceeds the losses of the United States and Great Britain combined for the entire Second World War. The data were first made public at the Nuremberg trials, and in 1952 they were published in the USSR. Employees of the Leningrad branch of the Institute of USSR History of the USSR Academy of Sciences came to the conclusion that at least 800 thousand people died of hunger in Leningrad during the fascist blockade.
During the blockade The daily bread quota for workers was only 250 g, for employees, dependents and children - half as much. At the end of December 1941, the bread ration became almost twice as heavy - by this time a significant part of the population had died.
Every fifth person fought in the Great Patriotic War he was awarded. In total, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to 11,681 soldiers, and 2,532 people are full holders of the Order of Glory.
In the service of the Germans
In total, according to statistical data from the Directorate of the Eastern Forces, on February 2, 1943, the total number of Soviet citizens in German military service was 750 thousand, of which “Hiwi” - from 400 to 600 thousand, excluding the SS, Luftwaffe and Navy. As of February 1945, the number of Hiwis reached 600 thousand people in the Wehrmacht, up to 60 thousand in the Luftwaffe and 15 thousand in the navy.
It is believed that on June 22, 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet Union. In fact, this is not entirely true; several countries started a war against the USSR, among them:
- Romania - about 200 thousand soldiers,
- Slovakia - 90 thousand soldiers,
- Finland - about 450 thousand soldiers and officers,
- Hungary - about 500 thousand people,
- Italy - 200 thousand people,
- Croatia as part of the security division
And these are only those countries that officially declared war on the Soviet Union. According to various sources, from one and a half to two and a half million volunteers who fought in Wehrmacht and Waffen SS units took part in this “crusade” against the USSR.
These were representatives of such countries as: Holland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Sweden, Finland, France, Switzerland, Spain, Luxembourg. As during the Patriotic War of 1812, essentially all of Europe took up arms against Russia.
The famous American historian George G. Stein in his book “Waffen SS” describes the national composition of these units:
Dutch - 50 thousand people, Belgians - 20 thousand people, French - 20 thousand people, Danes and Norwegians - 6 thousand people each, 1200 people each from Sweden, Luxembourg, Switzerland, and other European countries.
One of the best divisions of the Reich, the Viking, consisted of European SS volunteers. The name symbolized that its ranks included representatives from the Aryan peoples of Nordic blood.
So on March 10, 1942, the Norwegian Legion was transferred to the Leningrad Front, it helped keep the city in the blockade ring until the spring of 1943. But due to heavy losses, most of the legionnaires refused to renew the contract, and were, by order of Himler, replaced by the Latvian SS Legion.
The blockade of Leningrad can generally be considered a pan-European enterprise. In addition to the Norwegians, the “Netherlands” legion and a Belgian battalion operated near Volkhov. Spanish volunteers from the Blue Division fought here, Finnish and Swedish troops besieged Leningrad from the north, and Italian sailors prepared for battle on Ladoga.
The German historian Müller-Hillebrandt, who was a major general of the Wehrmacht General Staff during the war, recalls that many Frenchmen who were refused entry into their armed forces by the Germans were greatly offended.
It all started with the fact that Heinrich Himmler had a conflict with the leadership of the Wehrmacht due to the fact that he tried to take the best for his SS units. The best in terms of physical fitness, health, and intellectual condition. He actually selected the guardsmen, and the Wehrmacht received, as his leadership believed, second class, so to speak.
After the army generals “complained” to Hitler, a limit was set for Himler to recruit Germans into guard units. But Himler quickly found a way out of the situation; he began to recruit representatives of the so-called Volksdeutsch, Germans living outside Germany, into his units. These could be Germans from Holland, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, and from anywhere.
“I swear to you, Adolf Hitler, as leader, to be faithful and brave. I vow to obey you and the commander you appointed until death. And may God help me." This is a fragment of the oath of oath of European Waffen SS volunteers upon joining the service.
Unlike the oath that the Germans took, the text did not mention Hitler as Chancellor of the Reich; this is a kind of psychological trick that this is not service in the ranks of the German occupiers, but in pan-European SS units.
Among the Alpine riflemen there were also not only Germans, there were a total of twelve mountain rifle divisions, of which two were Austrian, one was Yugoslav German, one was Bosnian Muslim, another consisted of Albanians, and another included both Austrians and Norwegians. So we can assume that every second German mountain shooter was born outside the borders of the Third Reich in 1937.
Such a large number of volunteers from European countries captured by Hitler is explained by many reasons, this is the racial theory fashionable in Europe at that time and the striking successes of the National Socialist ideology, and simply the desire to profit.
According to Himler's plans, the racially inferior peoples of the USSR were to be thrown back beyond the Urals, and their numbers were reduced several times. Aryans of Nordic blood were supposed to settle in the occupied territories of the eastern lands.
The Second World War is unique among all wars; never before in history have there been such cases of mass transfer of citizens of conquered countries to serve the occupiers. Almost the majority of the population voluntarily joined Hitler’s banners.
Not only armed formations of the European Waffen SS and foreign units of the Wehrmacht took part in the war against the USSR; the entire industry of Europe also worked for the war machine of the Third Reich. In the first years of the war, almost every second shell was cast from Swedish ore.
In the summer of 1941, every fourth tank in the German army was Czech or French. Germany won its first victories largely thanks to Scandinavian iron and Swiss optics for sights.
Few people know that the most powerful Wehrmacht tank during the attack on the USSR was the French B2. Half of the super-heavy guns that shelled Leningrad and Sevastopol were produced in France and the Czech Republic.
In 1938, in Munich, representatives of England and France treacherously gave Czechoslovakia to Hitler. If not for this conspiracy, Germany, for economic reasons, might not have been able to start a full-scale war.
The Czech defense industry was at that time one of the largest in Europe. From its factories, the Reich received more than one and a half million rifles and pistols, about 4 thousand guns and mortars, over 6,600 tanks and self-propelled guns.
The supply of raw materials was of particular importance for Germany. American oil companies, through their branches in Latin American countries, donated tens of millions of dollars worth of gasoline to Hitler. Rockefeller's Standard Oil company supplied the Third Reich with fuel, lubricants and fuel worth $20 million.
Henry Ford, a big admirer of Hitler, had branches of his enterprises in Germany, which until the very end of the war supplied the Germans with very good trucks, about 40 thousand in total. For America, war has become good business.
It is worth noting that in the occupied territory of the USSR, the Germans were able to launch only two hundred out of 32 thousand enterprises. They produced three times less production than a country like Poland.
“If we see that Germany is winning, we must help Russia. And if Russia gains the upper hand, we must help Germany. And let them kill each other as much as possible in this way. It's all for the good of America." This statement was made by future US President Harry Truman on June 24, 1941, to the American newspaper The New York Times.
Neutral countries in the service of the Nazis
“...In the very first days of the war, a German division was sent through the territory of Sweden to operate in Northern Finland. However, the Prime Minister of Sweden, Social Democrat P. A. Hansson, immediately promised the Swedish people that not a single German division would be allowed through Swedish territory and that the country would in no way enter into a war against the USSR. Sweden took upon itself the representation of the interests of the USSR in Germany, and yet the transit of German military materials to Finland began through Sweden; German transport ships transported troops there, taking refuge in Swedish territorial waters, and until the winter of 1942/43 they were accompanied by a convoy of Swedish naval forces. The Nazis achieved the supply of Swedish goods on credit and their transportation mainly on Swedish ships ... "
“...It was Swedish iron ore that was the best raw material for Hitler. After all, this ore contained 60 percent pure iron, while the ore received by the German military machine from other places contained only 30 percent iron. It is clear that the production of military equipment from metal smelted from Swedish ore was much cheaper for the treasury of the Third Reich.
In 1939, the same year when Nazi Germany unleashed World War II, it was supplied with 10.6 million tons of Swedish ore. Wow! After April 9, that is, when Germany had already conquered Denmark and Norway, ore supplies increased significantly. In 1941, 45 thousand tons of Swedish ore were supplied daily by sea for the needs of the German military industry. Little by little, Sweden's trade with Nazi Germany increased and eventually accounted for 90 percent of all Swedish foreign trade. From 1940 to 1944, the Swedes sold more than 45 million tons of iron ore to the Nazis.
The Swedish port of Luleå was specially converted to supply iron ore to Germany through the Baltic waters. (And only Soviet submarines after June 22, 1941, at times caused great inconvenience to the Swedes, torpedoing Swedish transports in whose holds this ore was transported). Supplies of ore to Germany continued almost until the moment when the Third Reich had already begun, figuratively speaking, to give up the ghost. Suffice it to say that back in 1944, when the outcome of the Second World War was no longer in doubt, the Germans received 7.5 million tons of iron ore from Sweden. Until August 1944, Sweden received Nazi gold through Swiss banks.
In other words, wrote Norschensflamman, “Swedish iron ore ensured the Germans’ success in the war. And this was a bitter fact for all Swedish anti-fascists.” However, Swedish iron ore came to the Germans not only in the form of raw materials.
The world-famous SKF concern, which produced the best ball bearings on the planet, supplied these, not so, at first glance, sophisticated technical mechanisms to Germany. Fully ten percent of the ball bearings received by Germany came from Sweden, according to Norschensflamman. Anyone, even someone completely inexperienced in military affairs, understands what ball bearings mean for the production of military equipment. But without them, not a single tank will move, not a single submarine will go to sea!
Note that Sweden, as Norschensflamman noted, produced bearings of “special quality and technical characteristics” that Germany could not obtain anywhere else. Importing bearings from Sweden became especially important for Germany when the VKF bearing plant in Schweinfurt was destroyed in 1943. In 1945, economist and economic adviser Per Jakobsson provided information that helped disrupt the supply of Swedish bearings to Japan.
Let's think: how many lives were cut short because formally neutral Sweden provided Nazi Germany with strategic and military products, without which the flywheel of the Nazi military mechanism would, of course, continue to spin up, but certainly not at such a high speed as it was?
In the autumn of 1941, that same cruel autumn, when the existence of the entire Soviet state was at stake (and therefore, as a consequence, the fate of the peoples inhabiting it), King Gustav V Adolf of Sweden sent a letter to Hitler in which he wished “dear Reich Chancellor further success in the fight against Bolshevism..."
Sweden received even more military orders after the outbreak of World War II. And mostly these were orders for Nazi Germany. Neutral Sweden became one of the main economic pillars of the national Reich. Suffice it to say that in 1943 alone, of the 10.8 million tons of iron ore mined, 10.3 million tons were sent to Germany from Sweden.
Until now, few people know that one of the main tasks of the ships of the Soviet Navy that fought in the Baltic was not only the fight against fascist ships, but also the destruction of ships of neutral Sweden carrying cargo for the Nazis.
Well, how did the Nazis and the Swedes pay for the goods they received from them?
Only by what they looted in the territories they occupied and most of all in the Soviet occupied territories. The Germans had almost no other resources for settlements with Sweden. So, when they once again tell you about “Swedish happiness,” remember who paid for it for the Swedes and at whose expense.
The war in Europe was more about political influence and control of territories, the war on the eastern front was a war of destruction and survival, these are absolutely two different wars, they just took place at the same time.
Civilized Europe always diligently erases from the history of the Second World War these shameful facts of its collaboration with the bloodiest and most inhumane regime of the twentieth century, and this is the truth about the war that needs to be known and remembered.
English publicist of the 19th century T. J. Dunning:“Capital avoids noise and abuse and is distinguished by a fearful nature. This is true, but it is not the whole truth. Capital fears no profit or too little profit, just as nature fears emptiness. But once there is sufficient profit available, capital becomes bold. Provide 10 percent, and capital agrees to any use, at 20 percent it becomes animated, at 50 percent it is positively ready to break its head, at 100 percent it violates all human laws, at 300 percent there is no crime that it would not risk, at least on pain of the gallows. If noise and abuse bring profit, capital will contribute to both. Proof: smuggling and slave trade."
Book: Lecture notes World History of the 20th Century
43. Liberation of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (1944-1945)
Prerequisites. After the radical turning point in World War II, the initiative belonged entirely to the Red Army. Fascist troops rolled back to the west. They offered stubborn resistance thanks to additional mobilizations and in the hope of the miracle weapon that Hitler promised. In 1944, the anti-Hitler coalition became significantly stronger. The Red Army had modern, effective weapons and combat experience, and a powerful Resistance movement developed in Europe enslaved by the Nazis. Germany was doomed to defeat and the leaders of the victorious countries focused increasing attention on the conditions for the final defeat of Germany and its allies and the post-war structure. The difference in the social system and economic situation of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition dictated different visions of the final stage of the Second World War. Each side sought to increase its influence in post-war Europe. It should be noted that the Second Front in Europe was opened only in June 1944, that is, when the main forces of the Nazis were exhausted and it was necessary to actively intervene in the distribution of the fruits of victory.
The USSR, with all the desire of its leaders, also could not include into its orbit all the peoples liberated from the fascists. Thus, even before the end of World War II, a split was brewing in Europe. The picture of the struggle for influence in European countries was complicated by the existence in London of the government of Czechoslovakia in exile E. Benes and the Polish government of S. Mikolajczyk, who led the actions of the Home Army in Poland.
Liberation of Poland. The Red Army entered the territory of Poland in July 1944. The Soviet Union agreed that local authorities would be formed only by the newly created Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKNO). On August 1, 1944, the emigration government launched an uprising against the Nazis in Warsaw. The rebels hoped for help from the Red Army. However, Stalin called the leaders of the uprising adventurers and criminals. Soviet troops stopped and the Warsaw uprising fizzled out; the capital suffered monstrous destruction. Only in January 1945 did the Red Army drive the Nazis out of Warsaw.
Liberation of Romania. On the territory of Romania, active hostilities began in August 1944. After the completion of the Iasi-Kishiniv operation, fascist troops were not able to provide serious resistance here. Even before the approach of the Red Army, an uprising took place in the capital of Romania, which ended in victory over the dictatorship of General Antonescu. The country announced its joining the anti-Hitler coalition. Already in August the territory of Romania was liberated.
Liberation of Bulgaria. Bulgaria did not fight against the Soviet Union, although it took the side of Germany, declaring war on the USA and Great Britain. The USSR stated that since Bulgaria was at war with it and its allies, it now considered it its duty to enter into a war with Bulgaria, which contributed to the aggressor. On September 8, 1944, the Red Army crossed the border and did not meet any resistance. The next day, September 9, an anti-fascist uprising took place in Sofia and the Fatherland Front government came to power. During September, Bulgaria was fired.
Liberation of Yugoslavia. In Yugoslavia, since 1942, the People's Liberation Army (NVLA) has been actively fighting. In November 1943, the government of the new Yugoslavia was created - the Anti-Fascist Assembly, headed by acting. Broz Tito. NVAYu consisted of about 400 thousand fighters. On October 20, the capital of Yugoslavia was liberated from the fascist occupiers. Hundreds of Soviet and Yugoslav soldiers are buried nearby in a cemetery in Belgrade. Through the joint efforts of units of the 3rd Ukrainian Front and the NVYU, the country was liberated, having suffered heavy material and human losses.
Liberation of Hungary. Together with Bulgaria and Romania, Hungary was part of the Hitler bloc during World War II. In 1938 and 1940, with German support, it captured Southern Slovakia, Transcarpathian Ukraine and Northern Transylvania. These circumstances forced the Horthy government to stubbornly stick to its ally. However, Hitler ordered the occupation of Hungary and brought his protege Szalasi to power. Resistance to the advancing Red Army on Hungarian territory was fierce. The heaviest fighting took place in the area of Budapest and Lake Balaton. The territory of Hungary was completely liberated only in April 1945.
Liberation of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovak troops under the command of L. Svoboda took part in the hostilities of Czechoslovakia. On the territory of the USSR, he organized a brigade in which many people from Transcarpathian Ukraine fought against the Nazis. The Red Army supported the Slovak National Uprising against the Nazis in 1944. In early May 1945, an anti-fascist uprising began in Prague. He was supported by units of the Russian Liberation Army (ROA) of the former Soviet general Vlasov, who in 1942 went over to the side of the Germans. The Vlasovites hoped that American troops would be the first to arrive in Prague. However, they were mistaken and were forced to leave the city. On May 9, 1945, Soviet troops entered Prague. According to the agreement between Czechoslovakia and the USSR of June 29, 1945, Transcarpathian Ukraine was transferred to the Soviet Union and became part of Ukraine.
Results. The Soviet Union made a decisive contribution to the defeat of the fascist invaders. Democratic regimes were formed in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe after their liberation. However, the Soviet Union “forgot” to withdraw its troops from the liberated territories and imposed the Stalinist model of socialism on a number of European states. Totalitarian regimes modeled on the Soviet Union lasted until the end of the 1980s. After their collapse, the children and grandchildren of the liberators returned home from the territory of Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia.
1. | Lecture notes World History of the 20th Century |
2. | 2. First World War |
3. | 3. Revolutionary events in the Russian Empire in 1917. Bolshevik revolution |
4. | 4. Revolutionary movement in Europe in 1918-1923. |
5. | 5. Establishment of the Bolshevik dictatorship. National liberation movement and civil war in Russia |
6. | 6. Education of the foundations of the post-war world. Versailles-Washington system |
7. | 7. Attempts to revise post-war treaties in the 20s |
8. | 8. The main ideological and political trends of the first half of the 20th century. |
9. | 9. National liberation movements |
10. | 10. Stabilization and “prosperity” in Europe and the USA in the 20s |
11. | 11. World economic crisis (1929-1933) |
12. | 12. F. Roosevelt's "New Deal" |
13. | 13. Great Britain in the 30s. Economic crisis. "National Government" |
14. | 14. "Popular Front" in France |
15. | 15. The establishment of the Nazi dictatorship in Germany. A. Hitler |
16. | 16. Fascist dictatorship b. Mussolini in Italy |
17. | 17. Revolution of 1931 in Spain. |
18. | 18. Czechoslovakia in the 20-30s |
19. | 19. Countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe in the 20-30s |
20. | 20. Proclamation of the USSR and the establishment of the Stalinist regime |
21. | 21. Soviet modernization of the USSR |
22. | 22. Japan between the two world wars |
23. | 23. National revolution in China. Chiang Kai-shek. Domestic and foreign policy of the Kuomintang |
24. | 24. Civil war in China. Proclamation of the People's Republic of China |
25. | 25. India in the 20-30s |
26. | 26. National movements and revolutions in Arab countries, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan. The origins of the Palestinian problem. K. Ataturk, Rezahan |
27. | 27. National movements in the countries of Shvdenko-East Asia (Burma, Indochina, Indonesia) |
28. | 28. Africa between the two world wars |
29. | 29. Development of Latin American countries in the 20-30s |
30. | 30. Education, science and technology |
31. | 31. Development of literature of the 20-30s |
32. | 32. Art of the 20-30s |
33. | 33. Formation of hotbeds of the Second World War. Creation of the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo bloc |
34. | 34. Policy of “appeasement” of the aggressor |
35. | 35. USSR in the system of international relations |
36. | 36. Causes, nature, periodization of the Second World War |
37. | 37. Germany's attack on Poland and the beginning of World War II. Fighting in Europe in 1939-1941. |
38. | 38. Attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR. Defensive battles in the summer and autumn of 1941. Battle of Moscow |
39. | 39. Military operations on the Eastern Front in 1942-1943. A radical turning point during the Second World War. Liberation of the territory of the USSR |
40. | 40. Formation of the anti-Hitler coalition. International relations during the Second World War |
41. | 41. The situation in warring and occupied countries. Resistance movement in Europe and Asia during the Second World War |
42. | 42. Main events of the Second World War in Africa, in the Pacific Ocean (1940-1945) |
43. | 43. Liberation of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (1944-1945) |
44. | 44. Landing of allied troops in Normandy. Liberation of Western European countries. Surrender of Germany and Japan |
45. | 45. Results of World War II |
46. | 46. Creation of the United Nations |
47. | 47. Signing peace treaties. Occupation policy of Germany and Japan. Nuremberg and Tokyo trials |
48. | 48. The Marshall Plan and its significance for the recovery of Europe |
49. | 49. Main trends in the socio-economic and political development of Western countries in 1945-1998. |
50. | 50. United States of America |
51. | 51. Canada |
52. | 52. UK |
53. | 53. France |
54. | 54. Germany |
55. | 55. Italy |
56. | 56. Establishment of Soviet dominance in Eastern Europe |
57. |