Connections between living and inanimate nature 2. Theoretical foundations of the relationships between living and inanimate nature
1. Using pencils of different colors (of your choice), highlight objects of inanimate and living nature.
In the frame, decipher the symbols, that is, show what color indicates objects of inanimate nature, and what color indicates living beings.
2. Cut out the pictures from the Application and arrange them in the appropriate frames. Ask your deskmate to check your work. After checking, paste the pictures.
3. Correct the mistakes in Serezha’s statements (cross out the extra word). Test yourself with the tutorial.
1) Sun, stars, air, water, stones, plants- this is inanimate nature.
2) Plants, mushrooms, animals, humans, stars- this is living nature.
4. Fill out the table (write at least three examples in each column). Try not to repeat the examples from task 2.
5. Our amazing Parrot is a lover of riddles. These are the riddles he offered you. Guess them and write the answers in the diagram. Explain the diagram (orally). Use it to tell us about the importance of the Sun for life on Earth
The sun provides light and heat necessary for the life of plants, animals and humans.
6. Discuss ways in which connections between inanimate and living nature can be shown. Which of these methods is the most obvious? Why? In the top frame, draw a drawing showing an example of the connection between objects of inanimate and living nature (or paste a photograph). In the bottom frame, show the same connection using a diagram.
Everything that surrounds us and is not created by human hands is nature. The surrounding world can be living (plants, people, animals) and non-living (celestial bodies, water, air, soil, stones). These two worlds are permeated with invisible, but very strong connections, without which there would be no life on our planet.
Objects of the living world
Living nature includes all creatures that are capable of feeding, reproducing, and growing independently. To classify an object as a living creature, it must have the following abilities:
- to be born;
- breathe and move;
- grow and develop;
- produce offspring;
- eat;
- die.
On Earth, only people, plants and animals are capable of going through the entire cycle from birth to death. The world of living nature is distinguished by its amazing diversity; it is studied by the extensive science of biology.
The most ancient forms of life are all kinds of microorganisms: viruses, fungi, bacteria. As a result of archaeological research, scientists have come to the conclusion that microbes have inhabited our planet for more than three billion years!
Rice. 1. Bacteria are the oldest form of life
Objects of the inanimate world
If all living beings are mortal, then inanimate objects may not change for many hundreds of years.
It is very simple to determine whether an object belongs to the world of inanimate nature. It must have the following characteristics:
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- sustainability;
- there is no need for nutrition and production of their own kind;
- inability to move independently;
- very small changes externally and internally.
Many sciences study the inanimate world: physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy and others.
Rice. 2. Astronomy studies celestial bodies
Depending on their condition, all objects of inanimate nature are divided into 3 main groups:
- hard - these are glaciers and all types of soils, as well as minerals and other natural resources;
- liquid - rain, fog - all objects that are fluid and do not have a specific shape;
- gaseous - couples, stars.
Relationship between living and inanimate nature
Not a single component of living or inanimate nature can exist separately. Only with their closest interaction do processes occur on Earth that provide and support life. There are many ways of communication between living and nonliving nature, and each of them is of great importance.
For example, plants cannot do without air, moisture and sunlight. All plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air, which they need for nutrition processes. In response, they release pure oxygen into the atmosphere, which is needed by all living beings. The wind carries plant seeds and thereby helps them reproduce.
Soil plays a special role in the relationship between living and inanimate nature. When plants and animals die, they decompose and enrich the soil with minerals. This forms a nutritious soil layer, thanks to which plants receive all the necessary elements for growth. In turn, plants are a source of food for many animals.
Rice. 3. Processes in the soil
Let's consider the main examples of interaction between living and inanimate nature:
- Almost all living things on the planet need air and moisture to sustain life.
- The sun provides energy and light, with the help of which many important processes occur on Earth.
- Animals and plants fertilize the soil, fish participate in maintaining the chemical composition of water.
- The soil supplies living beings with plant food.
In this lesson we will talk to you about what nature is, learn that nature can be living and inanimate, and consider the differences and properties of living and inanimate nature.
Theme: Nature
Lesson: Inanimate and living nature
Look at the picture:
Rice. 1. Natural objects
On the left are objects of living nature, and on the right are things that were created by man. We can conclude that nature- this is everything that is not created by human hands, and we ourselves.
What do they have in common? Stones, rivers, lakes have existed in nature for a long time. Nails, cars, bicycles are made by human hands, and all these are inanimate objects.
Look at the picture with images of living organisms:
Rice. 2. Living organisms
Living organisms can also be called living nature.
Consider the diagram:
Rice. 3. Relationship between living and inanimate nature
The arrows on it show that living and inanimate nature are closely related to each other. The sun serves as a source of heat and light for living beings. Living creatures also need air and water.
How does living nature differ from nonliving nature? Here are the main signs of wildlife:
1. All living things move. For example, plants turn towards the light, fold and unfold their leaves, open their flowers;
2. Any living organism is capable of growth and development. For example, a tree grows from a seed, an adult grows from a baby;
3. Living organisms need nutrition. For example, plants ask for water, and animals ask for food;
4. Living things reproduce.
If plants are not watered and animals are not fed and cared for, they may die. All living organisms breathe, drink water, eat, and reproduce.
Protect the environment. Remember that life on our planet is impossible without nature, and people must protect and protect it.
- Pleshakov A.A. The world around us: textbook. and slave tetr. for 2 classes beginning school - M.: Education, 2006.
- Bursky O.V., Vakhrushev A.A., Rautian A.S. The world around us. - Balass.
- Vinogradova N.F. The world around us. - VENTANA-COUNT.
1. Using pencils of different colors (of your choice), highlight objects of inanimate and living nature.
In the frame, decipher the symbols, that is, show what color indicates objects of inanimate nature, and what color indicates living beings.
2. Cut out the pictures from the Application and arrange them in the appropriate frames. Ask your deskmate to check your work. After checking, paste the pictures.
3. Correct the mistakes in Serezha’s statements (cross out the extra word). Test yourself with the tutorial.
1) Sun, stars, air, water, stones, plants- this is inanimate nature.
2) Plants, mushrooms, animals, humans, stars- this is living nature.
4. Fill out the table (write at least three examples in each column). Try not to repeat the examples from task 2.
5. Our amazing Parrot is a lover of riddles. These are the riddles he offered you. Guess them and write the answers in the diagram. Explain the diagram (orally). Use it to tell us about the importance of the Sun for life on Earth
The sun provides light and heat necessary for the life of plants, animals and humans.
6. Discuss ways in which connections between inanimate and living nature can be shown. Which of these methods is the most obvious? Why? In the top frame, draw a drawing showing an example of the connection between objects of inanimate and living nature (or paste a photograph). In the bottom frame, show the same connection using a diagram.
The connections between inanimate and living nature are that air, water, heat, light, and mineral salts are the conditions necessary for the life of living organisms; changes in the actions of these factors affect the organisms in a certain way. This connection is also expressed in the adaptability of living beings to their environment. For example, it is known how vividly the ability of living organisms to live in water manifests itself. Organisms living in a land-air environment have a very interesting form of connection with inanimate nature: air movement - wind serves as a means of distributing the fruits and seeds of a number of plants, and these fruits and seeds themselves have clearly visible adaptive characteristics.
All living organisms inhabiting the Earth are influenced by environmental factors.
Ecological factors are individual properties or elements of the environment that affect living organisms directly or indirectly, at least during one of the stages of individual development. Environmental factors are manifold. There are several qualifications, depending on the approach. This is based on the impact on the life activity of organisms, the degree of variability over time, and the duration of action.
The classification of environmental factors is presented in Figure 1.
Fig.1
Let us consider in detail the influence of abiotic environmental factors, since their influence is more significant - temperature, light and humidity.
For example, in the May beetle, the larval stage takes place in the soil. It is influenced by abiotic environmental factors: soil, air, indirectly humidity, chemical composition of the soil - it is not affected by light at all.
For example, bacteria are able to survive in the most extreme conditions - they are found in geysers, hydrogen sulfide springs, very salty water, at the depths of the World Ocean, very deep in the soil, in the ice of Antarctica, on the highest peaks (even Everest 8848 m), in the bodies of living organisms.
Temperature
Most species of plants and animals are adapted to a fairly narrow range of temperatures. Some organisms, especially in a state of rest or suspended animation, are able to withstand fairly low temperatures. Temperature fluctuations in water are usually less than on land, so the limits of temperature tolerance of aquatic organisms are worse than those of terrestrial organisms. The intensity of metabolism depends on temperature. Basically, organisms live at temperatures from 0 to +50 0C on the surface of sand in the desert and up to -70 0C in some areas of Eastern Siberia. The average temperature range is from +50 to -50 0С in terrestrial habitats and from +2 to +27 0С in the World Ocean. For example, microorganisms can withstand cooling down to -200 0C, certain types of bacteria and algae can live and reproduce in hot springs at temperatures of + 80, +88 0C.
Animal organisms are distinguished:
1. with a constant body temperature (warm-blooded);
2. with unstable body temperature (cold-blooded).
Organisms with unstable body temperature (fish, amphibians, reptiles).
In nature, temperature is not constant. Organisms that live in temperate latitudes and are exposed to temperature fluctuations are less able to tolerate constant temperatures. Sharp fluctuations - heat, frost - are unfavorable for organisms.
Organisms with a constant body temperature (birds, mammals).
These organisms underwent changes in the internal structure of their organs, which contributed to their adaptation to constant body temperature. This, for example, is a four-chambered heart and the presence of one aortic arch, ensuring complete separation of arterial and venous blood flow, intensive metabolism due to the supply of tissues with arterial blood saturated with oxygen, feathers or hair covering the body, which helps retain heat, well-developed nervous activity). All this allowed representatives of birds and mammals to remain active during sudden temperature changes and to master all habitats.
In natural conditions, the temperature very rarely remains at a level favorable for life. Therefore, plants and animals develop special adaptations that weaken sudden temperature fluctuations. Animals such as elephants have larger ears than their ancestor, the mammoth, which lived in cold climates. In addition to the hearing organ, the auricle serves as a thermostat. To protect against overheating, plants develop a waxy coating and a thick cuticle.
Light provides all life processes occurring on Earth. For organisms, the wavelength of the perceived radiation, its duration and intensity of exposure are important. For example, in plants, a decrease in day length and light intensity leads to autumn leaf fall.
In relation to light, plants are divided into:
1. light-loving - have small leaves, highly branched shoots, a lot of pigment - cereals. But increasing the light intensity beyond the optimum suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to obtain good harvests in the tropics.
2. shade-loving - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata.
3. shade-tolerant - plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting and shading
An important role in the regulation of the activity of living organisms and their development is played by the duration and intensity of exposure to light - the photoperiod. In temperate latitudes, the development cycle of animals and plants is confined to the seasons of the year, and the signal for preparation for temperature changes is the length of daylight hours, which, unlike other factors, always remains constant in a certain place and at a certain time. Photoperiodism is a trigger mechanism that includes physiological processes that lead to plant growth and flowering in the spring, fruiting in the summer, and shedding of leaves in the fall in plants. In animals, the accumulation of fat by autumn, the reproduction of animals, their migration, the migration of birds and the onset of the resting stage in insects.
In addition to seasonal changes, there are also daily changes in lighting conditions; the change of day and night determines the daily rhythm of the physiological activity of organisms. An important adaptation that ensures the survival of an individual is a kind of “biological clock”, the ability to sense time.
Animals whose activity depends on the time of day are diurnal, nocturnal, and crepuscular.
Humidity
Water is a necessary component of the cell, therefore its quantity in certain habitats is a limiting factor for plants and animals and determines the nature of the flora and fauna of a given area.
Excess moisture in the soil leads to waterlogging and the appearance of marsh vegetation. Depending on soil moisture (amount of precipitation), the species composition of vegetation changes. Broad-leaved forests give way to small-leaved, then forest-steppe vegetation. Next is low grass, and at 250 ml per year - desert. Precipitation may not fall evenly throughout the year, and living organisms have to endure long-term droughts. For example, plants and animals of savannas, where the intensity of vegetation cover, as well as the intensive nutrition of ungulates, depends on the rainy season.
In nature, daily fluctuations in air humidity occur, which affect the activity of organisms. There is a close relationship between humidity and temperature. Temperature has a greater effect on the body when humidity is high or low. Plants and animals have developed adaptations to different humidity levels. For example, in plants, a powerful root system is developed, the leaf cuticle is thickened, the leaf blade is reduced or turned into needles and spines. In saxaul, photosynthesis occurs in the green part of the stem. Plant growth stops during periods of drought. Cacti store moisture in the expanded part of the stem; needles instead of leaves reduce evaporation.
Animals have also developed adaptations that allow them to tolerate a lack of moisture. Small animals - rodents, snakes, turtles, arthropods - obtain moisture from food. The source of water can be a fat-like substance, for example in a camel. In hot weather, some animals - rodents, turtles - hibernate, which lasts for several months. By the beginning of summer, after a short flowering, ephemeral plants can shed their leaves, the above-ground parts die off, and thus experience a period of drought. At the same time, the bulbs and rhizomes are preserved until the next season.
In relation to water, plants are divided:
1. aquatic plants with high humidity;
2. semi-aquatic plants, terrestrial-aquatic;
3. terrestrial plants;
4. plants of dry and very dry places, live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate short-term drought;
5. succulents are succulent and accumulate water in the tissues of their bodies.
In relation to water, animals are divided:
1. moisture-loving animals;
2. intermediate group;
3. dry-loving animals.
Types of adaptations of organisms to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light:
1. warm-bloodedness - maintaining a constant body temperature by the body;
2. hibernation - prolonged sleep of animals in the winter season;
3. suspended animation - a temporary state of the body in which life processes are slowed down to a minimum and all visible signs of life are absent (observed in cold-blooded animals and animals in winter and during hot periods);
4. frost resistance - the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures;
5. dormancy - an adaptive property of a perennial plant, which is characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity, the death of ground shoots in herbaceous forms of plants and the fall of leaves in woody forms;
6. summer dormancy - an adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) in tropical regions, deserts, semi-deserts.
There are inverse connections between inanimate and animate nature, when living organisms influence the inanimate environment around them. For example, they change the composition of the air. In the forest, thanks to the plants, there is more moisture in the soil than in the meadow; in the forest the temperature and air humidity are different.
The soil is formed by the interaction of inanimate and animate nature with living organisms. It occupies an intermediate position between inanimate and living nature and serves as a connecting link between them. Many minerals that belong to inanimate nature (limestone, peat, coal and others) were formed from the remains of living organisms.
Ecological connections within living nature are also very diverse. The connections between different plants are most noticeably manifested in the indirect influence of some plants on others.
For example, trees, by changing illumination, humidity, and air temperature under the forest canopy, create certain conditions that are favorable for some plants in the lower tiers and unfavorable for others. So-called weeds in a field or garden absorb a significant portion of moisture and nutrients from the soil, shading cultivated plants, affecting their growth and development, inhibiting them.
The connections between plants and animals are interesting. On the one hand, plants serve as food for animals (food connection); create their habitat (saturate the air with oxygen); give them shelter; serve as material for building dwellings (for example, a bird's nest). On the other hand, animals also influence plants. For example, their fruits and seeds are distributed, due to which some fruits have special devices (burdock seeds).
Food connections between animals of different species are especially clearly visible. This is reflected in the concepts of “insectivores” and “carnivorous animals”. The connections between animals of the same species are interesting, for example, the distribution of nesting or hunting territory, the care of adult animals for their offspring.
There are peculiar connections between fungi, plants and animals. Mushrooms growing in the forest, with their underground part as mycelium, grow together with the roots of trees, shrubs, and some herbs. Thanks to this, mushrooms receive organic nutrients from plants, and plants from fungi receive water with mineral salts soluble in it. Some animals eat mushrooms and are treated with them.
The listed types of connections between inanimate and living nature, between components of living nature, manifest themselves in a forest, meadow, and reservoir, due to which the latter become not just a set of different plants and animals, but a natural community.
Discovering the connections between man and nature is very important. Moreover, man is considered as a part of nature, he exists within nature and is inseparable from it.
The connection between man and nature is manifested, first of all, in the diverse role that nature plays in the material and spiritual life of people. At the same time, they also manifest themselves in the reverse impact of humans on nature, which in turn can be positive (nature conservation) and negative (air and water pollution, destruction of plants, animals, etc.). Human impact on nature can be direct - collecting wild plants for bouquets, exterminating animals during hunting; and indirect - violation of the habitat of living organisms, that is, a violation of the state of inanimate or living nature that is necessary for these organisms: water pollution in the river leads to the death of fish, cutting down old hollow trees leads to a decrease in the number of birds living in hollows, etc. . .