Structure of bony fish presentation. Structure of bony fish
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Slide captions:
Internal structure, reproduction and development of fish Sports, be mistaken, make mistakes, but, for God’s sake, think, and although crookedly, yes yourself. Gotthald Lessing
Bone skeleton of a fish The basis of the bone skeleton is the spine and skull
Internal structure The body cavity of fish contains the digestive organs: the esophagus, stomach, intestines and liver, as well as the swim bladder, heart, paired kidneys and gonads.
Digestive system Fish jaws have small or large teeth
Respiratory system Fish respiratory organs - gills
Circulatory system, heart, blood vessels. Fish have only one circle of blood circulation. The system is closed.
Structure of the heart The heart of fish consists of one atrium and one ventricle. There is always venous blood in the heart. atrium vein artery ventricle
Blood vessels Arteries Veins atrium vein artery ventricle these are the vessels through which blood leaves the heart these are the vessels through which blood returns to the heart
PHYSICAL MINUTE
Nervous system The nervous system consists of: the brain and spinal cord and radiating nerves
Brain diencephalon cerebellum medulla oblongata forebrain midbrain
Reproduction of fish Fish are dioecious. Females lay eggs, males lay milk containing sperm. Fertilization in most bony fishes is external.
Fish larvae
Fish development
Test answers: 1 – B 2 – C 3 – A 4 – A 5 – C
Evaluation criteria: All answers are correct – “5” 4 correct answers – “4” 3 correct answers – “3” 2 correct answers – “2”
Homework § 32.33 Sports, be mistaken, make mistakes, but, for God’s sake, think, and even if it’s crooked, do it yourself. Gotthald Lessing
Preview:
Test
Internal structure of fish
- The skeleton of a fish consists of:
A – skull and spine
2. Heart of fish:
A – single-chamber
B – three-chamber
B - two-chamber
A – external fertilization
5. Circulatory system of fish:
A – closed, no heart
B – closed, has a heart
Test
Internal structure of fish
- The skeleton of a fish consists of:
A – skull and spine
B – skull, spine and skeleton of fins
B – spine and skeleton of fins
2. Heart of fish:
A – single-chamber
B – three-chamber
B - two-chamber
3. The nervous system of fish consists of:
A – brain and spinal cord, nerves
B – brain and nerves
B – brain and spinal cord
4. Most fish are characterized by:
A – external fertilization
B – internal fertilization
5. Circulatory system of fish:
A – closed, no heart
B – open, has a heart
B – closed, has a heart
Preview:
Lesson on:
"Internal structure, reproduction and development of fish."
Biology teacher of the highest category, MBOU OOSH “School No. 226”
Shilova Tatyana Viktorovna.
The purpose of the lesson: form an idea of the internal structure of fish.
Lesson objectives:
Educational : consolidate knowledge about the general features of chordates, continue to form an idea of vertebrate animals using the example of river perch, its internal structure, and form an idea of vertebrate organ systems.
Developmental : develop logical thinking, the ability to compare, highlight the main thing.
Educational: cultivate a love of nature and a culture of communication.
Equipment: computer presentation, computer, multimedia complex.
During the classes.
1 Studying new material.
Slide 1
Hello guys, my name is Tatyana Viktorovna. Today, while working in class, we will discover another secret of biological science. But first I would like to draw your attention to the wordsGotthold Lessing (read out). I would like these words to be the guiding thread of our lesson.
Remember what animals you met in the last lesson?(fish)
What place do they occupy in the animal world?(what type and class do they belong to) well done, thank you!
? What features of the external structure of fish did you learn in the last lesson?(streamlined body shape, presence of fins, skin covered with scales and mucus, etc.)
On click
Today in the lesson we will conduct research, during which we will try to find out: “The internal structure, reproduction and development of fish.” This is the topic of our lesson, please write it down.
Slide 2
Let's start getting acquainted with the internal structure of fish - with the skeleton.
? Why do you think a skeleton is needed?(support, protection).
On the slide you see the bony skeleton of a fish.What main parts does it consist of?I suggest you discuss this question in pairs, 1 minute per discussion. We listen to your answers......
Now let's see if this is true.
On click
Yes, you were right, the skeleton of a fish consists of a skull, a spine and a skeleton of fins (write it down in your notebook).
The skull includes: skull, upper and lower jaws, eye socket bones, gill covers.
What does the spine of a fish consist of?Well done, these are vertebrae.
Are they all the same in the fish skeleton?(No)
As we can see, the spine of a fish consists of different vertebrae, which form two sections: the body and the tail. The trunk vertebrae are special, they consist of a body and three spinous processes - one process is directed upward, and two look downward, with ribs adjacent to them.
What do you guys think, why are ribs needed?(that's right, to protect internal organs)
Slide 3
The body cavity of a fish contains organs and organ systems.
What organ systems do you already know?(called) Well done.
Slide 4
We continue our research. This is the digestive system.
What organs make up the digestive system?(answers) Okay, well done, let's see if we named the organs of the digestive system correctly.
Click
What feature do you think there is in the digestive system of fish that distinguishes it from other previously studied animals?I suggest discussing this with your deskmate or finding the answer in the textbook (p. 156) (answer: teeth) click Write this down in your notebook.
Slide 5
The next system we'll look at is respiratory
What is the main habitat of fish?(water) correct.
Click . All aquatic animals have a special respiratory organ - gills.
Fish constantly swallow water. From the oral cavity, water passes through the gill slits, washes the gills and comes out from under the gill covers.
On click
Gills consist of: gill arch, stamens and petals
Stamens – protect the delicate gills from clogging with food particles.
The petals are penetrated by the smallest blood vessels - capillaries. Gas exchange occurs through the walls of the capillaries: the blood is saturated with oxygen, and carbon dioxide is released into the water.
Slide 6
The next object of our research iscirculatory system.
What feature in the structure of the circulatory system can you note?I suggest discussing this with your neighbor (closed, has a heart, one circle of blood circulation).
Slide 7
The heart of fish is two-chambered - consists of an atrium and a ventricle.The heart contracts very weakly and rarely - only 20 beats per minute.
Slide 8
The large blood vessels of fish are arteries and veins.
How would you define a blood vessel - an artery?Look at the picture, maybe it will help you, or discuss the answer in pairs.
And so: an artery is...
Vienna is... (write it down in your notebook) click definition on the slide.
Slide 9 – charging
Slide 10
The coordinated functioning of organs and organ systems is ensured by the nervous system.
What features in the structure of the nervous system can you name?(consists of the g/m and s/m and the nerves extending from them; located on the dorsal side).
Slide 11
The fish brain has five sections: medulla oblongata, anterior, intermediate, middle and cerebellum. Thanks to this structure of the brain, fish can form simple conditioned reflexes.
Are there any fishermen among you? Explain why the fish are fed for several days before fishing?(correctly or I explain myself)
You can observe the formation of a simple conditioned reflex in aquarium fish (story)
Slide 12
Fish are dioecious animals.
The reproductive organs of females are the ovaries, in which the eggs - eggs - mature.
The reproductive organs of males are the testes (milt), in which sperm mature.
Fertilization in fish is external, since the fusion of sperm and egg occurs outside the female’s body.
Slide 13
From the fertilized eggs, larvae first appear, which live and develop due to the yolk sac.
Slide 14
Then the larvae become covered with scales, their mouths erupt, and they become fry. The fry grow, feed and turn into adult fish.
Our study is over, I suggest you take a test and check what you remember when studying new material.
Slide 15 - answers
Slide 16 – evaluation criteria
Peer review, grading. Who passed the test on 5, 4. Are there those who failed the test?
Slide 17
D/z § 32.33. click
In conclusion, I want to return to the words that became the motto of our lesson
Today we learned how fish work. We were wrong, we tried to reason, “although it’s crooked, but on our own.” I would like you to follow this motto not only in class, but also in life.
Thank you guys, it was a pleasure working with you.
Origin
On the left is one of the armored fish - bothriolepis.
On the right are the jaws of a fossil Carcharadon shark.
- ancient group of fish.
- Sharks and rays
- 600 species
- Cartilaginous skeleton
- The body is covered with bone scales
- Sharks include fish with an elongated torpedo-shaped body and a length of 20 cm to 20 m. The skin of sharks is rough, covered with numerous denticles. The paired pectoral and pelvic fins are located horizontally and allow the fish to move up and down. There are underdeveloped eyes on the head, capable of seeing objects only in black and white.
- The respiratory system begins with 5–7 pairs of gill slits.
- In the intestine, a spiral valve stretches along its entire length, increasing the absorption surface.
- The arterial cone of a two-chambered heart is capable of independent contraction and provides an additional impulse of blood.
- The sense organs are represented by the organs of smell, vision, touch (lateral line)
- Fertilization in almost all cartilaginous fish is internal.
- Many of them have a cloaca.
- Cartilaginous fish are viviparous or lay eggs.
The most dangerous sharks
White shark
Hammerhead shark
- These are relatively large fish, some of them reach a width of 6 - 7 meters and a mass of 2.5 tons. Their body is flat, flattened in the dorso-ventral direction, diamond-shaped - with pectoral fins fused and expanded on the sides. The caudal fin has the appearance of an elongated thin whip. The skin of some stingrays is smooth, but many of them have scales and spines similar to those of a shark.
- Gill slits are located on the ventral side
- The body is strongly flattened.
- Wide pectoral fins grow to the edges of the body and head. The caudal fin is thin, and its blades are often reduced. The anal fin is absent.
- They use their pectoral fins to move, flapping them like wings.
- The squirts are much better developed than those of sharks.
- Most species are inhabitants of the seabed, which is why their backs have a protective color that matches the color of the soil.
- Stingrays reproduce by laying capsuled eggs on the bottom or by viviparity.
- Some species of stingrays have electrical organs.
- The discharge lasts 0.03 seconds with a voltage of up to 220 V.
European chimera
American hydrolag
- The jaws are completely fused with the skull.
- The gill slits are covered by a fold of skin.
- There is no cloaca, the anal and urogenital openings are separated from each other.
- The naked body is up to 1.5 m long, gradually becoming thinner, turning into a long tail.
- They live from the shelf to the great depths of the World Ocean.
- Chimeras feed on marine invertebrates and fish.
- They have practically no commercial significance.
Test task "Wave"
1) in cartilaginous fish, the gills are closed by cartilaginous
lids;
3) most rays are bottom-dwelling
4) sharks and rays lead a bottom-dwelling lifestyle;
5) all sharks are dangerous to people;
6) cartilaginous fish have highly developed muscles;
7) cartilaginous fish have a swim bladder;
8) the skin of cartilaginous fish is covered with scales;
9) the body of stingrays is torpedo-shaped;
10) the coloring of stingrays is protective.
General characteristics of the order STURGEONS or OSEOCARTONTILAUS Skeleton is osteochondral. The skeleton is osteochondral. There is a notochord that persists throughout life. There is a notochord that persists throughout life. Most species are inhabitants of the seas of the northern hemisphere at temperate latitudes, spawning in rivers. Most species are inhabitants of the seas of the northern hemisphere at temperate latitudes, spawning in rivers.
Elongated body. Elongated body. There is a flattened snout, on the underside of which there are 2 pairs of antennae. Mouth in the form of a transverse semilunar fissure. Mouth in the form of a transverse semilunar fissure. There are 5 rows of bone plaques located on the ridge and sides. There are 5 rows of bone plaques located on the ridge and sides. The paired fins are attached horizontally to the body. The paired fins are attached horizontally to the body. The caudal fin is unequally lobed. The caudal fin is unequally lobed. There is a swim bladder. There is a swim bladder.
General characteristics of the order HERRINGS Marine, anadromous and freshwater fish. Marine, migratory and freshwater fish. Elongated body, slightly compressed laterally. Elongated body, slightly compressed laterally. The color is dark blue or greenish, the abdomen is white with a silver tint. The color is dark blue or greenish, the abdomen is white with a silver tint. Paired and unpaired fins are soft. Paired and unpaired fins are soft. The lateral line is invisible. The lateral line is invisible. Large species are predators, the rest feed on plankton. Large species are predators, the rest feed on plankton.
General characteristics of the order SALMONIDES Marine, but more often anadromous and freshwater fish. Marine, but more often migratory and freshwater fish. The skeleton does not completely ossify. The skeleton does not completely ossify. The second dorsal fin (adipose) has no rays. The second dorsal fin (adipose) has no rays. Commercial fish with valuable meat and caviar. Commercial fish with valuable meat and caviar.
General characteristics of the order Cyprinidae Inhabitants of fresh waters. Inhabitants of fresh waters. Outgrowths of the anterior vertebrae connect the swim bladder to the inner ear. Outgrowths of the anterior vertebrae connect the swim bladder to the inner ear. There are pharyngeal teeth on the lower pharyngeal bones. There are pharyngeal teeth on the lower pharyngeal bones. There is no stomach, food from the esophagus immediately enters the long intestine. There is no stomach, food from the esophagus immediately enters the long intestine. Carnivores, omnivores and herbivores. Carnivores, omnivores and herbivores.
General characteristics of the order Perciformes. They live in all bodies of water on the globe. They live in all bodies of water around the globe. The presence of two dorsal fins with sharp spines. The presence of two dorsal fins with sharp spines. The swim bladder is closed. The swim bladder is closed.
Subclass Lungfishes ۷ An ancient group of freshwater fish. ۷ Most of the skeleton remains cartilaginous. ۷ The chord is preserved. ۷ Presence in addition to gill and pulmonary respiration. ۷ They spend droughts by burrowing at the bottom of a reservoir in a burrow, hibernating in a mud cocoon.
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Slide captions:
Class Bony fish
Class bony fish sturgeon-like herring-like salmon-like pike-like fish cod-like carp-like perch-like
The skeleton is osteochondral. There is a notochord that persists throughout life. Most species are inhabitants of the seas of the northern hemisphere at temperate latitudes, spawning in rivers. General characteristics of the order Sturgeon or osteochondral
Elongated body. There is a flattened snout, on the lower side of which there are 2 pairs of antennae. Mouth in the form of a transverse semilunar fissure. There are 5 rows of bone plaques located on the ridge and sides. The paired fins are attached horizontally to the body. The caudal fin is unequally lobed. There is a swim bladder.
paddlefish shovelnose
Marine, migratory and freshwater fish. Elongated body, slightly compressed laterally. The color is dark blue or greenish, the abdomen is white with a silver tint. Paired and unpaired fins are soft. The lateral line is invisible. Large species are predators, the rest feed on plankton. General characteristics of the herring order
anchovy herring
Marine, but more often migratory and freshwater fish. The skeleton does not completely ossify. The second dorsal fin (adipose) has no rays. Commercial fish with valuable meat and caviar. General characteristics of the order Salmonidae
omul vendace
Inhabitants of fresh waters. Outgrowths of the anterior vertebrae connect the swim bladder to the inner ear. There are pharyngeal teeth on the lower pharyngeal bones. There is no stomach, food from the esophagus immediately enters the long intestine. Carnivores, omnivores and herbivores. General characteristics of the order Cypriniformes
They live in all bodies of water around the globe. The presence of two dorsal fins with sharp spines. The swim bladder is closed. General characteristics of the order Perciformes
An ancient group of freshwater fish. - Most of the skeleton remains cartilaginous. - The chord is preserved. - Presence in addition to gill and pulmonary respiration. - They spend droughts by burrowing at the bottom of a reservoir in a burrow, hibernating in a mud cocoon. Subclass lungfish
protopter horntooth
An ancient and almost extinct group of freshwater fish. -Prefer dark habitats. -Predators, the mouth is armed with sharp teeth. -The vertebrae are rudimentary, there is a notochord. -The fins are fleshy, blade-like. Subclass lobe-finned fish
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Slide captions:
7th grade. Animals. Lesson No. 2 in the section: “Type Chordates.” Completed by: Poltavtseva O.A. biology teacher at Proletarskaya Secondary School No. 4 named after. Nisanova Kh.D. LESSON TOPIC: “Fish class: Cartilaginous, Bony.” OBJECTIVE OF THE LESSON: To get acquainted with the variety of fish; Give a general description of the classes of cartilaginous and bony fish; To study the features of the external and internal structure of fish in connection with their combined habitat. Make sure that the fish belong to the phylum Chordata.
LESSON PLAN. 1. Updating knowledge: test on the material covered with frontal verification. 2. Study of new material: Determine the place of the fish class in the natural classification of the animal world. Study the general characteristics of the class Cartilaginous fish. Study the general characteristics of the class Bony fish. Consider the external and internal structure of fish. Get acquainted with the diversity of representatives of these classes. 10. Consolidation of knowledge: tests. 11. Summing up. Homework.
Checking homework. 1. Chordates include: a) warm-blooded animals; b) skullless /lancelets/; c) multicellular animals; d) animals with a nervous system. 2.Vertebrates descended from: a) mollusks; b) arthropods; c) modern lancelets; d) skullless. 3. Vertebrates are not characterized by the presence of: a) a brain; b) chords; c) spine; d) hearts. 4.Skullless animals are characterized by: a) the absence of an internal skeleton; b) replacement of the chord with the spine; c) the movement of blood through the vessels due to the contraction of the heart; d) the presence of a notochord throughout life.
The structure of bony fish. External structure of a fish Internal structure of a fish
SYSTEMATICS. Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata Subphylum – Cranial/vertebrate/ Classes Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Orders Sharks Sturgeon Rays Herring Chimaera Salmoniforms Cyprinidae Perciformes
General characteristics of the class Cartilaginous fish. 1. Inhabitants of the marine environment. 2.Cartilaginous skeleton. 3.Gill slits without gill covers. 4.Transverse oral opening on the underside of the head. 5. There is no swim bladder.
SHARKS RAYS Representatives of the class Cartilaginous fish.
General characteristics of the class Bony fish. They live in seas, oceans, rivers and lakes, in permanent and temporary reservoirs. The body shape is varied: elongated, circular, torpedo-shaped, flattened, leaf-shaped, snake-shaped. The head, pointed at the front, is fused with the body, which starts from the free edge of the gill covers and ends with the anal fin. Next comes the tail section. The skin is covered with scales. The scales overlap each other, arranged in rows. The skin contains various glands (mucus-secreting, poison-secreting, luminous). The skeleton consists of the bones of the head (skull), spine, paired skeleton (pectoral and abdominal) and unpaired (caudal, dorsal, anal) fins. There is a swim bladder that is filled with a mixture of gases. Respiratory organs are gills that are covered with gill covers. The circulatory system is closed. The heart is two-chambered, one circle of blood circulation. Excretory organs are ribbon-shaped buds. The reproductive organs of females are the ovaries, and the reproductive organs of males are the testes. The nervous system has a brain. Sense organs: organs of vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste.
Representatives of the class Bony fish.
Living “fossil” lobe-finned fish Coelacanth. About 400 million years ago, lobe-finned fish appeared in the seas and fresh water bodies of our planet. It was believed that these fish became extinct about 7 million years ago. But by 1980, more than 70 coelacanths had been caught. These fish have a primitive organization. The vertebral bodies and the elastic chord are not ossified. There is a “double heart” that pumps both arterial and venous blood. They reproduce by viviparity. They have skeletal formations in paired limbs, equipped with powerful muscles. It has no practical commercial significance.
Consolidation of new material. Choose the correct statements. 1) In cartilaginous fish, the gills are closed with cartilaginous covers. 2) The largest shark is the whale shark. 3) Most stingrays lead a bottom-dwelling lifestyle. 4) Sharks and rays lead a bottom-dwelling lifestyle. 5) All sharks are dangerous to people. 6) Cartilaginous fish have highly developed muscles. 7) Cartilaginous fish have a swim bladder. 8) The skin of cartilaginous fish is covered with scales. 9) The body of stingrays has a torpedo-shaped body. 10) The coloring of stingrays is protective.
Select one answer out of four: 1. The following does not belong to the class of bony fish: a) carp; b) slope; c) perch; d) coelacanth. 2. Bony fish, unlike cartilaginous fish, have: a) pectoral and ventral fins; b) streamlined body shape; c) gills covered with gill covers; d) developed caudal fin. 3. Number of chambers in the heart of fish: a) two; b) three; c) one; d) four. 4. The adaptation of fish to the aquatic environment is not: a) the presence of paired fins; b) lateral line; c) brain and spinal cord; d) breathing using gills. 5. The circulatory system of fish: a) has one circle of blood circulation; b) has two circles of blood circulation; c) has a three-chambered heart; d) open. 6. With the help of the swim bladder, fish: a) digest food; b) moves faster; c) perceives the direction and strength of water flow; d) sinks to depth or floats up. 7. Cartilaginous fish do not include: a) white shark; b) European chimera; c) common catfish; d) two-winged stingray. 8.Pulmonary respiration is characteristic of fish: a) chimaeras; b) lobe-finned; c) salmonids; d) sharks. 9. Coelacanth - a representative of fish: a) perciformes; b) lobe-finned; c) carp-like; d) herring. 10. The gills are closed by gill covers in: a) sharks; b) stingray; c) perch; d) chimeras.