List of countries that have nuclear weapons. Nuclear powers are giving up their stockpiles: what awaits the Nuclear Club? Will there be a nuclear war between the DPRK and the USA?
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| Ways of autonomous human survival in nature
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Modern man has overcome an unusually long evolutionary path of development from cave dweller to creator spacecraft. Today we know how to treat many diseases, predict the weather, and enjoy all the benefits modern civilization. But can we consider ourselves more prepared for an autonomous life than other inhabitants of the wild? We hunt animals for fun, cut down forests and pollute the environment for monetary gain, not to mention committing criminal offenses against our fellow humans. Therefore, many areas of nature, where no human has ever set foot, are cleaner, more beautiful and, most importantly, safe for survival compared to residential areas of many cities around the world. This is the main thing that a person who finds himself in a place against his own free will should know. wildlife. Forests, mountains, steppes, tundra, deserts are habitats for many living organisms; here you can find water, food, shelter, and medicine. Anyone can also avoid attacks from predators if they know the basic rules and laws of life in the wild. Compliance with these rules and laws will ensure your safety.
The main problems of human survival in nature today lie in himself. Poor physical fitness, excessive irritability, fear and panic, the presence of neuroses, chronic diseases and addiction comfortable conditions life make a person unprotected and unprepared to survive in autonomous conditions.
Most residents developed countries The world is accustomed to traveling in cars, eating in the public catering system, buying clothes in stores, having them hemmed in a studio, building housing, hiring workers, and going to a medical facility with any illness. Skills such as starting a fire, cooking over a fire, hunting, sleeping in a tent, driving active image living without means of comfort and always having a portable emergency supply (PES) at hand seems fantastic to many. In fact, these skills are relevant today for almost every person who is going on vacation on a luxury ocean liner, flying, going to the forest to pick mushrooms or go hiking. Given tutorial is dedicated to the emergency survival of a person in the wild, that is, studying it, interacting with it, cultivating love and respect for it, which will be the main and most significant factor in survival.
Knowing the basics of survival is mandatory for every person.
Survival should be understood as active, expedient actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in conditions of autonomous existence.
These actions consist of overcoming psychological stress, demonstrating ingenuity, resourcefulness, effective use equipment and available means to protect against the adverse effects of environmental factors and meet the body's needs for food and water.
Possibilities human body, like all living things, are limited and within very narrow limits. Where is the threshold beyond which changes in the functions of organs and systems become irreversible? What time limit can people who find themselves in certain extreme conditions have? How best to protect humans from the adverse effects of numerous and varied environmental factors?
Experience shows that people are able to endure the harshest natural conditions During a long time. However, a person who is not accustomed to these conditions, who finds himself in them for the first time, turns out to be much less adapted to life in the wild than its permanent inhabitants. Therefore, the harsher the environmental conditions, the shorter the period of autonomous existence, the more strictly the rules of behavior must be followed, the higher the price that is paid for each mistake.
Important for human vitality have natural environment, its physical and geographical conditions. By actively influencing the human body, it increases or shortens the period of autonomous existence, promotes or hinders the success of survival. The Arctic and the tropics, mountains and deserts, taiga and ocean - each of these natural areas characterized by its own characteristics of climate, relief, flora and fauna. They determine the specifics of human life: behavior patterns, methods of obtaining water and food, features of the construction of shelters, the nature of diseases and measures to prevent them, the ability to move around the area, etc.
A favorable outcome of autonomous existence largely depends on the psychophysiological qualities of a person: will, determination, concentration, ingenuity, physical training, endurance. The basis for success in the fight against the forces of nature is a person’s ability to survive. But this requires certain theoretical and practical knowledge.
The basis of human survival is his conviction that he can and must maintain health and life in the harshest conditions, that he will be able to take advantage of everything that the environment provides.
Forced autonomous survival of a person can occur in the following cases:
♦ loss of landmark;
♦ deprivation vehicle;
♦ loss of a person who knows the area;
♦ natural disaster. The reasons for these cases may be:
♦ natural disasters, adverse weather conditions;
♦ transport emergency (shipwreck, plane crash);
♦ inability to navigate the terrain;
♦ inattention;
♦ excessive self-confidence.
In any case, a person must know the factors of survival in the wild.
Survival factors are objective and subjective reasons that determine the outcome of autonomous existence (Fig. 1.1).
Rice. 1.1. Survival factors
Practice has shown that out of the total number of people who find themselves in an extreme situation, up to 75% experience a feeling of depression, and up to 25% experience a neurotic reaction. No more than 10% retain self-control. Gradually, over time, people either adapt or their condition worsens.
What are the reactions of a person caught in extreme conditions Whether negative or positive will prevail depends on the following factors.
The physical condition of a person, that is, the absence or presence of chronic diseases, allergic reactions, wounds, injuries, bleeding. The age and gender of a person are important, since autonomous survival is most difficult for the elderly and preschool children, as well as pregnant women.
Psychological state of a person. Favorable psychological factors include the ability to make independent decisions, independence and resistance to stress, a sense of humor and the ability to improvise. The ability to cope with pain, loneliness, apathy and feelings of powerlessness, overcome hunger, cold and thirst, and cope with other survival stressors is important.
Learning to act in autonomous conditions is a fundamental factor for survival. From degree vocational training a lot depends. Great luck for the group that got into autonomous conditions, are crew members, professional military personnel, doctors, rescuers. The chances of survival for such a group increase significantly. However, this situation can also create certain problems. The most trained members of the group immediately become formal leaders, but depending on the specifics of their profession, they are trained to act with the necessary equipment in their hands, to work in a team of professionals like themselves. In conditions emergency situation equipment and special equipment are usually not available, a professional may find himself alone, the lives of dozens of people who are confused and not ready to act depend on the decisions he makes. extreme situations. In such conditions, a specialist must be not just a rescuer, a doctor, but also the best specialist in this area, have experience in dealing with similar situations, and have crisis management skills.
Let us list the basic skills and abilities that a person who finds himself in a situation of autonomous survival in nature should have:
1) the ability to calculate the required minimum amount of food and water;
2) knowledge of extraction and purification methods drinking water in nature;
3) the ability to navigate the terrain with or without a map, compass, GPS navigators, other devices;
4) first aid skills;
5) hunting skills wild beast, fisheries, production tracking;
6) the ability to make a fire using improvised means;
7) knowledge of the technology for constructing temporary shelters;
8) the ability to signal your location using intercom radio stations, tables, visual and gestural code signals.
Survival means mean a minimum of survival items that ensure a person’s comfortable stay in the wild in all weather conditions. This is a portable emergency supply (NAS) with essential items.
Equipment
1) V matches with a sulfur head previously dipped in wax - 3 pcs.;
2) cherkash (sulfur strip applied to the side matchbox), in half – 1 piece;
3) sewing needle – 1 pc.;
4) fishing hook – 2 pcs.;
5) fishing line and nylon thread - 5 m each;
6) potassium permanganate, tablets activated carbon– 3 foreign currencies;
7) painkiller tablets – 1 currency.
The NAZ case is in plastic bag with edges filled with melted wax, which is tied with an elastic band.
Application
♦ Matches and fire starters are means of starting a fire.
♦ Sewing needle with nylon thread - for repairing clothes, shelters, bags, backpacks, removing splinters and removing ticks.
♦ Fishing hook and fishing line - means of fishing.
♦ Activated carbon tablets and potassium permanganate for prevention food poisoning and water disinfection.
Portable emergency supply in the maximum configuration
♦ First aid kit (recommended “minimum” equipment):
1) analgin, acetylsalicylic acid, nitroglycerin, validol, activated carbon, Corvalol, sodium sulfacyl, ammonia solution;
2) hypothermic bag, tourniquet, sterile, non-sterile and elastic bandages, bactericidal adhesive plaster, hemostatic wipes, miramistin, adhesive plaster, cotton wool.
♦ Dehydrated dry food and vitamins.
♦ Water supply.
♦ Kettle.
♦ Toiletries.
♦ Gasoline and gas lighters, waterproof matches.
♦ 2 flashlights with extra batteries and bulbs.
♦ Strong long rope.
♦ Small axe.
♦ Tent or raincoat.
♦ Raincoats, canvas suit, socks, hats, gloves, high boots (preferably rubber).
♦ Spark plugs, dry fuel.
♦ Needles, threads.
♦ Fishing rods and fishing line.
Overwhelming factors for human survival in the wild
Hunger
It is especially important to know the typical symptoms of prolonged fasting. In the initial period, which usually lasts 2–4 days, there is a strong feeling of hunger. Appetite increases sharply. In some cases, a burning sensation, pressure and even pain in the epigastric region and nausea may be felt. Dizziness, headaches, and stomach cramps are possible. The sense of smell is noticeably enhanced. Drinking plenty of water increases salivation. A person constantly thinks about food. In the first four days, a person’s body weight decreases by an average of one kilogram daily, in areas with a hot climate - sometimes up to one and a half kilograms. Then daily weight loss decreases.
Subsequently, the feeling of hunger weakens. The appetite disappears, sometimes the person even experiences some cheerfulness. The tongue is often covered with a whitish coating, and when inhaling, a faint smell of acetone may be felt in the mouth. Salivation does not increase even at the sight of food. May be observed bad dream, prolonged headaches, increased irritability. With prolonged fasting, a person falls into apathy, lethargy, and drowsiness.
And yet, hunger as a cause of death in emergency situations is extremely rare. This does not happen because people in trouble do not starve. Hunger was, is and will always be an eternal companion to an emergency situation. Hunger is terrible because it enhances the effect of other factors affecting humans. It undermines a person’s strength from the inside, after which he is attacked by a host of other ailments, no less dangerous than hunger, that complete the job.
A hungry person freezes several times faster than a well-fed person. He gets sick more often and suffers more severely from illness. With prolonged fasting, reactions slow down and intellectual activity weakens. Performance drops sharply.
Therefore, in the absence of food supplies, if it is impossible to provide for oneself through hunting, fishing, collecting wild edible plants you should adhere to passive survival tactics, that is, wait for help in the immediate vicinity of the accident site. In order to save energy resources, unless absolutely necessary, you should not leave the shelter, you need to lie down more, sleep, etc. active work– work inside the camp, transition, etc. – minimize, perform only the most necessary work. Duties, and the responsibilities of the duty officer include collecting firewood, maintaining a fire, repairing the shelter, monitoring the area, extracting water, should be carried out alternately, dividing daytime and nighttime into short 1-2 hour shifts. Only wounded, sick and young children are allowed to be released from duty. All other members of the emergency team must be involved in watchkeeping without fail. At large quantities people can be assigned two on duty at a time. Such an order, first of all, is necessary to prevent outbreaks of apathy, despondency, and pessimistic moods that can arise as a result of prolonged fasting.
Of course, if there is at least the slightest possibility to provide yourself with food locally, every possible effort should be made to this end.
Heat. Thirst
The concept of “heat” in relation to an emergency situation is the sum of several components: ambient temperature, intensity of solar radiation, soil surface temperature, air humidity, presence or absence of wind, that is, it depends on the climatic conditions of the place where the accident occurred.
In addition, there are many special cases when a person, for one reason or another, may feel that he is hot. To do this, it is absolutely not necessary to climb into the heat of the Central Asian deserts. It is possible to languish from the heat in the Arctic, for example, if the quantity or quality of clothing a person wears does not correspond to the work he is doing in this moment work. Typical situations are when a person, for fear of freezing, puts on all the clothes at his disposal, after which he begins to bravely swing an ax, preparing firewood for the fire. Such unnecessary zeal at the moment leads to overheating of the body, increased sweating, and wetness of the layers of clothing adjacent to the body. As a result, a person quickly freezes after finishing work. In such a case, heat acts as an ally of frost, as it deprives clothing of its heat-protective properties. That is why experienced tourists, climbers, and hunters prefer to undress when performing heavy physical work, and to dress warmly during rest.
In these cases, it is very important to constantly monitor your well-being, change clothes on time, and rest periodically.
Of course, combating overheating under the described conditions does not present any particular difficulties. And if any violation of the internal thermal balance occurs, then first of all the victim himself is to blame. The Arctic or highlands are not places where you can die from overheating.
It is much more difficult for a person in an emergency situation that occurs in a desert or semi-desert zone. And this is explained not by the fact that it is very hot here, but by the fact that the heat enters into an overwhelming alliance with thirst.
Insufficient, as well as excessive, intake of water into the body affects the overall physical condition person.
Lack of water leads to a decrease in body weight, a significant loss of strength, thickening of the blood and, as a result, overexertion of cardiac activity. At the same time, the concentration of salts in the blood increases, which serves as an ominous signal of the onset of dehydration. Loss of up to 5% of fluid occurs without any consequences for humans. But dehydration of the body exceeding 15% can lead to severe consequences and to the death of a person. A person deprived of food can lose almost his entire fat reserve, almost 50% of protein, and only then approach the dangerous line. However, when it comes to fluids, losing “just” 15% of fluids is fatal! A person can go hungry for several weeks; without water, he dies in a matter of days, and in a hot climate this happens faster.
The human body's need for water is favorable climatic conditions does not exceed 2.5–3 liters per day. Moreover, this figure is made up of liquid, not only consumed in the form of compotes, tea, coffee and other drinks, but also included in solid food products, not to mention soups and gravies. In addition, water is formed in the body itself as a result of chemical reactions occurring in it.
In total it looks like this:
♦ water itself – 0.8–1.0 l;
♦ liquid dishes – 0.5–0.6 l;
♦ solid products (bread, meat, cheese, sausage, etc.) – up to 0.7 l;
♦ water formed in the body itself – 0.3–0.4 l.
In an emergency situation, it is especially important to distinguish true water hunger from apparent ones. Very often, the feeling of thirst arises not due to an objective lack of water, but due to improperly organized water consumption.
One of the manifestations of thirst is a decrease in saliva secretion in the mouth.
The feeling of initial dryness in the mouth is often perceived as a feeling of extreme thirst, although dehydration as such is not observed. A person begins to consume a significant amount of water, although there is no real need for it. Excess water with simultaneous increase physical activity leads to subsequent increased sweating. Simultaneously with the abundant removal of excess fluid, the ability of body cells to retain water is disrupted. A kind of vicious circle arises. The more a person drinks, the more he sweats, the more thirsty he feels.
There is a well-known experiment when people who were not accustomed to normal quenching of thirst drank 5–6 liters of water in 8 hours, while others, under the same conditions, got by with 0.5 liters.
It is not recommended to drink a lot of water in one gulp. Such one-time consumption of liquid does not quench thirst, but, on the contrary, leads to swelling and weakness. We must remember that drinking water does not quench thirst immediately, but only after it reaches the stomach and is absorbed into the blood, that is, after 10–15 minutes. It is best to drink water in small portions at short intervals until completely saturated. Sometimes, in order not to waste water from a flask or emergency stock, just rinse your mouth with cool water or suck on a sour candy or caramel. The taste of the candy will cause a reflexive release of saliva, and the feeling of thirst will significantly decrease. If you don't have candy, you can replace it with a fruit seed or even a small clean stone.
In case of intense sweating, leading to the leaching of salts from the body, it is advisable to drink lightly salted water. Dissolving 0.5–1.0 g of saltwater will have almost no effect on its taste qualities. However, this amount of salt is usually enough for recovery within the body. salt balance. The most tragic effect of heat is in summer period in a desert area. Perhaps, in this zone, the heat leaves a person less chance of salvation than even the cold in the Arctic. In the fight against frost, a person has a considerable arsenal of means. He can build a snow shelter, generate heat by consuming high-calorie foods, protect himself from the effects of low temperatures with the help of warm clothes, make a fire, warm himself by performing intense exercise. physical work. By using any of these methods, a person can save life for a day, two or three. Sometimes, using all the listed possibilities, he resists the elements for whole weeks. In the desert, only water prolongs life. Other ways accessible to man stranded in an emergency in the desert does not exist!
Cold
According to statistics, from 10 to 15% of people who died in tourist routes, became victims of hypothermia.
The cold threatens a person in to the greatest extent in high-latitude zones of the country: in the ice zone, tundra, forest-tundra, - in winter period time - in the taiga, steppes and adjacent semi-deserts, in the highlands. But these zones are also heterogeneous in temperature characteristics. Even in the same area, at the same time, thermometer readings can vary by ten or more degrees. For example, often in river valleys, gorges and other depressions, the decrease in temperature as a result of the flow of cold air into the lowlands is much more noticeable than at elevated points of the relief. Air humidity matters a lot. For example, in the Oymyakon region, which is the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere, the temperature reaches –70 °C (the minimum of –77.8 °C was recorded in 1938), but due to the dry air it is quite easily tolerated. Conversely, the humid frost typical of coastal areas, which envelops and literally sticks to the skin, causes more trouble. There, the air temperature is subjectively always estimated to be lower than it actually is. But, perhaps, the greatest, and in some cases, decisive importance for human survival in low temperatures is wind speed:
♦ at an actual air temperature of –3 °C and a wind speed of 10–11 m/s, their total cooling effect on a person is expressed as –20 °C;
♦ at a temperature of –10 °C it is actually equal to –30 °C;
♦ at a temperature of –15 °C it is actually equal to –35 °C;
♦ at a temperature of –25 °C it is actually equal to –50 °C;
♦ at a temperature of –45 °C it is actually equal to –70 °C.
In an area devoid of natural shelters - dense forests, folds of relief, low air temperatures combined with strong winds can reduce a person's survival time to several hours.
Nuclear (or atomic) weapons are the presence of the entire nuclear arsenal, its means of transportation, as well as control hardware. Such weapons are classified as weapons of mass destruction - weapons mass destruction. The explosive action of the so-called “rusty death” weapon is based on the principle of using some of the qualities possessed by nuclear energy released as a result of a nuclear or thermonuclear reaction.
Types of nuclear weapons
Everything available at globe nuclear weapon can be divided into two types:
- Atomic weapons are single-phase type explosive mechanisms. During the fission of heavy nuclei of plutonium or uranium 235, energy is released;
- Thermonuclear weapon is an explosive mechanism with a two-phase type. During the impact of the first phase, the release of energy occurs due to the fission of heavy nuclei. During the operation of the second phase, a phase with thermonuclear fusion is connected to fission reactions. In the process of proportional composition of reactions, the types of these weapons are determined.
From the history of the emergence of nuclear weapons
In 1889 married couple Curie committed in scientific world grand opening. They discovered a hitherto unknown substance in a piece of uranium that released a colossal amount of energy.
After this discovery, events developed as follows. E. Rutherford studied the basic properties of atoms. E. Walton and D. Cockroft were the first in the world to carry out the splitting of the atomic nucleus. And already in 1934, scientist Leo Szilard registered a patent for the creation of an atomic bomb.
The purpose for which it was created atomic weapons, is very trivial - this world domination, with the intimidation and destruction of their enemies. So, when the Second was already underway World War, scientists in Germany, the Soviet Union, and the United States were involved in the research and development of nuclear weapons. These three largest and most powerful states, actively participating in hostilities, attempted to achieve victory at any cost. Moreover, if at that time they had managed to use these weapons as key factor in victory, then it could be used more than once in other military conflicts.
Nuclear powers of the world for 2018
The states that currently possess nuclear weapons are secretly called the Nuclear Club.
The following are considered legitimate within the international legal framework:
- United States of America (USA);
- Russia (which received nuclear weapons from the USSR after its collapse);
- France;
- Great Britain;
- China.
The following are considered illegitimate:
- India;
- North Korea;
- Pakistan.
There is another state - Israel. Officially, it does not have its own nuclear weapons. However, the world community is of the opinion that Israel should take its place in the Nuclear Club.
However, it is possible that there may be other participants on this list. Many world states had nuclear programs, but some of them abandoned this idea later, and some are still working on them to this day. In some states, such weapons are supplied by other countries, for example, the United States. The exact number of weapons and how many nuclear powers own these weapons in the world is not known. However, approximately twenty and a half thousand nuclear warheads dispersed throughout the globe.
In 1968, they signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. Later, in 1986, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed. However, not all states decided to sign and ratify (legalize) these documents. Thus, the threat to the world is still real. Moreover, no matter how strange it may sound, at present the presence of nuclear weapons is a guarantee of peace, a deterrent that can protect against aggression, which is why many states are so eager to acquire them.
United States Arsenal
Today, the United States has an arsenal of 1,654 warheads. The United States is armed with bombs, warheads, and shells. All this is used in military aviation, V submarine fleet, as well as in artillery.
At the end of World War II, the United States produced over sixty-six thousand bombs with warheads, but already in 1997 the production of new types of nuclear weapons was completely stopped. By 2010, the United States arsenal consisted of more than five thousand nuclear weapons. Since 2013, their number has decreased to 1,654 units according to the project, which involved a reduction in nuclear potential.
As the unofficial world leader, the United States has the status of a nuclear power and, according to the 1968 treaty, as part of five states, it legitimately possesses nuclear weapons.
Russia (former USSR) is the second nuclear power
Russia currently has 1,480 warheads and 367 nuclear delivery vehicles. This ammunition is intended for use missile forces, naval strategic forces and strategic aviation. For last decade Russia's military nuclear stockpile decreased significantly, by 12% per year. Due to the signing of an agreement on mutual disarmament, by 2012 it was supposed to decrease by 2/3.
Today, the Russian Federation, as the successor to the USSR, is one of the main members of the 1968 agreements on nuclear weapons and possesses them legally. In the conditions of modern global political and economic situation Russia is being opposed to the United States and European countries. However, with such a serious arsenal, you can defend your independent positions on geopolitical issues.
French nuclear potential
France currently has approximately 300 strategic warheads, as well as approximately 60 air-launched tactical multiprocessors. All this can be used by submarines and aircraft. France long time had to strive to be independent in matters own weapons. She was developing her own supercomputer and conducting nuclear tests until 1998. France was no longer involved in nuclear weapons.
British nuclear capability
The UK has 225 nuclear warheads. Of these, over 160 are in combat readiness and are located on submarines. Accurate information about weapons british army no one owns it. They do not disclose the exact size of their nuclear arsenal. The UK has no desire to increase its nuclear stockpile, nor to reduce it. It is guided by a policy of deterring allied and neutral states from using these weapons.
Chinese nuclear potential
According to American experts, the Chinese have approximately 240 warheads. Although according to official data, the Chinese military has approximately 40 intercontinental missiles, which are controlled by artillery and submariners. In addition, the Chinese army has approximately 1,000 missiles short range.
Chinese authorities do not disclose precise information about their arsenal. They state that their nuclear weapons are expected to be maintained at the lowest level that is safe. Moreover, the Chinese authorities say that they will not be the first to use nuclear weapons, and in relation to non-nuclear states they will not use them at all. Such statements are only welcomed by the international community.
Indian nuclear potential
According to some estimates, India does not officially have nuclear weapons. India currently has approximately 30 nuclear warheads in its arsenal, as well as enough materials to make 90 more.
In addition, the Indian Army has short-range missiles, ballistic missiles medium range, extended-range missiles. Being an illegal possessor of atomic weapons, the Indian authorities do not officially declare their nuclear policy, this causes negative reactions in the world community.
Pakistani nuclear potential
From not official sources It is known that the Pakistani army has almost 200 nuclear warheads. There is no exact information about the types of their weapons. The world community reacted to nuclear tests as harshly as possible. Pakistan has been subject to economic sanctions by almost all major world states. The exception was Saudi Arabia, which supplied the state with approximately fifty thousand barrels of oil per day.
North Korea is a new generation nuclear power
North Korea is a state that officially possesses nuclear weapons, and in this regard, in 2012, it amended its Constitution. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea possesses single-stage medium-range missiles, mobile complex"Musudan."
Reaction international community on the creation and testing of nuclear weapons was extremely negative. The lengthy six-party negotiations are still ongoing, and the state is subject to an economic embargo. However, the North Korean authorities are in no hurry to abandon the creation of their nuclear shield.
Should we give up nuclear weapons?
Nuclear weapons are one of the most terrible types of destruction of population and economic potential hostile state. This is a weapon that destroys everything in its path. Aware of the seriousness of the presence of such weapons, the governments of many states (especially “ Nuclear Club") are taking a wide variety of measures to reduce the number of these weapons, as well as guarantees for their non-use.
Reading time: 11 min.
There are ten major powers on the 2018 list of nuclear weapons countries. Data on how many nuclear warheads a particular country has are located in Stockholm, in international institute peace research. The “Nuclear Club” includes 9 states that, according to official data, have weapons of mass destruction. Our magazine Great Rating I have prepared a rating for you - nuclear countries for 2018.
Iran
Nuclear warheads - no information.
Date of first test: no information.
date last test: no information.
Today everyone knows which states have nuclear capabilities. And according to official reports, Iran has nothing to do with nuclear weapons. But this country has never stopped experimenting with developing nuclear capabilities, and there are persistent rumors that this power has its own nuclear warheads. The Iranian authorities claim that they can easily create nuclear weapons for themselves, but for now they have decided not to do this, since they use uranium only for scientific research. The IAEA monitors Iran's nuclear work; this agreement was concluded in 2015, but the situation may soon change. October 2017 - US President Donald Trump claims that the United States is no longer interested in this treaty. No one can predict how these words will change the overall political situation.
DPRK
Nuclear warheads – 10-60.
Date of first test: 2006.
Date of last test: 2017.
The DPRK was included in the list of states that have nuclear weapons in 2018, which greatly frightened the entire Western world. North Korea began its first work on the atom in the middle of the last century, when the United States began to threaten Pyongyang nuclear attack. And then the frightened government began to seek support from the Soviet Union and China. Developments in nuclear sphere started back in 1970 and were suspended in the nineties, with an improvement in the political climate. And as soon as the political situation cracked again, the development of nuclear weapons was resumed. Since 2004, North Korea began preparing for its first nuclear test. The military department claimed that the test would pass with only the harmless goal of mastering outer space. Intrigue surrounds the number of warheads that North Korea has in its arsenal. Some sources claim that there are about twenty of them, others claim that the exact figure is sixty.
Israel
Nuclear warheads – 80.
Date of first test: 1979.
Date of last test: 1979.
Israel, in its best traditions, has never claimed that it has nuclear weapons, but it has never denied the opposite. Israel “added fuel to the fire” by not signing the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. In addition, Israel, without a twinge of conscience, monitors the development of nuclear potential in all its neighbors. And if he sees the point in this, then he bombs nuclear centers other powers. This is how he resolved the conflict with Iraq in 1981. If you believe unconfirmed data, then the “promised land” had the opportunity to create nuclear weapons back in 1979. That same year, flashes of light were observed in the South Atlantic that were very similar to a nuclear explosion. There is a version that either Israel, or South Africa, or these two countries at the same time, are responsible for these explosions.
India
Nuclear warheads – 120-130.
Date of first test: 1974.
India first tested nuclear weapons back in 1974, but it agreed to the status of a nuclear country only at the end of the last century. After India detonated as many as three shells on one day in May 1998, literally three days later it forever refused to engage in nuclear weapons.
Pakistan
Nuclear warheads – 130-140.
Date of first test: 1998.
Date of last test: 1998.
Pakistan, which is India's neighbor and often at odds with it, is also not lagging behind in developing nuclear capabilities. After India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974, Pakistan began to actively develop nuclear capabilities. According to the then government, they decided to work on the atom immediately after India, even if it would be necessary to eat only water. And they did make atomic weapons, albeit with a delay of two decades. After India conducted another nuclear test in 1998, Pakistan, determined not to be outdone, detonated a pair of nuclear warheads at Chagai (a military test site).
Great Britain
Nuclear warheads – 215.
Date of first test: 1952.
Date of last test: 1991.
The UK remains the only nuclear-armed country that has not conducted a nuclear test on its own soil. Britain carried out every nuclear test in Australia or in the waters Pacific Ocean, but in 1991 they suddenly stopped their experiments. David Cameron in 2015 “added fuel to the fire” by saying that the British government could, if necessary, drop several nuclear warheads. But who he threatened still remains a mystery.
China
Nuclear warheads – 270.
Date of first test: 1964.
Date of last test: 1996.
China remains the only country that has promised not to bomb (or threaten to bomb) non-nuclear powers. In 2011, the Chinese government made public its decision that the minimum level of nuclear weapons. But since then the developers in military sphere They have come up with four types of ballistic missiles capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. Therefore, the minimum level of weapons remains an open question.
France
Nuclear warheads – 300.
Date of first test: 1960.
Date of last test: 1995.
During the entire period of their nuclear testing, the French carried out more than two hundred explosions, starting from tests in Algeria, which was then a colony of France, and ending with two atolls of French Polynesia. This country has never entered into negotiations with other powers on a peaceful settlement of the nuclear issue. France did not support a moratorium on nuclear testing in the 50s last century, did not become a member of the treaty banning military experiments with nuclear weapons in the 60s. Only in the late nineties did it become a party to the Non-Proliferation Treaty
USA
Nuclear warheads - 6800.
Date of first test: 1945.
Date of last test: 1992.
The state with the most fearsome army on the planet is also a pioneer in nuclear tests. The USA was the first to implement nuclear explosion, and was also the first to use nuclear warheads in a war with another state. Since that time, the United States has produced more than 66,500 atomic weapons, with more than a hundred different variations. The basis of the nuclear weapons of the United States is ballistic missile, with a variety of modifications. The American government refused to participate in the negotiations on the unconditional renunciation of nuclear weapons that started in May of this year (by the way, like the Russian Federation). Military doctrine The United States confirms that Americans will retain the right to a certain amount of weapons that will guarantee them their own security, as well as the security of countries friendly to them. In addition, America promised not to carry out bombing on any nuclear countries, provided, of course, that they comply with the terms of the Non-Proliferation Treaty.
Russia
Nuclear warheads – 7000.
Date of first test: 1949.
Date of last test: 1990.
Russia received nuclear weapons from the USSR - all available nuclear warheads were collected from all military points of the former Soviet Union. According to official sources, the government Russian Federation, nuclear weapons will only be used in response to such military actions against their country. Or if Russia's very existence is threatened by military action without the use of nuclear warheads, it can still use them against the enemy, but this is the most extreme case.
Is military action possible between North Korea and the United States?
The end of the last century was marked by people's fear of hostilities between Pakistan and India, and now everyone is afraid of the possible nuclear conflict between North Korea and the USA. The first time the United States began to threaten North Korea was in 1953, but as soon as the DPRK had its own atomic bomb, the conflict moved to a completely different level. Pyongyang and Washington respond to each other very aggressively and become topical issue— Will there be a nuclear battle between the United States and North Korea? This may well be the case if President Trump believes that the Koreans are very dangerous because they can do intercontinental missile, which can sink all of America.
Nuclear warheads have been located near the DPRK border since 1957, by order of the US government. Korean politicians say that almost the entire territory of America is within the reach of North Korea's nuclear warheads.
What position will Russia take in the conflict between North Korea and the United States?
The pact concluded between Russia and North Korea does not imply that Russia will take any side in the war. IN general concept, this means that if hostilities begin, Russia can be neutral, naturally it will only have to condemn the action of the attacking side. In the worst case scenario, Vladivostok could be covered in radioactive fallout from the destroyed North Korean facilities.
Today, when more than 70 years have passed since the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the scientific and industrial potential of many states makes it possible to create super-powerful ammunition, any educated person should know that there are nuclear weapons. Considering the secrecy of this topic, the reluctance of some governments and regimes to declare the current state of affairs in this area is not an easy task.
The Fab Five
The USA was the first. A country that traded with both allies and enemies, making a net profit from the war greater than all the gigantic losses Hitler's Germany, had the opportunity to invest huge amounts of money in the Manhattan Project. The birthplace of Batman, Captain America in its characteristic democratic manner, without hesitation, in 1945 the United States tested an atomic bomb on the peaceful cities of Japan. The United States was the first to use thermonuclear weapons in 1952, many times larger destructive force than the first atomic weapons.
In the list called “Which countries have nuclear weapons,” the death of innocent residents and radioactive ash was the first line written.
The Soviet Union had to become the second. Having a “democratic” savage waving an atomic club as a neighbor on the planet was simply dangerous, without having similar weapons for protection and the possibility of a retaliatory strike. Exhausted Great Patriotic War the country required colossal efforts of scientists, intelligence officers, engineers, and workers in order to report to the Soviet people that they created an atomic bomb. In 1953, thermonuclear weapons were tested.
Fortunately, Nazi Germany was not the first to work on creating a military-defense complex based on chain reaction fission of uranium nuclei. The help of German scientists and engineers, the use of the technologies they developed, exported by the US Army, greatly simplified the creation of superweapons by the overseas empire of “good”.
Which countries have nuclear weapons - this question follows the leaders of the rapidly developing race, spurred by cold war between the USA and the USSR, England, China and France tried to answer. Chronologically it looked like this:
Explicit and secret
Which countries have nuclear weapons besides the “old” ones? nuclear powers? Openly declaring the creation, testing of both atomic and later thermonuclear weapons at one time there were:
First of all, this is Israel. No one doubts that this country has nuclear weapons. She did not carry out his above-ground or underground explosions. There are only suspicions about joint tests in the South Atlantic together with South Africa, which was also considered to have nuclear reserves before the fall of the apartheid regime. Currently, South Africa completely denies their existence.
Long years global community and, above all, Israel was suspected of developing and creating nuclear technologies for military use by Iraq and Iran. The valiant defenders of democracy who invaded Iraq did not find any nuclear weapons there, nor chemical or bacteriological ones in addition, which they immediately bashfully kept silent about. Iran, under the influence of international sanctions, recently opened all its nuclear energy facilities to IAEA inspectors, who confirmed the absence of developments in the creation of weapons-grade plutonium.
Now Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, is suspected of secretly seeking to acquire superweapons.
This concludes the list of nuclear club states, consisting of overt and secret members.
At the moment, all interested parties know quite precisely which countries have nuclear weapons, because this is a question global security. About ongoing in many countries from South Korea, Brazil to Saudi Arabia, which have sufficient scientific and production potential, work on creating their own nuclear weapons, information appears in the media from time to time, but there is no official, documentary evidence of this.