Average flow speed of the Tom River. The land in which we live
Observations of Tomya have been carried out since 1918; water flow has remained virtually unchanged since that time. The water level began to decrease starting in the 1950s, when gravel began to be mined from the river in large quantities. In the 1980s, spring water levels in the Tom fell by about four meters, and summer levels by more than two meters, compared to the 1950s. Now the extraction of gravel is limited, but it will take hundreds of years for the river to restore its former quantity. Freeze-up occurs by mid-November and lasts 119-202 days; the ice thickness in winter is about 1.0 m. Ice drift on the Tom in the Tomsk region on average begins on April 17, in 2001 it began on April 7, in 2002 - April 18, in 2004 - April 16, in 2005 - April 14, in 2006 - April 25, in 2007 - April 12. The last time during the observation period, Tom was opened in 1898 - May 12. During spring flood The increase in water level ranges from 60 to 185 cm/day. The duration of the rise is from 8 to 54 days, the decline lasts from 37 to 90 days. The total duration of the flood is from 68 to 128 days.
Tributaries
Downstream of Tomsk: Chernilnishchikovsky, Elovy, Isaevsky and many others. etc.
Upstream of Tomsk: Zyryanovsky, Seredysh, Bektalinsky, Bolshoi, Sosnovy and many others. etc.
Bridges
Within the city of Tomsk, there are two bridges across the Tom - the old southern Communal Bridge and the northern new bridge in the Seversk area. There are other bridges outside the city and region, upstream.
Tomsk River Station
Emergencies, disasters
River pollution
Anthropogenic pollution is associated with wastewater emissions industrial enterprises cities located along the riverbed, primarily industrial Kuzbass. Due to contamination exceeding standards MPC Since the mid-1970s, water intake for drinking needs in Tomsk became impossible and the city switched to using artesian water.
Flood
Spring river floods periodically reach disaster proportions. This type of flood, for the first time in the past 100 years, will probably be the spring flood of 2010. As a result of the fact that at the beginning of November in the Tomsk region, a 20-degree frost had already frozen the river with ice, and in the upper reaches of the river there was suddenly a swell-like flow of water (showers in Altai and China?), the swell passed down the riverbed and broke, chaotically distorting the ice . During the severe winter of 2009-2010, the river then froze in places greater depth. All these unique circumstances contribute to the likely rise in flood water levels to 9 meters, which will flood a vast area, including villages and city areas.
Rafting on the Tom River (Tomsk region)
Route No. 1
In the village Kurlek, located 35 km up the Tom River from Tomsk, can be reached by bus, which departs from the bus station (Tomsk-1 station) every 2 hours. In the spring, when there is no pontoon crossing, the bus stop is located on the left bank of the river. Tomi on the highway going to the town. The traffic schedule remains the same.
In the village Kurlek you can buy groceries in stores located near the bus terminus. The camp can be set up above the village. Kurlek along Tom, walking along the highway for 5 km. It is best to set up camp not on the very bank of the river. Tomi - the problem of firewood arises, and in pine forest on the bank of the stream, for which you need to go to the right along an abandoned road, not reaching the descent of the main highway into the lowland 500 meters. An excellent place to camp on the right bank of the stream, behind the bridge that stands on an abandoned road.
The duration of the route is the same as in the first case, if you choose Samuski as the end point - 5-6 days. In the case of rafting to Tomsk - 1-2 days.
The largest rivers in our region are the Tom, Kiya, Yaya, Chumysh, and Chulym. All rivers belong to the Ob River basin, which ranks first in Russia in terms of drainage area. Most of our rivers originate on the mountain slopes of the main ridge, the western and northern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau and the Salair Ridge. Almost all of them flow from south to north. The biggest and deep river Kemerovo region– Tom, the right tributary of the Ob. The second largest river in the region is Kiya.
Found in Kuzbass mineral water. Most large deposit carbonic waters, not inferior in their medicinal qualities famous water"Borjomi" is located in the valley of the Upper Ters River. This water was called “Tersinka”. Among the mineral waters discovered in the region, the Borisov deposit stands out. Has firmly entered the life of Kuzbass residents mineral water“Borisovskaya”, similar in its qualities to the North Caucasian “Essentuki”, its reserves were discovered in the area of the village of Borisovskoye, Krapivinsky district.
Tom River
TOM, a river in the southeast of the West. Siberia, right tributary of the Ob. Splavnaya. Navigable from the mouth of Mras-Su. On the Tom River there are the cities of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk, etc.
The largest and deepest river in the Kemerovo region is the Tom, the right tributary of the Ob. From its sources to the place where Mras-Su flows into it, the Tom has the character of a typical mountain river.
The Kuznetsk Basin somewhat pacifies Tom’s temperament, and access to its shores becomes accessible. At the very mouth, at the confluence with the mighty Ob, resembling its own older sister, Tom turns into a truly flat river, with a measured flow
The Tom River has more than 115 tributaries. The largest of them are Belsu, Usa, Mras-Su, Kondoma, Taydon, etc. All of them are located on the territory of our region.
Tom is a river with character, a river with difficult and rich biography, a river with great merit and important issues. Tom quenches the thirst of cities and towns, industrial and agricultural enterprises, it is a transport route and a source of electricity. Tom is the basis of the fishery industry. Tom is a place of rest, it provided us with its beaches and islands, its shores for Michurin gardens, dachas, holiday homes, tourist camps. Now we can no longer consider water an inexhaustible gift of nature.
Kiya River
Kiya, a river in the southeast Western Siberia, left tributary of the Chulym. It originates in Kuznetsk Alatau. Kiya is distinguished by recklessness and unbridled mountain prowess. Only then does it become a more balanced and reasonable, flat river, with incredible clean water. Kiya is lucky; there are no large industrial enterprises on its banks and in its clean water, at the bottom, nelma spawn, in the lower reaches of sturgeon and sterlet.
Kiya is one of the most fish rivers in the south of Western Siberia. In summer and autumn, caravans of rubber boats and kayaks sail along Kiya. Residents of Kuzbass and many remote places travel along their favorite river. Kiya is known as the most beautiful river in Siberia. The river has served people for many years. A river with incredibly clear water. It’s as if she doesn’t have any water at all. It seems that multi-colored flat stones are literally lying on the surface. But you step from the shore and find yourself knee-deep, waist-deep in icy water.
Yaya River
Ya?ya is a river in the Kemerovo and Tomsk regions, a left tributary of the Chulym. The source is located east of the village of Yashkino. It is fed by snow. Freeze-up from early November to April. Sudokhodna. On the Yaya River there is the village of the same name Yaya.
The Tom River is a river in Western Siberia, the right tributary of the Ob. flows through the territory of three subjects Russian Federation- Khakassia, Kemerovo and Tomsk regions. The length of the river is 827 km (according to some sources 798 km). The height difference from the source to the mouth is 1185 m. The source of the Tom is located on the territory of Khakassia, on the western slopes of the Abakan ridge. Most of the Tom River flows through the Kemerovo region, being its main water artery. The mouth of the Tom is located in the Tomsk region, 45 km from the city of Tomsk. At the mouth, the river spills into several channels, forming Pushkarev Island with the Ob.
Geographical location of Tom
Source of Tom
The source of the Tom River is located on the territory of the Republic of Khakassia. The river originates on the western slopes of the Abakan ridge ( mountain range, composed of mountain system Western Sayan) in its northern part, almost at the junction with Kuznetsk Alatau.
The Tom River has two sources. The source of the Left Tom is formed on Mount Karlygan ( maximum height– 1747 meters). In a small clean ravine to the south western slope Many streams flow into Karlygan, here they merge into a single stream called the Left Tom.
The source of the Right Tom is the main and longest source of the Tom River. It is formed on Mount Kaskylakh (maximum height - 1440 meters). On the southern slope of Kaskylakha, at an altitude of 1200 meters, there is a swamp. From this swamp in a spruce-birch grove a stream comes to the surface, and thus the source of the Right Tom is born.
Flowing down the slopes of the Abakan ridge, the Right and Left Toms merge into the Tom River at approximately an altitude of 903 meters. Also, many small rivers and streams flow into the Tom, in the area of its sources, increasing its flow.
Tom in the lower reaches
In the area of the city of Novokuznetsk, one of its left tributaries, the Kondoma River (427 km), flows into the Tom. The upper reaches of the Tom are the distance from the source to the mouth of the Kondoma. In this section, the length of the river is 267 kilometers.
IN upper reaches Tom, for 213 kilometers, passes through mountainous areas Republic of Khakassia and the south of the Alatau-Shor highlands of the Kemerovo region. In this section the river flow has a mountainous character. The river valley is narrow and deeply incised, the height of the sides reaches 150-200 meters. The current speed is fast - up to 2.1 meters per second. The riverbed is replete with rapids and rocky rifts. The depth of the river at the riffles does not exceed 35 centimeters.
When crossing the border of the Republic of Khakassia and the Kemerovo region and further to the mouth of the Teba River, the width of the Tom is 50-100 meters, the depth is from 1 to 1.7 meters. The river valley remains narrow with steep sides reaching a height of up to 1000 meters; there is no floodplain. The current speed is 2.8 meters per second.
From the mouth of the Teba to Novokuznetsk, the width of the channel increases to 120-300 meters, the width of the river valley reaches 1.5-2 kilometers. The current speed decreases to 1.5-2 meters per second.
After Tomi merged with her two large tributaries, the rivers Usa (179 km) - area of the city of Mezhdurechensk and Mrassu (350 km) - area of \u200b\u200bMyski, the river becomes wider and full-flowing. The width of the channel is 200-400 meters, the flow speed is 1 m/s. The right bank of the river remains steep, the left becomes flat.
From the mouth of the Mrassu River the Tom crosses the border mountain ranges with the Kuznetsk Basin and the flow becomes more flat, islands appear in the river bed, and on the reaches the flow speed decreases to - 0.1 - 0.3 m/s. Further, the Tom absorbs about a dozen smaller tributaries; after the confluence of the Kondoma River, it finally acquires the character of a lowland river. From the mouth of the Kondoma to the city of Yurga - the middle reaches of the Tom.
Tom River in the middle reaches
From the city of Novokuznetsk to the city of Tomsk - Tom, a typical flat river with a slow and leisurely flow. Flowing through the Kemerovo region, the river collects the bulk of the region's watershed.
Tom River in the upper reaches
Starting from Tomsk, the river becomes wide-flooded, in some places its depth can reach 10 meters. After Tomsk, the river is often divided into branches and channels.
Mouth of the Tom. Where does the Tom River flow?
The mouth of the Tom River is located 45 kilometers from the city of Tomsk. Here the Tom River flows into the Ob River, being one of its main tributaries.
Tom River basin
The Tom River basin is part of the Republic of Khakassia, part Altai Territory and the Altai Republic, not most of Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions, as well as most of the Kemerovo region. Basic drainage basin The Tom River is the south of the Kemerovo region, namely the Mountain Shoria mountains.
Scheme of the Tom River. Tom River basin on the map:
Fauna and flora of the Tom River.
Fauna of Tom. Fish Tomi
See also: Natural zones of the West Siberian Plain
The fauna of the Tom River is represented by a fairly large variety of fish. There were once up to 29 species of fish here, but due to climate change and economic activity man, the river bed became significantly shallower. Another colossal problem was the pollution of the Tom River. All this together contributed to a reduction in the river's fish stocks. However, in Lately there is a significant improvement environmental situation. Waste dumping has virtually ceased, gravel mining has been reduced and shipping has been virtually suspended. Polluted by industrial wastewater, the Tom River is gradually being cleaned up and fish species such as grayling, lenok, taimen, sturgeon, peled, sterlet, some of which are in the Red Book, are returning to its waters.
However, it is worth noting that many of them have not restored their former population, and therefore are under protection. But do not despair, as perch, pike, crucian carp, pike perch, ide, chebak, minnow, burbot, loach, whitefish, and dace are also found here. Fishing in the waters of the Tom River will never be boring for spinning anglers, fly fishers and float fishermen. No one will leave without a catch. You just need to find right place For fishing. Experienced fishermen say that the most suitable places are where tributaries flow into the river.
Flora on the coastal territory of Tom
Along the bed of the Tom River you can find many unique and incredibly beautiful places: here there is taiga and rocky shores, confluence with more small rivers. Due to the diversity of relief and climate, the banks of the Tom River are colorful soil cover. In turn, this could not but affect the diversity flora this area. On the mountain peaks near Tom grow plants characteristic of such natural areas, like tundra and alpine meadow, and the lowlands and midlands are filled with fir and aspen forests. The foothills and intermontane basins are represented by the vegetation of steppes and forest-steppes. All forests where the Tom River flows can be divided into two types: coniferous and deciduous. Main forest-forming species coniferous forest- pine, spruce, cedar, fir. Dark coniferous forests are usually called black taiga because dark color needles that trees have. Concerning hardwood trees, then willow, linden, rowan, aspen and birch predominate here. The southern forest-steppe is characterized by grasses: wormwood, fescue, feather grass, sainfoin, tonkonog, wormwood. As a rule, they grow in ravines and wastelands. In addition, in forest-steppes and forests near the coastal territory of Tom, it grows a large number of fruit and berry bushes and mushrooms.
Hydroposts on the Tom River.
Hydroposts on the Tom River are located in the cities of Tomsk, Yurga, Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Mezhdurechensk, and the town of Krapivino.
The speed of the Tom River current.
The speed of the Tom's current varies from 0.3 m/s to 3 m/s. In the upper reaches of the Tom, the current speed can reach 3 m/s, in the Novokuznetsk area 0.5 ms, in the Tomsk area 0.3 m/s. average speed current is considered equal to 0.33 m/s.
Bridge crossings on the Tom River
Railway bridges
Two railway bridges on the Trans-Siberian Railway near the city of Yurga.
Railway bridge in Kemerovo
Polosukhinsky Bridge - bypassing the city of Novokuznetsk
Railway bridge near Novokuznetsk-Severny station
Chebolsinsky Bridge in Mezhdurechensk
Tomusinsky Bridge in Novokuznetsk
Road bridges
Seversky Bridge. Located on the border of the cities of Seversk and Tomsk.
Communal Bridge. Located in the Kirovsky district of Tomsk.
Kuznetsky Bridge in Kemerovo.
Kuzbass Bridge in Kemerovo.
An unfinished bridge over the dam of the unfinished Krapivinskaya hydroelectric power station near the village of Zelenogorsky
Ilyinsky Bridge - connects the Ilyinsky and Zavodskoy districts of Novokuznetsk.
Kuznetsky Bridge - connects the Central and Kuznetsky districts of Novokuznetsk
Baidaevsky Bridge is the southern entrance to Novokuznetsk. Connects Novokuznetsk with the cities of Myski and Mezhdurechensk.
Zapsibovsky Bridge - connects the Central and Zavodskoy districts of Novokuznetsk
Ferry crossings
Ferry near the village of Zelenogorsky.
Ferry in the village of Saltymakovo.
Ferry between the city of Yurga and the village of Polomoshnoye.
Pontoon bridge
The pontoon bridge in Yurga is the longest pontoon bridge in Russia. Length 720 meters.
Sights on the Tom River
Anikin stone.
A small cliff on the Tom River, located in the Tomsk region, 6 kilometers from the border with the Kemerovo region. It is a natural monument of regional significance. It is an outcrop of bedrock to the surface. Read more about Anikin's stone here.
Stone Fighter.
A protruding stone cape on the Tom River. Located in the Tomsk region near the village of Yarskoye, Tomsk district. Natural monument of regional significance. It is a stone cape protruding 3 meters above the water. You can read more about the Fighter Stone here.
Sadat Stone.
A large rock formation on the bank of the Tom River in the Tisulsky district of the Kemerovo region. You can read more about the Sadat Stone here.
Blue Cliff.
Blue rock formation on the bank of the Tom River. Located in the Tomsk region near the village of Kolarovo. Natural monument of regional significance. It is an outcrop of bedrock with a length of 3 km. If you look at it from a distance, the cliff appears bluish-blue.
See also: Lake Karachi in the Novosibirsk region: characteristics, climate, nature, healing properties
Camp Garden
Park in the city of Tomsk on a steep high bank Tomi. The park offers stunning panoramic views of the Tom River floodplain.
Ob-Tom interfluve.
Region in Siberia, located between Tom and Ob. It lies on the territory of the Tomsk, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo regions. There are three natural reserves located in the interfluve.
Tutal rocks.
A picturesque outcrop of rocks on the bank of the Tom River in the Yashkinsky district of the Kemerovo region. On some rocks you can see ancient writings. Read more about Tutal Rocks here.
Tomsk writing.
A museum-reserve on the banks of the Tom River, which includes ancient drawings carved on rock formations on the very bank of the river. Located in the Yashkinsky district of the Kemerovo region.
Cities and towns on the Tom River
Cities on the Tom River
Mezhdurechensk, Myski, Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Yurga, Tomsk, Seversk.
Villages and towns on the Tom River
Teba, Mayzas, Borodino, Atamanovo, Osinovoye Pleso, Saltymakovo, Zelenogorsky, Krapivinsky, Sheveli, Berezovo, Kolmogorovo, Pacha, Novoromanovo, Mokhovo, Zeledeevo, Kurlek, Moryakovsky Zaton, Samus, Orlovka
Large tributaries of the Tom
Kondoma, Mrassu, Usa, Lower Ters, Middle Ters, Upper Ters. Taydon, Terensug, Strelina, Iskitim, Belsu, Lebyazhya, Basandaika, Ushaika, Tutuyas, Aba.
Rest on the Tom River in sanatoriums and recreation centers
Along the Tom River there are a large number of camp sites and holiday homes.
Tourist complex "Vostok". Located near the city of Mezhdurechensk, on the banks of the Tom River. Accommodation in comfortable rooms with private amenities. Offers vacationers an active holiday; there are tennis courts, volleyball and football courts on site. There is a SPA salon and restaurant on site.
Recreation center "Pritomye". Located near the city of Kemerovo, on the banks of the Tom River. Offers guests rooms with amenities located in the main building, as well as accommodation in comfortable all-season houses. There are sports grounds, bathhouse, sauna, restaurant. Sports equipment rental is available.
Recreation center "Elykaevskaya Sloboda". Located near the city of Kemerovo in a pine forest, on the banks of the Tom River. Offers guests accommodation in cottages with all amenities. There is a mini-zoo, a bathhouse, a children's playground, and sports equipment rental on site.
Center active rest"Space". Located near Kemerovo, on the banks of the Tom River. Guests are offered rooms of varying degrees of comfort. On the territory there is a bathhouse, a paintball court, and a sports ground.
Eco-camping “Round House”. Located 30 kilometers from Kemerovo, next to the Tomsk Pisanitsa museum-reserve, on the banks of the Tom. Vacationers are offered accommodation in real yurts. On the territory there is a bathhouse, gazebos, a summer kitchen, and a playground.
Cottage complex "Shirli-myrli". Located near the city of Tomsk in a pine forest, on the banks of the Tom River. Accommodation in wooden cottages with all amenities. On the territory there are gazebos with barbecues, a sauna, a swimming pool, billiards, and table tennis.
Rest on Tom as a savage
On the Tom River you can find a large number good places for a savage's holiday. The left bank of the Tom from Mezhdurechensk to Novokuznetsk is especially popular among vacationing residents of the South of Kuzbass. IN summer period there are a lot of vacationers here. Those who like to spend several days in a tent on the river bank are located from the village of Atamanovo to Myski. Those who like to come to the river for one day have chosen the banks of the Tom near Novokuznetsk and Mezhdurechensk.
Beaches on Tom
Beaches on the Tom are mainly located in cities located on this river.
Beaches of Tomsk
In the area of the city of Tomsk and its environs on Tom you can visit the following beaches: city beach Semeykin Island, beach in Lagerny Garden, Blue Cliff beach, Surovsky beach, Second Surovsky beach
Beaches of Kemerovo
Within the city of Kemerovo and its surroundings on coastline Tomi has several beaches: the beach at the boat station, the beach in the village of Zhuravlevo, the Chaika beach, the Pritomskaya recreation area, the Berendey beach.
Beaches of Novokuznetsk
There are two beaches in Novokuznetsk on Tom: Levoberezhny beach and Studencheskiy beach.
Economic use of the Tom River.
The Tom, as a tributary of the Ob, plays an important economic role in its regions. The river is used as a drinking, fishing and sanitary reservoir.
If we consider the first point economic use Tomi, then we can safely say that the composition of water in its biological and chemical properties extremely close to the most unique sources fresh water. river water has no foreign tastes and odors, as well as coloring. Thus, Tom is a large, and most importantly clean source of water supply in several regions of Russia.
The Dragoon water intake of the Tom River also has an important economic importance. Located near the village of Atamanovo, it is actively used by the Novokuznetsk water utility.
Regarding fisheries, the river is also the breadwinner of the Tomsk and Kemerovo regions. Large-sized bream, carp, pike, perch, and pike perch are found in Tom and its water intakes.
Over the past five-year period, the level of processing of fish products has increased by 2.5 times, the volume of fish caught by 7.5 times, and the number of fish farms by 10 times, which indicates the intensive development of this industry.
In addition, Tom has prospects for fishing and hunting tourism, which entails the construction of appropriate infrastructure. This will ultimately also bring considerable profit to the regions.
In the middle of the 20th century, it was proposed to combine the channels of two rivers: the Ob and Tom, to create a shipping canal. This channel was supposed to be short by transport for ships traveling on the Novosibirsk-Tomsk route. By the way, river navigation also plays an important role in economic life Tomsk region. Previously, navigation on the river was open from the mouth to Novokuznetsk, and now to Tomsk.
The mining industry also reached Tom. A sand and gravel mixture is being extracted from a riverbed near the regional center of the Tomsk region, even though this has reduced the water level by more than 2 meters and exposed a rocky threshold in the riverbed.
Great amount Enterprises located in the Tom basin use the river’s energy resources for personal purposes, often dumping production waste into the reservoir. For example, industrial Kuzbass.
The Tom River was supposed to become one of the suppliers of electricity in the Kemerovo region, hosting the Krapivinskaya hydroelectric power station on its bank, but this project was frozen in 1989, with no prospects for resuming construction.
Introduction.
Tom is a tributary of the Ob. It originates in the Khakassian Autonomous Region on the western slope of the Abakan ridge. It flows through the Kemerovo region and in the Tomsk region joins the Ob. The river's feeding is mixed with a predominance of snow. The average water flow 580 km from the mouth is 650m 3 /sec, and at the mouth 1110m 3 /sec, the maximum is 3960m 3 /sec. The length of the Tom River is 827 km, with a catchment area of 000 km 2. The river freezes at the end of October – beginning of November. It opens in the second half of April - the first half of May. In its upper course - mountain river, below flows within the Kuznetsk Basin, and then along West Siberian Plain. The river has many rapids, the width of the floodplain reaches three kilometers. On the Tom River there are cities - Novokuznetsk, Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo, Tomsk. The largest tributaries of the Tom: Mars-Su, Kondoma, Unga - on the left: Usa, Upper Ters, Middle Ters, Lower Ters, Taydon - on the right. The river is raftable. Navigable to Tomsk, in high water - to Novokuznetsk.
Hydrological sketch of the Tom River - Mezhdurechensk,
F= 5880 km 2.
1. Brief physical-geographical and climatic characteristics.
The Tom River is a transit river, originating in a mountainous region. It flows through mid-mountain, low-mountain regions, rugged plains and ends at the mouth in the taiga region of Western Siberia, flowing into the Ob. The mid-mountain region occupies an altitude of over 1000 meters in the Altai Mountains, Kuznetsk Alatau and Abakan Ranges. The relief is highly dissected. There are separate Mountain peaks up to 2000 meters high. However, their contours are softer. Alpine surfaces, kurumniks, significant screes and alluvial fans are developed. There is a system of carts occupied by snowfields and lakes. The mountains are covered with grass and woody vegetation. The saddles of the mountains are swampy.
The longitudinal profile of the river has a stepped character. There are many waterfalls, rapids and rapids. Atmospheric precipitation falls over 1000 mm per year, as a result of which the mid-mountain region has very high runoff modules. The presence of large falls in the terrain causes intense snow and rain floods. Maximum water levels and flow rates are usually of rain origin and occur in July. The river receives mixed nutrition: snow, rain and groundwater. Slush transit predominates on the river, after which congestion occurs, and the water level remains elevated throughout the winter, sometimes rising by three meters. Costs drop significantly both due to depletion of groundwater reserves and as a result of losses due to ice formation. Water belongs to the carbonate class. Total mineralization increases to 100 mg/l.
Although the relief of the low-mountain region is mountainous, the height is 100 - 500 meters, the steepness of the slopes and slopes of the river valleys are less than the previous region. Flush rocks exceeds the intensity of weathering, flows cut into bedrock stable rocks. The channel therefore has the greatest stability. They are also composed of coarse material. Thresholds are formed at the intersection of various geological structures.
The slopes of the mountains and river valleys are covered with woody vegetation and heavily turfed, as a result of which the destructive activity of temporary flows is weakened. In this area, alpine surfaces are also developed, consisting of fractured rocks, as a result of frost weathering and almost do not provide surface runoff. Atmospheric precipitation and melt water are almost completely absorbed by chars and screes, resulting in the formation of thick ground and The groundwater, leading to the formation of karst and increased mineralization of the Vaucluses and the river.
Atmospheric precipitation falls 600 - 700 mm, and the river flow is lower than the previous region, but the share of winter flow is slightly higher. Maximum water levels and flow rates come from both snow and rain. In autumn, ice jams occur on the rivers. Levels are therefore elevated throughout the winter. Congestion breaks up during the spring ice drift. Annual maximum levels are often jammed.
The rugged plain, whose height is below 500 meters, is a complex geological structure. Its base is of tectonic origin, overlain by clays, heavy loams, sands and pebbles of Quaternary age. The river valley is tectonically adapted, formed through the evolution of ravines. The entire territory is cut up by a very dense network of ravine-beam systems, overgrown with trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. As a result of deforestation and plowing of slopes river valley Gully activity has intensified again. The river is winding, there is a large contrast of speeds on the reaches and rifts.
Passing along a rugged plain, the level atmospheric precipitation is reduced to 500 - 600 millimeters per year. The river also has a mixed supply: snow, rain and ground. Moreover, the main food is snow. The maximum water flow occurs during the spring flood and in a friendly spring, and the maximum level, as a rule, is of jam origin. Winter nutrition rivers sustainable. There are numerous groundwater outlets that cause landslides along the river banks.
The rivers of our Siberia are famous for their beauty and often delight with good fishing. An excellent example of this statement is the Tom River. On the map of Russia, this tributary of the Ob can be found on the territory of the Autonomous Republic of Khakassia, as well as the Tomsk and Kemerovo regions. Cities such as Tomsk, Myski, Mezhdurechensk, Seversk and Novokuznetsk stand on its banks and use the waters for their needs. The Tom River a quarter of a century ago was called the great sewer of Siberia: for about 30 years the water of this Siberian river polluted industrial enterprises in the Tomsk and Kemerovo regions. And currently Tom pleases fishermen and vacationers clear water, picturesque shores and a good catch.
origin of name
The origin of the name of this Siberian river is lost in the centuries. It is known that Slavic settlers lived on its banks long before Ermak. The toponymy of the local names suggests that the original name of the river sounded like Tan. This hypothesis is confirmed by the names of the villages and lakes surrounding the river: there is Tanaeva Road, Lake Tanaevo. History has not brought down to this day several other toponyms of this type.
Scythian roots
But the name “Tan” most likely was not the original one. Perhaps this is an abbreviation of a more complete and ancient word"tardan". Indirect confirmation of this version is the name of the Tardan deposit, which is located near Kyzyl. This word etymologically very close to the names of all East Slavic rivers and similar in construction to such hydronyms (river names) as Dnieper, Don, Donets, Danube. The root "dn" comes from the Scythian or Sarmatian "don". Scientists have established that, translated from ancient Scythian languages, this word means “water”, “river”. Thus, by examining the names of rivers and reservoirs, one can trace the routes of the Sarmatian tribes to the northern Black Sea region through southern Siberia.
But let's return to the beautiful Tomi. The first syllable in the name Tar is consonant with the words of Turkic origin “gift” or “king”. It can be assumed that Tartan (Tardan) was deciphered as “royal river” or “giver river”.
Modification of toponym
In the fourteenth century, the great conqueror Timur came from the Mongolian steppes to the banks of the Tom River. According to the official version, the reason for the arrival was Takhtamysh’s failure to pay tribute. Having defeated the troops of the Khan of the Golden Horde, Timur plundered and burned the Russian city of Karasu, which stood on the Tan River. There is reason to believe that Karasu was also called “Graciona” in European maps, which is similar to the Russian “Grustina”. This is so original Slavic name suggests that already in those days, Tatars and Russians lived on the banks of the Tom along with local peoples.
Local residents, Tuvans, call it Tardan-Tardam. The replacement of sonorant consonants “n” and “m” is typical for Turkic languages. Later the word "Tardan" was shortened to "Tan". Even later, most likely, after the re-development of Siberia, the “a” was replaced with “o”. The river acquired a ringing sound and soft sign at the end. In this form, the name of the hydronym has survived to this day.
Of course, all these hypotheses need confirmation by linguists, archaeologists, and researchers of Siberian antiquity. But at least this version of the origin of the name has the right to exist until an alternative hypothesis appears.
Geography
The length of the Tom River is 827 km. This water artery is the most large river in the Kemerovo region, has many medium and small tributaries. Before the Mras-su tributary flows into its waters, it bubbles and foams like a typical mountain water artery. The Tom River is famous for its rapids and rifts, famous for rafting and extreme species recreation. In the upper reaches it has high rocky banks. They are covered with taiga moss and shrubs, which the Tom River is so rich in. Kemerovo and its surrounding areas are replete with such secluded places of primeval nature.
In this place the water surface becomes a little calmer and smoother. And after the confluence of the middle and lower Tersya, the Tom River expands and spills among the flat banks covered with steppe grasses. The riffles and shoals are left behind, the channel becomes deeper, and the current becomes calmer. The Tom turns into an ordinary lowland river.
Tom in the regional economy
Several large industrial enterprises have been built on the banks of the river, using water in production. The largest of them is the Siberian Chemical Combine. The burial of industrial waste at the bottom of the river currently poses a serious chemical and radiation hazard. The sanitary condition gives rise to serious concerns - the region's sanitary services do not recommend swimming in the waters of the Tom River or fishing near industrial enterprises.
Sports and fishing
Tom has many unique and truly beautiful places: taiga, rocky shores, confluences with smaller rivers. Amazing beauty the shores of the Siberian beauty creates ideal conditions for lovers hiking and horse tourism.
The upper reaches of the river are favored by rafting enthusiasts, while the lower reaches are ideal for boating and fishing. The fish in the Tom River are not translated, despite all human efforts. Spinning rods, fly fishermen and floaters will not leave the banks of the Tom River without a catch, you just need to know the secluded spots fishing spots. Here you can find grayling, perch, carp, bream, roach, crucian carp, and burbot. Lately, fishermen have been bringing home rotan and pike perch. Less common are more valuable fish species: sterlet, lenok, whitefish. Although the Tom River is frozen for more than six months of the year, fishermen value this river for good conditions fishing and rich catch.