Modern types of machines. Automatic weapons
In movies about the Great Patriotic War, our people always shoot from PPSh machine guns(Shpagin submachine gun - with a butt and a round disc). And the Germans go on the attack with Schmeissers, spraying the partisans with bursts from the hip. Was this really so?
What machines were actually used? Soviet troops and the Nazis? Who invented the first submachine gun? What are the most powerful machine guns in the world, what are soldiers of modern armies armed with?
The world's first automatic machine
The inventor of the world's first automatic rifle and the first machine gun is considered to be a citizen Russian Empire Vladimir Fedorov. On the eve of the First World War, he began work on the automation of the main small arms of the Russian army - the Mosin rifle.In 1913, the inventor made two prototypes new weapons. In terms of combat characteristics, it took an intermediate position between a light machine gun and an automatic rifle. That's why it got the name automaton. This world's first machine gun could fire both bursts and single shots.
However, due to the slowness of the Russian bureaucracy, mass production of Fedorov assault rifles was launched only before the revolution itself. The first to test machine guns at the front were the special command of the Izmail Infantry Regiment on the Romanian Front. After the first battles, it became clear that in many cases an assault rifle could successfully replace a light machine gun.
The most powerful machines
What is the situation with weapons now and which types of small arms are considered the most powerful?American M16 automatic rifle
Western military experts consider the M16 automatic rifle undisputed leader among assault rifles of the twentieth century. Its creator was the famous arms company Colt. Her last serial modification The M16 A2 began being delivered to the US Army in 1984. Firing range - 800 meters, caliber 5.56.The combat qualities of the rifle were highly appreciated by American soldiers during Operation Desert Storm in Iraq. However, the war also revealed a number of its shortcomings. Among them are the unreliability of the return spring and sensitivity to contamination.
In the USSR, comparative tests of the M16 A2 and AK-74 were carried out. It was noted that American rifle better than its Soviet counterpart in single shooting, and the latter is superior to the American in burst shooting. The recoil of the M16 A2 is a third stronger than that of the Russian assault rifle. Besides, soviet weapons far exceeds the American one in terms of readiness for immediate use in a wide variety of conditions.
But the Yankees continue to improve their favorite weapon. The rifle is still in service with the armies of the United States and many other countries around the world.
American automatic rifle FN SCAR
The American FN SCAR is one of the best modern automatic rifles. This is the most universal system, which easily turns into a light machine gun, semi-automatic for a sniper or assault carbine. It is suitable for both long distances and point-blank shooting when storming buildings.Powerful modern rifle FN SCAR
The FN SCAR rifle is equipped with an under-barrel grenade launcher, which can also be detached and used separately. All modern high-tech sights (optical, laser, thermal imaging, night vision, collimator, etc.) are mounted on it.
IN at the moment The FN SCAR is in service with the American Rangers, used in Afghanistan and Iraq and has proven its convenience and effectiveness. It is assumed that its light and heavy versions in the near future will replace not only the M16 rifle, but also the more powerful M14, Mk.25 sniper rifle and Colt M4 carbine in special forces units.
Powerful German rifles
Automatic rifle NK G36
Automatic rifle G-36 from the German company Heckler and Koch. gas outlet type. From the bore, gases are vented from the barrel through a side hole.Top 10 slot machines
The rifle can be equipped with a collimator and optical sights, bayonet knife, under-barrel grenade launcher. According to reviews Russian specialists, the quality of single shooting from it is higher than from the AK-74.
Automatic rifles NK 41 and NK 416
German automatic rifles NK 41 and NK 416 are made on the basis of a merger in one product best qualities rifles G36 and M16. Considering their advantages, we can confidently speak about the notorious German quality. They have high killing characteristics, are easy to maintain, and are resistant to moisture and dust. However, more specific conclusions can be drawn when these weapons show themselves en masse in real combat operations. WITH modern types weapons, everything seems to be clear, but what was the situation during the wars, in particular the Great Patriotic War. What rifles and pistols were in service with our army at that time?Degtyarev submachine gun
The Degtyarev submachine gun was created in the USSR in the thirties. It was used in Finnish war and on initial stage Great Patriotic War. Model 1940 machine gun; in the same year, more than 80 thousand copies of the new weapon were produced.Shpagin submachine gun (PPSh)
By the end of 1941, the Degtyarev assault rifle was replaced by the much more reliable and advanced Shpagin submachine gun. It also turned out to be possible to master the production of PPSh at almost any enterprise that has pressing equipment.
At the front, the PPSh showed high combat qualities, especially its modification with a horn magazine, which at the end of the war replaced the originally used drum magazine. However, the battles also revealed its shortcomings.
PPSh-41 was quite heavy, bulky and inconvenient. If the shutter was contaminated with dust or soot, it would fail to fire. When driving on dusty roads, it had to be hidden under a raincoat.
The shortcomings of the PPSh forced the leadership of the Red Army to announce a competition for the creation of a new mass-produced machine gun. And it was created in 1942 in besieged Leningrad. Sudayev's new submachine gun was put into service under the name PPS-42.
At first, PPS-42 was produced only for the needs of the Leningrad Front. Then they began to transport him along with refugees along the Road of Life for the needs of other fronts.
A bullet from PPS has lethal force at a distance of 800 meters. It is most effective when firing in short bursts.
The PPS production technology was simple and economical. Its parts were made by stamping, fastened with rivets and welding. The consumption of materials for its production has decreased threefold compared to PPSh-41. During the Second World War, about half a million pieces of PPP were produced.
Automatic "Schmeisser"
The weapon of fascist punitive forces, known from many films, was in fact called not “Schmeisser”, but MP 40. Contrary to scenes from popular films, you can shoot it from the hip while standing in full height, it would be very inconvenient for the Nazis.The machine gun was issued to the command staff German army, as well as paratroopers and tank crews. Massive weapons he was never in the infantry.
Experts note among the advantages of this machine gun its compactness and ease of use, high lethality at distances of one hundred to two hundred meters. However, even slight contamination put him out of action.
The most powerful assault rifle - the Kalashnikov assault rifle
The most popular assault rifle in the world was invented by Sergeant Mikhail Kalashnikov while he was in the hospital in 1942 after being wounded at the front. However, the AK was adopted for service after the war, in 1949. In 1959, its modernized version, the AKM, went into production.Most powerful machine gun Kalashnikov vs M-16
The Kalashnikov assault rifle received its baptism of fire in Hungary in 1956. In the future, his various modifications were massively supplied to the allies of the USSR, national liberation and revolutionary movements. Its production was also established in many countries under licenses. According to some estimates, total quantity There are 90 million of these machines in the world.
Its undoubted advantages are the highest reliability, unpretentiousness, insensitivity to moisture, dirt and dust, ease of use, assembly and disassembly. Minus for a long time was a low accuracy of fire. In single-shot shooting, it was also inferior to its foreign counterparts.
Currently already adopted by the Russian army latest version legendary machine gun- AK-12. Experts express the hope that this model, after final development, will surpass all previous ones in its qualities.
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AK47 and modern world- end of the article.
Many standard weapons chambered for the 7.62*51mm NATO cartridge, such as the FN FAL and H&K G3. have higher lethality and effective fire range. And in fact, almost any military fully automatic assault rifle can boast just as good ability to destroy targets at normal combat distances as the AK.
This time we will turn to firearms with a completely different history, and in terms of not only military, but also cultural, or culturological. There is no assault rifle or machine gun that would encompass all the spectrum of issues related to small arms in a global sense, the way Mikhail Kalashnikov’s AK47 does.
After the collapse of the USSR, the state enterprise Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant, which produced Kalashnikov assault rifles, was transformed into joint stock company. Orders from the once powerful state have dropped sharply. At the same time, the sale of weapons abroad has ceased to be interpreted as weapons of one’s potential enemy.
During the parade on Moscow's Red Square on November 7, 1974, in honor of the next anniversary of the socialist revolution, lines of Soviet paratroopers stood in formation, clutching a new type of Kalashnikov assault rifle with a bright orange magazine. NATO experts, who always carefully watched recorded Soviet parades, suggested that this was a new weapon of the USSR special forces (as they called the Soviet air force).
This standard model of small arms has been in service for more than 60 years. The Kalashnikov assault rifle of the 1947 model was created for powerful 7.62 mm caliber ammunition. Today, more modern modifications chambered for a smaller 5.45 mm caliber cartridge have been adopted, but the time-tested AK-47 is also part of the standard armament of the armies of more than 30 countries around the world.
Many modern under-barrel grenade launchers are a separate weapon system attached to a machine gun or assault rifle. In the early 1990s. The designers of the Tula KBP enterprise proposed another solution: they integrated a grenade launcher into the design of the machine gun being developed by the KBP enterprise, thus creating an automatic grenade launcher complex, designated A-91.
The A-91 complex includes an assault rifle and a built-in grenade launcher.
The design of the machine gun is based on the bullpup layout, in which the automatic mechanisms and the magazine receiving neck are located behind the firing control handle. The use of this layout scheme made it possible to create a weapon with a length of only 660 mm with a barrel length of 415 mm. It is noteworthy that with the same barrel length, the length of the AK-74 M assault rifle is 942 mm.
When creating the machine, the designers largely managed to overcome two main disadvantages of the bullpup design. First of all, this is the inconvenience associated with extracting spent cartridges. When a left-handed person shoots from a bullpup machine gun, spent cartridges fly right in front of his face
Automatic AEK-971.
A real competitor to the Kalashnikov AK-107 assault rifle in the fight for a place in promising system small arms Russian army is the AEK-971 assault rifle, developed by Kovrovsky specialists mechanical plant under the leadership of S.I. Koshkarov. The development of the first versions of this machine gun began in 1967, when the SKV Kovrov Mechanical Plant entered into a competition held by the Main Missile and Artillery Directorate to create a machine gun chambered for the new 5.45 x 39 mm live cartridge with a reduced recoil impulse. Of the systems presented at the end of the 1960s, the automatic machine of the Kovrov Mechanical Plant (designers A. S. Konstantinov and S. I. Koshkarov) was recognized as the best at the competition.
and an automatic machine from the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant (designer M.T. Kalashnikov). Military trials Both systems clearly showed that the Kovrov assault rifle was the best, but the USSR Ministry of Defense made a “political” decision: to overcome the emerging gap from the United States in the development of weapons chambered for small-caliber cartridges by adopting the assault rifle presented by M. T. Kalashnikov, in many components and parts unified with those located in serial production AKM.
Since the adoption of the Kalashnikov AK assault rifle into service by the Soviet Army, the Main artillery department The USSR Ministry of Defense sought to obtain a weapon equal to the AK in reliability, but superior to it in burst accuracy. In the 1950s and 1960s. two competitions were held for new assault rifles that were supposed to replace the AK, but in both competitions preference was given to systems that, in principle, were the same Kalashnikov AK assault rifle.
Another attempt to “achieve the impossible” was made in the early 1980s. Then, in accordance with the decision of the Commission of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on military-industrial issues No. 280 dated August 27, 1981, development work on competition topic"Abakan". The main purpose of this work was to create an assault rifle superior to the Kalashnikov AK-74 assault rifle in terms of firing efficiency by 1.5 - 2 times, despite the fact that new system should not be inferior to the Kalashnikov system in terms of reliability, weight and size characteristics, ergonomics, manufacturability, etc. In addition, the new weapon must work on all military equipment and ensure that all standard components are attached to it (under-barrel grenade launcher, optical and night sights, bayonet etc.).
The 100th series of assault rifles of the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant includes systems that are mainly a variant of the modernized AK-74 M assault rifle. However, the series also includes two systems that are sharply different in design from other “black Kalashnikovs”. It's about about the AK-107 and AK-108 assault rifles, developed by Yu. K. Alexandrov V. N. Paranima chambered for 5.45 x 39 mm and 5.56 x 45 mm, respectively. To improve the accuracy and accuracy of automatic fire, these assault rifles use a balanced automatic circuit with separated masses and a gas engine, previously implemented by Yu. K. Aleksandrov and V. M. Kalashnikov in several experimental assault rifles of the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant.
When considering the design of the AK-107 and AK-108 assault rifles, attention is drawn to the fact that the designers managed to “fit” new automation mechanisms into the standard AK-74 M, only slightly complicating its design. Considering that when adopting new types of weapons, the leaders of the Main Missile and Artillery Directorate are far from last resort pay attention to the degree of its unification with the samples in production, it can be assumed that the main assault rifle of the Russian army, at least until the middle of the 21st century, will not be the Nikonov AN-94 assault rifle adopted for service, but modified in accordance with latest requirements AK-107 (reducing the weight of weapons due to more widespread use plastics, creating new sighting system and, possibly, a multi-charge underbarrel grenade launcher).
For export supplies, as well as for replacing shortened AKS-74U assault rifles in units of the Russian army and internal troops Ministry of Internal Affairs Russian Federation The Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant has developed and produced a 5.45 mm small-sized assault rifle AK-105. It is an individual weapon and is designed to defeat enemy personnel.
Like other small-sized assault rifles of the 100 series, the AK-105 is designed on the basis of a modernized AK-74 M, and the length of its barrel compared to basic model reduced by 101 mm and is 314 mm. Four right-handed ones are made in the barrel bore
cutting In the breech of the barrel the channel is smooth, made in the shape of a cartridge case, it serves as a chamber. The base of the front sight is installed on the muzzle of the barrel and a thread is cut for attaching a flash suppressor. The AK-105 is equipped with the same flash suppressor as other 100-series assault rifles. It reduces the amount of sound and flame when fired.
It is effective and easy to use. To guarantee the ability to defend yourself or destroy enemies, you need reliable, comfortable and lethal machine guns.
Several hundred different models of automatic machines have been developed in the world. All of them have disadvantages and advantages, and some are no longer used and are the property of collectors. To figure out which machine is the best, a top list has been formed the best slot machines in the world.
10.
So far, this machine is in the hands of American engineers and continues to be improved and improved. The main advantage of the weapon is the absence of recoil during shooting. Over time, after its modification is completed, there is a possibility that the Ferfrans HVLAR will become the best small arms in the world in its category.
The firing range of the machine gun is a short 500 meters, because the machine gun is designed for combat in urban conditions. Its weight is 4.5 kg, and the rate of fire reaches 700 rounds per minute. Experts decided to place this weapon in the ranking of the best slot machines in the world only in tenth position.
9. M16
This rifle was adopted by the US Army in the middle of the last century. Modernized and modified versions of machine guns are actively used by the US army and units even in our time.
Range aimed shooting is 800 m, while the bullet flies at a speed of 900 meters per second. The relatively small weight of the machine gun (3.4 kg) allows you to move with it on the battlefield without any problems. Previously, many experts recognized this weapon as best machine gun. Anytime modern warfare With the participation of the US Army, its soldiers were equipped with M16 assault rifles.
8.
The weapon has a non-standard shape. Design and development began in 2001 in a Belgian company. These automatic weapons were used by special units to perform special operations. The peculiarity of the machine is that it can be used by both left- and right-handed people. The presented weapon weighs 3.8 kg.
The machine was successfully used during the times Afghan war. At the moment it is in service with many European countries, as well as in India and Pakistan. The initial speed of the bullet is about 850 meters per second, and the distance of 500 meters is sighting range. These characteristics allowed the FN F2000 to enter the top with other best machines in the world.
7. HK416
This weapon, called HK416, was manufactured in 2004. Fairly low recoil, good ergonomics, and ease of use in field conditions- these are the main advantages of the weapon. In addition, versatility is taken into account, because soldiers can use it when different conditions fighting.
Ability to conduct targeted shooting at a distance of up to 600 m. Rate of fire - 850 rounds per minute. The main design flaw of the HK416 assault rifle is the overheating of the barrel during prolonged shooting, which causes the weapon to start to recoil. In many countries, an assault rifle is the main weapon special units. Among all the representatives of the top, HK416 is considered one of the most popular on the modern market.
6.
In the ranking of the best assault rifles in the world, this rifle is in sixth position. The weapons manufacturer is an Austrian company that has been successfully operating since the 70s of the last century. Since the first developments, this machine has been significantly modified and redesigned many times. The weight of the rifle is about 4 kg without an installed magazine with cartridges.
Actively used by the armies of France and Morocco. The Vepreva is also in service with many other countries. Among other modifications of this rifle, experts note the high reliability of Steyr AUG A3.
5.
The weapon was created by Soviet engineers in the 80s and is still used by various special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the FSB. One of the most important advantages of a rifle is its noiselessness. Easily disassembles and fits into cases or small briefcases.
The AS Val also ranks among the best assault rifles in the world due to the ability to use several types of cartridges. You can install a night vision sight. The weight of an unloaded machine gun is only 2.5 kg. The main disadvantages are the short aimed firing range, which is only 400 m, as well as the box-type magazine with a capacity of 20 rounds. The weapon was actively used during the two Chechen wars.
4.
This rifle is made by Israeli manufacturers. Strength, reliability, effective protection from mechanical influences, as well as the ability to be used by both right-handed and left-handed people - these are the main advantages. Additionally, there are options for mounting a grenade launcher and a night vision sight. If desired, a muffler can be installed.
Thanks to its well-thought-out design and high ergonomics, a fighter armed with the TAR-21 has a much higher chance of being undetected by the enemy than when using other weapons. In one minute, the machine can fire about 900 shots. Weight 3.27 kg. A standard magazine holds up to 30 rounds, and when using a high-capacity magazine it can hold up to 100 rounds. This model was developed in 1993, but was put into service only in 2001. The Tavor is still successfully used in various armies and units around the world.
3.
The machine gun is an assault rifle and was created jointly by companies from Belgium and the USA. Among all the automatic weapons used by the US Army, the FN SCAR-H rifle won the title of the best automatic weapon of 2014. Minimum return comfortable conditions during operation, as well as reliability, are the main advantages of the rifle. Deservedly included in the top three best slot machines in the world for 2016.
The weight of the machine is 3.19 kg. In one minute you can fire 625 shots. The maximum distance for aimed shooting is 900 meters. The magazine holds up to 30 rounds. So far, the machine gun is used exclusively by the US military. Currently, the FN SCAR-H is considered one of the best modern and expensive assault rifles.
2.
This is a high-quality adaptive automatic rifle, which was created by an American company. The developers of the machine gun decided to design a weapon based on the M16 rifle. But, over time, they created a separate and full-fledged automatic rifle, with its own design features. Above is a small part receiver It is made of aluminum, and impact-resistant plastic is used in the lower part. Manufacturers made a rough surface of the case to increase the reliability of holding it in the hands.
All controls of the machine gun are conveniently located, providing easy access to them, which in turn allows the fighter to take a combat position in the shortest possible time. The Bushmaster ACR 3 barrel is designed similar to those used in sniper rifles. This is what allows them to be replaced quickly. Rifle weight 3.18 kg. Precision shooting is guaranteed at a distance of up to 500 meters. The magazine holds 30 rounds. The main disadvantage is that the cost is too high compared to weapons of the same class.
1. AK-12
Among all weapons, in the corresponding category, the best machine gun in the world– this is an AK-12. Specialists from the Kalashnikov concern and the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant took part in its creation. Its design has a plastic butt, due to which the overall weight is significantly reduced. The reloading mechanism can be installed on one or the other side, and this is convenient for use by both right- and left-handed people. Without magazine, total weight is 3.2 kg. A regular magazine will hold up to 60 rounds, and a drum magazine will hold up to 95. Aimed firing range 500 meters. In one minute, the machine gun fires up to 650 shots. A unique feature of the machine gun is the ability to perform all the necessary actions: switch the safety, pull the bolt and change the magazine with just one hand.
The development of weapons began in 2011, and four years later they began to be used in the troops of the Russian Federation along with new equipment"Warrior". Despite the first position in the ranking, large number The military was skeptical about this development. Although critics and experts are confident that the AK-12 is the best assault rifle Russian production at the moment.
AK-400
An assault rifle produced by the Kalashnikov concern. This so-called “four hundredth series” was offered to the special forces of the FSB and SBP, which ensure the security of the President of Russia, at the end of 2015. AK-400 is a series of the latest adaptive automatic weapons. This machine can be equipped with any sight, handle, target designator or flashlight. And since it is adaptive, its dimensions are adjusted depending on physical features fighter. The developers claim that the AK-400 is superior to the legendary AK-74 and the modern AK-12 in accuracy and shooting accuracy.
The “four hundredth” series provides for the use of ammunition various types- both modern 5.45 mm and “Soviet” 7.62 mm. The length of the machine is 940 mm. Weight is a little more than 3 kg. Among the innovations is the “cut-off” mode, in which with one click on trigger 3 bullets will be fired at the target. The AK-400 is also equipped with a Picatinny rail and a telescopic buttstock.
The best machine in the world | Video review
AUTOMATIC WEAPONS, a firearm in which reloading and firing the next shot are performed automatically due to the energy of powder gases generated during the shot or the energy of other (extraneous) sources. Automatic weapons There is single (self-loading) and continuous fire (self-loading). In the first, only reloading is automated, and pressing the trigger is required to fire the next shot. In a continuous fire weapon, after the start of shooting, the shots follow one after another until the cartridges in the magazine (belt) run out or the trigger stops being pressed. Such weapons can be used to fire continuously, in series of shots, in bursts or in single shots. Main feature automatic weapons - high rate of fire, which is characterized by the rate of fire, practically. rate of fire and fire mode. Automatic weapons are fed with cartridges from special boxes - magazines (magazine) or flexible link belts (belt). Magazine feed is used mainly in automatic weapons with a low rate of fire (machine gun, rifle, light machine gun), belt - in an automatic weapon with a high rate of fire (machine gun, small-caliber automatic cannon). Automatic weapons appeared in the 2nd half. 19th century Russian - Japanese war 1904 - 05 confirmed great value Automatic weapons in combat and heavy machine guns have become firmly established in the weapons system of most states. Long before the 1st World War, work began in Russia on the creation of light automatic weapons. Based on the results of joint tests of domestic and foreign models, V.G. rifles were recognized as the best. Fedorov and F.V. Tokareva, however, work on them was not completed. During World War I, V. G. Fedorov designed an assault rifle chambered for a special 6.5 mm rifle cartridge. IN small quantities it entered service and was used in battle. After the Great October Socialist Revolution, gunsmith designers V. A. Degtyarev, F. V. Tokarev, G. S. Shpagin, S. G. Simonov, B. G. Shpitalny, P. M. Goryunov, A. I. Sudaev and others created first-class automatic weapon systems for various purposes, which were in service Soviet Army during the Great Patriotic War. The creators of modern automatic weapons are M. T. Kalashnikov, E. F. Dragunov, N. F. Makarov, I. Ya. Stechki and others. Sov. Scientists A. A. Blagonravov, E. L. Bravin, E. A. Gorov, M. A. Mamontov, V. S. Pugachev and others created the foundation, works on the theory of design and research of automatic weapons. Automatic weapons were widely used in World War 2. Modern Armies armed only with automatic weapons.
His combat properties characterized by high firing efficiency, maneuverability and reliability, the ability to create a high density of fire and hit fast-moving targets.
The design of automatic weapons is very diverse. The automation design largely depends on the method of using the energy of powder gases or an external source to operate the mechanisms and moving parts of the weapon that perform the operations of reloading and firing a shot (or only cocking the striking mechanism). Based on the operating principle of automation, automatic weapons can be divided into 4 types:
a) weapon systems in which the automatic operation is based on the use of recoil of a movable barrel (the bolt is firmly coupled to it during the shot); the automation of such systems can be with a long barrel stroke equal to the bolt stroke (for example, the French Shosh light machine gun), or with a short barrel stroke less than the bolt stroke (for example, 7.62 mm heavy machine gun Maxim);
b) weapon systems that use bolt recoil with a stationary barrel; in such systems, a distinction is made between automatics with a free breech, when it is not engaged with the barrel during a shot (for example, 7.62-mm Shpagin PPSh-41 and Sudaev PPS-43 submachine guns), or with a semi-free (self-opening) breech, when at the first moment of the shot it is engaged with the barrel, and disengagement occurs under the influence of the pressure of the powder gases on the bottom of the cartridge case (for example, the English Thompson submachine gun, the 7.62 mm German G-3 automatic rifle, etc.);
c) weapon systems in which the automatic operation is based on the use of gas removal from the barrel bore into the gas chamber through a gas outlet hole in the wall of a stationary barrel (usually in the front part); After the bullet passes through the gas outlet, part of the powder gases enters the gas chamber and sets in motion a piston connected through a rod to the bolt frame (or bolt stem). Moving backward, the piston and rod together with the bolt frame (or bolt stem) unlock the bolt and throw it to the rear position (for example, 7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle, 7.62 mm Degtyarev light machine gun, 7.62 mm SGM heavy machine gun, 7.62 mm Kalashnikov machine gun PK USSR, 7.62 mm single machine gun M60 USA, etc.);
d) weapon systems in which the operation of automation is based on the use of energy from other sources.
Modern automatic weapons combat purpose is divided into the following types: automatic pistols, submachine guns
And machine guns
, automatic rifles
And carbines
, machine guns
, automatic guns
.
Automatic pistol
- personal self-loading weapon self-defense and attack on the enemy in close proximity (up to 50 m).
Submachine gun
And machine
- individual weapon, designed to destroy single and group living targets at ranges up to 800-1000 m. Submachine guns and machine guns differ mainly in the type of cartridge used: the former fire pistol cartridges, the latter are designed for a more powerful cartridge.
Automatic rifle And carbine
- an individual, a weapon designed to defeat the enemy with fire, a bayonet and a butt. The carabiner has more short barrel, which improves the maneuverability of the weapon, but somewhat reduces the quality of the ballista.
Machine guns
- powerful group small arms designed to engage manpower, fire weapons and lightly armored targets at ranges up to 1000 m, air targets - up to 1500 - 1800 m. Machine guns of standard caliber (6.5-8.0 mm) allow firing from bipod or from a tripod machine (“ single machine guns"). Machine guns are also installed on tanks, armored personnel carriers, airplanes, helicopters, ships and other objects. Automatic cannons are powerful artillery weapons for destroying ground, air and surface targets. For firing, projectiles for various purposes are used (armor-piercing incendiary, high-explosive fragmentation, etc.) with a high initial speed (up to 1000 m/s or more). Based on the characteristics of combat use and operation, a distinction is made between artillery machine guns and aircraft guns. .
Artillery machine guns (caliber 20-76 mm) are used by Ch. arr. to destroy air targets. Feeding with cartridges from clips and belt. Automation advantage with a short barrel stroke. To increase the density of fire, they are created automatic complexes(multi-barrel installations). Sharp increase rate of fire automatic guns achieved by combining a number of reloading operations. For example, the American 20-mm Vulcan-type aircraft gun has a rate of fire of 6000 rounds/min. A block of 6 barrels rotates from an external drive; in some barrels, cartridges are supplied, and in others, spent cartridges are extracted. English 30mm drum aircraft. The Aden-type gun has a rate of fire of 1250 rounds/min, has 1 barrel without a chamber and a drum with several chambers, sequentially combined with the barrel. Work on improving automatic weapons continues in the following areas: increasing firepower, rate of fire and maneuverability on the battlefield, reducing weight, as well as ensuring operational reliability and ease of maintenance.
Soviet military encyclopedia
Blagonravov A.A.
R. P. Kogan.
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