Modern Russian military technologies. Armament and military equipment of the Russian army and navy
The army of any country is its shield and sword. The main activity of these armed formations is the defense of state borders and the preservation of sovereignty. Sometimes this requires action not only on the protected territory, but also on the lands of potential enemies.
For these purposes, each country is actively developing various types of weapons. Especially if this is such a large and technologically advanced power as the Russian Federation.
Russia's promising and latest weapons have different origins. Some began to be developed during the Soviet Union, some were already created by Russian designers. The simplest example is the fifth generation Su-57 fighters or the Armata universal platform. And this despite the difficult economic situation of the 90s of the last century.
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Of course, the latest developments of Russian weapons are being carried out in all sectors of the military-industrial complex. Every year, Russia's military budget is effectively spent on financing a number of promising projects aimed at introducing and implementing cutting-edge technologies.
In addition to the fact that the money goes to research and design activities, new Russian weapons are being developed and the country's military-industrial complex is being improved. After all, it is not enough to build a prototype of a rocket or tank; it is also necessary to ensure mass and high-tech production.
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In addition to the usual types of equipment and weapons, research is being conducted in the field of military technologies based on new physical principles. These are Russia's newest weapons: laser emitters, railguns, magnetic accelerators, and, probably, a lot of other projects that are not publicly available.
New Russian missile weapons
Almost since the advent of nuclear weapons, they have been used in the global strategy of deterrence. The basis of Russia's modern weapons is the nuclear reaction force. Intercontinental ballistic missiles provide security to our citizens. Russia's new weapons are regularly improved, and work on promising projects never stops.
Until recently, Russia's missile armament was represented by such monsters as Sotka and Voevoda. But in recent years they have begun to be actively replaced by “Topol” and “Topol-M”. In addition, new samples of these weapons are regularly sent from the bowels of the design bureau for testing.
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RS-24 Yars
The RS-24 Yars represents a new generation of Russian nuclear weapons. Produced at the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant in the city of the same name. “Yars” will replace weapons systems of the previous generation: RS-18 and RS-20. New installations will begin to replace Topols that are out of warranty. The first samples arrived at the Strategic Missile Forces units in 2015.
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RS-26 Rubezh
RS-26 is a complex of nuclear weapons with increased accuracy of striking a target. The development of ICBMs was carried out by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering from 2006 to 2014. The very first launch of the rocket had negative consequences: the rocket crashed. The rest of the launches were successful. The missile was tested at the Plesetsk and Kapustin Yar test sites.
"Rubezh" will replace such complexes as "Topol-M" and "Yars".
The main feature of the RS-26 is a missile capable of penetrating enemy missile defense and air defense forces and striking a targeted enemy target.
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RS-28 "Sarmat" (ICBM)
The RS-28 heavy ICBM has been developed since 2009. The planned date for adoption is 2016. In 2018, V. Putin officially confirmed the acceptance of the missile by the RSVN forces. The main goal of the project is to replace the outdated RS-20 complex. The Sarmat is capable of reaching its target by making its way through the planet's poles, which contributes to the difficulty of intercepting ICBMs.
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BZHRK Barguzin
"Barguzin" is a combat missile system based on a special train. This type of RK is used only in Russia. Other countries have no analogues.
The creation of Barguzin began in 2012. For a long time we could not decide on a rocket for the complex. However, over time, the choice settled on the RS-24 Yars.
The system is still being developed. According to plans, the deployment of production of the complex will begin in 2018. Starting from 2020, admission to the Russian Military Academy will begin.
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R-30 (Bulava-30)
The R-30 is a promising ballistic missile designed to arm submarines. Designed to deliver a nuclear strike on enemy territory. Capable of flying over a distance of 8,000 km. It carries up to 20 nuclear warheads.
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Armor-piercing modern weapons of Russia
The most terrible weapon on the modern battlefield in local conflicts are tanks. Armored vehicles, armed with cannons and machine guns, fulfill their role extremely effectively. To increase the chances of survival of ordinary soldiers and to successfully counter such a threat, modern anti-tank systems and other similar new types of Russian weapons are being developed.
RPG-29 "Vampire" with a shot
"Kornet-P"
"Kornet-P" is the most modern weapon in Russia. A complex of anti-tank guided weapons with a warhead capable of penetrating up to 1500 mm of armor. New weapons of the Russian Army were developed in the city of Tula, at the Instrument Design Bureau. The introduction of Kornet-P into the Russian Armed Forces began in 2011. Mainly based on Tiger mobile platforms, there are options for infantry.
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RK Hermes
The Hermes missile system, adopted in 2012, is intended for installation on aircraft and armored chassis. The development was also carried out by the design bureau, which created the Cornet. The installation of Hermes on the Ka-52, Mi-28N and Pantsir-1s has been officially announced.
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MGK "Bur"
"Bur" is an anti-tank grenade launcher system for countering enemy armored vehicles. A special feature of the weapon is its reusable launcher. Moreover, the shot itself is one-time only. Adopted by the Russian Army in 2014.
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RPG-32 Hashim
RPG-32 Hashim is a joint project between Russia and Jordan. The main customers are the latter. A hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher is being produced at a joint venture in Jordan. Since 2013, the plant has been producing up to 60,000 RPGs per year.
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Modern small arms weapons
The infantryman was and remains the main combat unit of all armies of the world. And for the effective operation of this type of troops, simple and reliable weapons are required. In addition to the development of shooting systems for soldiers, Russia is actively developing promising weapons for special forces and various branches of the military.
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Kalashnikov assault rifle 12 and 15
Despite its simplicity and reliability, Kalashnikov assault rifles are regularly modified and improved. The latest developments in this area are models designated 12 and 15. In addition to redesigned ergonomics and internal mechanics, changes also affected the caliber of one of the versions. The AK-15 uses 7.62*39 cartridges as ammunition, like the AK-47.
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Double-medium ADS machine
ADS is a promising assault rifle system designed for naval special forces. The main and most important feature of the gun is the ability to fire effectively underwater and in the air.
The ADS itself has a bullpup system. That is, the store is located in the butt of the weapon. This improves the ergonomics of the assault rifle and makes it possible not to produce special versions of the product for left-handers. It has been in service with the Russian Armed Forces since 2016. It is actively purchased by foreigners.
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SVLK-14s
One of the problems of the Soviet, and then Russian military industry, has always been the inability to create a sniper rifle with increased accuracy. In the Russian Federation, rifles from foreign manufacturers were often used. The problem was slightly resolved when the private company “Tsar Cannon” appeared, under the leadership of V. Lobaev.
Despite all the difficulties with the creation and sale of products, Tsar Cannon managed to create high-precision weapons in Russia and enter the world market with the sniper complex of the SVLT-14s project. This weapon is capable of hitting a target at a distance of up to 2 km. Excellent ergonomics and the possibility of customization made it possible to quickly receive orders not only from athletes, but also from special forces units.
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Sniper complex 6S8
6S8 - developed by the Degtyarevsky arms factory. In fact, the rifle was developed back in 1997, but due to a number of reasons, production never began. They returned to the project 16 years later. The new version of the weapon used all the accumulated developments.
6S8, despite the impressive caliber 12.7*108, turned out to be compact and lightweight. This was facilitated by the materials from which Russia’s new weapons are made: the complex itself, and the magazine located using the “Bullpup” system. The main task of the 6S8 is to destroy light armored vehicles and unarmored vehicles at a distance of up to 1.5 km.
![](https://i1.wp.com/soldats.club/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/20-8.jpg)
T-5000 OrSys
The T-5000 OrSys sniper rifle is a direct competitor to the SVLK-14s. Both of these complexes have similar performance characteristics. Another interesting factor is the manufacturing company: OrSys - new weapons are produced by a private company, which is unusual for the Russian market. The T-5000 has a high degree of customization and is designed for accurate fire at a distance of up to 1.5 km.
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Anti-aircraft missile systems
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Modern warfare rarely proceeds without aviation. And if MANPADS and mobile air defense systems can cover helicopters and low-flying aircraft, then something more serious is required from cruise missiles and aircraft at high altitudes.
The Russian Federation is currently armed with the S-300 and S-400 complexes, but a more advanced replacement is already being prepared for them.
S-500 "Triumfator" air defense system
The S-500 is an evolutionary development of the S-400. The new complex will be capable of hitting a wider range of targets: cruise missiles, aircraft, ICBMs and even satellites in low-Earth orbit. The project is currently being actively developed. The estimated date of adoption is 2020.
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S-300OVM "Antey-2500"
S-300OVM is a deep modernization of the S-300 complex. Intended for mobile deployment in a specified area. Capable of simultaneously targeting 24 targets. Main targets: aircraft, UAVs. Can hit ballistic missiles with a range of 2,500 km.
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New developments in Russian military equipment
It is difficult to imagine an army that is not equipped with equipment. This list includes self-propelled artillery, armored vehicles, wheeled vehicles, etc. Some new developments in Russian military equipment received excellent evaluation during testing on the battlefields with terrorists in Syria.
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Coalition-SV
The Coalition-SV is a double-barreled artillery gun with a 152 mm caliber. Capable of firing at a distance of up to 70 kilometers. It all depends on the type of projectile used. The rate of fire of the installation reaches 30 rounds per minute. This is achieved through an automatic loader, which has been introduced into new Russian weapons of the latest generation.
The crew of the Coalition-SV is housed in a special armored capsule located in the chassis. The self-propelled gun is one of the vehicles developed on the universal Armata platform.
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T-14 "Armata"
The latest developments in Russian weapons. Most of the characteristics and materials from which the tank is made are strictly classified. A special feature of the vehicle is the high degree of protection for the crew. This includes dynamic protection, an active protection complex, and a special armored capsule in which people are housed.
The project was initially equipped with a 152 mm gun, but it was later replaced by a 125 mm gun. However, they did not refuse a larger caliber and the next versions of the T-14 will be produced with a different gun.
![](https://i0.wp.com/soldats.club/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/27-4.jpg)
T-15 "Kurganets" (TBMP)
The T-15 is a heavy infantry fighting vehicle. Has a serious reservation. It is a vehicle based on the Armata platform. Carried by a crew. Equipped with cannons, machine guns and anti-tank missiles.
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New Russian weapons of the latest developments
Russian engineers are working not only on the technology we are familiar with, but also on devices of a completely different level. Some new types of weapons in Russia a dozen years ago were considered only the fantasies of writers, but today they are quite real.
Yu-71
Recently, there has been more and more news about rockets and aircraft capable of traveling at speeds exceeding the speed of sound. There is active debate about the possibility of hypersonic flights exceeding 10,000 km.
And while everyone is arguing, Russian engineers are developing the Yu-71 project. Russia's new weapon is a drone capable of carrying a nuclear arsenal and traveling at a speed of 12 thousand kilometers per hour. At the same time, the machine is capable of maneuvering and abruptly changing its flight path.
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Laser weapons
Projects to create laser weapons were carried out back in the USSR. However, after the collapse of the Country of Soviets, all developments were frozen, problems with financing, etc.
Already in our millennium, some of the work began to be revived and funds were actively invested in the development of promising projects for this type of weapon. In 2018, V. Putin officially demonstrated the operation of a modern Russian laser. In the video, a flying training target was shot down.
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In this section you can get acquainted with information about various types of military equipment. We will talk about the main trends in the development of world military equipment, as well as interesting facts about the legendary military equipment of the past.
Long gone are the days when soldiers of opposing sides came face to face on the battlefield and found out which of them was stronger in hand-to-hand combat. The twentieth century was an era of development of military technology: the first tanks appeared on the battlefields, and combat aircraft took to the skies.
The development of new types of weapons was rapid, almost every year samples of new military equipment appeared, and every decade designers came up with fundamentally new models of mechanisms for destroying their own kind. Today, the power of the armed forces of any state largely depends on the perfection and effectiveness of the military equipment it has.
Domestic military equipment has always been considered one of the best. In Soviet times, huge funds were allocated for the needs of the military-industrial complex, a huge reserve was created, which is why Russian military equipment today is not inferior to the best foreign analogues.
The strongest military power in the modern world is the United States. A developed military-industrial complex is one of the foundations of American power. In this section you can find materials about the best examples of US military equipment.
One of the main types of military equipment that appeared at the beginning of the last century and radically changed the way of warfare are tanks. These machines, at first bulky and clumsy, eventually developed into a formidable weapon, becoming the main striking force in ground operations. Gradually, other types of armored vehicles were developed, and today there are already dozens of them.
We invite you to get acquainted with the latest Russian and foreign tanks and learn interesting facts about the legendary vehicles of the past.
Another revolution in military affairs that took place in the last century was the emergence of combat aviation. The first aircraft took part in combat operations during the First World War; aviation developed rapidly and soon became a significant force, largely determining the outcome of the military conflict. Today, the fate of any armed confrontation is largely determined by gaining air supremacy.
Almost immediately after the appearance of the first aircraft, means of combating them began to be developed. Today, air defense troops are an important part of the armed forces of any country.
The types of military equipment used by the modern army are very numerous and varied. It would take a long time to list them. These include artillery systems, multiple launch rocket systems, combat and transport helicopters, and various types of vehicles.
Almost constantly, information appears about the creation of new types of military equipment or modernizations of old vehicles, which significantly increase their efficiency and combat power. Design bureaus are developing types of military equipment based on new physical principles. It is very likely that in twenty years the armed forces will be radically different from modern armies.
Today, automatic systems of military equipment, which are controlled remotely or fully automatic, are especially actively developing. It is possible that drones will soon become the most common type of military equipment both in the air and on the ground.
The Business Insider portal decided to introduce its readers to the most dangerous weapons available to Russia. For this purpose, 11 of the most advanced weapons systems were selected, which potential adversaries should be afraid of.
Rocket ship "Bora". This vessel is a “hovercraft catamaran” with an average speed of one hundred kilometers per hour. The vessel carries eight Moskit anti-ship missiles and 20 Osa-M anti-aircraft missiles. The ship's crew is 68 sailors
The Pantsir-S1 combined anti-aircraft missile and gun system is equipped with 12 guided surface-to-air missiles and two automatic cannons with a caliber of 30 millimeters. The weapon is effective against airplanes, helicopters, ballistic and cruise missiles.
"Invisible" submarine. The Novorossiysk submarine was launched in St. Petersburg in 2013. She became the first of six diesel-electric submarines of the Varshavyanka class. “According to the designers, thanks to stealth technology, it is almost impossible to detect when diving.”
MiG-35 fighter. “The MiG-35 multirole fighter is effective both in air combat and in delivering high-precision strikes,” the article says. The plane reaches speeds of up to 2,400 kilometers per hour, despite the fact that it is almost a third heavier than its predecessor. The MiG-35 is capable of conducting air combat, destroying sea and ground targets from a long distance and making reconnaissance flights.
SAM "Buk-M". The destruction range of the 9M317 missiles with which the complex is equipped is up to 46 kilometers, and the missile warhead weighs 70 kilograms.
RS-24 "Yars". The Yars complex should replace the Topol-M; its deployment began in 2010. This intercontinental ballistic missile carries several individually targeted units with a thermonuclear charge, and its maximum range is 11 thousand kilometers. This missile is 100 times more powerful than the bomb that the United States dropped on Hiroshima in 1945.
Bomber Tu-160. The world's largest supersonic aircraft was developed in the USSR in the 1980s. It has the most powerful engines ever installed on a combat aircraft and can carry up to 40 tons of weapons.
Tank T-90. “This is the most advanced tank currently used by the Russian army,” the publication writes. It is equipped with a 125 mm smoothbore cannon, as well as a remote-guided anti-aircraft machine gun mount.
Borei class submarines. The Borei submarines, with a displacement of more than 14.7 thousand tons, are somewhat smaller than their predecessors of the Akula project. However, armed with 16 Bulava missiles, each carrying 6-10 warheads, these submarines are “a force to be reckoned with.”
Mi-28 helicopter. The Mi-28 attack helicopter is armed with a built-in 30-mm 2A42 cannon and four hardpoints on which guided and unguided missiles and a machine gun mount can be mounted.
The S-300 air defense system is best suited for the task of shooting down an airplane. This complex can even shoot down six aircraft at a time, firing up to 12 missiles at them. “Anything in the air within a 300-kilometer radius should be looked out for.”
On Saturday, The National Interest wrote that one of the most reliable military aircraft ever created in the world is the Soviet light supersonic third-generation front-line fighter MiG-21.
In total, the forum included 78 foreign defense enterprises from 14 countries. National expositions were organized by Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, China, Pakistan, Slovakia and South Africa.
The demonstration program, which unfolded on the territory of three clusters, involved more than 190 units of weapons, military and special equipment. Aviation is presented at the airfield in Kubinka, ground equipment - at the Alabino training ground. Here, on Lake Komsomolskoye, there is a water cluster, where one of the main new products is underwater robots. Small arms are presented in the Multifunctional Fire Center area.
Microwave sniper rifle
© Press service of the Kalashnikov concernThe latest development for high-precision shooting. The Chukavina Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle (CHR) is available in two calibers - 7.62 x 54 mm and 7.62 x 51 mm (the latter is also known as .308 Win, very popular in the world market). At the same time, in caliber 7.62 × 54 mm, it is compatible with SVD magazines. In the basic configuration, the microwave is equipped with a telescopic butt with an adjustable cheek piece.
According to the general director of the Kalashnikov concern (part of Rostec) Alexey Krivoruchko, this development has a very bright future, the Ministry of Defense and the Russian Guard, as well as export partners, are interested. There are great prospects in the civilian market. “We are already conducting some of the civilian tests this year and hope to begin testing these rifles for law enforcement agencies in the near future,” he said in an interview with TASS.
The microwave differs from conventional small arms primarily in its layout. The designers decided to move away from the traditional design with a receiver closed with a lid. The new layout simplifies the mounting of optics, collimator sights, night and thermal imaging attachments and other sighting systems.
BMD-4M with the Sinitsa combat module
The Sinitsa combat module is an improved combat compartment of the infantry fighting vehicle - BMP-3, which retains a powerful set of weapons consisting of a 100-mm cannon - the 2A70 launcher, a 30-mm 2A72 automatic cannon and a 7.62 mm PKTM machine gun.
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The BMD-4M with Sinitsa is designed for transporting units of the Airborne Forces, conducting combat from a vehicle and providing fire support. Its total combat weight does not exceed 14.3 tons. The crew consists of three people; transportation of four paratroopers is allowed. The BMD-4M can be parachuted with the combat crew inside. The previously developed version of the BMD-4M was equipped with the Bakhcha-U fighting compartment.
Medical armored vehicle "Tiger"
The medical version of the BMA Tiger-Aibolit armored car was created by the Military Industrial Company (MIC). This machine was made on an initiative basis.
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Tank support combat vehicle "Terminator"
The vehicle was involved in demonstrations at the Alabino training ground. It became known at the forum that for the first time the Russian Ministry of Defense bought a tank support combat vehicle in the interests of the Ground Forces.
![](https://i2.wp.com/www.militarycolumnist.ru/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/IMG_20170704_120029.jpg)
Created taking into account the military operations that took place in Afghanistan. The BMPT based on the T-90 tank is capable of identifying a hidden threat and destroying it before the main tank is hit. Crew - five people. Firepower is provided by two 30-mm automatic cannons, one machine gun, two AGS-30 grenade launchers and four Ataka-T anti-tank guided missiles.
Armored personnel carrier BTR-87
Presented at the exhibition for the first time. The new armored personnel carrier, designated BTR-87, was developed by the Military Industrial Company. It received a front-engine layout, in which landing and disembarking of troops is carried out through the aft doors. Somewhat similar to the BTR-4 of the Ukrainian Armed Forces.
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“The BTR-87 is an initiative development work. There may be a stern exit for paratroopers with a hinged door, as shown in the example at the exhibition, or we can make a very convenient folding ramp, again in the stern. This is the main difference between the BTR-87 and the BTR-82A, where troops land through hatches located on the sides of the hull,” Alexander Krasovitsky, general director of the military-industrial complex, told TASS.
The new vehicle is equipped with the chassis of the BTR-82A armored personnel carrier. The BTR-87 is a four-axle all-wheel drive amphibious vehicle with an 8 x 8 wheel arrangement. The BTR-87 received a combat module, the armament of which includes a 30-mm automatic cannon, a 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun, and four anti-tank guided missiles.
According to the developers, the BTR-87 has already passed a number of tests and is now being presented to the Ministry of Defense in order to open development work in the interests of the military department.
Motorcycle for special forces
The presentation of a silent motorcycle developed for was held as part of the forum.
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According to the head of the company, the range of motorcycles produced by the concern will be very wide. “We will make different models, of different classes, but the emphasis will be on electric motorcycles,” he explained. The plans include the production of other electric vehicles.
As previously reported, the concern has developed an electric motorcycle for the traffic police and police departments. The charging range of such a car is 150 km. Maximum power - 15 kW. The first samples will be handed over to the Metropolitan Police at the end of August.
Armored communications vehicle "Tiger-US"
Presented at the exhibition for the first time. This machine will be able to transform into a control and reconnaissance center, a secure communications center or a mobile data processing center.
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According to Voentelecom CEO Alexander Davydov, the system has unprecedented characteristics and is capable of replacing up to 70% of bulky and different types of command and staff vehicles and complex communications hardware, while providing much richer functionality and significantly improved tactical and technical characteristics with a multiple reduction in purchase costs and service.
It also became known that at the concept level, Voentelecom considers this communication and control machine to be unmanned, controlled by artificial intelligence, which independently determines the route based on the situation in the theater of military operations.
Buggy "Chaborz" M-6
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The new six-seater Chaborz M-6 buggy was presented by the training center of the Chechen special forces.
It is primarily intended for military needs and has ample capabilities for transporting cargo and installing additional equipment. Serial production of all-terrain vehicles at the Chechenavto plant will begin after the presentation at the Army-2017 forum.
Today the volume of serial production is 30 cars per month. The vehicle is universal and adapts to various military and civilian needs.
Combat module using neural network technologies
For the first time, a new combat module using neural network technologies was presented at the Kalashnikov Concern pavilion, allowing it to recognize targets and make decisions.
TASS/Ruptly
A neural network is a quickly learning system that is capable of acting not only in accordance with a given algorithm, but also based on previously used experience. It also became known that this combat module could go into production in 2018 and can be installed on any vehicle.
"Gun" for fighting drones
The electromagnetic “gun” “Stupor” was created by the Main Research and Testing Center for Robotics of the Russian Ministry of Defense to suppress unmanned aerial vehicles.
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The complex is designed to suppress drones, including copter-type ones, used on land and water surfaces, at a line-of-sight range. In addition, it can suppress the navigation and transmission channels of drones, as well as their photo and video cameras in the optical-electronic range.
The “gun” emits electromagnetic pulses and is primarily intended to suppress the control channel of a drone, which, under the influence of radiation, loses contact with the operator, which leads to uncontrolled flight and fall.
“Stupor” operates at a range of 2 km in a 20-degree sector. It can be charged either from the network or from a car battery.
MODERN SMALL WEAPONS
World practice shows that in recent decades the development of conventional means of armed warfare has reached a qualitatively new level. Under these conditions, the real prospects not only for solving combat missions, but also for the survival of personnel on a modern battlefield without modern equipment and weapons are practically reduced to zero.
In the new Russian Military Doctrine, attention is focused on the use of the latest means of armed warfare against the enemy: high-precision weapons, weapons based on new physical principles, unmanned aerial vehicles and autonomous marine vehicles, bio-cybernetic and other systems. Russia needs a modern and well-equipped army with high combat power.
Various fire weapons are used to defeat the enemy, but small arms remain the most widespread. It is in service with all branches of the armed forces and branches of the Armed Forces. It is no coincidence that the Kalashnikov assault rifle is considered the “most important” weapon of the last 50 years.
The importance of small arms and portable fire support equipment is especially great in local wars, counter-guerrilla and anti-terrorist operations, which have become the main type of military conflicts of the modern era. In such conflicts, the
tackling dispersed enemy manpower is much more important than capturing or destroying infrastructure, and here small arms are indispensable. And in a large-scale war, it becomes the main means of destruction in battles in the city, in the forest, in the mountains, when the capabilities of other means are limited. Such conditions are usually referred to in combat regulations as “special battle conditions,” but this does not mean they are rare or exceptional. On the contrary, battles under such conditions are becoming more common.
Small arms, which are in service with the Russian Army and intended to solve combat and operational tasks, are classified as combat weapons. There are different approaches to the class and characteristics of modern small arms. One of them is its classification according to combat capabilities. Let's look at samples of military small arms in service with military units of the Russian Army.
Pistols
Pistols and revolvers are weapons of direct attack and defense at short distances - up to 50 m. Low weight and small size allow you to constantly carry these weapons with you and quickly open fire from various positions. Shooting is carried out predominantly with one hand - in fact, this was the main advantage of personal weapons throughout the history of its existence.
Most modern combat pistols have self-cocking (double-action) trigger mechanisms. This allows the first shots to be fired much faster if the cartridge is in the chamber. Self-loading pistols are used as service weapons by senior and senior officers, and auxiliary weapons by officers, privates and non-commissioned officers, and are widely used by special forces units. The most common combat pistols are 7.62-9 mm calibers with a magazine capacity of 8-18 rounds (Fig. 66). Figure 66 Makarov pistol
Revolvers have now been withdrawn from service in the armies of developed countries, but remain in paramilitary forces and the armed forces of underdeveloped countries. Revolvers are mainly used as police and civilian weapons. An important requirement for modern military personal weapons has become a reduction in size and weight, since for the owner it is usually an auxiliary load, and not the main one; increased shooting accuracy and penetration due to the widespread use of personal armor protection. An example of this is the appearance of Russian pistol cartridges with bullets of increased penetration such as 7N25 (9x18 PBM) or 7N31 (9x19 PBP) while maintaining the stopping effect.
Slot machines
During the Second World War, the problem of increasing the density of fire in close combat had to be solved with the help of submachine guns. But the war revealed the need for weapons that would reliably hit targets at medium ranges. Neither a low-power pistol cartridge nor an overly powerful rifle cartridge were suitable for this. The problem was solved by creating an intermediate power cartridge. On its basis, an automatic handgun with a replaceable magazine and variable fire mode was created, which over time became the main one. In the USSR and a number of other countries, this weapon began to be called an “automatic machine”, in the West - an “assault rifle”. Their first samples had a caliber of 7.5-7.62 mm. Initially, the difference between a machine gun and an assault rifle was not only in name. If the Soviet Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK) was created for an intermediate cartridge (later called “automatic”), which made it possible to make the weapon compact and maneuverable enough for close combat, then NATO countries adopted a rifle-power cartridge and relatively long-barreled assault rifles for it (Fig. 67) .
Machine guns and assault rifles took their place in the center of a kind of “triangle” (between a rifle, a submachine gun and a light machine gun). With a mass of 3.5-4.5 kg, they have a relatively short length of 800-1100 mm, a combat rate of fire in bursts of up to 100-150 rounds per minute, are convenient for operations in various conditions, and are reliable.
In the 1960s An important change occurred - a reduction in the caliber of weapons. The United States adopted the M16 (M16A1) assault rifle of 5.56 mm caliber, and soon small-caliber rifles appeared in other countries: the Israeli Galil (SaSh), the Belgian
Rice. 67. Kalashnikov assault rifle
FNTs (Р1^С), Austrian Stt-77 (51d-77), French FAMAS (RA MAZ). An automatic cartridge of 5.56 mm caliber, with a slight decrease in the sighting range, made it possible to increase the firing efficiency at ranges up to 300 - 400 m, since a high-speed bullet gave a flatter trajectory at these ranges, and thanks to the lighter cartridge and reduced recoil, the maneuverability of the weapon increased and increased wearable ammunition.
In 1974, a new system of small arms of 5.45 mm caliber entered service in the USSR, its basis was the AK 74 assault rifle. Nyukopulse small-caliber cartridges equalized the capabilities of machine guns and assault rifles. Since the machine gun has to fire at various targets, its ammunition includes cartridges with both an ordinary bullet with a steel core and tracers, as well as other special bullets. The bullet must have a good stopping and penetrating effect. The stopping effect of a bullet depends on the amount of energy transferred to the target upon impact and the nature of the damage.
The combination of the stopping effect of a bullet with the penetrating effect is becoming especially important nowadays due to the widespread use of personal armor (body armor, helmets, shields). Bullets of modern machine guns pierce steel helmets at a distance of up to 800 m, body armor of the 2nd - 3rd class - up to 400-500 m. Night sights are used for shooting at night, and optical and collimator sights are increasingly being used in individual weapons." For hand-to-hand combat serves as a detachable bayonet knife.
1 Collimator sighting systems are systems that use a collimator to construct an image of an aiming reticle projected to infinity. Collimator - a device for producing parallel beams of light rays or particles. The collimator sight provides a very high aiming speed - approximately 2-3 times higher than traditional front sights, since when aiming you need to combine only two points: the red luminous mark, which is visible through the eyepiece, and, in fact, the target itself.
For airborne troops, operations on vehicles, etc., a number of models are equipped with folding or retractable stocks.
In the development of machine guns and assault rifles over the past 10-15 years, one can see the desire to ensure that a fighter can fire the first shot as quickly as possible or transfer fire to another target, with the maximum probability of hitting a point target with the first shot or the first short burst, as long and conveniently as possible carry a weapon. This is achieved by improving the weapon itself (its accuracy and accuracy of fire, improving balance and ergonomics, more convenient location of the safety switch) and sighting devices, reducing its size and weight without compromising accuracy and power. In a number of samples, two standard fire modes - continuous and single - are supplemented with a fixed burst mode of two or three shots to increase the probability of a hit without wasting ammunition.
The versatility of machine guns and assault rifles has made them the most widespread, “circulation” weapons used in all branches of the military. They will remain so, apparently, for a long time. A modern complex of individual weapons is often an automatic grenade launcher, that is, it is characterized by a combination of a “small” barrel, “artillery” in the form of an under-barrel grenade launcher with a fragmentation shot and an electro-optical system in the form of a night or combined sight.
Sniper rifles
Rifles chambered for a powerful rifle cartridge have remained in service mainly as sniper weapons. The sniper rifle has gone through several historical stages in its development. At first, from a batch of ordinary rifles, the specimens that gave the most accurate combat were selected, and optical sights were fitted to them. Then they began to make sniper rifles based on standard ones, making minor changes to the design, but they were manufactured with increased accuracy, and sights were specially developed for them.
A modern sniper rifle is a specially designed cartridge-weapon-sight complex. Optical sights, special sniper cartridges manufactured with increased accuracy, and improved ergonomics significantly increase its accuracy (Fig. 68). One of the first such sniper complexes
Rice. 6 V. Sniper rifles
The weapon became the Soviet SVD rifle with a 7.62 mm sniper cartridge and a PSO-1 optical sight. The main tasks of army snipers include hitting small targets at ranges of up to 600 m, and large ones - up to 800 m.
Important targets for which a sniper must work include command personnel, observers, messengers, snipers, group weapon crews, enemy tank crews, surveillance and communications equipment. In addition, a sniper can conduct harassing fire at a range of 1,000 - 1,200 m, demoralizing the enemy, protecting his movements, interfering with mine clearance work, etc. Currently, the sniper’s likely targets are becoming increasingly protected, including manpower in Indian weapons. armor protection.
Among military sniper rifles, two types can be distinguished: rifles for the best shooters (specially designed, or “ersatz snipers” based on an assault rifle or light machine gun) and more accurate rifles for professional snipers.
The weapons of a professional snapper are subject to special requirements for accuracy and accuracy of fire at long ranges, and sufficient penetrating effect of the bullet.
For police sniper rifles, the requirements are higher: if a mistake by an army sniper may not have fatal consequences, then the price of a mistake by a police sniper is the loss of a hostage or injury to a person not involved in the incident.
Since there is no "standard" shooter (people vary in height, shoulder width, neck and arm length, and hand size), many rifles use an adjustable stock and cheek rest. The use of special target weapons in close combat is ineffective, so the sniper must be additionally armed with a shortened machine gun or submachine gun.
Local conflicts, counter-guerrilla and counter-terrorism operations have only increased the importance of the combat work of single snipers, sniper pairs and targeted sniper units. It is characteristic that a qualitatively new sniper rifle was among the priority models for adoption by the Russian army.
Light machine guns
Light machine guns are superior in combat capabilities to assault rifles and machine guns and are designed to destroy manpower at distances where the latter’s fire is ineffective - up to 1,000 m.
16T19 [modern version) |
Light machine guns usually have the same caliber as machine guns in service, differing in a heavier barrel, larger magazine capacity or the possibility of belt feeding, and firing supported by a bipod (Fig. 69). This provides better
Rice. 70. 6P50 Kord 12.7 heavy machine gun on a 6T7 infantry machine
accuracy and higher combat rate of fire - 150 rounds per minute in bursts. The weight of light machine guns in full gear is usually 6-14 kg, and the length of the blinker is the same as the length of rifles. This allows machine gunners to operate directly in the combat formations of units. Modern light machine guns fill the niche between individual and group weapons (Fig. 70).
The main method of shooting from a light machine gun is with a support on a bipod and the butt resting on the shoulder, but you also need the ability to fire from the hip, in motion. The main problem of a light machine gun is the need to combine small size and weight in mm weapons with a larger high intensity of fire, accuracy and supply of cartridges than a machine gun.
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