Modern mines and their design. Anti-tank mines Modern naval mines of foreign countries
The main type of barriers, according to the views of the command of the armies of the potential enemy, are mine-explosive barriers, the basis of which is anti-tank and anti-personnel minefields.
When mining manually, minefields are usually installed according to a standard pattern.
Detecting and neutralizing them requires high levels of observation, intelligence and caution.
The minefields of NATO armies, depending on the tasks assigned to them, are divided into five types: defensive, tactical, focal, interdiction and decoy.
Means and methods of making passages in minefields
Making passages in the PTMP by explosive means is carried out by the explosion of extended demining charges supplied to the minefield by demining installations, in the PPMP - with the help of demining charges.
To make a passage manually, a squad is assigned with search equipment, accessories for neutralizing (destructing) mines and marking the passage.
To ensure the passage of troops through the passages, a commandant service is organized on them.
Passages are marked with one-way signs with the same numbers as the paths leading to them. For every three to six passes, a commandant is appointed.
Non-explosive barriers can be used independently or in combination with mine-explosive barriers. In the latter case, the greatest efficiency of their use is achieved.
To ensure the passage of friendly troops, passages must be left in non-explosive barriers, and the necessary amount of means (spiral wire, slingshots, hedgehogs, etc.) must be provided to quickly close them.
Overcoming non-explosive obstacles is carried out through passages and transitions arranged by engineering units, as well as units of military branches using engineering equipment, mounted bulldozer equipment and explosives.
Debris clearing in populated areas is carried out using bulldozers and track-layers. It is impossible to allow dilapidated buildings that threaten to collapse near the passage. Such buildings must be brought down by explosion or mechanical means. Large fragments and monolithic elements are crushed by explosions of overhead charges weighing 2-5 kg. If the dam is high and deep, it is not cleared, but a passage is made through it by leveling the surface and installing an inlet and outlet ramp.
Anti-tank mines of the American army are divided into anti-track mines M6A2, M7A2, M15, M19 and anti-bottom mines M21 mine. Tactical and technical data are given in table. 11.
Anti-track mines consist of a metal casing, an explosive charge and a mechanical pressure fuse.
Rice. 52. Anti-water mineM21:
/ - frame; ! - lid; 3 - steel-
lining; 4 - grower;
5 - pin; 6 - safety
ring; 7 - explosive charge
The fuses have a safety device, with the help of which they are installed in a combat and safe position. If the mine is in the firing position, then the arrow of the safety device block is aligned with the word “Armed”; when the mine is in a safe position - the word “Safe”. On the M19 mine fuse, these words are replaced by their initial letters “A” and “S”.
Operating principle min. When driving a tank caterpillar onto a mine set in the firing position (the arrow on the fuse is aligned with the
vom “Armed”), - the pressure cover lowers and activates the fuse. The impact mechanism of the fuse is triggered and causes the mine to explode,
The M21 anti-bottom mine (Fig. 52) consists of a cylindrical body, a shaped explosive charge and a pin fuse. When any point of the combat vehicle touches the fuse pin, the mine explodes.
T a6 persons 11
Tactical and technical data of anti-terrorism and |
anti-personnel mines |
US Army | |||||||
Anti-tank mines |
Anti-personnel mines | ||||||||
Name | |||||||||
Ml4 | |||||||||
The total mass of the mine, | |||||||||
Explosive charge mass, | |||||||||
Solid radius | |||||||||
Force to trigger the mine, kg..... | |||||||||
Housing material |
Plastic |
Plastic |
Plastic | ||||||
To neutralize anti-tank mines, you must carefully remove the camouflage layer, move it out of place with a grapple, set the fuse in a safe position (place the arrow of the safety device on the word “Safe” or the letter “S”) and unscrew the fuse from the mine.
Rice. 53. Anti-personnel mines (high explosive):
a- Mnna M14: b - miia M25; / - safe position designation: 2 - safety pin
TO anti-tank mines English army include mines MK5 and MK7. Their design, principle of operation and neutralization are similar to anti-track mines of the American army. A minor difference in the device is the MK5 mine, which, instead of a pressure cap, has a pressure cross that transmits pressure to the fuse located in the central part of the mine body.
Anti-personnel mines. IN Foreign armies have two main types of anti-personnel weapons - high-explosive and fragmentation.
Of the high-explosive mines, the most common are American mines M14 and M25 (Fig. 53). They consist of a plastic housing, an explosive charge and an explosive device.
Fragmentation mines are divided into jumping mines, installed in the ground, and high-explosive fragmentation mines, installed on the surface. These include M16 and MZ mines (Fig. 54).
Fragmentation mines of all foreign armies have a destructive element consisting of an explosive charge and fragments, which can be in the form of balls, needles and pieces of metal placed in the mine body. In jumping mines, the striking element is ejected by an expelling charge to a height of 0.5-1.5 m and explodes, striking manpower with fragments within a radius of up to 30 m. Individual fragments fly a distance 100 -150 m.
Anti-personnel mines cannot be cleared. They are destroyed by explosive charges, roller mine trawls or gank tracks.
Booby traps used for mining buildings and household items, military equipment, weapons and equipment.
A booby trap is an anti-personnel mine (or explosive charge) connected to an object; When you try to use this item or move it from its place, a mine (explosive charge) explodes.
Rice. 54. Fragmentation anti-personnel mines:
about - mnna M16: 1 - cup; 3 - frame; 3 - fuse; 4 - expelling charge; S- intermediate detonator; b - MZ mine
According to the principle of action, booby traps can be: pressure action; tension action; electrical action.
Characteristic unmasking signs of booby traps may be the presence of stretched wires attached to doors, windows, abandoned weapons and other objects. You should always remember that the techniques for installing booby traps are very diverse and to detect them it is necessary to exercise observation, intelligence and caution.
When operating on terrain previously occupied by the enemy, the squad leader is obliged to:
organize a check of the position and terrain for mining;
do not allow soldiers to enter buildings and other structures until they are checked for mining;
do not move or pick up weapons, weapons and personal items left by the enemy until
made sure that they were not mined; When it is necessary to remove them, they are first moved from their place from a safe distance.
^ 7. OVERCOMING MINE-EXPLOSIVE BARRIERS
Mine-explosive barriers are identified by their demo-detonating characteristics, as well as with the help of mine detectors and probes. A mine detector can detect mines with a metal body at a depth of up to 35 cm, and with a wooden body - at a depth of up to 3 cm.
Overcoming mine-explosive barriers is carried out along passages.
Methods for constructing passages depend on the type of obstacles, the conditions of the combat situation, as well as the availability of forces and means.
Passages in mine-explosive barriers are made with a width of 6-8 m mechanically or explosively. Sometimes they are done by hand.
The mechanical method of making passages involves destroying mines or removing them outside the passage using mine trawls. Mine trawls make rutted or continuous passages. Only tracked vehicles* are allowed along the rutted passage.
Explosive. The method consists in destroying mines by detonating elongated or concentrated charges of explosives in a minefield. The width of the passage formed after the detonation of charges in a minefield mined with anti-tank mines of ordinary explosion resistance is 6 m or more.
Passages are made manually, as a rule, by sappers.
The completed passages are indicated by clearly visible signs.
G l a V a VMILITARY MEDICAL TRAINING
Timely and skillfully provided first aid to the wounded and sick, as a rule, eliminates severe complications, saves their lives and helps to achieve a complete restoration of their combat capability during treatment.
In combat conditions, a wounded person cannot always count on prompt medical care from a medical instructor or other medical worker. Therefore, every soldier and sergeant must be able to provide first aid to themselves or a wounded comrade.
Before the battle, the squad leader must check the availability of his subordinates with individual standard means of providing medical care and the ability to use them in case of wounds. He is obliged to know the procedure for providing medical care and where the wounded should be sent during battle, to monitor the compliance of subordinates with the rules of personal and collective hygiene, as well as the instructions of senior commanders on the prevention of diseases among personnel, especially infectious ones.
Trunk
Naya pen
Rice. 50. Anti-personnel mines:
a - miia PMD-6M: " - body; 1 - and clamp cover; 5 - fuse; b - PMN mine; V - section of a PMN mine: / - body; 1 - detonator; S - push cover; 4 - fuse; 5 - explosive
Principle actions anti-tank mine. When a track or wheel hits a mine, its cover is crushed and the fuse is lowered until it stops in the intermediate detonator. With further compression of the pressure cover, the fuse body stops,
a the impact mechanism continues to move down. At this time, the pin holding the firing pin spring in a compressed state is cut; as soon as the pin is cut, the striker is iodine by action
Rice. 51. Anti-personnel fragmentation mines:
a- mnia POMZ-2M: / - body; 2 - TNT block weighing 75 g; 3 - installation peg; 4 - combat check: 5 - karabiichik; 6 - fuse; b- installation diagram of the POMZ*2M mission. V - mnna OZM-4: / - fuse MUV-2 (MUV); 2 - igniter primer; 3 - nipple; 4 - fuse; " 5 - tube; 6 - mine body: 7 - tension cable; 8 - bottom; 9 - exhalation charge; 10 - spring;*" - drummer of the arch mechanism; 12 - explosive charge; 13 - cork with bow; 14 - cap
The released spring pierces the fuse with great force and explodes the mine.
Setting min. Anti-tank mines are placed on the ground manually and with the help of minelayers.
When installing mines manually, you need to open a hole, install a mine in it, screw the fuse into the cover and move it to the firing position. In order to put the fuse in the firing position, you need to remove the safety pin from it, press the fuse button all the way and push it flush with the lid. In this case, a click and operation of the retarding device should be heard. After this, the mine is disguised as the background of the surrounding vegetation.
Table 10
Tactical and technical data of anti-tank and i ". | anti-infantry | min | ||||
Anti-tank mines | " | Anti-infantry weapons | ||||
Name | * | |||||
TMD-B | TM-57 | pmn | POMZ-2 | OZM-4 | PMD-6M | |
Total mass of the vehicle, kg | 9.0-9.7 | 0,550 | 1.770 | 0.493 | ||
Explosive charge mass, kg | . 4.8-6.7 | 6,5 | 0,200 | 0,075 " | 0,170 | 0,200 |
- | - | 90. | ||||
- | ||||||
- | - | - | « | |||
- | - | - | - | - | ||
Ralius sp.poshnogo- | * | |||||
injuries, m.... | ~~ | ""- | -- | __ | ||
Force required for actuation, kg | 200-500 | 200-500 | 8-25 | 0,5-1,3 | 0,5-1.3 | 6-28 |
Case material. . | Tree | Metal | Plastic Cast iron | Cast iron | Tree | |
MV-5 | MB-57 MVZ-57 MVSh-57 | MUV-2 | MUV-2 | MUV-2 | MUV-2 |
Anti-personnel mines are used to destroy enemy personnel. When exploded, they cause damage with a high-explosive effect - PMD-6M and PMN mines (Fig. 50) and with fragments - POMZ-2M and OZM-4 mines (Fig. 51).
High-explosive mines usually affect one person when they explode. Shrapnel can hit several people at the same time.
According to the principle of activation, anti-personnel mines are divided into push- and pull-action mines.
Anti-personnel mines consist of a body, an explosive charge and a fuse with a safety device for installation safety. When a charge explodes, the shells of fragmentation mines are crushed into small fragments and scattered over a distance of 25-30 m.
The main tactical and technical data of anti-personnel mines are given in table. 10.
The fuses have a safety device, with the help of which they are installed in a combat and safe position. If the mine is in the firing position, then the arrow of the safety device block is aligned with the word “Armed”; when the mine is in a safe position - with the word “Safe”. On the M19 mine fuse, these words are replaced by their initial letters “A” and “S”.
Operating principle min. When driving a tank caterpillar onto a mine set in the firing position (the arrow on the fuse is aligned with the
vom “Armed”), - the pressure cover lowers and activates the fuse. The impact mechanism of the fuse is triggered and causes the mine to explode,
The M21 anti-bottom mine (Fig. 52) consists of a cylindrical body, a shaped explosive charge and a pin fuse. When any point of the combat vehicle touches the fuse pin, the mine explodes.
Military experts of the imperialist states believe that tanks, infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers and other armored vehicles will be used massively in a future war. Therefore, the commands of foreign armies are looking for the most effective means of combating them and developing ways to limit the high mobility of mechanized units of a potential enemy. In the course of improving anti-tank weapons, significant attention is also paid to engineered anti-tank ammunition, which should be used in combination with other types of anti-tank weapons.
The armies of the countries of the aggressive bloc and other capitalist states have various types of anti-tank mines.
Anti-track mines are divided into metallic and non-metallic. As foreign military experts point out, the latter are difficult to detect using induction mine detectors. At the same time, they note that during the battle it may be necessary to quickly overcome a section of terrain on which their own obstacles are installed. Therefore, it is considered advisable to install metal mines. The decision to use one or another type of mine in the barrier being created is made by the relevant commander. In some cases, it is planned to install mixed minefields of metal and non-metallic mines.
For a long time, in many capitalist countries, insufficient attention was not paid to the development of new anti-track mines. This was explained by the fact that they had a significant total weight and the weight of the explosive charge. The large weight of the charge was necessary in order to break tank tracks up to 600-700 mm wide, made of high-strength alloy steel. In addition, for the mine to be triggered, the tank track must cover at least half of the pressure cover with a diameter of 220-240 mm. Therefore, the regulations of foreign armies require the creation of an anti-tank minefield with a density of at least one mine per linear meter of obstacle. According to American standards, to install such a field 160 m long, about 200 M15 anti-tank mines with a total weight of 2.3 tons are needed. A team of ten people can install them in 6 hours.
Foreign military specialists, working to improve anti-track mines, sought to adapt them to combat modern armored vehicles. The following tasks were set:
- give mines explosion resistance to ensure reliable operation after exposure to the shock wave of a nuclear explosion, minesweepers and artillery ammunition;
- develop the latest elements of non-retrievability (non-neutralization) and create self-liquidators for mine explosive chains to ensure automatic detonation after detaining or stopping enemy tanks.
American mine XM34 is a component in 1973. The UH-1H helicopter has two cassettes with 80 mines each. The aluminum body of the mine has the shape of a half-cylinder. It is equipped with an electromechanical fuse with a non-neutralization element and a self-liquidator. 2 minutes after falling to the ground, it is automatically transferred to the combat position.
French mine model 1951(in service with the Bundeswehr under the name DM11) unframed, made of high-strength TNT. The fuse is a grating fuse in a plastic case (in the West German version it is mechanical, plastic). Mines of a similar design are available in the armies of many capitalist countries.
(Fig. 1) with a body made of high-strength plastic was developed to replace the above-mentioned DM11 mine, designed for mechanized installation. Using a special mechanism, the fuse is automatically transferred to the firing position 5 minutes after installation.
Rice. 1. West German non-metallic mine: 1 - safety mechanism; 2 - rib; 3 - pressure cover; 4 - rubber shell; 5 - upper part of the body: 6 - lower part of the body; 7 - coupling bolt (three in total); 8 - plug; 9 and 10 - gaskets; 11 - intermediate detonator; 12 - DM46 fuse with detonator capsule; 13 - fuse socket; 14 - capsule socket; 15 - thrust spring (three) ; 16 - gasket; 17 - explosive filler; 19 - sealing ring; 21 - pressure block;
With a metal body, it has an explosion-proof fuse (Fig. 2). It is installed mechanically, including being dropped from a helicopter flying at an altitude of about 10 m. In recent years, the design of the mine has been improved.
Rice. 2. West German mine DM21 (top) and its fuse (bottom)
(Fig. 3) has a plastic case, on top of which there is a pressure cover, the length of which is 2/3 of the length of the case. According to British experts, the elongated design of the mine should increase the likelihood of a tank running into it, which in turn allows mines to be placed with less density without reducing the effectiveness of the barrier. For mechanized installation, a specially designed trailed minelayer is used. The fuse is switched to the firing position automatically at the moment the mine is installed on the ground (in the ground or on the surface). This mine should replace the Mk7 mine.
Rice. 3. English extended mine
(Fig. 4) is designed for installation from helicopters. Its body, made of high-strength plastic, has vertical stiffening ribs. Under the pressure cover there is a pneumatic explosion-proof fuse that is triggered only by a long-term load (for example, when colliding with a tracked vehicle). In the side of the mine body there is a safety pin, which is automatically removed at the moment the mine is ejected from the cassette.
Rice. 4. Italian mine MATS
Foreign armies are armed with anti-track and other mines. The main tactical and technical characteristics of some of them, including those listed above, are given in Table. 1.
Table 1. Main tactical and technical characteristics of anti-track and anti-bottom mines
Anti-water mines, as foreign military experts report, must have a design that allows reducing the density of mining (without reducing the effectiveness of the barrier) for a more economical use of available funds, as well as reducing the effort and time for mining. It is necessary that they operate without direct contact with the target and operate reliably in any climatic conditions when in the ground, on its surface or under water. The explosive mechanism of the mine must ensure that the mine is triggered when the target moves at any speed, be explosion-proof, allow mechanized installation, and self-destruction. In addition, it is required that such mines can be stored in warehouses for 20 years.
When creating anti-bottom mines, foreign experts decided to use a shaped charge in them. Charges have also been developed in the form of a low cylinder, the upper part of which is closed by a concave lining of metal (the principle of a flat charge).
The first samples of anti-bottom mines were equipped with mechanical fuses with a pin 600-800 mm high, triggered when the pin was deviated from the vertical position by the lower frontal sheet of the tank. However, such fuses were triggered even with little effort and unmasked the mine. For the latest types of anti-bottom mines, miniature, small-sized non-contact electronic fuses have been developed. Currently, work in this direction is widely carried out in many capitalist states, especially in the countries of the aggressive NATO bloc. Some examples of anti-bottom mines are already in service with the armies of these countries.
It has a flat charge, a steel cylindrical body with a massive concave lining on top and a pin fuse (Fig. 5). A ring of detonating cord tilts on the lining, which, when the fuse is triggered, is initiated before the explosion of the main charge of the mine, removing the masking layer of soil.
Rice. 5. French mine 1948-1955
French mine HPD developed in the late 60s. Its body is made of plastic, the fuse is non-contact (magnetic), designed to be triggered under the influence of the magnetic properties of the target. Unlike previous models, the mine is installed using a special minelayer. To ensure safety during its installation, there is a mechanism that slows down the transfer to the firing position by 15 minutes.
American mine M21 made on the principle of a flat charge. The prototype for its creation was a French mine of the 1948-1955 model.
The foreign press reported that the XM616 proximity fuse was being developed for it. Inside the mine there is a powder propellant charge, which is ignited by a fuse before detonating the main charge and frees the upper part of the mine from the masking layer of soil.
Swedish mine FFV028 being tested by the troops. It is installed mechanically. A non-contact induction fuse ensures that the mine is triggered across the entire width of the target. The latter allows, according to Swedish military experts, to reduce the density of mining by three times without reducing the likelihood of hitting tanks.
The main tactical and technical characteristics of anti-bottom mines, see table. 1.
Anti-aircraft mines, as reported in the foreign press, have not yet become as widespread as anti-track or anti-bottom ones, their development is just beginning. These mines are supposed to be used in combination with other types of mines, installing them on the surface of the earth along roads along which columns of enemy tanks should move. Foreign military experts call such means “off-road” or “horizontal action.” Currently, three types of anti-aircraft mines are known.
American M24 mine is a service anti-tank cumulative grenade of 88.9 mm caliber, fired from a plastic guide pipe into the side of a moving target. The grenade engine ignites when the circuit of a remote electrical contactor placed on the road is triggered.
American mine M66 created as a result of improvements to the M21 mine. The new mine has an M619 non-contact IR fuse instead of a remote contactor. The grenade is fired when the IR beam is interrupted, when the target is between the IR radiation source and the receiver.
French mine MAH model F1 made on the principle of a flat charge. It has an explosive mechanism with a burst wire. The mine is triggered when the wire is broken by a moving target. The foreign press reports that when a mine explodes, a jet of molten metal is formed from the massive lining of the charge (its initial speed is about 2000 m/s), which is capable of hitting an armored vehicle at a distance of several tens of meters. The modified version of the mine is supposed to use a proximity fuse.
The main tactical and technical characteristics of anti-aircraft mines are given in table. 2.
Table 2. Main tactical and technical characteristics of anti-aircraft mines
River mines are intended for installation on water lines that can cross enemy tank and mechanized units. These mines are intended to be installed in such a way as to disable tanks and other combat vehicles, as well as transport vehicles that overcome obstacles along the bottom or afloat.
The basis of the river mine, developed by West German and Dutch specialists (Fig. 6), is the standard Dutch anti-tank mine No. 26 (an open-frame mine made in France, model 1952). A housing with three compartments is attached to it using a bracket, in which an anchor with a minerep, an explosive and safety mechanism with a power source, and an explosive mechanism sensor enclosed in a float are placed during transportation and storage. In the combat position, the mine is held by an anchor at the bottom, and the sensor floats up and is located at a depth of no more than 0.3-0.5 m. The mine is triggered when a transporting vehicle with a metal body approaches the sensor.
Rice. 6. River mine (A - general view; B - design diagram; C - installation diagram): 1 - anti-tank mine No. 26; 2 - safety mechanism; 3 - hour retarder; 4 - battery; 5 - time retarder switch; 6 - electrical contacts: 7 - minrep; 8 - anchor; 9 - coaxial cable; 10 - soluble element; 11 - sensor mount; 12 - sensor; 13 - mesh; 14 - bracket; 15 - cable
TOPIC No. 4: MINES AND MINEFIELDS OF FOREIGN ARMIES. Lesson No. 4. 1: General information about cost centers of armies of foreign states
STUDY QUESTIONS 1. General information about cost centers of foreign countries. mining. armies Schemes 2. PTM of armies of foreign states, purpose, performance characteristics, design, principle of operation and neutralization. 3. PPM of the armies of foreign states, purpose, performance characteristics, design, principle of operation and neutralization.
LESSON OBJECTIVES 1. To study the main types of anti-tank and anti-personnel mines of the armies of foreign countries, their structure, characteristics, principle of operation, methods of neutralization and destruction. 2. Familiarize yourself with the methods and techniques of installing mines of the armies of foreign states.
LITERATURE 1. Kostko, Yu. V. Textbook of a sergeant of engineering troops: textbook / Yu. V. Kostko, S. V. Kondratyev; edited by I. N. Lisovsky. – Minsk: Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus, 2008. – 454 p. 2. Misuragin, I. A. Military engineering training: textbook / I. A. Misuragin, V. V. Baluta. – Minsk: Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus, 2008. – 253 p. 3. Anti-personnel mines: a reference guide. – Minsk, Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus, 2008. 100 p. 4. Baluta, V.V. Engineering troops of foreign states: a reference book, in 2 parts (USA, Germany, Great Britain) / V.V. Baluta; edited by I. N. Lisovsky. – Minsk, Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus, 2008. – 58 p. 5. Vasilkov, V.V. Organization of engineering support for combat operations, principles of combat use of engineering formations and military units of the Armed Forces of foreign states: training manual / V.V. Vasilkov; edited by S. M. Luchin. – Minsk: State Institution “Research Institute of Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus”, 2006. – 85 p. 6. Vasilkov, V.V. Means of engineering weapons of the armies of foreign states and prospects for their development: textbook / V.V. Vasilkov; edited by S. M. Luchin. – Minsk: State Institution “Research Institute of Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus”, 2006. – 72 p. 7. Grigorenko, S. V. Engineering barriers / [Electronic resource]: collection. uch. mat. according to study program. – Electronic educational and methodological complex (270 MB). – Minsk, 2011. – 1 electron. wholesale disc (CD-ROM): sound , color
Country Total number of mines, Country million Angola 10 -15 Latin America (separate territories) Afghanistan 9 -10 Mozambique Egypt 22* Somalia Cambodia 8 -10 Republic of the former Yugoslavia Kuwait 5 -10 Total number of mines, million 0, 3 -1 About 2 1 4; 6*
REASONS FOR USING MINES - simplicity of design and use of ammunition, allowing their installation by unskilled personnel; - low cost of production, which makes it possible to purchase large quantities of them at a low price (the cost of some samples of anti-personnel mines is 3 US dollars, and anti-tank ones - 75); - high lethality, causing fatal or severe injury, requiring long-term treatment and usually leading to amputation of limbs (according to the International Red Cross, treatment of a person who was blown up by a mine requires hospitalization for an average of 22 days, while those who received a bullet or shrapnel wound – up to 11 days); - the ability to choose the type of mines on the international weapons market, where more than 700 samples are presented, developed by 100 companies in 55 countries.
CLASSIFICATION OF MINEFIELDS Defensive Defensive For direct cover of small units, missile firing positions, airfields and other important objects. The minimum mining density is mine per linear meter of MP. As a rule, permanent mines and booby traps are not used. To cover the front, flanks and joints of companies, battalions and brigades. Field depth – 100 m, minimum density – 1 PT and 2 PP mines per linear meter of MP. At least 5% of PTMs are installed in a non-removable position. PPMs are installed mainly at the front border of the MP. Defensive To disrupt the enemy's advance and cover their flanks and rear. These MPs are an integral part of the general barrier system of the division, corps, and field army; they are located at a considerable depth, and special attention is paid to camouflage. The MP depth is 300 m, the minimum mining density is 3 PT, 4 PP fragmentation and 8 high-explosive mines per linear meter. At least 20% of PTMs are installed in a non-retrievable position. Chemical land mines are widely used. Disturbers are installed in depth and are an integral part of the general barrier system used during withdrawal. Most often, these fields are installed along highways and railways and on the approaches to them, in areas of possible deployment of troops, firing positions, command and observation posts of the enemy. Mines that are difficult to detect and difficult to neutralize are installed. It is recommended that all mines be installed in a non-retrievable position. False They are used in combination with active minefields or in the spaces between them. Live mines are not installed. Special against airborne assaults consist mainly of anti-aircraft missiles, mainly fragmentation ones, as the most effective. Against sea and river landings - the front line of the MP is located in the water at a depth of up to 1 m, and the rear border is 50 - 100 m, from the point of maximum tide. The minimum depth of MP on the sea coast is 100 m, and on the river bank - 50 m. Mining density is 0.5 mines per linear meter of MP.
STANDARD SCHEME FOR INSTALLING MINEFIELDS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSE A, B, C - normal mine stripes, the number of which can sometimes be increased to 4 -5. 10 E - an additional mine strip installed without a specific system in front of the minefield. The total depth of the minefield can reach 90 m, and in some cases it can be up to 270 m. Mining of the area can sometimes be carried out according to a non-standard scheme.
LOCATION OF PP FRAGRATION MINES WITH TENSION EFFECT In MP PP, tension fragmentation mines are installed only in the first row, no more than one mine in a group and no more often than in every third group of the row. The guy wires are installed on the side of the mine strip facing the enemy at a distance of at least 2 steps from the guy wires of mines of other groups and at least 2 steps from the border of the adjacent group of mines.
Minefield elements Group of mines Strip of mines One anti-tank mine in the center and from 1 to 5 high-explosive anti-tank mines at points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 One anti-tank mine, five high-explosive anti-tank mines at points 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 and one anti-tank mine tension-action fragmentation mine at point 6 Five PP high-explosive mines in the center and four at points 1, 2, 3 and 4. The strip of mines consists of two rows of groups of mines. In each group, the main mine is installed at a distance of 3 steps (step 0.75 m) from the axis of the strip, and the rest are no further than two steps from the main mine. The rows of groups of mines are parallel to the axis of the strip and are located at a distance of 3 steps from it. The first row of groups of mines is towards the enemy, the second is towards friendly troops in a checkerboard pattern. Groups of mines are installed with an interval of 6 steps between the main mines in a row. Instead of an anti-personnel mine, a chemical mine M 23 can be installed in a group - it is usually installed in every eighth group of mines.
Minefield fencing INDICATIONS FOR MINEFIELD FENCE WITHOUT CHEMICAL HEAD HIRES Front side Reverse side WITH CHEMICAL HEAD HIRES Front side Reverse side Minefields located in territory occupied by friendly troops are fenced on all sides. Minefields located on the front line are fenced only by friendly troops. The fence is installed at a distance of 20 m from the nearest mine. On the fence at intervals of 15 m. Standard signs with the inscription “MINES” are installed. Signs with a transverse yellow stripe and the inscription “GAS” (Gas) on it indicate the presence of chemical landmines in this MP.
CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS OF MVZ USED ON MAPS AND DIAGRAMS Anti-tank mine PPM pull action - Non-retrievable PTM Guided mine PP fragmentation (bouncing) mine - Booby trap Chemical land mine - Coastal mine Reinforced PTM (with an additional charge or with a charge of increased power) Incendiary (napalm mine ) Push-action anti-tank gun - Passage in the barrier for the passage of infantry - Area where booby traps are installed - False minefield - Lighting and signaling mine Mine of unknown design - Mixed minefield - Gap in the barrier Up to 90 m wide - Non-retrievable twin PTM Passage in the barrier for vehicle passes.
M 15 M 24 M 19 M 21 USA Germany ENGLAND DM 11 MK 5 NS MK 7
PTM M 15 (USA) Mine type Body Explosive mass (type "B") Diameter Height Target sensor diameter (pressure cap) Sensitivity (M 603) (M 624) Temperature range of application Anti-track anti-tank mine. metal. 13. 6 kg. 9. 9 to g. 32 cm. 12. 4 cm. 22 cm. 158 - 338 kg. 1. 7 kg. -12 --+50 degrees
Device M 15 Device M 6 A 2 (M 6 A 1) M 6 A 2 is used with the main fuse M 603, and M 6 A 1 - with the fuse M 600 1 - pressure cover 2 - safety device block 3 - fuse 4 - KD 5 – socket for CD 6 – insulating gasket 7 – intermediate detonator 8 – main explosive charge 9 – leaf springs 10 – safety fork 11 – fuse spring 12 – firing pin 13 – fuse body 14 – firing pin head 15 – glass ampoule 16 – fuse. device 17 – socket for fuse. devices 18 – loading hole cover Main fuses K M 6 A 2 and M 15 K M 6 A 1 M 603 M 600
Installation options M 15 and M 6 A 2 Installing a mine in a non-retrievable position in soft ground Installing two mines in one hole Reinforcing the mine with a 3.6 kg standard TNT charge Method of cutting turf when installing a mine manually (turf can be cut on three sides) Installation mines in winter conditions on a bag of soil (wooden cross) with a snow cover depth of more than 60 cm. Trimming with a sod plow when laying mines using a minelayer.
PTM M 19 (USA) M 19 M 7 A 2 13 Fuze 2 7 M 603 Type Body Explosive mass (type "B") Dimensions Body height Diameter of target sensor (press cap) Sensitivity Temperature range of application 2 - fuse 4 - mine body 6 – detonator capsule 7 – pressure cap 8 – leaf springs 9 – intermediate detonator 10 – firing pin 11 – fuse pressure head 12 – main explosive charge 13 – ignition cup 14 – plug 15 – socket for non-removable fuse Anti-track plastic. 12. 7 kg. 9. 5 kg. 33 x33 cm. 7. 6 cm. 26 cm. 136 - 180 kg. 50 --+50 deg.
PTM M 19 (USA) 2 M 19 s M 606 3 4 5 6 1 M 7 A 2 with fuse M 603 With long push cap With short push cap 7 7 M 603 with safety 8 fork 1 – portable handle 2 – fuse 3 – safety device 4 – mine body 5 – primer socket 6 – detonator primer 7 – pressure cover 8 – safety fork
Installation options for M 19 Installation of M 19 in a non-retrievable position using a pressure fuse A and a release fuse Action B in soft ground Universal key Installation of M 7 A 2 retrievable position in The key is intended for installing a mine in a combat or safe position and unscrewing KD M 50 from fuse
Installing M 7 A 2 in a non-removable position Using an earthen bag to avoid getting soil under a short push cap Installing a mine without a push cap with a push-action fuse M 1 Disarming a mine Bringing fuses to a safe position using a safety fork and pieces of wire
PTM M 21 - USA Type Housing Explosive mass (type "N 6") Pressure sensitivity Diameter Housing height Height of target sensor (pin) Sensitivity (with pin) PT anti-bottom. /counter metal. 7. 8 kg 4. 5 kg. 130. 5 kg 23 cm. 11. 5 cm. 51. 1 cm 20 g. from the vertical with a force of 1.7 kg. or more
PTM M 24; M 66 - USA Mine type Body Mine weight M 24 M 66 Grenade weight Weight of grenade warhead (V-type explosive) Armor penetration Grenade caliber Mine diameter Mine length Height (from the ground to the top of the mine). Mine target sensor M 24 Target sensor length Mine target sensor M 66 Temperature range counter metal 10. 8 kg 13 kg 4 kg. 0.9 kg to 100 mm. armor 88.9 mm. 98 mm. 76 cm. 65 cm. el. contact wire 50 m. infrared receiver + flashlight -12 --+50 degrees
Mine DM 11 (French PTM model 1951) Performance characteristics Weight - 7.3 kg. Outer diameter - 30 cm. Height - 10 cm. Press cover diameter - 14 cm. Required. Trigger force – 150 -400 kg. Chemical pressure fuse mod. 1951 General view Section of technical characteristics Outer diameter - 30 mm. 3 Height - 38 mm. 5 3 4 Height with detonator 4 3 mod. 1950 – 56 mm. 2 1 8 7 Grater fuse mod. 1952 1 – BB 2 – Pressure cover 3 – Socket 4 – Side socket 5 – Bottom socket 6 – Shear groove 7 - Plug 5 1 – Body 2 – Stiffeners 3 – Drummer 4 – Shear pin 6 5 – Glass ampoule 6 – Flammable composition 7 – Detonator 8 – TTX coupling General view 3 1 7 3 2 2 6 1 4 8 7 Diameter – 30 mm. Height – 38 mm. Height with detonator arr. 1950 – 56 mm. The required force to operate is 15 kg. 1 – Housing 2 – Stiffening ribs 3 – Grating cone with shear flange 4 – Flange 5 – Conical coupling 6 – Flammable composition 7 – Detonator 8 – Coupling 2 Section
Mine MK 7 Mine MK 5 NS Fuze 1 2 3 4 15 16 1 3 17 7 18 6 4 8 6 5 7 8 9 1 – Fuze spring 11 – Wire pin 2 – Mine body spring 12 – Pressure plate 3 – Pressure cap 13 – Chemical fuse 4 – Main explosive charge 14 – Rods of chemical ampoules 5 – Socket for screwing in chemical fuses Fuse. non-removable. 15 – Pressure cross 6 – Intermediate 16 – Hole for predetonator safety pin 7 – Drummer 17 – Shear (combat) pin 8 – KD 18 – Gasket 9 – fuse body 19 – Partition 13 10 – socket for fuse 19 Mine No. 75 MK 2 10 11 14 14 12 4
BASIC TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL DATA Name of data Mine type MK 7 MK 5 NS No. 75 MK 2 13, 6 5, 4 1, 36 9, 1 (type “B”) 3, 63 (TNT) 0, 68 Case diameter, cm. 33 20, 3 ---- Length, cm --- 16, 5 Width, cm --- 9 Mine height, cm 12, 7 10, 1 6 Pressure force required for 180 160 -180 100 -140 Total weight, kg. Weight of the main explosive charge, kg. actuation, kg. Housing material Metal
Installation of MK 7, MK 5 NS INSTALLATION OPTIONS for MK 7 INSTALLATION OPTION for MK 5 NS IN NON-RECOVERY POSITION A-Using tension fuses MK 1 IN NON-RECOVERY POSITION B -Using unloading fuse No. 12 MK 1 INSTALLATION OPTIONS No. 75 MK 2 A B
Anti-tank gun L 9 A 1 (Great Britain) Mine type Body material Total weight Explosive mass (TNT (TNT)) Length. - Height - Width. Length of target sensor of mechanical and hydromechanical fuses Strength. triggered mech and hydromech fuses Height of the inclined target sensor Angle of inclination of the sensor for operation. Force required to tilt the pin Time of combat work with mechanical, hydraulic and inclined fuses Time of combat work with magnetic fuse PTM anti-track plastic 10 -10. 4 kg 8 -8. 8 kg. 120 cm - 8.4 cm 71 cm 180 -260 kg. 65 cm. 12 -16 degrees 8 -12 kg not limited by the life of the power source
TS-6/1 (Italy) Mine type Body Explosive mass (TNT, plastic) Diameter Height Target sensor diameter Sensitivity Temp. range of application Anti-track plastic 9. 8 kg 6. 15 kg. 27 cm. 18. 5 cm. 18 cm. 200 -500 kg -20 --+40 degrees
PTM M 56 (USA) Mine type PT anti-track Aluminum body Weight 2.7 kg. Weight of explosive (type "H-6") 1. 3 kg Length 22. 5 cm Width 11. 5 cm Radius of half-cylinder 8 cm Target sensor size 25 x 11 cm Sensitivity 250 kg. Temperature range of application -12 --+50 degrees When a mine is exposed to a body (regardless of its position) for more than 0.25 s, an explosion occurs. Mines have elements of non-removal and non-neutralization. Fuse with increased explosion resistance.
M 16 M 14 USA M 25 M 18 A 1 Claymore ITALY Germany TS-50 BLU-92/B VS-50 Ranged DM 31 GREAT BRITAIN 6 MK 1
MAIN GROUPS OF ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES - high-explosive pressure mines; - circular fragmentation fragments (mostly jumping out), with fuses of combined (tension and pressure) or tension action; - fragmentation directed destruction, predominantly controlled or, less commonly, with tension-action fuses or with a breakaway tripwire.
USE OF ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES Anti-personnel mines are used: - for mining areas against manpower; - to cover anti-tank mines to make it difficult to clear them; for strengthening non-explosive barriers of various types (wire fences, forest debris, etc.)
the use of anti-personnel mines during armed conflicts in recent years A). Falkland Islands (Malvinas): - FMK – 1 (Argentina); - SB 33 (Italy); - P – 4 - A (Spain); - No. 4 (Israel). B). Afghanistan: - R 4 Mk 1, R 3 Mk 2, R 5 Mk 1 (Pakistan); - 72 A, 72 V, 69 (China); - M-14 (USA); - PP Mi – Sr (Czechoslovakia). IN). Cambodia: - 72 A, 72 B, 69 (China); - DH – 10, NO – MZ – 2 B, P – 40 (Vietnam); - M 16 A-1 (USA); - PP Mi – Sr (Czechoslovakia). G). Kuwait: - VS – 50, TS – 50, SB 33, P – 40, “Valsella” (Italy); - M – 409 (Belgium); - 69, 72 A, 72 V (China). D). Bosnia and Herzegovina: - VS – 50, TS – 5, SB 33, P – 40, P 25 “Valsella” (Italy); - M – 409, M – 413 (Belgium); - FMK – 1 (Argentina); - P – 4 - A (Spain); - No. 4 (Israel); - M-14 (USA); - 34 Mk 1, R 3 Mk 2, R 5 Mk 1 (Pakistan); - 72 A, 69 (China); - RMA – 1, RMA – 2, RMA – 3 (Yugoslavia); - R 2 M 1 (South Africa); - PP Mi – Sr (Czechoslovakia).
HIGH EXPLOSIVE PPM TS-50 (Italy) Components of a mine Fuze for TS-50 1 – Safety cover 2 – Upper cap nut 3 – Bottom part 4, 6 – Pressure caps 5 – Ignition 7 – Ignition socket 8 – Explosive charge 9 – Housing 10 – Cap 11 – Main spring 12 – Drummer 13 – Bushing 14 – Safety spring 15 – Rocker 16 – Cover 17, 18 – Rubber cartridges 19 – Elements of the diaphragm bushing Type Weight of the mine, kg. Charge mass, g. Housing material Diameter, mm. Height, mm. Fuse Trigger force, kgf. Installation method Efficiency High explosive 0.2 50 (RDX) Plastic 90 45 Pressure pneumatic explosion-proof 12 Mechanized, throw Breaks the leg
PPM VS-50 (Italy) Mine type Housing Color of housing Mine installed in the ground Explosive mass (TNT/RDX, RDX) Diameter. Height. Target sensor diameter Sensitivity high explosive pressure action plastic. khaki, brown, green 185 gr. 42 -45 g 9 cm. 4. 5 cm. 3. 5 cm 10 kg.
PPM M 14 (USA) 5 1 – Mine body 2 – Main explosive charge 3 – Detonator cap 4 – Striker 5 – Pressure cover 6 – Fuse 7 – Slot for safety fork 8 – Drummer 9 – Leaf spring 6 7 8 1 9 4 Use of a universal key when defusing a mine Installation of M 14 in the ground and on its surface Type of mine 3 2 Housing Mass of explosive (tetryl) Installation of a safety fork in the slot of M 14 Diameter Height Diameter of the target sensor Sensitivity Temperature PPM high-explosive push-action plastic. 130 g 5. 6 cm 4 cm 3. 8 cm 8 - 25 kg -40 --+50 degrees
PPM DM 11 (Germany) Characteristics Total weight, g. Explosive charge weight, g. DM 11 200 100 (TNT) Rubber casing Plug with CD Diameter, mm. Height, mm. Drummer 35 Actuation force, kg. Leaf Explosive charge spring 80 10 Housing material Plastic
PPM M 25 "Elsie" Mine type PP cumulative pressure action 2 Housing material Total weight Weight of explosives (tetryl) Target sensor diameter plastic 90 g. 9 gr. 1. 5 cm. Diameter 3 cm Height 9 cm. Sensitivity Temperature range of use 7 -10 kg. -40 --+50 deg.
PPM 6 MK 1 (Great Britain) Fuze “Whiskers” Upper support ring Safety pin MINE INSTALLATION OPTIONS In snow In ground Housing Pressure rod Mine type Body material PP high-explosive plastic Total weight Explosive mass (TNT) Pressure support ring 230 g 140 g. Target sensor diameter Striker 4 cm. Destructive diameter ring Height Primer igniter Triggering force 4. 4 cm. 20. 3 cm. 10 kg.
PPM 6 MK 1 (Great Britain) 17 19 5 2 1 18 20 9 INSTALLATION OPTIONS 22 In the ground In the snow In wetlands 1 – Safety pin 2 – Fuse 5 – KD 9 – Mine body 17 – Upper support disk 18 – Lower support disk 19 – “Whiskers” 20 – Brass ring 22 – Wooden peg
PPM M 16 (USA) 1 – Safety pin 2 – Exhaust ring 3 – Fragmentation element 4 – Mine body 5 – Main explosive charge 6 – Intermediate detonator 7 – KD 8 – Powder retarder 9 – Expelling charge 15 10 – Igniter 11 – Capsule igniter 12 – Bayek 13 – Hole for pre. pins 14 – Mainspring 15 – Trigger 16 – Upper spring of the pressure device 17 – Pressure device 18 – “Whiskers” 19 – Trigger hole 17 13 16 13 19 12 8 11 10 1 18 17 15 2 2 14 3 4 11 5 6 7 11 8 9 Mine type Body Explosive mass Diameter Height Preparation M 16 for triggering From pressure and tension influences Damage radius on their fuses Length of the target tension sensor Diameter of the target pressure sensor coverage area Sensitivity of the target tension/pressure sensor Temperature PP approx. vypr. circle. por. pressure. and tension actions metal. 3. 5 kg 450 gr. (TNT) 10 cm. 14 cm. up to 20 m. up to 18 m. 5 cm. 1. 4 / 3. 5 kg. 40 --+50 deg.
PPM "Range" (Great Britain) Type of mine PP high-explosive Housing material aluminum Total weight Explosive mass (RDX) 120 g Height. 10 gr. Diameter 6.2 cm. Height. 3. 4 cm. Triggering force Diameter of target sensor 10 kg. 6.2 cm.
PPM BLU-92/B (USA) 1 – Housing 2 – Casing 3 – Reel with weight 4 – Spiral spring 5 – Tension thread 1 Mine type PP splinter. circle. defeat explosive action Body metal Weight 1. 44 kg Weight of explosive (B 4) 2 3 Option for location of mine on the ground 4 5 540 g. Diameter. 12 cm. Height. 6 cm Dimensions of the light body 14.5 x 8 cm. Length of the target sensor (one way) 15 m. Damage radius 12 m. Sensitivity 454 g Time of transfer to the combat position Time of combat operation Temperature range 2 min. 4 hours, 48 hours, 15 days.
M 18 A 1 “Claymore” (USA) Mine weight, kg. Explosive mass, kg. Housing material Fuse type Damage radius 1.6 0.68 plastic electric 50 m in sector 600
M. AR. UNITS Maud. F 1 (France) 1 2 1 – Housing 2 – Sight 3 – Stand 4 – Electromechanical fuse with explosive wire 3 4 Type Mine weight, kg. Explosive mass, kg. Housing material Width, mm. Height, mm. Fuse Trigger force, kgf Installation method Damage radius fragmentation 1.5 0.4 (plastic explosive) plastic 160 x 35 110 Electromechanical with a breaking wire 200 m long 0.25 Manual 20 m in sector 600
INDEPENDENT TRAINING TASK 1. Anti-personnel mines: a reference guide. – Minsk, Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus, 2008. 100 p. 2. Baluta, V.V. Engineering troops of foreign states: a reference book, in 2 parts (USA, Germany, Great Britain) / V.V. Baluta; edited by I. N. Lisovsky. – Minsk, Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus, 2008. – 58 p. 3. Vasilkov, V.V. Organization of engineering support for combat operations, principles of combat use of engineering formations and military units of the Armed Forces of foreign states: training manual / V.V. Vasilkov; edited by S. M. Luchin. – Minsk: State Institution “Research Institute of Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus”, 2006. – 85 p. 4. Vasilkov, V.V. Means of engineering weapons of the armies of foreign states and prospects for their development: textbook / V.V. Vasilkov; edited by S. M. Luchin. – Minsk: State Institution “Research Institute of Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus”, 2006. – 72 p. 5. Grigorenko, S. V. Engineering barriers / [Electronic resource]: collection. uch. mat. according to study program. – Electronic educational and methodological complex (270 MB). – Minsk, 2011. – 1 electron. wholesale disc (CD-ROM): sound , color