A collection of individuals of the same species inhabiting a certain space. View
A species is a collection of individuals that have similar morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, interbreed freely and produce fertile offspring, similar to their parents, adapted to certain living conditions and occupying a certain area in nature.
Species criteria are characteristics by which individuals are combined into one species OR characteristics by which individuals of different species can be distinguished.
Morphological criterion § Based on the existence of morphological characters characteristic of one species, but absent in other species. § Individuals of the same species may differ from each other in color and other characteristics (when living in different conditions) (for example, two populations of snails - forest and meadow, two populations of river perch - deep-sea and coastal; albino individuals may appear).
Physiological criterion § The physiological characteristics of various species of plants and animals are often a factor ensuring their genetic independence. § There are related species that have similar life processes.
Geographical criterion § Individuals of different species can live in the same habitat. § Individuals of the same species can occupy different habitats (for example, island populations). § There are cosmopolitan species that live everywhere (for example, the red cockroach, the house fly) § The ranges of some species are rapidly changing (for example, the range of the brown hare is expanding). § There are biareal species (for example, migratory birds).
Ecological criterion Based on the fact that two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche. Consequently, each species is characterized by its own relationship with its environment.
Ecological criterion Different species can be adapted to the same conditions. § Individuals of the same species can live in slightly different conditions (for example: deep-sea and coastal populations of river perch, dandelion can grow in both forests and meadows).
Genetic criterion is a certain set of chromosomes. The main thing is not the number, but the structure and shape of the chromosomes. For example, humans and poplars have the same number of chromosomes – 46.
Genetic criterion Due to differences in the chromosome set between individuals of different species, there is reproductive isolation: different timing of reproduction; the genital apparatus is structured differently; sperm cannot penetrate the egg; If fertilization occurs, the embryo dies or the young organism is born non-viable. if the hybrid is viable, then it is infertile, for example: hinny, mule, honorik (ferret and mink) honorik
Genetic criterion Individuals of the same species may have different numbers of chromosomes. For example: in individuals of one of the weevil species, the set of chromosomes may differ by 2-3 times. § In nature, there are species that interbreed successfully. For example: ü some species of tits, canaries, finches; ü some types of poplars, willows.
Conclusion: in order to determine whether an individual belongs to a particular species, one criterion is not enough; it is necessary to take into account the totality of all criteria.
genetic system.
2. What definition did Charles Darwin give of hereditary variability?
3. Modern name for individual variability (undefined).
4. The ancestor of the dog according to Charles Darwin’s definition.
5. What type of artificial selection is unconscious selection?
6. The struggle for existence between species.
7. The struggle for habitat between birds of the same species before breeding.
8. What is the name of the struggle between individuals of the same species for food, space, light, moisture?
9. An organ of a cactus that performs a photosynthetic function.
10. An organism that enters summer hibernation as a result of adaptation to environmental conditions in order to maintain its vital functions.
11. What is formed as a result of natural selection?
12. The emergence of certain characteristics in organisms for existence in environmental conditions.
13. What coloration refers to the fitness of organisms that live in open areas and may be accessible to enemies?
14. What type of fitness does the bright, attractive color of organisms belong to?
15. To what type of fitness does the similarity of the shape of a seahorse and a pipefish with algae belong?
16. What type of adaptation includes storing food for the winter and caring for offspring?
17. A criterion showing the similarity of external and internal characteristics of individuals of the same species.
18. A criterion that determines the occupied habitat of each species.
19. Species criterion, showing the non-breeding of individuals of different species.
20. A criterion that determines the difference in the behavior of organisms.
21. Result of microevolution.
complete the sentences: 1. a set of characteristic characteristics of the same type in which individuals of the same species are similar, and individuals of different species differbetween themselves, -
2. a set of characteristic features of the external structure of organisms, by which individuals of one species can be distinguished from individuals of another species, -
15. Habitat is: a) a set of factors vital for the body; b) all elements andphenomena of living and inanimate nature surrounding living organisms;
c) a set of factors that cause adaptive reactions in organisms.
16. In the surface layers of the open ocean, the limiting factor is:
b) elements of mineral nutrition;
c) temperature.
17. Competition between organisms is caused if they:
a) live in the same territory;
b) use the same resource, which is available in limited quantities;
c) consume similar food, of which there is no shortage.
18. A commensal is:
a) an animal that eats the remains or excess food of another animal, living next to it;
b) carnivorous plants;
c) an animal that moves with the help of another animal.
19. Population is:
a) any collection of individuals of the same species;
b) a collection of individuals of the same species that inhabit a certain territory for a long time;
c) a collection of individuals of different species living in a certain territory;
d) a relatively isolated collection of individuals of the same species;
e) a collection of individuals of a given species that has its own gene pool and the ability to survive for a long time in changing environmental conditions;
20. The change in population size depends on:
a) mortality rates;
b) birth rates;
c) the ratio of birth rates and deaths.
21. The following are not producers:
a) plants;
b) cyanobacteria;
c) green and purple sulfur bacteria;
22. The most important process in biogeocenosis is:
a) optimal spatial distribution of individuals of different species;
b) implementation of the biological cycle of substances;
c) biotic relationships.
23. Energy transfers to each subsequent food level from the previous one:
24. The change of biogeocenosis to another is called:
a) homeostasis;
b) succession;
c) self-regulation.
25. The first to populate the territory of the burnt forest are:
a) perennial herbs;
b) bushes;
c) annual plants.
26. The stability and sustainability of biocenoses is determined mainly by:
a) sufficient light;
b) large species diversity, forming complex food chains;
c) a large number of individuals in the population.
27. In the ocean, the biomass of living organisms is represented by:
a) mainly animals and microorganisms;
b) mainly by plants;
c) both in equal proportions.
28. The doctrine of the biosphere was created:
a) V.V. Dokuchaev;
b) J.B. Lamarck;
c) V.I. Vernadsky;
d) E. Suess.
29. The obligatory cohabitation of several species of organisms, bringing mutual benefit, is called:
a) mutualism;
b) commensalism;
c) synoicia.
30. Calculate the area of farm arable land occupied by forage grasses, potentially required for raising cattle with a total weight of 20 tons, if it is known that 2 tons of grasses are collected from 1 hectare
B) violation of the sexual composition of the population
c) genetic drift
d) isolation of a group of individuals within a population
4. The physiological criterion of a species is manifested in individuals in similarity
a) external signs
b) chemical composition of tissues
c) metabolic processes
d) behavior during the breeding season
5. Choose the correct judgment about the type criteria
A. In accordance with the ecological characteristics, individuals of the same species have the same distribution area.
B. Each species has its own karyotype.
a) only A is correct
b) only B is correct
c) both statements are correct
d) both judgments are incorrect
6. What is the evolutionary process of convergence of characters in unrelated groups of organisms called?
Topic: “Population. Basic properties of populations".
Lecture No. 4.
In nature, organisms of the same species exist in multiple populations.
Species is the basic structural and taxonomic unit in the system of living organisms; a set of populations of individuals capable of interbreeding to form fertile offspring, possessing a number of common morphophysiological characteristics, inhabiting a certain area and isolated from others by non-crossing in natural conditions.
Populations of one species are relatively isolated groups with certain distribution boundaries. The degree of isolation of populations depends on the species’ ability to disperse, migrate, and geographical conditions. One species of river perch can live in different fresh water bodies and form different populations. All spruces in the forest form a single population and are isolated from representatives of their species in another forest. A population is a structural unit of a species. The main evolutionary processes take place in it, and adaptive characteristics are fixed that allow organisms to adapt to specific living conditions.
In ecology, a population is considered as the main element of any community of living organisms and is characterized by such properties as density and numbers, age and sex structure, fertility and mortality, spatial distribution, etc.
Population size is the total number of individuals living in a territory or community.
There are two main types of population growth (Fig. 1):
¾ exponential - characterized by a rapid increase in density and is described by a J-shaped curve. This type of population growth contributes to the rapid development of new territories, resistance to grazing or the threat of displacement (at this stage, this type of growth is characteristic of humans);
¾ logistic - the number increases slowly at first (positive acceleration phase), then quickly (logarithmic growth phase), but soon, under the influence of environmental resistance, growth gradually slows down (negative acceleration phase). This type of population growth is described by an S-shaped curve.
Rice. 1. Exponential (A) and logistic (B) population growth curves
Associated with numbers population density- the number of individuals (or biomass) per unit area. Population density is unstable and fluctuates in different years and seasons. It depends on the migration of individuals, climatic conditions, mortality, and the availability of resources. In some years, there may be an outbreak of any population.
Spatial population structure determined by the characteristics of population settlement in the territory. Often individuals form clusters, groups, flocks, “families”. Using special signals, they mark the occupied area, driving out invading competitors.
Fertility- frequency of appearance of new individuals per unit of time.
Mortality characterized by the number of individuals that died during a certain period, i.e. the rate of population decline.
There are three types of survival curves that correspond to three types of mortality throughout the life cycle (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Types of Survival Curves
Type I - a strongly convex curve, when almost all individuals survive to the maximum age, and then die within a short period. Increased mortality is observed in old age. In such a population, the average life expectancy approaches maximum (some insects with well-protected larvae, large mammals, humans, etc.);
Type II is a strongly concave curve, when increased mortality is observed in the early stages of development and only a few individuals survive to old age. In such populations, the average life expectancy is much less than the maximum (most plants, fish, amphibians, insects). Until recently, humans belonged to this type, because people throughout almost all of history had high infant mortality, which decreased sharply with the successful development of medicine.
Type III is a linear straight line, when the same mortality rate is observed at all age periods. This type of survival curve is extremely rare in nature and mainly in low-organized individuals (bacteria, protozoa, Drosophila, freshwater hydra)
Depending on their ratio of fertility and mortality, the following types of populations are distinguished:
¾ stable is a population in which fertility and mortality are balanced, the number is kept at the same level, does not decrease or increase, and the area does not expand or contract;
¾ growing is a population in which the birth rate exceeds the death rate, and the number will increase (Colorado beetle, muskrat, brown hare, elodea, etc.);
¾ declining is a population in which the mortality rate exceeds the birth rate, and the number will decrease. This is observed when living conditions worsen due to overpopulation or when increased destruction by humans occurs (birds of prey, large mammals).
Age structure of the population determined by the ratio of individuals of different ages, which also fluctuates.
Sexual structure determined by the sex ratio, the number of males and females in the population.
Population dynamics. Homeostasis. Population sizes depend on many factors. Favorable climatic conditions, the availability of sufficient food, and reduced predation lead to an increase in fertility and birth rates, and an increase in numbers. Conversely, lack of food, increased competition, and unfavorable conditions reduce the number. The change in the number of organisms over time is called population dynamics. Periodic fluctuations are associated with regular changes in environmental factors and seasonal rhythms. In some years, outbreaks of numbers may occur, with the population size increasing by 20-40 times without a certain periodicity. This is how population waves arise.
An important feature of the population is the ability to naturally regulate density. This is ensured by special mechanisms that maintain population numbers at a certain level. The ability of a population to self-regulate to maintain numbers at a certain level is called population homeostasis.
tests
1. Factors in the inorganic environment that influence the life and distribution of living organisms are called
A) Abiotic.
2. Types of adaptation of organisms:
D) Morphological, ethological, physiological.
3. Who introduced the term “ecological system” into science?
C) Tansley.
4. Interaction between populations, in which one of them suppresses the other without benefiting itself
B) amensalism.
5. Mind Sphere:
E) Noosphere.
6. Substances that contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer:
C) Freons.
7. Types of environmental management:
C) General and special.
8. The flora of the Earth consists of:
D) 500 thousand plant species.
9. Conversion of organic compounds from inorganic ones due to light energy:
A) Photosynthesis.
10. The science that studies the character and behavior of animals
B) Ethology.
11. Autotrophic organisms capable of producing organic substances
from inorganic:
E) Producers.
12. Omnivorous organisms:
C) Polyphages.
13. Species with limited distribution areas
E) Endemics.
14. The theory about the increase in population in geometric progression was proposed by:
B) T. Malthus
15. Type of standing water?
E) Tape type.
16. A layer of the atmosphere located at a distance from the Earth of 9-15 km:
A) Troposphere.
17. Unified measure of water use in populated areas:
18. Measures to restore disturbed areas:
D) Reclamation.
19. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is:
20. Monitoring of individual production:
C) Local.
21. Bayanaul National Park is located on the territory of:
A) Pavlodar region.
D) Red wolf, European mink, Kyzylkum argali.
23. The engineer who coined the term acid rain:
B) Robert Smith.
24. Who is Homo sapiens?
B) A reasonable person.
25. A reserve that is part of biosphere reserves, the functioning of which is regulated by UNESCO:
E) Aksu – Dzhabaglinsky
Option 2
1. The impact of human activities on living organisms or their habitat?
B) Anthropogenic factors.
2. Autotrophic organisms include:
E) Plants.
3. The totality of all plant organisms
4. The doctrine of the noosphere was developed by:
B) Vernadsky.
5. The sphere of reason, the highest stage of development of the biosphere, when intelligent human activity becomes the main determining factor in its development:
E) Noosphere.
6. Coal:
A) Biogenic substance.
7. Atmospheric pollutants are divided according to their state of aggregation:
C) Gaseous, liquid and solid substances.
8. The main reason for the destruction of the ozone layer is:
C) Freons.
9. Main directions of ecology?
E) Out-, syn-, de-ecology.
10. In what year was ecology founded as a science:
11. Organisms using one food source.
D) Monophages.
12. Light-loving plants:
B) Heliophytes.
13. Species widespread on the planet:
C) Cosmopolitans.
14. Types of fossil animals that have survived to this day:
E) Relics.
15. The population increases according to the law:
C) Geometric progression.
16. The main limiting factor in the settlement of ecosystems at high latitudes, deserts and high mountains are:
D) Abiotic factors.
17. Boundary of life in the atmosphere:
18. The most common type of direct regulation of water resources:
A) Construction of reservoirs.
19. Determine what type of pollution is it - radiation, thermal, light, electromagnetic, noise pollution?
20. Natural resources necessary for human life:
A) Food.
21. Reserve included by UNESCO in the reserve of wetlands of international importance:
B) Kurgaldzhinsky.
22. What percentage of the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan is occupied by specially protected natural areas:
23. MPC SO 2, mg\m³:
24. Physico-chemical processes of wastewater treatment:
D) Flotation and extraction.
25. A reserve of international importance, created to protect goitered gazelle and mouflon:
D) Ustyurt.
Option 3
1.What was done at the first stage of environmental development?
E) Factual material about living conditions has been accumulated and systematized
living organisms.
2. The concept of “ecology” first came into circulation in the year
3. A set of individuals of the same species inhabiting a certain space:
E) Population.
4.Dynamic indicators of populations:
C) Fertility, mortality
5.Exhaustible natural resources include:
C) Flora, fauna, soil.
6. Products resulting from primary atmospheric pollution:
C) Secondary pollution.
7.Ozone layer depletion was first discovered:
E) Above Antractis, 1985
8. When the accident occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant:
A) In April 1986
9. The edaphic factor is:
C) Soil conditions.
10.Organisms capable of tolerating significant temperature fluctuations:
E) Eurythermic.
11.Plants growing in conditions of increased moisture:
B) Hygrophytes.
12.Artificial ecosystems arising as a result of human agricultural activities:
A) Agroecosystem.
13. Consecutive change of biocenoses:
D) Succession.
14. The term “biocenosis” was introduced:
15.Water cycle speed:
C) 2 million years.
16.Aggregative state of water:
D) Liquid, solid, gaseous.
17.Biosphere monitoring:
B) Global.
18.National environmental monitoring system:
A) National.
19.According to the degree of purification, industrial waste is divided into:
A) Those undergoing purification, those not undergoing purification.
20.What types of plants and animals belong to the second category of the Red Book:
E) Species that are declining in numbers.
21. What types of plants and animals belong to the fourth category of the Red Book:
C) Unknown species.
22. In what year was the Western Altai Nature Reserve formed:
23.What role do predators play in communities:
D) Regulate the size and condition of the prey population.
24. Industrial emissions according to the method of entering the atmosphere are divided into:
D) Organized and unorganized.
25.What is the temperature at an altitude of 500-600 km. Found in the thermosphere
B) 1500°C and above.
Option 4
1.Ecology, revealing the general patterns of the organization of life,
according to N.F. Reismer is called:
E) theoretical.
2. The subject of research in ecology is:
C) Macrosystems (population, biocenosis) and their dynamics.
3. Tolerance is the ability of the body
A) To withstand environmental changes by the body.
4. A collection of individuals of the same species inhabiting a relatively isolated territory:
A) Population.
5. An indicator reflecting the number of animals or the number of plants in the area:
B) Number.
6. Population distribution area:
7. Albedo is:
A) Reflectivity.
8. The “greenhouse effect” causes:
C) Climate warming.
9.Where are the main fresh water reserves located:
E) In glaciers.
10.The highest biodiversity is found in:
E) Tropical forest.
11.Spatial structure in the plant part of the biocenosis:
B) Tiering.
12. The spatial structure of the biocenosis, manifested in horizontal changes in vegetation and fauna:
A) Mosaic.
13. The layer of the atmosphere, which is located at an altitude of up to 20 km from the surface of the earth, is:
D) Troposphere.
15.What method of wastewater treatment involves the sorption of pollutants?
active mud:
C) Physico-chemical.
16.What is used in biological wastewater treatment?
B) Aerotank.
17.Monitoring carried out at the international level:
D) Global.
18.What is the destructive function of living matter in the biosphere:
D) In the decomposition and mineralization of organic matter.
19.In what year was the term “monitoring” introduced?
20. Reserve created to preserve the saiga population:
D) Barsakelmessky.
21.Where is the natural monument “Goose Flight” located:
D) In Pavladar region.
22.What does nature conservation mean?
A) A set of works aimed at protecting the environment from pollution.
23. Relationship between species when one species participates in the distribution of another:
C) Phonic.
24. Fresh water reserves in nature are:
25. The transpiration coefficient is:
E) The amount of transpiration water to obtain 1 kg. dry matter.
Option 5
1.Creator of the doctrine of natural selection of organisms:
C) Darwin Ch.
2. Adaptive reactions of organisms are called:
E) Adaptation.
3. What factors include the totality of chemical, physical and mechanical properties of soil:
A) edaphic.
4. Layer of the atmosphere covered by the biosphere:
B) Troposphere.
5. Where is the ozone layer:
B) In the stratosphere.
6. Gas concentration in the air in descending order:
B) Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, CO2.
7. What substances are called carcinogens?
D) Causing cancer.
8. The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Specially Protected Natural Areas was created:
9. One of the first autecologists who connected the life activity of various organisms with environmental conditions and information about their distribution:
A) Linnaeus.
10. Plants whose growth requires increased moisture:
A) Hygrophytes.
11. Survival curves are constructed for:
E) Studying patterns of population dynamics.
12. Introducing species into new habitats:
D) Introduction.
13. Population size is:
E) The number of individuals included in it.
14. Anthropogenic ecosystems include:
D) Agroecosystems, urban ecosystems.
15. Bodies that are the result of the joint activity of living organisms and geological processes: D) Bioinert substance.
16. Upper layer of the lithosphere:
18. Oxidation products of primary emissions:
C) Freons.
19. National environmental monitoring system:
A) National.
20. What percentage of agricultural land in Kazakhstan is marginal?
(humus less than 4%):
21. The level of the Aral Sea began to decrease:
A) Since the 60s.
22. United Nations Environment Programme: E) UNEP.
23. The food (trophic) chain in ecosystems is:
D) Transfer of food energy from its source through a number of organisms (by eating).
24. The main properties of ecosystems include:
C) Homeostasis, productivity, succession, menopause, circulation of substances, stability, self-purification.
25. The bottom of the ocean or sea as a habitat for bottom organisms:
C) Bental.
Option 6
D) Autecology, synecology, de-ecology.
2. Species that determine the state of the environment:
B) Indicators.
3. A group of factors determined by the impact of human activity on the environment:
D) Anthropogenic factors.
4. According to Vernadsky, free energy carriers are:
C) Living organic matter.
5. Albedo is:
E) Reflectivity.
6. Destruction and removal of upper fertile rocks by wind or water flows:
C) Erosion.
7. Number of individuals of a species per unit area:
A) Population density.
8. The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution was signed by:
9. The subject of ecology is: B) Study of the ecological state of the biosphere.
10. What factors limit the course of some process, phenomenon or existence of an organism:
A) Limiting.
11. An ecological niche is: E) the place of a species in nature, mainly in a biocenosis, including both its position in space and its functional role in the community, and its relationship to abiotic conditions of existence.
12. Omnivorous organisms:
D) Polyphages.
13. Population fluctuations are:
C) Oscillation.
14. A comprehensive study of groups of organisms that constitute a unity and their relationship with the environment serves as the subject of:
C) Synecology.
15. Oxygen cycle rate:
16. Atmospheric pollutants are divided into:
C) Natural and anthropogenic.
17. Meteorological factors contributing to pollution are:
A) Natural processes affecting air pollution.
18. The maximum permissible concentration of substances in the aquatic environment is measured:
19. Environmental monitoring includes:
E) Global, regional, local
20. International Atomic Energy Agency:
B) IAEA.
21. In which waters of Kazakhstan are the main pollutants copper, oil products, zinc, nitrates, phenol, fluorine and some pesticides:
D) In surface waters.
22. What does nature conservation mean?
B) A set of works aimed at protecting the environment from pollution.
23. Who was the first to substantiate the essence of the biological cycle of the main element of organic matter - carbon: B) Lavoisier.A.
24. Homeostasis is:
D) Constancy of equilibrium of a mobile ecosystem.
25. The process of eliminating wastewater odor is called:
A) Deodorization.
Option 7
1. Ecology, which studies relationships in the “human society-nature” system, is called according to N.F. Reimers: B) applied.
2. The living environments of organisms do not include:
E) Anthropogenic.
3. Shade-loving plants:
E) Sciophytes.
4. The doctrine of the biosphere was developed by:
A) V.I. Vernadsky.
5. The biosphere is: B) The area of distribution of life.
6. Noise refers to pollution:
C) physical
7. Combination of gaseous and solid impurities with fog or aerosol haze from vehicles:
8. Under favorable abiotic factors, population density may decrease due to:
C) Predators.
9. The community of organisms inhabiting a given territory is called:
A) Biocenosis.
10. Plants of dry habitats:
D) Xerophytes.
11. Place of the species in nature: E) Ecological niche.
12. Species with limited distribution areas:
C) Endemics.
13. The population size increases according to the law: D) Geometric progression.
14. What area does the hydrosphere occupy in the globe:
15. Microbiogenic biotic environmental factors include:
C) Microbes and viruses.
16. What layers does the atmosphere consist of?
C) Stratosphere, troposphere, ionosphere.
17. A systematized quantitative and qualitative set of information on natural resources is:
E) Cadastre.
19. Biological risk factors affecting human health include:
B) Natural and man-made pathogenic microorganisms.
20. Monitoring of a single production: B) Local.
21. The entry of various pollutants into the atmosphere of the territory of Kazakhstan from industrial sources in recent years is: E) About 5 million tons.
22. Species of plants and animals belonging to the fourth category of the Red Book:
D) Unknown species.
23. Zoocenosis is:
D) Animal community.
24. Resource-saving technology is classified as:
B) Rational environmental management.
25. Environmental monitoring:
A) Environmental monitoring.
Option 8
1. A typical cactus is a plant:
A) succulent
2. Organisms of one species that are sufficiently well adapted to local conditions form:
E) V. Vernadsky.
4. According to the teachings of Vernadsky, the biosphere consists of the following components:
C) Living, inert, bioinert, biogenic.
5. Volume of fresh water in the hydrosphere:
6. Most of the territory of Kazakhstan belongs to the natural zone:
D) Semi-desert.
7. Type of specially protected natural area where farming is permitted and environmental activities are carried out:
A) Wildlife sanctuaries.
8. The Antarctic Treaty between the USSR, USA, England, France and other countries was signed:
9. The golden age of ecology was considered:
10. What is the name of the process of synthesis of organic compounds from inorganic ones using light energy:
C) Photosynthesis.
11. Autotrophs:
E) Plants
12. Types of fossil animals that have survived to this day:
E) Relics.
13. Statistical characteristics of the population:
C) Number (density), biomass, age and sex composition.
14. Dynamic population indicators:
B) Fertility, mortality, rate of immigration and emigration.
15. Consecutive change of biocenoses:
C) Succession.
16. The largest nuclear test site in Kazakhstan:
D) Semipalatinsk.
17. A system of living organisms and surrounding inorganic bodies, interconnected by the flow of energy and the circulation of substances:
B) Ecosystem.
18. The water cycle is included: D) In the great cycle.
19. Which method of water purification is neutralization?
D) Chemical.
20. Area of moderately degraded lands in Kazakhstan:
B) 76 million hectares.
21. Monitoring carried out at the international level:
D) Global.
22. The UN International Conference at the level of heads of state and government “Environment and Development” was held where and when:
E) In Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
23. The composition of household wastewater includes the following:
A) Phenamins, surfactants, microorganisms.
24. The limit of penetration of life in the biosphere in its oceanic part:
25. Sustainable development means:
B) Satisfying the life needs of the present generation without depriving future generations of such opportunities.
Option 9
1. Classification of anthropogenic pollution: B) Associated with human activities.
2. Abiotic factor:
A) Temperature.
3. Organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic substances in the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis are called:
E) Autotrophs
4. Air shell of the earth:
D) Atmosphere.
5. The doctrine of the noosphere was developed by: B) Vernadsky.
6. Pollution of the natural environment by living organisms that cause various diseases in humans is called:
C) Biological.
7. A reserve created to preserve the saiga population:
D) Barsakelmessky.
8. Number of national parks in Kazakhstan:
9. The terms “ecology” and “benthos” were proposed by:
A) Haeckel.E.
10. What is the positive role of ultraviolet rays:
A) Participation in vitamin synthesis in animals.
11. Organisms that can tolerate significant temperature fluctuations:
C) Eurythermic.
12. The rate of population growth is:
C) Change in population size per unit time.
13. Deviation of population size from its average value:
B) Fluctuation.
14. Population fluctuations:
C) Fluctuation.
15. By type of nutrition, green plants and photosynthetic bacteria are:
B) Autotrophs.
16. What type of ecosystem does standing water belong to:
A) Lentic type.
17. Thickness of the ozone layer:
18. The planet’s water resources consist of:
D) Surface, underground, glaciers, atmospheric and soil moisture.
19. A set of measures aimed at restoring disturbed areas:
D) Reclamation.
20. Deflation is:
E) Wind soil erosion.
21. Physical and chemical processes of wastewater treatment:
B) Flotation and extraction.
C) Red wolf, European mink, Kyzylkum argali.
23. The main methods of cleaning the atmosphere from dust:
E) Mechanical and electrical.
24. What constitutes natural conditions is:
E) A set of objects, phenomena and factors of the natural environment.
25. How many pollutants are emitted into the environment per year by industrial enterprises in the East Kazakhstan region:
D) 2230 thousand tons
Option 10
1. Who first introduced the word “ecology”:
C) E. Haeckel.
2. Founder of the population approach in ecology:
E) Malthus T.
3. Sources of soil pollution:
E) Substances from any source of pollution.
4. What formula is used to determine population mortality:
5. Inexhaustible natural resources include:
D) Space, climate, water.
6. What undesirable effects do greenhouse gases have on the atmosphere?
E) They delay thermal radiation.
7. The Law “On Environmental Protection” of the Republic of Kazakhstan was adopted:
8. The initiator of the organization of the environmental movement “Nevada-Semey” was: B) Suleimenov O.
9. Environmental factors are divided into:
C) Abiotic, biotic.
10. Light-loving plants:
B) Heliophytes.
11. Find abiotic factors:
D) Orographic.
12. Spatial structure in the plant part of the biocenosis:
B) Tiering.
13. What type of ecosystems do flowing waters belong to?
C) Lotic type.
14. What is the name of the animal community?