UN Security Council: definition, features and countries. Permanent members of the UN Security Council
33.UN Security Council: functions and principles of activity.
a permanent organ of the United Nations which, in accordance with Article 24 of the UN Charter, has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It is one of the six “main organs” of the UN.
According to the Charter, the Security Council has the following functions and powers:
maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations;
The Council consists of 15 member states - 5 permanent and 10 non-permanent, elected by the UN General Assembly for a two-year term, 5 each year. Corresponding amendments to the UN Charter were made on December 17, 1963 by UNGA resolution 1991 (XVIII) (before that, the Council included only 6 non-permanent members). According to this resolution, the 10 non-permanent members of the Security Council are elected on a geographical basis, namely:
five from African and Asian states;
one from Eastern European states;
two - from Latin American states;
two - from Western European states and other states.
The Presidents of the Council are replaced monthly according to the list of its member states, arranged in Latin alphabetical order.
Functions and powers:
investigate any dispute or any situation that may lead to international friction;
develop plans for determining the existence of a threat to the peace or an act of aggression and make recommendations for necessary measures;
call on members of the Organization to implement economic sanctions and other measures that do not involve the use of force to prevent or stop aggression;
take military action against the aggressor;
carry out United Nations trusteeship functions in “strategic areas”;
34. The UN Charter as a universal source of international law.
The UN Charter is an international treaty establishing an international organization of the UN; signed on June 26, 1945 in San Francisco at the final meeting of the United Nations Conference on the Establishment of an International Organization by fifty states and entered into force on October 24, 1945, after being ratified by the permanent members of the UN Security Council.
All countries that have signed the Charter are obliged to comply with its articles; in addition, their obligations under the UN Charter take precedence over all other obligations arising from other international treaties. The Charter has been ratified by most countries in the world; The only exception among the generally recognized countries is the Holy See, which chose to retain its permanent observer status and is therefore not a party that signed the document in full.
The Charter of the United Nations consists of a preamble and 19 chapters covering 111 articles. The Statute of the International Court of Justice is considered an integral part of the UN Charter.
In the preamble and ch. I the purposes and principles of the United Nations are proclaimed. Chapter II regulates issues of membership in the Organization. Subsequent chapters determine the structure, competence and order of functioning of the main bodies of the UN (for example, Chapters IV-VII talk about the legal status and activities of the General Assembly and the Security Council, Chapter XV talks about the UN Secretariat). The Charter also contains chapters on regional agreements, international economic and social cooperation, non-self-governing territories and the trusteeship system.
The possibility of changing the Charter is provided. It should be noted that there is a difference between amendments to the Charter (Article 108) and revision of the Charter (Article 109). Amendments, i.e. changes to individual provisions of the Charter that are of a private nature, are adopted by the UN General Assembly by two-thirds of the members and come into force for all members of the Organization after they are ratified by two-thirds of the members of the Organization, including all permanent members of the Security Council. Consequently, without the consent of any of the permanent members of the Security Council (USSR, USA, Great Britain, France, China), no amendment to the Charter acquires legal force. At the same time, the amendments that have entered into force are also binding for those states that either did not vote for a particular amendment, or, having voted for the amendment, have not yet ratified the corresponding document. The General Assembly adopted amendments to certain articles of the Charter at the XVIII, XX and XXVI sessions in 1963, 1965 and 1971. All these amendments are related to the expansion of the composition of two UN bodies: the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council (Articles 23, 27, 61 and 109, and Article 61 was amended twice).
The revision of the Charter requires the convening of a General Conference of the Members of the Organization, which is permitted only by decision or with the consent of two-thirds of the members of the General Assembly and nine (out of fifteen) members of the Security Council. A decision to amend the Charter adopted by the General Conference (two-thirds of the participants) comes into force only if it is ratified by two-thirds of the members of the Organization, including all permanent members of the Security Council. Thus, in this case, the change in the Charter is conditional on the consent of all five permanent members of the Security Council.
The stability of the Charter as the fundamental document of the UN in no way means the immutability of the legal status and functions of the Organization. On the contrary, with the progressive development of international relations and international law, the strengthening of the universal character of the UN and the democratic tendencies in its activities, there is a constant enrichment of its structure, competence and forms of functioning of its bodies. But such enrichment is based on the norms of the Charter, on strict adherence to its goals and principles.
organized on October 24, 1945 and currently operating, one of the six main bodies that is part of the United Nations, and performs the function of maintaining global international security and is responsible for order in the international arena
history of creation, charter, goals, principles and members of the UN Security Council, functions and powers of the UN Security Council, structure of the UN Security Council, Russian representative in the UN - Vitaly Ivanovich Churkin, use of the veto in the UN Security Council, International Criminal Tribunal and Military Staff Committee, Reform of the UN Security Council and criticism of the activities of the UN Security Council
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From the summer of 1992 to October 1994, Vitaly Ivanovich was the special representative of the Russian Federation in the Balkans and was involved in negotiations between participants in the Bosnian conflict and Western countries.
On October 3, 1994, Churkin was appointed Ambassador of the Russian Federation to Belgium and Representative of the Russian Federation to NATO. On August 26, 1998, he headed the Russian diplomatic mission in. Since June 2003, Churkin worked as Ambassador-at-Large of the Russian Foreign Ministry.
Speech by Vitaly Ivanovich on 02/18/15 at the Security Council, as an example of vivid communication with colleagues at the UN
From June 2003 to April 2006 - Ambassador at Large of the Russian Foreign Ministry. At this time, he was actually in the personnel reserve of the Russian Foreign Ministry, was the chairman of the committee of senior officials of the international intergovernmental organization of the Arctic Council and dealt with the problems of environmental protection and ensuring sustainable development of the circumpolar regions.
Since April 8, 2006 - Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations and Representative of the Russian Federation in the UN Security Council. In his activities in the UN Security Council, Vitaly Ivanovich repeatedly used the veto. In particular, on February 4 and July 19, 2012, he vetoed the draft resolutions of the UN Security Council on, and on March 15, 2014 - on the draft resolution on.
The veto allows permanent members of the Security Council to reject any substantive draft UN resolution, regardless of the level of support the draft enjoys. The purpose of the veto mechanism (like that of the permanent members of the Security Council) is to prevent the UN from acting against the interests of the founding members.
In the first 20 years of the UN's existence, Western countries had enough influence to get their way without using a veto (the bulk of the veto at that time, naturally, came from the USSR). In the 1970s and 1980s, the balance of votes in the Council changed in favor of the USSR, and the overwhelming majority of vetoes were imposed by the United States.
Decisions in the Security Council on issues of procedure are considered adopted if nine members of the Council vote for them. On other issues, decisions are considered adopted when nine members of the Council vote for them, including the concurring votes of all permanent members of the Council, and the party involved in the dispute must abstain from voting. A decision is considered rejected if at least one permanent member votes against it.
The Security Council is often criticized because of the veto power of its permanent members. Any important decision that causes any damage to a permanent member country can be blocked, and non-permanent members cannot prevent this.
Russia and China again used their veto power in the UN Security Council
In the practice of the Security Council, a rule has developed according to which the motivated abstention of a permanent member is considered not to interfere with the adoption of a decision. It is even possible for a decision to be made by the votes of non-permanent members with the abstention of all permanent members.
The voting formula in the Security Council to a certain extent requires coordinated actions not only by the permanent members of the Council, but also by the non-permanent ones, since in order to make a decision, in addition to the five votes of the permanent members, at least four concurring votes of the non-permanent members are also required. The Security Council is a permanent body. All its members must be permanently represented at the seat of the UN. The Council meets as needed.
The Security Council is a permanent body. All its members must be permanently represented at the seat of the UN. The Council meets as needed.
The Security Council may create subsidiary bodies, either permanent or temporary. A Committee (on matters of procedure) and a Committee on the admission of new members have been established under the Council. When necessary, the Security Council creates standing committees, open-ended committees, sanctions committees, working groups, and international tribunals for its work. Currently, the Council has three standing committees, each of which includes representatives of all member states of the Security Council:
Security Council Committee on the Question of Council Meetings Away from Headquarters
New Member Admissions Committee
Committee of Experts of the Security Council.
As necessary, open-ended committees are established, which include all members of the Council:
Committee to Prevent the Proliferation of Nuclear, Chemical or Biological Weapons and Their Means of Delivery (1540 Committee)
Board of Governors of the United Nations Compensation Commission established by Security Council resolution 692 (1991).
Standing committees are open-ended bodies and are usually established to deal with certain procedural matters, such as the admission of new members. Special committees are established for a limited period of time to address a specific issue.
A peacekeeping operation involves military, police and civilian personnel who work to provide security, political and early peacebuilding support. Peacekeeping activities are flexible and have been implemented in numerous configurations over the past two decades. Today's multidimensional peacekeeping operations are designed not only to maintain peace and security, but also to promote political assistance, provide protection for civilians, and assist in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants; provide support for elections, protect and promote human rights and assist in restoring the rule of law.
Political missions are one element in a range of United Nations peace operations that operate at different stages of the conflict cycle. In some cases, after peace agreements are signed, political missions, which were managed during the peace negotiation phase on political issues, are replaced by peacekeeping missions. In some cases, United Nations peacekeeping operations are being replaced by special political missions whose mission is to monitor longer-term peacebuilding activities.
In addition, there are 12 sanctions committees:
Bureau of Sanctions Committees (2008)
Afghanistan [Al-Qaeda and Taliban] - resolution 1267 (1999)
Democratic Republic of the Congo - resolution 1533 (2004)
Iraq - resolution 1518 (2003)
General and complete embargo of Yugoslavia
UN Security Council Resolution No. 713 of September 25, 1991 introduced a general and complete embargo on all supplies of weapons and military equipment to Yugoslavia. Resolution No. 757 of 30 May 1992 imposed economic and other sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), including a complete trade embargo, a flight ban and the prevention of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's participation in sports and cultural events.
Resolution No. 942 of September 23, 1994 introduced sanctions against the Bosnian Serbs. By Resolution No. 1022 of November 22, 1995, sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were suspended indefinitely. On September 10, 2001, the Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 1367 (2001), which decided to end the bans and dissolved the Sanctions Committee.
Sanctions against Libya
On March 1, 1992, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution No. 748, introduced by Great Britain, the United States and France, which imposed sanctions against Libya in connection with its refusal to extradite two of its citizens suspected of organizing the bombing of an American airliner over the city of Lockerbie (Scotland) in 1988. According to the resolution, from April 15, 1992, a ban was introduced on air communications with Libya, on aircraft, all types of weapons and spare parts for them, and the movement of Libyan diplomats was limited. The sanctions were lifted by a UN Security Council resolution on September 12, 2003, after Libya pledged to pay 2.7 families of those killed in the Boeing explosion.
Sanctions against Liberia
The tightened sanctions regime against Liberia was imposed by decision of the UN Security Council on March 7, 2001 (came into force in May 2001) due to Liberia's support for the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) of Sierra Leone. According to UN experts, Monrovia helped RUF militants sell diamonds mined in Sierra Leone, supplying weapons and ammunition in return. The purpose of the UN sanctions is to force Liberia to stop importing, exporting and re-exporting diamonds mined in Sierra Leone. The sanctions also prohibit travel for members of the Liberian government, senior military leaders and their families. Since July 7, 2003, a ban on the export of all types of roundwood and timber from Liberia has been added. By resolutions No. 1521 of December 22, 2003 and No. 1579 of December 21, 2004, the UN Security Council extended the sanctions regime against Liberia. The Council's sanctions regime does not apply to the supply of weapons "to support and use the international training and reform program for the armed forces and police forces of Liberia." Such supplies and services must be approved in advance by the Sanctions Committee.
Situation in Somalia
History remembers cases in which the Security Council extended its activities to conflicts of a non-international nature. He has more than once qualified the events taking place on the territory of the state as a threat to peace with all the consequences arising from his powers. Even during the Cold War, the Council adopted resolutions condemning the racist regimes in South Africa and Rhodesia on the basis of Chapter. VII of the Charter "Action regarding threats to the peace, breaches of the peace and acts of aggression." One of the clearest cases of the Council's intervention in non-international conflicts is the civil conflict in Somalia.
The Security Council resolution of December 3, 1992 established that the situation in Somalia poses a threat to peace, and therefore it was decided to take all necessary measures to restore peace. Meanwhile, we were talking about a purely internal situation and, therefore, about. In accordance with the resolution, armed forces were sent to Somalia to save the population from starvation and prevent internal conflicts.
In a Security Council statement adopted at a meeting with the participation of heads of state and government in 1992, it was noted: “The absence of war and armed conflict in itself does not ensure international peace and security. Non-military sources of instability in the economic, social, humanitarian and environmental fields a threat to peace and security." The legality of this formulation of the question was confirmed by the International Court of Justice, which stated that “the powers of the Council under Article 24 are not limited by the specific powers contained in Chapters VI, VII, VIII and XII...”. The only limitation is the basic purposes and principles of the Charter.
In March 2003, Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov stated that “Russia has repeatedly emphasized that, like any living organism, the UN and its Security Council need to be reformed in accordance with the changes that occurred in the world during the second half of the last century. so as to reflect the real balance of power in the world and increase the effectiveness of the Security Council and the UN as a whole."
Igor Sergeevich Ivanov - Russian statesman, diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov noted in 2005 that “Russia stands for the expansion of the UN Security Council to take place. But only on the basis of achieving broad agreement.”
UN reform is necessary - Sergey Lavrov’s speech at an open meeting of the UN Security Council
On March 21, 2005, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan called for the UN to reach agreement on expanding the council to 24 members, citing a plan called "In Larger Freedom." It contained two alternative implementations, but did not specify which of his proposals was preferable. In any case, Annan preferred a quick solution, stating, “This important decision has been discussed for too long. I believe that member states must agree to take the decision - preferably by consensus, but in any case before the summit - to choose the first or other option presented in the High-Level Panel report."
The two options mentioned by Annan refer to Plan A and Plan B.
Plan A calls for the creation of six new permanent members, plus three new non-permanent members, for a total of 24 seats on the board. Plan B calls for the creation of eight new seats in a new class of members, up for re-election after four years, plus one non-permanent seat, also for a total number 24. The 2005 Summit mentioned by Annan (September 2005). - this is the plenary summit discussed in the Annan report, the implementation of the 2000 Millennium Declaration and other decisions related to UN reform.
The emblem of the countries (Argentina, Italy, Canada, Colombia and Pakistan) that formed the Uniting for Consensus group on July 26, 2005Proposal for new permanent members
The proposed change is to increase the number of members of the Security Council: candidates usually mean Japan, Germany, and (G4 nations) and Africa. Great Britain, Russia and France supported G4 members at the UN. Italy has always resisted this kind of reform and adopted in 1992, together with a number of countries, another proposal based on the introduction of semi-permanent members; furthermore, Pakistan objects to India; and Argentina also object to Brazil, a Portuguese-speaking country in largely Spanish-speaking Latin America.
All these countries traditionally group themselves into the so-called Coffee Club; officially Uniting for Consensus. Most of the leading candidates for permanent membership are regularly elected to the Security Council by their respective groups: Japan and Brazil were elected to nine two-year terms each, and Germany to three terms. India has been elected to the Security Council a total of six times, although its last election took place more than a decade ago - in 1991-92.
Three African countries - South Africa, Egypt and Nigeria - have also expressed their claims and are planning to represent their continent in the Security Council. In May 2005, they proposed to the UN General Assembly a draft resolution increasing the number of members of the Security Council from 15 to 25, and the number of countries sitting on it permanently from five to 11. In addition to the initiators of the reform themselves, two African states were counting on permanent membership. The most likely candidates are Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa. It was also proposed to additionally introduce four seats of non-permanent members of the Security Council, which would be elected “on the principle of rotation” from Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Latin America and Eastern Europe. China and the United States opposed the expansion of the Security Council. Washington, in principle, objects to increasing the number of Security Council members, as this will complicate the decision-making process. Pakistan is categorically against membership in the Council of its geopolitical United Nations General Assembly
The issue of expanding the UN Security Council was also informally discussed at the G8 summit on July 6-8, 2005 in Gleneagles (Scotland). As of 2008, reform of the UN Security Council had not occurred, nor did it occur over the next 7 years.
Criticism of the work of the Security Council can be divided into two opinions: the opinion of specialists and the opinion of the UN.
Experts' opinions
Most experts are outraged by the amazing passivity shown by the organization during the escalation of the conflict, military conflicts and ethnic cleansing in Kosovo, Rwanda, and now in South Ossetia. According to , all this clearly indicates that the UN is not coping with the tasks for which it was created.
The UN's work to resolve international issues has never borne real fruit. Nevertheless, among the critics of the UN’s inaction there are still those who at least somehow try to justify the inactivity attributed to the organization. “The UN as an international organization is not a world government, and it is unrealistic to demand from it that it ban something or punish someone, Georgians or Russians,” says political scientist Alexey Arbatov (one of the leading experts in the Russian Federation in the field of international relations, foreign and military policy, international security, arms control and disarmament).
It should be noted that the work of the UN to resolve international crises never bore real fruit, either during the Cold War or now. Before the collapse of the UN, it was a kind of arena of struggle between representatives of the communist and Western worlds, who, however, gathered here not in order to reach a compromise on the most important issues of that time, but in order to once again show their strength to the “eternal” enemy, and, if possible, to annoy him, the only of the members of the Security Council using the right of veto during the voting process on a particular issue.
As then, today the UN does not enjoy authority and popularity on both sides. Leading American politicians and their Russian (and formerly Soviet) colleagues perceive the UN as an organization suitable only for conducting meaningless negotiations and adopting resolutions that are not respected by anyone. If earlier the world still tried to hide dissatisfaction with the policies pursued by the heads of this organization, then the recent devastating criticism of the UN expressed by a US presidential candidate showed that future America, especially if it comes to the Republicans, will certainly not have any special reverence for this organization will.
It is worth recalling that earlier the irreconcilable enemy of America, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, also sharply criticized the UN, demanding a change in the structure and status of the Security Council, which has been considering the Iranian “nuclear dossier” for several years. “Among the ineffective UN bodies, the first place is occupied by the Security Council, some of whose members act as prosecutors, judges and executioners,” Ahmadinejad said. “The relationship between the veto-wielding members of the UN Security Council and other countries within their purview is reminiscent of the master-servant relationship in the Middle Ages,” the Iranian leader added. According to him, the Security Council, which resolves issues of war and peace, does not live up to expectations and does not enjoy confidence in the world.
UN response
Meanwhile, the UN leadership itself understands that changes are necessary, but what plan they will take and who will initiate them is still unknown. One way or another, the prospect of a radical reform of the UN is extremely skeptic. As a matter of fact, if it is held, then, according to most experts, it will be devoted to two important points.
Firstly, these are rules that would allow the UN to make decisions on intervention if a certain state does not commit aggression against another, but consistently violates human rights, commits genocide against its own citizens (it’s hard to believe that many states in Asia and Africa agree to something like this). Secondly, this is the idea to increase the number of permanent members of the Security Council. India, Japan, Germany and Brazil are vying for seats in this body. Each of these states has secured the support of a certain group of countries. And the debate on this matter will continue for months.
Finally, the UN does not know what to do with the United States, which is trying to formally consolidate its dominance over the rest of the organization.
But despite all this, the UN will exist. And it will exist in any state. Because an organization that claims to express the opinions of 180 states cannot function otherwise. Perhaps the point of the UN is not at all to solve some pressing problems of humanity (although this would be the ideal option), but to put these problems on the agenda.
2015 is a time for global action for the UN
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The Security Council is one of the main organs of the UN and plays a major role in maintaining international peace and security.
The Security Council consists of 15 members: five permanent (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France, China) and ten non-permanent, elected in accordance with the UN Charter. The list of permanent members is fixed in the UN Charter. Non-permanent members are elected by the UN General Assembly for two years without the right of immediate re-election.
The Security Council is empowered to investigate any dispute or situation that may give rise to international friction or give rise to a dispute, to determine whether the continuation of that dispute or situation is likely to threaten international peace and security. At any stage of such a dispute or situation, the Council may recommend the appropriate procedure or methods of settlement.
The parties to a dispute, the continuation of which may threaten international peace or security, have the right to independently decide to refer the dispute to the Security Council for resolution. However, if the Security Council considers that the continuation of a given dispute may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security, it may recommend such terms for the settlement of the dispute as it considers appropriate.
A non-UN member state may also bring attention to any dispute to which it is a party if, in relation to that dispute, it accepts in advance the obligations of the peaceful settlement of disputes provided for in the UN Charter.
In addition, the Security Council determines the existence of any threat to the peace, any breach of the peace or act of aggression and makes recommendations to the parties or decides what measures should be taken to restore international peace and security. The Council may require the parties to the dispute to implement such provisional measures as it deems necessary. Security Council decisions are binding on all UN members.
The Council is also empowered to decide what measures, other than the use of military force, should be used to implement its decisions, and to require members of the organization to implement these measures. These measures may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations, rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio or other means of communication, as well as severance of diplomatic relations.
If the Security Council considers that these measures are or have been found to be insufficient, it may take such action by air, sea or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore peace and security. UN member states undertake to place at the disposal of the Council the armed forces necessary to maintain peace.
It must be taken into account that the UN Charter in no way affects the inalienable right of each state to individual or collective self-defense in the event of an armed attack on a UN member until the Security Council takes appropriate measures to maintain peace and security.
Each member state of the Security Council has one representative here. The Security Council sets its own rules of procedure, including the procedure for electing its President.
Decisions in the Security Council on issues of procedure are considered adopted if nine members of the Council vote for them. On other issues, decisions are considered adopted when nine members of the Council vote for them, including the concurring votes of all permanent members of the Council, and the party involved in the dispute must abstain from voting. If, when voting on a non-procedural issue, one of the permanent members of the Council votes against, the decision is considered not adopted (veto power).
The Security Council may establish subsidiary bodies necessary for the performance of its functions. Thus, to assist the Security Council on the use of troops placed at its disposal and the regulation of weapons, a Military Staff Committee was created, consisting of the chiefs of staff of the permanent members of the Security Council or their representatives.
Structure of the UN Security Council.
Article 29 of the Charter of the United Nations states that the Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as it finds necessary for the performance of its functions. This is also reflected in rule 28 of the Council's Provisional Rules of Procedure.
All current committees and working groups consist of 15 Council members. While the standing committees are chaired by the President of the Council, whose position is filled on a monthly rotation basis, other committees and working groups are chaired or co-chaired by nominated members of the Council, whose names are presented annually in a note by the President of the Security Council.
The mandates of subsidiary bodies, whether committees or working groups, range from procedural issues (e.g. documentation and procedures, meetings away from Headquarters) to substantive issues (e.g. sanctions regimes, counter-terrorism, peacekeeping operations).
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) are subsidiary organs of the Security Council within the meaning of Article 29 of the Charter. As such, they are dependent on the United Nations for administrative and financial matters, but as judicial bodies they are independent of any state or group of states, including their constituent body, the Security Council.
Committees.
Counter-Terrorism and Non-Proliferation Committee
Counter-Terrorism Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001)
Committee to Prevent the Proliferation of Nuclear, Chemical or Biological Weapons and Their Means of Delivery (1540 Committee).
Military Staff Committee
The Military Staff Committee helps plan United Nations military measures and regulate weapons.
Sanctions Committees (Ad Hoc)
The use of mandatory sanctions is intended to put pressure on a state or entity to adhere to the goals determined by the Security Council without resorting to the use of force. Thus, for the Security Council, sanctions are one of the important tools for ensuring compliance with its decisions. Because of its universal nature, the United Nations is a particularly suitable body to introduce such measures and monitor their application.
The Council resorts to binding sanctions as a means of enforcing its decisions when peace is threatened and diplomatic efforts have failed. Sanctions include comprehensive economic and trade sanctions and/or targeted measures such as arms embargoes, travel bans, and financial or diplomatic restrictions.
Standing committees and special bodies
Standing committees are open-ended bodies and are usually established to deal with certain procedural matters, such as the admission of new members. Special committees are established for a limited period of time to resolve a particular issue.
Peacekeeping operations and political missions
A peacekeeping operation involves military, police and civilian personnel who work to provide security, political and early peacebuilding support. Peacekeeping activities are flexible and have been implemented in numerous configurations over the past two decades. Today's multidimensional peacekeeping operations are designed not only to maintain peace and security, but also to facilitate political processes, provide protection for civilians, and assist in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants; provide support for the organization of elections, protect and promote human rights and assist in restoring the rule of law.
Political missions are one element in a range of United Nations peace operations that operate at different stages of the conflict cycle. In some cases, after peace agreements are signed, the political missions managed during the peace negotiation phase by the Department of Political Affairs are replaced by peacekeeping missions. In some cases, United Nations peacekeeping operations are being replaced by special political missions whose mission is to monitor longer-term peacebuilding activities.
International courts and tribunals.
The Security Council established the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 1993 after widespread violations of humanitarian law were committed in the former Yugoslavia during military operations. It was the first post-war tribunal established by the United Nations to prosecute war crimes, and the first to prosecute war crimes since the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals, which were established at the end of the Second World War. The Tribunal tries those individuals who are primarily responsible for heinous acts such as murder, torture, rape, slavery and destruction of property, as well as other violent crimes. Its goal is to ensure justice is served for thousands of victims and their families and thus contribute to the establishment of lasting peace in the area. As of the end of 2011, the Tribunal had convicted 161 people.
The Security Council established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in 1994 to prosecute those responsible for genocide and other serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in Rwanda between 1 January and 31 December 1994. It may also prosecute Rwandan citizens who committed acts of genocide and other similar violations of international law in neighboring countries during the same period. In 1998, the Rwanda Tribunal became the first international court to reach a verdict in a genocide case, and also the first in history to impose punishment for such a crime.
Advisory subsidiary body.
The Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) is an intergovernmental advisory body that supports efforts to bring peace to countries emerging from conflict, and is an important complementary tool for the international community to contribute to its broader peace agenda.
The Peacebuilding Commission plays a unique role in terms of:
ensuring coordinated engagement among all relevant actors, including international donors, international financial institutions, national governments and troop-contributing countries;
resource mobilization and allocation;
The Peacebuilding Commission is an advisory subsidiary body to both the Security Council and the General Assembly.
Powers and functions of the UN Security Council
The Security Council is one of the main organs of the UN and plays a major role in maintaining international peace and security.
The Security Council consists of 15 members: five permanent (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France, China) and ten non-permanent, elected in accordance with the UN Charter. The list of permanent members is fixed in the UN Charter. Non-permanent members are elected by the UN General Assembly for two years without the right of immediate re-election.
The Security Council is empowered to investigate any dispute or situation that may give rise to international friction or give rise to a dispute, to determine whether the continuation of that dispute or situation is likely to threaten international peace and security. At any stage of such a dispute or situation, the Council may recommend the appropriate procedure or methods of settlement.
The parties to a dispute, the continuation of which may threaten international peace or security, have the right to independently decide to refer the dispute to the Security Council for resolution. However, if the Security Council considers that the continuation of a given dispute may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security, it may recommend such terms for the settlement of the dispute as it considers appropriate.
A non-UN member state may also bring attention to any dispute to which it is a party if, in relation to that dispute, it accepts in advance the obligations of the peaceful settlement of disputes provided for in the UN Charter.
In addition, the Security Council determines the existence of any threat to the peace, any breach of the peace or act of aggression and makes recommendations to the parties or decides what measures should be taken to restore international peace and security. The Council may require the parties to the dispute to implement such provisional measures as it deems necessary. Security Council decisions are binding on all UN members.
The Council is also empowered to decide what measures, other than the use of military force, should be used to implement its decisions, and to require members of the organization to implement these measures. These measures may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations, rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio or other means of communication, as well as severance of diplomatic relations.
If the Security Council considers that these measures are or have been found to be insufficient, it may take such action by air, sea or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore peace and security. UN member states undertake to place at the disposal of the Council the armed forces necessary to maintain peace.
It must be taken into account that the UN Charter in no way affects the inalienable right of each state to individual or collective self-defense in the event of an armed attack on a UN member until the Security Council takes appropriate measures to maintain peace and security.
Each member state of the Security Council has one representative here. The Security Council sets its own rules of procedure, including the procedure for electing its President.
Decisions in the Security Council on issues of procedure are considered adopted if nine members of the Council vote for them. On other issues, decisions are considered adopted when nine members of the Council vote for them, including the concurring votes of all permanent members of the Council, and the party involved in the dispute must abstain from voting. If, when voting on a non-procedural issue, one of the permanent members of the Council votes against, the decision is considered not adopted (veto power).
The Security Council may establish subsidiary bodies necessary for the performance of its functions. Thus, to assist the Security Council on the use of troops placed at its disposal and the regulation of weapons, a Military Staff Committee was created, consisting of the chiefs of staff of the permanent members of the Security Council or their representatives.
Structure of the UN Security Council
Article 29 of the Charter of the United Nations states that the Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as it finds necessary for the performance of its functions. This is also reflected in rule 28 of the Council's Provisional Rules of Procedure.
All current committees and working groups consist of 15 Council members. While the standing committees are chaired by the President of the Council, whose position is filled on a monthly rotation basis, other committees and working groups are chaired or co-chaired by nominated members of the Council, whose names are presented annually in a note by the President of the Security Council.
The mandates of subsidiary bodies, whether committees or working groups, range from procedural issues (e.g. documentation and procedures, meetings away from Headquarters) to substantive issues (e.g. sanctions regimes, counter-terrorism, peacekeeping operations).
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) are subsidiary organs of the Security Council within the meaning of Article 29 of the Charter. As such, they are dependent on the United Nations for administrative and financial matters, but as judicial bodies they are independent of any state or group of states, including their constituent body, the Security Council.
Committees
Counter-Terrorism and Non-Proliferation Committee
Counter-Terrorism Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001)
Committee to Prevent the Proliferation of Nuclear, Chemical or Biological Weapons and Their Means of Delivery (1540 Committee).
Military Staff Committee
The Military Staff Committee helps plan United Nations military measures and regulate weapons.
Sanctions Committees (Ad Hoc)
The use of mandatory sanctions is intended to put pressure on a state or entity to adhere to the goals determined by the Security Council without resorting to the use of force. Thus, for the Security Council, sanctions are one of the important tools for ensuring compliance with its decisions. Because of its universal nature, the United Nations is a particularly suitable body to introduce such measures and monitor their application.
The Council resorts to binding sanctions as a means of enforcing its decisions when peace is threatened and diplomatic efforts have failed. Sanctions include comprehensive economic and trade sanctions and/or targeted measures such as arms embargoes, travel bans, and financial or diplomatic restrictions.
Standing committees and special bodies
Standing committees are open-ended bodies and are usually established to deal with certain procedural matters, such as the admission of new members. Special committees are established for a limited period of time to resolve a particular issue.
Peacekeeping operations and political missions
A peacekeeping operation involves military, police and civilian personnel who work to provide security, political and early peacebuilding support. Peacekeeping activities are flexible and have been implemented in numerous configurations over the past two decades. Today's multidimensional peacekeeping operations are designed not only to maintain peace and security, but also to facilitate political processes, provide protection for civilians, and assist in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants; provide support for the organization of elections, protect and promote human rights and assist in restoring the rule of law.
Political missions are one element in a range of United Nations peace operations that operate at different stages of the conflict cycle. In some cases, after peace agreements are signed, the political missions managed during the peace negotiation phase by the Department of Political Affairs are replaced by peacekeeping missions. In some cases, United Nations peacekeeping operations are being replaced by special political missions whose mission is to monitor longer-term peacebuilding activities.
International courts and tribunals
The Security Council established the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 1993 after widespread violations of humanitarian law were committed in the former Yugoslavia during military operations. It was the first post-war tribunal established by the United Nations to prosecute war crimes, and the first to prosecute war crimes since the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals, which were established at the end of the Second World War. The Tribunal tries those individuals who are primarily responsible for heinous acts such as murder, torture, rape, slavery and destruction of property, as well as other violent crimes. Its goal is to ensure justice is served for thousands of victims and their families and thus contribute to the establishment of lasting peace in the area. As of the end of 2011, the Tribunal had convicted 161 people.
The Security Council established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in 1994 to prosecute those responsible for genocide and other serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in Rwanda between 1 January and 31 December 1994. It may also prosecute Rwandan citizens who committed acts of genocide and other similar violations of international law in neighboring countries during the same period. In 1998, the Rwanda Tribunal became the first international court to reach a verdict in a genocide case, and also the first in history to impose punishment for such a crime.
Advisory subsidiary body
The Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) is an intergovernmental advisory body that supports efforts to bring peace to countries emerging from conflict, and is an important complementary tool for the international community to contribute to its broader peace agenda.
The Peacebuilding Commission plays a unique role in terms of:
ensuring coordinated engagement among all relevant actors, including international donors, international financial institutions, national governments and troop-contributing countries;
resource mobilization and allocation;
The Peacebuilding Commission is an advisory subsidiary body to both the Security Council and the General Assembly.
Since the formation of the Security Council, there has not been a single important international event to which it did not pay attention. It is based on the results of the activities of the Security Council that one can speak about the successes and failures of the work of the UN and, in general, about its influence on the development of international relations. In accordance with Articles 24-26 of the UN Charter, the Security Council is vested with great powers in terms of preventing armed conflicts and creating conditions for their peaceful resolution, as well as establishing cooperation between states. The functions and powers of the Security Council are as follows:
O maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations;
o Investigate any dispute or any situation that may lead to international conflicts;
o develop plans for the creation of a weapons regulation system; o Determine the presence of a threat to peace or an act of aggression and recommend measures to be taken;
o call on members of the Organization to use economic sanctions or other measures not related to the use of force to prevent or stop aggression;
o take military action against the aggressor;
O carry out United Nations trusteeship functions in “strategic areas”;
In accordance with the listed functions and powers, the Council makes its decisions.
Thus, in 2005, the Security Council held about 200 formal meetings and adopted 71 resolutions on a wide range of issues, including terrorism, the situation in Africa, the situation in the Middle East, Iraq, and Afghanistan. The resolutions adopted addressed, in particular, the reports of the Secretary-General on Sudan (4 reports), the situation in relations between Eritrea and Ethiopia (4), the situation in the Middle East (3), the situation in relation to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (3), the situation in Afghanistan (2), the situation in Georgia (2), protection of civilians in armed conflicts (1), non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (1), etc.
When the Security Council receives information about a threat to international peace, it first considers ways to peacefully resolve the dispute. He can develop the principles of settlement or act as a mediator. In the event of the outbreak of hostilities, the Security Council makes efforts to establish a ceasefire. For example, he may send a peacekeeping mission to help the parties maintain a truce or ensure the separation of opposing forces.
The Security Council can take coercive measures to ensure the implementation of its decisions: impose economic sanctions or establish an arms embargo (in accordance with Chapter VII of the Charter); in a number of cases, the Council authorized member states to use “all necessary means,” including joint military action. Thus, in accordance with the UN Security Council resolution in 1991, collective military action was taken against Iraq, which occupied the territory of sovereign Kuwait in 1990.
When a complaint concerning a threat to the peace is brought before the Security Council, it usually first recommends that the parties try to reach an agreement through peaceful means. Sometimes the Council itself conducts investigations and mediations. He may appoint special representatives or invite the Secretary-General to make such appointments or engage his services. The Council may establish principles for the peaceful resolution of a dispute.
When a dispute leads to hostilities, the Security Council's first priority is to bring them to an end as quickly as possible. On many occasions, the Council issued ceasefire orders that played an important role in preventing the escalation of hostilities. Thus, UN Resolution No. 1510 on Afghanistan of October 13, 2003 “authorizes the expansion of the mandate of the International Security Assistance Force so that it can ... support the Afghan Transitional Administration and its successors in maintaining security in areas of Afghanistan outside Kabul and its surroundings..."
At meetings of the Security Council, statements by the Chairman of the Council, statements of the Security Council, and reports of the UN Secretary General may be heard. Thus, in 2015, 78 reports presented or forwarded by the UN Secretary-General were heard at meetings of the Security Council.
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