Report on Tsiolkovsky. Literary and historical notes of a young technician
TSIOLKOVSKY, KONSTANTIN EDUARDOVICH(1857–1935), Russian scientist, pioneer of astronautics and rocketry. Born on September 17 (29), 1857 in the village of Izhevskoye near Ryazan. After suffering from scarlet fever in childhood, he almost completely lost his hearing, which deprived him of the opportunity to enroll in educational institution. He received his education independently, and in 1879 he passed the exams for the title of teacher as an external student. He taught physics and mathematics at the Borovsky district school in the Kaluga province, and then at the gymnasium and diocesan school in Kaluga, where he worked until his retirement in 1920. Tsiolkovsky conducted his research in a kind of intellectual vacuum, although he was supported by some prominent scientists (one of his works received a favorable review from I.M. Sechenov). The first works were devoted to the development of designs for an all-metal controllable airship, a streamlined airplane, a train on air cushion. In 1897, Tsiolkovsky built the first wind tunnel in Russia and tested the simplest models.
In the 1890s, Tsiolkovsky began to engage in research related to the use of jet propulsion for the creation of interplanetary aircraft. In 1903 his article was published Exploration of world spaces using jet instruments. In it and subsequent works (1911 and 1914), the scientist derived the now widely known equation of motion of a rocket as a body with variable mass, and substantiated the possibility of using rockets for interplanetary communications, predicted the phenomenon of weightlessness, outlined the fundamentals of the theory of liquid rocket engines, examined and recommended various fuels for use (the most effective being a mixture of liquid oxygen and hydrogen). He expressed the idea of creating near-Earth orbital stations as intermediate bases for interplanetary flights.
He was influenced by the “philosophy of the common cause” of N. Fedorov. In his philosophical writings, the scientist developed the doctrine of “panpsychism” (“monism”), according to which the cosmos is a living and animate being. Atoms form an infinite variety of life forms in the Universe, including humans (this was discussed in the works of 1898–1914: Scientific foundations of religion, Ethics or Natural foundations of morality, Nirvana etc.). In Tsiolkovsky’s late work, a grandiose planetary and cosmic utopia occupies a central place. In creating an ideal society, Tsiolkovsky assigned a decisive role to science and its new, truly fantastic possibilities (his works are devoted to social design: Grief and genius, 1916; Ideal way of life, 1917; Social order, 1917; Sociology(fantasy), 1918; Adventures of the Atom, 1918). With the scientist's disappointment in civilization and possibilities scientific knowledge his religious and mystical quests are connected last period life and experience of building a new ethical system ( Living Universe, 1923; Will of the Universe, 1928; The future of the earth and humanity, 1928; Scientific ethics, 1930; Space philosophy , 1935).
Tsiolkovsky’s work did not receive recognition, and only after the appearance of G. Oberth’s article on the theory of space flight in Germany in 1923, the USSR began to popularize Tsiolkovsky’s research. In 1924 Tsiolkovsky was elected honorary professor of the Academy air fleet them. A.E. Zhukovsky. Tsiolkovsky died in Kaluga on September 19, 1935.
Brief biography Tsiolkovsky is a shining example his dedication to his work and perseverance in achieving his goal, despite difficult life circumstances.
Who is he - Tsiolkovsky?
The future scientist was born on September 17, 1857, not far from Ryazan, in the village of Izhevskoye. Father, Eduard Ignatievich, worked as a forester, and mother, Maria Ivanovna, who came from a family of small-scale peasants, ran a household. Three years after the birth of the future scientist, his family, due to difficulties encountered by his father at work, moved to Ryazan. Konstantin and his brothers’ initial education (reading, writing and basic arithmetic) was handled by their mother.
Tsiolkovsky's early years
In 1868, the family moved to Vyatka, where Konstantin and his younger brother Ignatius became students of the men's gymnasium. Education was difficult, the main reason for this was deafness - a consequence of scarlet fever, which the boy suffered at the age of 9. In the same year, something happened in the Tsiolkovsky family big loss: Konstantin’s beloved older brother, Dmitry, has died. And a year later, unexpectedly for everyone, my mother passed away. Family tragedy had a negative impact on Kostya’s studies, and his deafness began to progress sharply, increasingly isolating the young man from society. In 1873, Tsiolkovsky was expelled from the gymnasium. He never studied anywhere else, preferring to pursue his education independently, because books generously provided knowledge and never reproached him for anything. At this time, the guy became interested in scientific and technical creativity, even designed at home lathe.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky: interesting facts
At the age of 16, Konstantin light hand father, who believed in his son’s abilities, moved to Moscow, where he unsuccessfully tried to enter higher education technical school. Failure did not break the young man, and for three years he independently studied such sciences as astronomy, mechanics, chemistry, mathematics, communicating with others using a hearing aid.
The young man visited the Chertkovsky public library every day; It was there that he met Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov, one of the founders of Russian cosmism. This outstanding man replaced the young man with all the teachers combined. Life in the capital turned out to be unaffordable for Tsiolkovsky, and he spent all his savings on books and instruments, so in 1876 he returned to Vyatka, where he began to earn money by tutoring and private lessons in physics and mathematics. Upon returning home, Tsiolkovsky’s vision deteriorated greatly due to hard work and difficult conditions, and he began to wear glasses.
Students came to Tsiolkovsky, who established himself as a highly qualified teacher, with great eagerness. When teaching lessons, the teacher used methods developed by himself, among which visual demonstration was key. For geometry lessons, Tsiolkovsky made models of polyhedra from paper, and together with his students he conducted experiments in physics. Konstantin Eduardovich has earned the reputation of a teacher who explains the material in a clear, accessible language: his classes were always interesting. In 1876, Ignatius, Constantine’s brother, died, which was a very big blow for the scientist.
Personal life of a scientist
In 1878, Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky and his family changed their place of residence to Ryazan. There he successfully passed the exams to obtain a teacher's diploma and got a job at a school in the city of Borovsk. At the local district school, despite the significant distance from the main scientific centers, Tsiolkovsky actively conducted research in the field of aerodynamics. He created the foundations of the kinetic theory of gases, sending the available data to the Russian Physical-Chemical Society, to which he received a response from Mendeleev that this discovery had been made a quarter of a century ago.
The young scientist was very shocked by this circumstance; his talent was taken into account in St. Petersburg. One of the main problems that occupied Tsiolkovsky’s thoughts was the theory of balloons. The scientist developed his own version of the design of this aircraft, characterized by a thin metal shell. Tsiolkovsky outlined his thoughts in his work of 1885-1886. "Theory and experience of the balloon."
In 1880, Tsiolkovsky married Varvara Evgrafovna Sokolova, the daughter of the owner of the room in which he lived for some time. Tsiolkovsky's children from this marriage: sons Ignatius, Ivan, Alexander and daughter Sophia. In January 1881, Konstantin's father died.
A short biography of Tsiolkovsky mentions this terrible incident in his life, like the fire of 1887, which destroyed everything: modules, drawings, acquired property. Only the sewing machine survived. This event was a heavy blow for Tsiolkovsky.
Life in Kaluga
In 1892 he moved to Kaluga. There he also got a job as a teacher of geometry and arithmetic, while simultaneously studying astronautics and aeronautics, and built a tunnel in which he checked aircraft. It was in Kaluga that Tsiolkovsky wrote the main works on space biology, the theory of jet propulsion and medicine, while at the same time continuing to study the theory of the metal airship. With his own money, Tsiolkovsky created about a hundred different models of aircraft and tested them. Konstantin did not have enough personal funds to conduct research, so he applied for financial assistance to the Physicochemical Society, which did not consider it necessary to financially support the scientist. Subsequent news of Tsiolkovsky's successful experiments nevertheless prompted the Physicochemical Society to allocate him 470 rubles, which the scientist spent on the invention of an improved wind tunnel.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky pays increasing attention to the study of space. The year 1895 was marked by the publication of Tsiolkovsky’s book “Dreams of Earth and Heaven,” and a year later he began work on a new book: “Research outer space by using jet engine", which focused on rocket engines, cargo transportation in space and fuel features.
The hard twentieth century
The beginning of the new, twentieth century was difficult for Konstantin: money was no longer allocated to continue important research for science, his son Ignatius committed suicide in 1902, five years later, when the river flooded, the scientist’s house was flooded, many exhibits, structures and unique calculations. It seemed that all the elements of nature were set against Tsiolkovsky. By the way, in 2001 Russian ship“Konstantin Tsiolkovsky” there was a strong fire that destroyed everything inside (as in 1887, when the scientist’s house burned down).
Recent years life
A short biography of Tsiolkovsky describes that the scientist’s life became a little easier with the advent of Soviet power. The Russian Society of Lovers of World Studies gave him a pension, which practically prevented him from starving to death. After all, the Socialist Academy did not accept the scientist into its ranks in 1919, thereby leaving him without a livelihood. In November 1919, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was arrested, taken to Lubyanka and released a few weeks later thanks to the petition of a certain high-ranking party member. In 1923, another son, Alexander, died, who decided to take his own life.
The Soviet authorities remembered Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in the same year, after the publication of G. Oberth, a German physicist, about space flight and rocket engines. During this period, the living conditions of the Soviet scientist changed dramatically. Management Soviet Union paid attention to all his achievements, provided comfortable conditions for fruitful activities, assigned a personal lifelong pension.
● Creation of your own gas turbine engine circuit.
● Presentation of a rigorous theory of jet propulsion and proof of the need to use rockets for space travel.
● Design of a controlled balloon.
● Creation of a model of an all-metal airship.
● The idea of launching a rocket with an inclined guide, which is successfully used at the present time in multiple launch rocket systems.
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, an outstanding researcher, a major scientist in the field of aeronautics, aviation and astronautics, a true innovator in science, was born on September 5 (17), 1857 in the village of Izhevskoye, Ryazan province, in the family of forester Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky. He grew up as a smart, inquisitive and impressionable child. Already during these years, the character of the future scientist was formed - independent, persistent and purposeful. "I think I got the connection strong will father with the talent of the mother,” Tsiolkovsky later wrote.
At the age of 10, Tsiolkovsky suffered a great misfortune - he fell ill with scarlet fever and, as a result of complications, almost completely lost his hearing.
Outstanding abilities, son's tendency to independent work and invention made my father think about his further education. Tsiolkovsky was 16 years old when his father decided to send him to Moscow to continue his studies. Three years of independent, purposeful studies in the library of the Rumyantsev Museum enriched the young man with knowledge in the fields of mathematics, physics and astronomy.
After returning from Moscow in the fall of 1879, Tsiolkovsky passed the exam as an external student at the Ryazan gymnasium for the title of teacher of district schools and three months later received an appointment to the small town of Borovsk, Kaluga province. For 12 years, Tsiolkovsky lived and worked in Borovsk, teaching arithmetic and geometry. There he married Varvara Evgrafovna Sokolova, who became his faithful assistant and adviser, the mother of his seven children.
While teaching, Tsiolkovsky began to engage in scientific work. Already in 1883, he wrote the work “Free Space”, in which he made an important conclusion about the possibility of using jet propulsion to move in world space.
Almost all his life, Tsiolkovsky was heavily involved in aeronautics.
His first scientific work on aeronautics, “Metal Balloon, Controlled,” was published in 1892.
In the same year, in connection with Tsiolkovsky’s transfer to the Kaluga district school, the Tsiolkovsky family moved to Kaluga. For many years the family had to live in private apartments before they managed to buy a small house on the outskirts of the city.
In 1903, Tsiolkovsky’s first article on rocket technology, “Exploration of world spaces using rocket instruments,” appeared in the journal Scientific Review No. 5. In this work, the scientist for the first time proposed a design for a liquid-propellant rocket for the actual implementation of space flight, and substantiated the theory of its flight.
The first part of Tsiolkovsky’s article “Exploration of world spaces using jet instruments” went unnoticed by the wider scientific community. The second part, published in the journal "Bulletin of Aeronautics", was published in 1911-1912 and caused a great resonance. Famous popularizers science and technology V.V. Ryumin, Ya.I. Perelman and N.A. Rynin began to spread Tsiolkovsky’s space ideas and over time became his true friends. Great help Numerous Kaluga friends also provided support to Tsiolkovsky: V.I. Assonov, P.P. Canning, S.E. Eremeev, and later A.L. Chizhevsky and S.V. Shcherbakov. In 1914, Tsiolkovsky published a separate brochure “Addition to the Study of World Spaces by Reactive Instruments.”
Scientific activity occupied everything free time Tsiolkovsky, but the main work for many years was still teaching. His lessons aroused students' interest and gave them practical skills and knowledge. Only in November 1921, at the age of 64, Tsiolkovsky left his teaching job.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, his scientific activity received government support. In 1918, Tsiolkovsky was elected a member of the Socialist Academy. In 1921, Tsiolkovsky was assigned an increased personal pension.
The government's attention to the scientist's research work contributed to the recognition of Tsiolkovsky's work and increased popularity.
In 1932, Tsiolkovsky turned 75 years old. This event was marked by ceremonial meetings in Moscow and Kaluga.
The government awarded the scientist the Order of the Red Banner of Labor for “special merits in the field of inventions that have great importance for the economic power and defense of the USSR." The presentation of the order took place in the Kremlin on November 27, 1932. Receiving the order, Tsiolkovsky said: “I can thank the Government for this high reward only through your own efforts. There is no point in saying thanks with words.”
The scientist set to work with renewed vigor; he still paid a lot of attention to scientific work, propaganda of scientific knowledge, led a large community work. Tsiolkovsky met with workers, scientists, and collective farmers, often spoke to young people, and was a consultant for the science fiction film “Space Flight.”
In August 1935, Tsiolkovsky's health deteriorated sharply. On September 13, he dictated his will.
On September 19, 1935, Tsiolkovsky passed away. He was buried in Kaluga in the Country Garden (now a park named after him).
Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich(5 (17) September 1857, Izhevskoye, Ryazan province, Russian Empire- September 19, 1935, Kaluga, USSR) - Russian and Soviet self-taught scientist, researcher, school teacher. The founder of modern astronautics. He substantiated the derivation of the jet propulsion equation and came to the conclusion that it was necessary to use “ rocket trains" - prototypes of multistage rockets. Author of works on aerodynamics, aeronautics and other sciences.
Representative of Russian cosmism, member of the Russian Society of World Studies Lovers. Author of science fiction works, supporter and propagandist of the ideas of space exploration. Tsiolkovsky proposed populating outer space using orbital stations, put forward ideas space elevator, hovercraft trains. He believed that the development of life on one of the planets of the Universe would reach such power and perfection that this would make it possible to overcome the forces of gravity and spread life throughout the Universe.
Biography
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky was born on September 5 (17), 1857 in the village of Izhevskoye near Ryazan. His father, Eduard Ignatievich, was a Polish nobleman of middle income, and his mother, Maria Ivanovna Yumasheva, had Tatar roots. Usually the mother took care of the children. It was she who taught Konstantin to read and write and introduced him to the beginnings of arithmetic. At the age of nine, Kostya Tsiolkovsky fell ill with scarlet fever. As a result of complications from the illness, he lost his hearing. Then came what he later called “the saddest, most dark time my life." Hearing loss deprived the boy of many childhood fun and experiences familiar to his healthy peers. In 1869 he entered the gymnasium. Great success the future scientist did not shine. There were a lot of subjects, and it was not easy for a half-deaf boy to study. But for his pranks he was repeatedly sent to punishment cell. In 1870, when Tsiolkovsky was 13 years old, his mother died. Grief crushed the orphaned boy. He feels much more acutely his deafness, which made him more and more isolated. Deprived of support, the boy studies worse and worse... In 1871, he was expelled from the gymnasium with the characteristic “... for admission to a technical school.” But it was at this time that Konstantin Tsiolkovsky finds his true calling and place in life. He is engaged in education on his own. Unlike gymnasium teachers, books generously endow him with knowledge and never make the slightest reproach. At the same time, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky became involved in technical and scientific creativity. He independently makes an astrolabe (the first distance he measured was to a fire tower), a home lathe, self-propelled carriages and locomotives. His son's abilities became obvious to Eduard Tsiolkovsky, and he decides to send the boy to the capital. Konstantin finds an apartment for himself and, living literally on bread and water (his father sent ten to fifteen rubles a month), works hard. Every day from ten in the morning until three or four in the afternoon, a hardworking young man studies science in the library. During the first year of living in Moscow, I completed physics and basic mathematics. In the second, Konstantin overcomes differential and integral calculus, higher algebra, analytical and spherical geometry.
However, life in Moscow was quite expensive; Tsiolkovsky, despite all his efforts, could not provide himself with sufficient funds, so in 1876 his father recalled him to Vyatka. Konstantin becomes a private tutor and earns money on his own, and in his free time he continues to study at the city public library. In 1880, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky passed the exams for the teaching title and moved to Borovsk, located 100 kilometers from Moscow, on appointment from the Ministry of Education to his first government position. There he married Varvara Evgrafovna Sokolova. The young couple begins to live separately and the young scientist continues his physical experiments and technical creativity. In Tsiolkovsky's house, electric lightning flashes, thunder rumbles, bells ring, paper dolls dance. Being far from the main scientific centers of Russia, Tsiolkovsky, remaining deaf, decided to independently conduct research papers in the area that interested him - aerodynamics. He began by developing the foundations of the kinetic theory of gases and sent his calculations to the Russian Physical-Chemical Society in St. Petersburg and soon received a response from Mendeleev: the kinetic theory of gases had already been discovered... 25 years ago. But Tsiolkovsky survived this news, which became a blow for him as a scientist, and continued his research. In St. Petersburg they became interested in the gifted and extraordinary teacher from Vyatka and invited him to join the above-mentioned society.
In 1892, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was transferred as a teacher to Kaluga. There he also did not forget about science, astronautics and aeronautics. In Kaluga, Tsiolkovsky built a special tunnel that would make it possible to measure various aerodynamic parameters of aircraft. Since the Physicochemical Society did not allocate a penny for his experiments, the scientist had to use family funds to conduct research. By the way, Tsiolkovsky built more than 100 experimental models at his own expense and tested them - not the cheapest pleasure! After some time, society finally paid attention to the Kaluga genius and provided him with financial support - 470 rubles, with which Tsiolkovsky built a new, improved tunnel. During his aerodynamic experiments, Tsiolkovsky began to pay more and more attention to space problems. In 1895, his book “Dreams of Earth and Heaven” was published, and a year later an article about other worlds was published, sentient beings from other planets and about the communication of earthlings with them. In the same 1896, Tsiolkovsky began writing his main work, “Exploration of outer space using a jet engine.” This book touched upon the problems of using rocket engines in space - navigation mechanisms, supply and transportation of fuel, and others.
The first fifteen years of the twentieth century were the most difficult in the life of a scientist. In 1902, his son Ignatius committed suicide. In 1908, during the Oka flood, his house was flooded, many cars and exhibits were disabled, and numerous unique calculations were lost. The Physicochemical Society did not appreciate the significance and revolutionary nature of the models presented by Tsiolkovsky. Under Soviet rule, Tsiolkovsky's living and working conditions changed radically. He was assigned a personal pension and provided with the opportunity for fruitful activity. Tsiolkovsky's developments have become interesting new government, which provided him with significant financial support. In 1918 Tsiolkovsky was elected to the number of competing members of the Socialist Academy social sciences(in 1923 it was renamed the Communist Academy, and in 1936 its main institutes were transferred to the USSR Academy of Sciences), and on November 9, 1921, the scientist was awarded a lifetime pension for services to domestic and world science. This pension was paid until September 19, 1935 - that day greatest man, Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky died in his hometown of Kaluga.
Tsiolkovsky's theory
First scientific research Tsiolkovsky dates back to 1880-1881. Not knowing about the discoveries already made, he wrote the work “Theory of Gases,” in which he outlined the foundations of the kinetic theory of gases. His second work, “Mechanics of the Animal Organism,” received a favorable review from I.M. Sechenov, and Tsiolkovsky was accepted into the Russian Physicochemical Society. Tsiolkovsky's main works after 1884 were associated with four major problems: scientific basis an all-metal balloon (airship), a streamlined airplane, a hovercraft and a rocket for interplanetary travel. After meeting Nikolai Zhukovsky, who was a student of Stoletov, Tsiolkovsky began to study the mechanics of controlled flight, as a result of which he designed a controlled balloon (the word “airship” had not yet been invented). Tsiolkovsky was the first to propose the idea of an all-metal airship, and built a working model of it, created a device for automatically controlling the flight of the airship and a control circuit for it lift. The first printed work about airships was “Metal Balloon Controlled” (1892), which gave scientific and technical justification airship designs with a metal shell. The Tsiolkovsky airship project, progressive for its time, was not supported; the author was denied a subsidy for the construction of the model. Tsiolkovsky's appeal to General Staff The Russian army was also unsuccessful. In 1892, he turned to the new and little-explored field of heavier-than-air aircraft. Tsiolkovsky came up with the idea of building an airplane with a metal frame. The article “Airplane or Bird-like (aviation) flying machine” (1894) gives a description and drawings of a monoplane, which in its own way appearance and aerodynamic layout anticipated the designs of aircraft that appeared 15-18 years later. In Tsiolkovsky's airplane, the wings have a thick profile with a rounded leading edge, and the fuselage is streamlined shape. But the work on the airplane, as well as on the airship, did not receive recognition from official representatives Russian science. For further research, Tsiolkovsky had neither the funds nor even moral support. Many years later, already in Soviet era, in 1932 he developed the theory of the flight of jet aircraft in the stratosphere and the design of aircraft for flight with hypersonic speeds. Tsiolkovsky built the first wind tunnel in Russia with an open working part in 1897, developed an experimental technique in it, and in 1900, with a subsidy from the Academy of Sciences, he made blowing of the simplest models and determined the drag coefficient of a ball, flat plate, cylinder, cone and other bodies. Since 1896, Tsiolkovsky systematically studied the theory of motion of jet vehicles. Thoughts on use rocket principle in space were expressed by Tsiolkovsky back in 1883, but a strict theory of jet propulsion was outlined by him in 1896. Tsiolkovsky derived an ingenious formula (it was called the “Tsiolkovsky formula”), which established the relationship between:
rocket speed at any moment
speed of gas flow from the nozzle
rocket mass
mass of explosives
Of course, he did not suspect for a second how much joy the discovery of yellowed and crumpled sheets of paper would later bring to historians. After all, by writing the date of the calculations, Tsiolkovsky, without knowing it, secured his primacy in matters of scientific space exploration. In 1903, he published the book “Explorations of World Spaces by Jet Instruments,” where he proved for the first time that the only apparatus capable of space flight is a rocket. In this article and its subsequent sequels (1911 and 1914), he laid the foundations for the theory of rockets and liquid rocket engines. In this pioneering work, Tsiolkovsky:
completely proved the impossibility of going into space on a balloon or with the help artillery piece,
deduced the relationship between the weight of the fuel and the weight of the rocket structures to overcome the force of gravity,
expressed an idea on-board system orientation to the Sun or other celestial bodies
analyzed the behavior of a rocket outside the atmosphere, in an environment free of gravity
the landing problem was solved spacecraft on the surface of planets without an atmosphere.
Thus the dawn of the space age rose on the banks of the Oka. True, the result of the first publication was not at all what Tsiolkovsky expected. Neither compatriots nor foreign scientists appreciated the research that science is proud of today. It was simply an era ahead of its time. In 1911, the second part of the work “Exploration of World Spaces by Reactive Instruments” was published. Tsiolkovsky calculates the work to overcome the force of gravity, determines the speed required for the device to enter the Solar System (“second cosmic speed”) and the flight time. This time Tsiolkovsky's article caused a lot of noise in scientific world. Tsiolkovsky made many friends in the world of science. In 1926-1929, Tsiolkovsky decides practical question: how much fuel needs to be taken into the rocket in order to obtain the lift-off speed and leave the Earth. It turned out that the final speed of the rocket depends on the speed of the gases flowing out of it and on how many times the weight of the fuel exceeds the weight of the empty rocket. Calculations show: in order for a rocket with people to develop take-off speed and set off on an interplanetary flight, it is necessary to take a hundred times more fuel than the weight of the rocket body, engine, mechanisms, instruments and passengers combined. And this again creates a very serious obstacle. The scientist found an original solution - a multi-stage interplanetary spacecraft. It consists of many rockets connected to each other. In addition to fuel, the front rocket contains passengers and equipment. The rockets work alternately, accelerating the entire train. When the fuel in one rocket burns out, it is jettisoned, removing the empty tanks and making the entire train lighter. Then the second rocket starts working, etc. The front rocket, as if in a relay race, receives the speed gained by all the previous rockets. During these same years, he assessed the influence of atmospheric resistance on the flight of a rocket and the additional fuel costs during this process. Tsiolkovsky is the founder of the theory of interplanetary communications. His research was the first to show the possibility of reaching cosmic speeds, proving the feasibility of interplanetary flights. He was the first to study the issue of the rocket - artificial satellite Earth and expressed the idea of creating near-Earth stations as artificial settlements using the energy of the Sun, and intermediate bases for interplanetary communications; examined medical and biological problems arising during long-term space flights.
Tsiolkovsky put forward a number of ideas that found application in rocket science. They proposed: gas rudders (made of graphite) to control the flight of the rocket and change the trajectory of its center of mass; the use of propellant components to cool the outer shell of the spacecraft (during entry into the Earth's atmosphere), the walls of the combustion chamber and the nozzle; pumping system for supplying fuel components; optimal descent trajectories of a spacecraft when returning from space, etc. In the field of rocket fuels, Tsiolkovsky researched large number various oxidizers and combustibles; recommended fuel pairs: liquid oxygen with hydrogen, oxygen with hydrocarbons. Tsiolkovsky worked a lot and fruitfully on creating the theory of flight of jet aircraft, invented his own gas turbine engine design; in 1927 he published the theory and diagram of a hovercraft train. He was the first to propose a “bottom-retractable chassis” chassis. Space flights and airship construction were the main problems to which he devoted his life. But to speak of Tsiolkovsky only as the father of astronautics means to impoverish his contribution to modern science and technology. Tsiolkovsky defended the idea of diversity of life forms in the Universe, was the first ideologist and theorist of human exploration of outer space, final goal which seemed to him in the form of a complete restructuring of the biochemical nature of thinking beings generated by the Earth.
Science fiction writer
Tsiolkovsky's science fiction works are little known to a wide range of readers. Perhaps because they are closely related to his scientific works. His early work “Free Space,” written in 1883 (published in 1954), is very close to fantasy. Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is the author of science fiction works: “Dreams of Earth and Heaven”, “On Vesta”, the story “On the Moon” (first published in the supplement to the magazine “Around the World” in 1893, reprinted several times in Soviet times) .
Work on rocket navigation and interplanetary communications
- 1903 - “Exploration of world spaces using jet instruments. (Rocket into outer space)"
- 1911 - “Exploration of world spaces using jet instruments”
- 1914 - “Exploration of world spaces using jet instruments (Addition)”
- 1924 - “Spaceship”
- 1926 - “Exploration of world spaces using jet instruments”
- 1927 - “Space rocket. Experienced training"
- 1928 - “Works about space rocket 1903-1907."
- 1929 - “Space Rocket Trains”
- 1929 - “Jet Engine”
- 1929 - “Star Voyage Goals”
- 1930 - “To Starfarers”
- 1932 - “Jet Propulsion”
- 1932-1933 - “Rocket Fuel”
- 1933 - “A starship with its predecessor machines”
- 1933 - “Projectiles acquiring cosmic velocities on land or water”
- 1935 - " Highest speed rockets"
Tsiolkovsky's awards and perpetuation of his memory
For special services in the field of inventions of great importance for the economic power and defense of the USSR, Tsiolkovsky was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor in 1932. On the eve of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Tsiolkovsky in 1954, the USSR Academy of Sciences established a gold medal named after. K. E. Tsiolkovsky “3a outstanding works in the field of interplanetary communications.” Monuments to the scientist were erected in Kaluga and Moscow; a memorial house-museum was created in Kaluga; they bear his name State Museum history of astronautics and pedagogical institute(now Kaluga State Pedagogical University), school in Kaluga, Moscow Aviation Technology Institute. A crater on the Moon is named after Tsiolkovsky.
Date of birth: September 17, 1857
Date of death: September 19, 1935
Place of birth: village of Izhevskoye, Ryazan Province.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky- scientist and inventor. Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich(Konstanty Ciołkowski) – pioneer in the field of space exploration, scientist. He is the “father” of modern astronautics. The first Russian scientist to become famous in the field of aeronautics and aeronautics. He believed in the possibility of establishing human settlements in space.
Konstantin first saw the light of day on September 17, 1857 in a little-known village, which was located not far from Ryazan. Tsiolkovsky's father, served in forestry. Mother, Maria Yumasheva, came from small landed nobility, and, in accordance with the customs of that time, took care of the household.
At the beginning of 1868 she moved from the village to more large city, Vyatka. Kostya began studying at the gymnasium. The boy had difficulty studying because he was deaf after scarlet fever. In 1873, the teenager stopped studying due to expulsion. The lack of schooling did not prevent him from studying the exact sciences all his life.
As a 16-year-old teenager, Konstantin goes to the capital. There he puts it on the altar for several years natural sciences and mechanics. To be a full-fledged member of society, he uses a hearing aid. Studying, renting accommodation and food in Moscow were too much for young man V in monetary terms. And in 1876, a young, well-educated scientist decides to return back to the province, to his father.
To support himself, the young man earns money by teaching algebra and geometry privately. The talented teacher did not experience a shortage of students, because... has proven itself to be excellent.
This experience was not in vain, because soon the scientist and his relatives moved to Ryazan. Here he finally receives a diploma, which allows him to start teaching in Borovsk.
The district school where Tsiolkovsky taught was located far from St. Petersburg and Moscow, centers of science. Despite this, Konstantin begins scientific works in the field of aerodynamics. He is the creator of the kinetic theory. He sends the figures obtained as a result of the experiments to the Russian Phys.-Chem. society. The response letter from Mendeleev shocks him - it turns out that this discovery had already been made a quarter of a century ago. But Konstantin’s calculations were appreciated in St. Petersburg.
At the beginning of the 19th century, a promising scientist went to live in Kaluga. He teaches and continues to work in aerospace and astronautics. It was here that he built a tunnel in which the aerodynamic features of the constructed devices could be tested. All this costs money, and Konstantin turns to the Physics and Chemical Society with a request for funding. Receives a refusal and spends family savings on his work. Money was spent on the construction of about a hundred prototypes. Having learned about this, the Society allocates almost 500 rubles to the researcher. The scientist invested all this money into improving the properties of the tunnel.
Space irresistibly attracts Tsiolkovsky, he writes a lot. Begins fundamental work on "Exploration of outer space using a jet engine."
The early 1900s brought a lot of troubles. In 1902, the scientist’s son, Ignat, committed suicide. After 5 years, the Oka overflowed its banks, flooding those in the only instance unique cars and the scientist's calculations. The Physics and Chemical Society remained indifferent to the work and problems of Konstantin Eduardovich, and did not allocate a penny to continue the work.
After the advent of Soviet power, Tsiolkovsky received a salary from the Russian Society of World Studies Amateurs. It came as a surprise to everyone that two years after the revolution the scientist was arrested. By a lucky coincidence, someone from the top of the party stood up for him and the scientist was released.
In 1921, the space explorer finally received the recognition he deserved from the new authorities. He is given a lifetime allowance.
In September 1935, Konstantin Eduardovich died from a malignant disease.
Achievements of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:
More than 400 works on the theory of rocket construction.
Seriously engaged in the study of real interstellar travel.
A controllable balloon, an airship made of solid metal, was developed by Tsiolkovsky.
He justified that only rockets are capable of comic travel.
Developed the launch of a rocket from an inclined level. This development was used in Katyusha-type artillery mounts.
Suggested new project engine with gas turbine traction.
Dates of the biography of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:
September 17, 1857 - born in Ryazan Province.
In 1880 he got married in church to V. Sokolova.
In the period from 1880 to 1883 he published scientific works “Duration of Radiation of the Sun”, “Mechanics of a Likely Changing Organism”, “Free Space”. He began teaching at the district school.
1896 began to study the dynamics of rocket motion.
In the period from 1909 to 1911, he received official patents related to the construction of airships in the countries of the Old and New Worlds and Russia.
1918 Becomes a member of the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences. Continues teaching at the Kaluga Unified Labor Soviet School.
1919 The commission does not accept the airship project for armament Soviet army. He wrote the autobiography “Fate, Fate, Destiny.” Spent several weeks in prison at Lubyanka.
1929 met with a colleague in rocket science, Sergei Korolev.
On September 19, 1935, he died from a malignant disease.
Interesting facts of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky:
Inspired by the ideas of the great inventor, A. Belyaev wrote a novel in the science fiction genre called “KETS Star”.
As a 14-year-old teenager, he made a lathe. A year later I did balloon.
The only thing that survived the fire in Tsiolkovsky's house was a sewing machine.