Socialism is: briefly and clearly about socialist ideology. Socialism is a utopia realized in practice
According to V.I. Lenin’s definition, socialism and the highest phase of communism are “... the stages of the economic maturity of communism.” The differences between the two phases are manifested, first of all, in differences in the levels of development of social production and are not limited to the method of distribution. However, these are differences within the framework of a single socio-economic formation - communist. The concept of communism is applicable to the characteristics of socialism, “since the means of production become common property...”. But “... this is not complete communism,” because “... at its first stage, communism cannot yet be economically fully mature...”.
Communism in its highest phase differs from socialism (its lower phase) primarily in the maturity and development of the economic basis of the new socio-economic formation - productive forces and production relations. This is “...socialist society in its expanded form...”, “... the highest level of socialism.” When the new formation is fully mature, socialism will turn into complete communism.
2. The emergence of socialism
Socialism replaces capitalism due to the objective laws of social development through the revolutionary elimination of the capitalist mode of production. The material prerequisites for socialism in the form of the development of productive forces and the gigantic socialization of production take shape under capitalism. The socialist revolution resolves the main contradiction of capitalism - between the social nature of production and the private capitalist form of appropriation - and ensures that production relations correspond to the nature and level of development of the productive forces.
The building of socialism is the result of the creative activity of the working class and all working people under the leadership of the Marxist-Leninist Party - the vanguard of the working class - during the transition period from capitalism to socialism. Unlike all the others social systems, socialism arises and is established not as a result of spontaneous processes occurring in the depths of the previous mode of production, but is consciously built by the masses of the people on the basis of knowledge and use of the objective laws of its development. This difference is due to the fact that the communist formation - including socialism as its first phase - for the first time (after the primitive communal system) eliminates the exploitation of man by man (while previous formations only replaced one form of exploitation with another), therefore, within the previous, capitalist formation, the creation of “foci “socialism is impossible (they will inevitably be eroded and destroyed by the capitalism surrounding them, with which they will one way or another have to interact), socialism can only be built within the framework of society as a whole. This is why a transition period is necessary.
3. Economic foundations of socialism
Socialism eliminates private property and the exploitation of man by man, eliminates antagonisms in social development, and radically changes the nature and purpose of economic progress. Socialism is a society focused on human development. “In place of the old bourgeois society with its classes and class oppositions comes an association in which the free development of each is a condition for the free development of all.”
Economic basis Socialism consists of public ownership of the means of production, which must have a level adequate to socialism. V.I. Lenin wrote that “the only material basis of socialism can be large-scale machine industry, capable of reorganizing agriculture.”
Socialist relations of production, which completely dominate social production, ensure rapid and systematic growth of the productive forces. The establishment of public ownership radically changes the purpose of development of production and the method of its functioning; the spontaneous forces of anarchy and competition are replaced by the planned organization of economic processes; universal employment of the able-bodied population is ensured, everyone is provided with work in accordance with their abilities, and wide scope is opened for personal development.
Under socialism, economic laws lose their role as spontaneous regulators of social production (the law of value ceases to operate, since the very concept of value disappears along with the market). Economic laws are consciously applied by society in the interests of the steady growth of production and taking advantage of the advantages of the economic system of socialism.
4. Distribution by work
From social ownership of the means of production follows social ownership of the product of production. Under socialism, workers act as collective owners, as co-owners, as a whole, and not as a sum of individual owners. However, the condition for the consumption of each of them is the appropriation by each of a part of this common product, i.e., individual ownership of a share of the social product. And these shares must be distributed among all members of society.
Since socialism is a social system that emerged from capitalism, labor under socialism has not yet become a vital necessity for everyone and is still in the lap of necessity, not freedom; in addition, production under the lowest phase of communism still remains relatively undeveloped and does not provide a complete abundance of material good Therefore, under socialism, the need for material incentives remains, and therefore, taking into account the measure of labor and the measure of consumption. The method of distributing that part of the social product that is intended for personal consumption under socialism is distribution by labor, a measure of individual participation in the consumption of a jointly produced product.
“We are not dealing here with a communist society that developed on its own basis, but, on the contrary, with one that has just comes out precisely from capitalist society and which therefore in all respects, economic, moral and mental, still retains the birthmarks of the old society from the depths of which it emerged. Accordingly, each individual producer receives back from society, after all deductions, exactly as much as he himself gives to him. What he gave to society constitutes his individual labor share. For example, a social working day is the sum of individual working hours; The individual working time of each individual producer is the part of the social working day delivered to him, his share in it. He receives from society a receipt stating that they have delivered such and such a quantity of labor (minus the deduction of his labor for the benefit of public funds), and with this receipt he receives from the public reserves such a quantity of consumer goods for which the same amount of labor was expended. The same quantity of labor which he has given to society in one form, he receives back in another form.
Here, obviously, the same principle prevails that regulates the exchange of goods, since the latter is an exchange of equal values. The content and form have changed here, because under changed circumstances no one can give anything except his labor, and because, on the other hand, nothing except individual consumer goods can become the property of individuals. But as for the distribution of the latter among individual producers, the same principle prevails here as in the exchange of commodity equivalents: a certain amount of labor in one form is exchanged for equal amount labor in another.
But one person is physically or mentally superior to another and, therefore, produces more labor in the same time or is able to work longer; and labor, in order for it to serve as a measure, must be determined by duration or intensity, otherwise it would cease to be a measure. This equal a right is an unequal right for unequal work. It does not recognize any class differences, because everyone is only a worker, like everyone else; but it tacitly recognizes unequal individual talent, and therefore unequal ability to work, as natural privileges. Therefore, in its content it is the right of inequality, like any right. By its nature, right can only consist in the application of equal measures; but unequal individuals (and they would not be different individuals if they were not unequal) can be measured by the same measure only insofar as they are considered from one angle of view, taken from only one certain parties, as in this case, for example, where they are considered only as workers and they see nothing more in them, they are distracted from everything else. Further: one worker is married, another is not, one has more children, another has fewer, and so on. With equal work and, therefore, with equal participation in the social consumer fund, one will actually receive more than the other, will be richer than the other, and the like. To avoid all this, the right, instead of being equal, should be unequal.
But these shortcomings are inevitable in the first phase of communist society, in the form in which it emerges from capitalist society after long labor pains. Law can never be higher than the economic system and the cultural development of society determined by it.”
However, under socialism only part of the benefits is distributed according to labor, and the other part (for example, education, health care, maintenance of the disabled) is distributed according to need at the expense of public funds, and the share of distribution according to need grows as society moves towards the highest phase of communism.
5. Socialism and the state
Since socialism is, by definition, already communism, it is a classless society, and therefore under socialism there is no suppression of one class by another, therefore, there should be no state - the apparatus of such suppression, which should die out, undergo “fall asleep” even at the transitional stage period from capitalism to socialism, along with the disappearance of classes. This does not mean that under socialism there are no bodies governing society at all - bodies public self-government exist, but they are not political, they are concerned with managing production, not people. Due to the inertia of forms public relations in relation to their content, the external form of these self-government bodies may resemble old, state government bodies, but their essence is different. One of the important functions of such bodies under socialism is control over the measure of labor and the measure of consumption, the protection of distribution according to work - the remnant of unequal rights, until it is completely replaced by distribution according to needs.
6. Was there socialism in the USSR?
The question of whether socialism was built in the USSR is debatable. Despite the official declarations about the construction of socialism in the USSR, it seems to us a more correct point of view that the transition period from capitalism to socialism was not completed in the USSR, because despite the absence of private ownership of the means of production and a planned economy, state property has not yet become fully public, since it was managed by a narrow layer of managers, and not by the broad masses of the working people themselves (although for the most part in the interests of these masses). On the other hand, we consider incorrect the point of view that in the USSR there was only so-called “state capitalism”, since there was no class, which would appropriate surplus value. Thus, the statement that “there was no socialism in the USSR” is also incorrect. We believe that socialism in the USSR was in the process of formation, “birth”, i.e. in the USSR there was precisely a transition from capitalism to socialism, which, unfortunately, was not completed - “the child died during childbirth.”
Socialism (French socialisme, from Latin socialis - public)- designation of teachings in which the implementation of the principles of social justice, freedom and equality is put forward as a goal and ideal. Socialism is also understood as a social system that embodies these principles in the following way: it sets itself the global goal of overthrowing capitalism and building in the foreseeable future a perfect society (communism), completing the prehistory of humanity and being the beginning of it true history, mobilizing all resources at its disposal to achieve this goal. As defined by Encyclopedia Britannica, socialism is a socio-economic doctrine that calls for public ownership or public control of property and natural resources; the socialization of property is generally regarded as one of the most essential, “constitutive” features of socialism.
The term "socialism" was first used in Pierre Leroux's work Individualism and Socialism (1834).
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Based on the philosophical ideas of socialism, a political ideology was also created, which puts forward as the goal and ideal the establishment of a society in which:
- there is no exploitation of man by man and social oppression;
- social equality and justice are affirmed.
- there is respect for the working person, the working class is recognized as the advanced class of society.
- Ample opportunities are opening up for the advancement of people from socially weaker sections of the population into the country's elite: political, military, scientific, cultural.
- the dominance of collectivist values over individualistic ones is asserted.
- the equality of nations and their cultures is guaranteed on the basis of proletarian internationalism.
History of ideas
Main article: History of the ideology of socialism
Ideas of social order based on the rejection of private property and equal distribution have existed throughout human history. According to some researchers, all such teachings have one common core - they are based on a complete denial of the contemporary system of life, call for its destruction, paint a picture of a more just social system in which all the main problems of our time will be resolved, and offer specific ways to achieve this system.
Antiquity
I affirm: everything must become common in everything
let everyone participate.
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We will make the land public
Everything for everyone, all the fruits that grow on the earth, everything
the owner each owns.Utopians
The ideas of socialism are contained in the works of early communist utopians Thomas More (1478-1535) and Tommaso Campanella (1568-1639). On the island of Utopia, which T. More speaks of, there is no private property, no money circulation, and complete equality reigns. The basis of society is the family and work collective. Work is obligatory for everyone. To prevent the development of possessive instincts, families regularly exchange houses.
New time
A surge of socialist projects occurred in Western Europe during early XIX century, and it is associated with the names of Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen.
Socialism according to Karl Marx
Relations at the first stage of communist society (that is, at the stage that in the Marxist tradition was called socialist) were presented to Marx as the implementation of the principle: “from each according to his ability, to each according to his work.” The worker, upon completion of work, “receives from society a receipt stating that they have delivered such and such a quantity of labor (minus his labor for the benefit of public funds), and with this receipt he receives from public reserves such a quantity of consumer goods for which the same amount was spent labor." With the full development of communism, labor turns from an obligation into a necessity and the need to take it into account to regulate consumption disappears: the principle “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs” wins.
Paths of transition to socialism
Disputes between revolutionary anarchists and Marxists on the issue of participation in the parliamentary struggle, as well as on the seizure of state power, led to the demarcation of these two movements (finally - in 1893, after long disputes within the Second International, where disputes migrated from the First International).
- Social Democrats considered it possible for a socialist party to come to power through parliamentary elections, followed by the implementation of socialist reforms in a legal way, without violence, without blood.
State socialism
Socialism, based on complete state control over the economy (planned economy, command-administrative system). Most common form practical implementation theories of socialism.
Market socialism
Communism
The philosophical encyclopedia edited by A. A. Ivin understands communism as a radical, highest form of socialism, standing on the positions of internationalism, which set the goal for the foreseeable future of the violent overthrow of capitalism and the construction of an “ideal society”, the end of the prehistory of mankind and the beginning of its true history. Communist teaching promised to provide a wonderful future for all humanity. To achieve this goal, it was supposed to rely on proletarian solidarity, scientific and technological progress and the centralized organization of the economy, which, according to the founders of this theory, was more effective than the capitalist one. This type Socialism existed, covering up to a third of humanity, throughout almost the entire 20th century, but in the end it collapsed due to an ineffective planned economy and unbridled expansionism.
The leading ideologist and practitioner of this trend was V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin), whose doctrine is commonly called Marxism-Leninism. Lenin emphasized the differences between his ideology and practice from moderate socialism (social democracy) and for practical demarcation with the latter he created international structure- The Communist International as opposed to the already existing Socialist International. "If we ask ourselves, what is communism as opposed to socialism, then we will have to say that socialism is the society that grows directly from capitalism, is the first type of new society. Communism is a higher type of society and can develop only when socialism is fully consolidated. Socialism presupposes work without the help of capitalists, social labor with the strictest accounting, control and supervision by the organized vanguard, the advanced part of the working people; Moreover, both the measure of labor and its remuneration must be determined. This definition is necessary because capitalist society has left us such traces and habits as fragmented labor, distrust of the public economy, and the old habits of the small owner, which prevail in all peasant countries. All this goes against a truly communist economy. We call communism such an order when people get used to performing public duties without special coercive apparatus, when free work for the common benefit becomes a universal phenomenon.” Lenin V.I. Report on subbotniks at the Moscow citywide conference of the RCP (b) December 20, 1919 - Complete. collection cit., vol. 40, p. 33-34.
In Russia
National Socialism
Socialist tendencies were strong [ ] at the initial stage of development of German National Socialism (1922-1934). In particular, the socialist platform was occupied by [ ] one of the founders of the NSDAP, Gregor Strasser.
National Socialism (Nazism) differed from communism in its attitude to property. The Nazis did not expropriate private property, but only subordinated it to the goals and objectives of the state. Hitler, in particular, more than once pointed out that socialism in his understanding is primarily the socialization of souls, not property: property can be left to some extent in private hands if the owner who manages it is made dependent on the state. Other differences include: denial of democracy, reliance on segments of the population other than those that support the communists, support from the ruling classes of the old society, revanchism, the concept of “class harmony” (theories of the people's community, people's state, corporatism), hatred of communism and proletarian internationalism (anti-communism, Anti-Comintern Pact), anti-materialism, irrationalism and mysticism, racist ideology, social Darwinism, chauvinism, xenophobia and anti-Semitism.
In the Marxist tradition, the definition of fascism given by G. Dimitrov at the VII Congress of the Comintern is generally accepted:
Fascism is an open terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary, the most chauvinistic, the most imperialistic elements of finance capital...Fascism is not a supra-class power and not the power of the petty bourgeoisie or the lumpen proletariat over finance capital. Fascism is the power of financial capital itself.
This is an organization of terrorist reprisals against the working class and the revolutionary part of the peasantry and intelligentsia. Fascism in foreign policy is chauvinism in its crudest form, cultivating zoological hatred against other peoples.
The Nazis viewed the Communists as their main political enemies: only their mass physical destruction allowed the Nazis to finally seize power in Germany.
There is an opinion that Nazism and communism were united by the denial of liberal democracy and the replacement of a market economy with state planning.
Socialist countries
"Socialist countries" is a term used in the USSR in accordance with the terminology of the CPSU to designate countries adhering to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, with fairly stable regimes - regardless of friendly or hostile relations with the Soviet Union. In the USSR, developing countries with Marxist-Leninist regimes were not classified as socialist.
In the West, socialist countries and “countries of socialist orientation” were usually called the term “Communist countries” (English: Communist states).
There are the following points of view on socialism in the USSR:
Despite the problems associated with this, it is often noted that Soviet “socialism” significantly increased industry, culture and quality of life in Russia/USSR, carried out modernization, mass industrialization, thereby ensuring the creation of sufficiently powerful productive forces of the capitalist type under state control, but subsequently for the authoritarian system of government, autarkic and isolationist tendencies, numerous errors in public management, separatism of the outskirts and ossification of ideology, which not only ceased to be a reflection of the conclusions of science (like the classics), but also began to dictate its will to the latter, could not withstand direct competition with system of market capitalism, or, according to another version, with the majority that replaced it developed countries after the Second World War, a socio-economic system characterized by the replacement of private, in the original sense of the word, ownership with corporate (“elitism”, the power of the international financial and corporate elite), and containing truly capitalist elements (capital, market, competition, private ownership of part of the means of production) only in the form of separate inclusions. However, mechanisms of state subsidies and subsidies operated in it, unnoticed by ordinary citizens, which contributed to the establishment of social justice. For example, the production of essential food products was subsidized by the state by half or more, with a corresponding reduction in retail selling prices, which were often lower than the prices at which the state purchased from producers. This was done by simultaneously inflating government retail prices for non-essential items (for example, cars), as well as government revenues from exports, primarily petroleum products.There is an opinion (an example is the same “early” S. Platonov) that the apologetics of the Soviet Union and the attempt to hide the real situation led, among other things, to the oblivion of the Soviet Union itself. spirit Marxist-Leninist teaching, which always emphasized the absolute importance of relying on science and scientific ideology (ideology not based on science in Marx is equated with idealism), which was expressed in the “scholastic” adherence to specific, particular provisions of Marxist and Leninist teachings about socialism, communism, capitalism and so on, and the replication of ideological ideas about them, contrary to the real course of events in developing world, - despite the fact that the classics wrote their works in the middle of the 19th - early 20th centuries, in accordance with the then situation, and physically could not predict with detailed accuracy the further course of world history.
For example, the terms “imperialism” and “state-monopoly capitalism”, widely used in official Soviet ideology, actually initially characterized very specific stages in the development of socio-economic relations in individual countries during the time of Lenin, but were subsequently stereotypically and uncritically spread by “communist” ideologists throughout western world, although their relevance had long since disappeared by that time. From this point of view, negative things were happening in the USSR reverse influence ideology on science, although according to the same Marx, ideology should, on the contrary, be based on the conclusions of science, conveying its conclusions to the masses in a “popularized” form that is understandable to them.
According to "S. Platonov",
... our theoretical thought has been effectively blocked for decades, which condemns us to the need to move “empirically, in a very irrational way of trial and error”"
/author of the quoted statement - Yu. Andropov/.
Modern "scientific communism", which is mistakenly viewed by many as communist theory, in fact (in its part concerning the activities of the already victorious proletariat) entirely belongs to the sphere ideology, and the word “scientific” in its title should not be misleading.
Ideology, which operates in the role of theory that is unusual for it, that is, it undertakes to explain and predict, inevitably gives rise to fantastic ideas about the modern world - and what is most dangerous and sad - it creates ideological myths about ourselves.
An outwardly similar, but essentially opposite point of view is that for the same purposes Marxist and Leninist ideas were deliberately distorted, which in this case are often interpreted as something obviously true and not requiring adjustments, both in general and in particular.
So, from this point of view, the thesis that under socialism the operation of the law of value and the presence of profit are normal phenomena that do not contradict the Marxist concept gradually became more and more generally accepted. A similar situation was called the creative development of Marxist-Leninist theory (the postulate of the existence of the law of value under socialism was put forward by J.V. Stalin in his work “ Economic problems socialism in the USSR", 1952), although in fact it contradicted Marx’s original understanding:
- profit as an exclusively capitalist category (a transformed form of surplus value, and surplus value exists only in capitalism);
- value as a category that, along with the commodity, disappears under socialism.
Thus, from one point of view, ideas about socialism, when faced with realities, gradually moved away to a certain extent from the original Marxist-Leninist concept.
From another point of view, since Soviet society was essentially capitalist, then it was clearly premature to apply the ideas of socialism to it, since the laws of the capitalist economy continued to operate in full, which were its nationalization (only the “abolition” of private property, and not its destruction) did not “deceive” or cancel, but only made their influence hidden, barely noticeable in appearance, but no less effective.
In general and in general, we can say that to a certain extent and from its own position, each of the above points of view on this problem is correct in its own way.
"Swedish model"
Functional socialism
Socialism is sometimes referred to as a combination of a welfare state and a capitalist economy. So, for example, they talk about the “Swedish model of socialism”.
The Swedish model (in original terms - “House for the People”) is based on the premise that a market economy is the most efficient, therefore the state adheres to non-interference in the actual production activities of enterprises and companies; and the negative social costs of the market - in particular, unemployment and severe inequality - can be overcome with the help of active government activity in the labor market, redistribution of part of the profits through taxation and the use of the public sector, mainly including infrastructure elements and collective funds (rather than enterprises).
This concept of reformist ideology was called “functional socialism”; the term was introduced into political circulation in the late 60s by the prominent SDLP theorist G. Adler-Karlsson.
Criticism
A number of researchers actually see in the developed “ social state» signs of the implementation of the socialist idea of public property, carried out through the redistribution of income through the taxation system and special funds. However, this model is constantly subject to harsh criticism from both the “right” and the “left”.
Less radical critics on the left note that, unlike the states of the former Eastern Bloc, including the USSR, in Sweden the public sector does not at all consist of enterprises that create surplus product. At the same time, social security expenditures account for more than 40% of Sweden's GDP. The funds necessary for this are obtained through taxation, and its main object is not large corporate business, but wage workers and small entrepreneurs. Thus, it turns out that in the form of “social payments” they are given back part of the value they themselves created, which was previously taken from them. The maximum tax rate on the average income of a worker is 50-65%, for an employee - up to 80%. The conclusion is the following:
Social, or as social democrats call them, “moderate socialist” reforms that affect only the sphere of distribution, always turn out to be half-hearted and in the long term - certainly unprofitable. Any attempt to improve such “distributive (transfer) socialism” from within will aggravate the systemic contradictions hidden in the depths of this socio-political order. AND most the future material costs associated with the restoration or modernization of this model of the “welfare state” will again fall on the shoulders of the wage-earning class.
The American sociologist and economist J. Buchanan quite rightly calls this type of socio-political structure a “transfer state”:
The "transfer state" merely collects taxes from individuals and groups under its jurisdiction, and translates(English transfers) these funds in the form of cash payments to other individuals and groups of a given political community.
Such a “redistributive” social system, which is based on a market-capitalist basis focused on making profit at any cost (that is, having strictly opposite goals with it), is deprived of most of the advantages characteristic (both practically and potentially) of a planned economy - in particular , rational, systematic and scientifically based development of the productive forces of society as a single national economic organism.
Critics on the right, in turn, also note such problems inherent to this system as a huge increase in bureaucratization, strong ideologization and even a gradual drift towards “neo-totalitarianism”, long queues characteristic of free medicine, and so on.
"Socialism of the 21st century"
Fabian socialism
The concept of Fabian socialism, currently the strategy of the British Labor Party, has significant influence in intellectual elite and the ruling circles of many countries of the world, including Canada, New Zealand and the USA - and is focused on the recognition and implementation of socialist ideals: social justice, equality, high level social protection of workers, equality of opportunity and economic democracy, political internationalism, emancipation of land and industrial production from personal and private property, economic planning, development of the cooperative movement, but, unlike the Marxist interpretation of socialism, aims at the slow “natural” evolution of society based on education and propaganda of socialist ideas, slow local gradual reforms, class peace and consensus between social groups and classes; The Marxist concept is considered authoritative, but not indisputable, as one of many models of social reconstruction and movement towards socialism. In theories
Practice
From the dictionary of A. A. Ivin
Socialism as a social system arose according to a previously developed plan, and not spontaneously, and sets as its task the achievement of a clearly defined goal; the individual and his will are not the final value in any of the spheres within the framework of this teaching; The basic principle of a socialist society is monopoly, which relates to plans economic development, the dominant ideology, the only ruling party, means of communication, and so on; the aspiration of socialism towards a certain common goal requires the introduction of centralized planning, replacing competition in the economic sphere; socialism identifies the state and society, which leads to destruction civil society and turning enemies of the state into enemies of the people; The terror and cruelty of socialist regimes directly follow from the sublime desire to rebuild the life of society in accordance with a predetermined, uniform and non-negotiable goal. Since the foundation of all individual rights and freedoms is economic freedom, following the destruction of the individual’s economic freedom, socialism eliminates all other rights and freedoms. Different shapes socialism can fight fiercely with each other, but the main opponent for them, as varieties of collectivism, is the industrial individualistic (capitalist) society. Socialism creates a special collectivist lifestyle, when ordinary members of society enthusiastically sacrifice the present for the sake of a “beautiful future,” and fear permeates all aspects of life.
Communism and National Socialism convincingly showed that the dominance of the ideas of collectivism in an industrial society inevitably turns out to be totalitarianism Socialism on Wikimedia Commons
society of social justice and equality. According to Marxist definition, it is the first, lowest stage of communism. The uncertainty of ideas about the set goal led in most socialist countries to a deep crisis of the entire system in the field of economics, politics, and ideology, and on the contrary, the introduction of elements of socialism into the life of capitalist countries helped to overcome the negative consequences of early and imperialist capitalism and contributed to the solution of many social problems of society, raising the living standards of all segments of the population, development social sphere.
Great definition
Incomplete definition ↓
SOCIALISM
French socialisme, from Lat. socialis - social) - the first, or lowest, phase of communism. S. characterize the following. basic signs: the power of the working people, based on the alliance of the working class with the non-proletarian strata of the working people, primarily the peasantry, with the leading role of the working class led by the Marxist-Leninist party; public state and co-op. ownership of the means of production; implementation of the principle “from each according to his ability, to each according to his work.” S. ensures the planned, crisis-free development of the economy in the interests of the people, guarantees social and political. workers' rights, creates conditions for true democracy, real participation of the broad people. the masses in the management of society, for the comprehensive development of the individual, equality of nations and friendship between peoples. In the course of its development, socialism gradually develops into the highest phase of communism. Scientific justification of socialism. Formation of scientific ideas about S. were preceded by utopianism. communist theories of the 16th-18th centuries. They contained a rational idea about the possibility of creating a society without private property and exploitation of man by man. In the beginning 19th century K. A. Saint-Simon, C. Fourier and other representatives of utopian socialism, criticizing the capitalist system. exploitation, concluded that it was desirable to replace it with a fair society. structure - a society with an equal obligation for everyone to work and distribution of products according to labor, from centralization. planned national household or with small households. independent communities - "phalansteries". In the 30s 19th century the new direction of social thought was called “socialism” (the term was coined by P. Leroux in 1834 in the article “De L´individualisme et du socialisme”). However, utopian socialism “...could neither explain the essence of wage slavery under capitalism, nor discover the laws of its development, nor find that social force that is capable of becoming the creator of a new society (Lenin V.I., Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed. , vol. 23, p. 46 (vol. 19, p. 7)). In the 40s of the 19th century, with the emergence of scientific communism-Marxism, utopian views on the future society became obsolete. and in the course of the ideological struggle are supplanted by the scientific justification of communism. K. Marx and F. Engels proved the need to replace capitalism with a communist formation, the first step of which is S. Marx and Engels revealed the historical mission of the working class as the gravedigger of capitalism. and the creator of S. and communism, strictly scientifically determined the basic contours of the future system, “on the basis that it comes from capitalism, develops historically from capitalism, is the result of the actions of a social force that is born of capitalism. Marx does not have the slightest attempt to invent utopias, to guess emptyly about what cannot be known. Marx poses the question of communism as a natural scientist would raise the question of the development of a new, say, biological variety, since we know that it arose in such and such a way and is changing in such and such a certain direction" (ibid., vol. 33, p. 85 (vol. 25, p. 430)) Developing a scientific idea of the development of the communist formation, Marx formulated the conclusion that on the basis of societies of ownership of the means of production and systematically organized labor, a new society will undergo a certain. evolution, “...according to the nature of the social production organism itself and the stage of historical development of producers,” the method of distribution will also change (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 23, p. 89). “Critique of the Gotha Program” (1875), Marx pointed out the need for a transition period from capitalism to communism and distinguished two phases in the development of communist society: the first - S. and the second - under S. “... the property of individuals cannot. pass over nothing except individual consumer goods" (ibid., vol. 19, p. 18). When distributing them, “...the same principle prevails as in the exchange of commodity equivalents: a certain amount of labor in one form is exchanged for an equal amount of labor in another” (ibid., pp. 18-19). Not the entire part of the total society is distributed among the workers. product, intended to serve as consumer goods, and after deductions for management costs, for funds for the joint satisfaction of needs (schools, health care institutions, etc.), for funds for the disabled, "... although everything is withheld from the manufacturer as a private person directly or indirectly benefits him as a member of society" (ibid., p. 17). Distribution according to labor under S. corresponds to the law, which “... does not recognize any class differences, because everyone is only a worker, like everyone else,” which one “... tacitly recognizes...” as natural privileges individual talent, greater efficiency and, given equal work, puts in an unequal position those who have more children in the family, etc. (ibid., p. 19). Marx noted that “... these shortcomings are inevitable in the first phase of communist society...” (ibid.). Characterizing socialism as the first phase of communism, Marx pointed out: “We are not dealing here with a communist society that has developed on its own basis, but, on the contrary, with one that is just emerging from capitalist society and which is therefore in all relations, economically, morally and mentally, still retains the birthmarks of the old society from the depths of which it emerged" (ibid., p. 18). Scientific analysis of the patterns of the emergence of socialism, its development and gradual development into communism was continued in the new historical period. era by V.I. Lenin. Having revealed the concrete historical features of the world process of transition to S., Lenin pointed out that due to the unevenness of the economic. and political development of countries during the period of imperialism, new societies. system - S. will initially establish itself in a number of countries or even in one country, while other countries will remain bourgeois and pre-bourgeois for a certain period. In the struggle against social reformists, Lenin defended and developed the fundamental position of Marxism that the transition to socialism is possible only as a result of a socialist revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Creation of socialist society, Lenin emphasized, is a relatively long process (see Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 38, pp. 385-86 (vol. 29, pp. 358-59)). Lenin revealed the laws of socialism. construction, operating in the transition from capitalism to the S. period, and developed on this basis, taking into account the specific. features of the Sov. Union specific scientific. plan for the construction of S. in the USSR, which provided for socialist routes. The industrialization of the country is making every possible progress. strength and productivity of societies. labor as the main condition for the victory of the new system; the use of cooperation to transfer the working peasantry to the path of society; implementation of the cultural revolution; strengthening and development of the Soviets. democracy; socialist decision of the national issue and providing assistance to previously backward peoples in their transition to S., bypassing capitalism. Essential in scientific S. is justified by Lenin’s development of the basic. principles of socialist organization economy, managing it and stimulating its development, disclosure of economic. socialist roles state Victory Vel. Oct. socialist revolution of 1917 and the construction of S. in the Soviet Union. Union, socialist victory. revolutions and the construction of S. in a number of countries in Europe and Asia were confirmed by scientific research. the predictions of the classics of Marxism-Leninism were shown by historical experience. the correctness of scientific S. In inseparable connection with the practice of socialist. revolution and socialist construction were enriched, clarified, and developed scientific concepts about S. in the international. communist movement. Creatively, on the basis of Marxism-Leninism, taking into account the general laws of socialism. construction in the specific conditions of their countries, fraternal communist parties make a great contribution to the science of building socialism, enriching it with the discovery of new forms and methods of implementing socialism, its political. organizations. Development of the theory of socialism. construction takes place in acute ideological context. the struggle of Marxists-Leninists against revisionism and dogmatism in communist society. parties, against reformism in the labor movement. Scientific S. was and is opposed by numerous people. reactionary and conservative-reformist concepts and doctrines put forward by non-proletarian ideologists, as well as ideologists of the bourgeoisized sections of the working class. These are the reactions. programs and slogans apparently directed against capitalism and imperialism, but in reality expressing a course towards preserving outdated pre-bourgeois societies. orders and foundations. Nothing to do with science. S. do not have small towns. the concepts of military barracks “socialism” and “liberalized” S., put forward by modern revisionists of the left and right. Conservative-reformist concepts of socialism preach the possibility of achieving social justice on the basis of capitalism. building through its administrative improvements. Varieties of this kind of bourgeois. theories S. 19th century were Proudhonism, Katheder-socialism, municipal socialism of the Fabians, petty-bourgeois socialism of liberal populism, etc. Modern. the doctrines of the conservative-reformist S. represent the “democratic S.” right social democracy developed capitalist. Countries in the region, speaking out against communism, are slipping into more and more reactionary. positions, "ethical S." etc. concepts that reduce the achievement of socialism. goals towards more or less democratic transformations on the basis of capitalism. building. The emergence of socialism. The peoples of Russia were the first in history to take the path of S. As a result of the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917 and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat, a new, Soviet socio-political system arose. organization of society where the leading role belongs to the working class, acting in alliance with the working peasantry. The world split into two opposing societies. systems. The collapse of capitalism has begun. formations and formation of socialist. society within one country. Socialist industrial relations in the Soviet Union Russia began to take shape primarily in key sectors of the people. x-va. In the first months of Sov. landowners and large capitalists were expropriated by the authorities; the “commanding heights” of the economy were concentrated in the hands of the state: land, banks, foreign trade, transport, and large enterprises in all sectors of industry were nationalized. Thanks to this, socialism arose. sector people x-va, which began to play a decisive role in the socio-economic. development of the country. With the strengthening of the Sov. authorities that defeated the forces of counter-revolution during the civil war. war and fight against war. intervention, Communist. In 1921, the party introduced a new economic policy (NEP) that corresponded to the conditions of the transition from capitalism to socialism, which ensured a stable economy. an alliance of the working class with the working peasantry for the construction of S. On the basis of voluntary association and rallying of free and equal people. nations and nationalities in a single state was formed in 1922 by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . Technical and economic and cultural backwardness of the country, post-war economics. devastation, the predominance of small-scale production, hostile capitalist. environment, acute class. struggle, lack of experience in creating a new society - all these objective difficulties left their mark on the methods and pace of socialism. construction in the USSR. In 1926, the restoration of people's homes was completed in the USSR. farm, destroyed during the 1st World War and civil war. wars, and the implementation of socialism began. industrialization (see Socialist industrialization in the USSR), the creation at an accelerated pace of the material basis of S. - modern. large machine industry. In 1929, a mass movement of peasants began to create collective farms. As a result of the 1st Five-Year Plan (1928-32), the foundation of socialism was built in the USSR. economics, Sov. The Union turned into an industrial socialist. country, socialist forms of farming began to prevail not only in the city, but also in the countryside. The question of “who will win” - S. or capitalism - was resolved in. benefit S. During the 2nd Five-Year Plan (1933-37) at the time of the adoption of the new Constitution of the USSR (1936), socialist. forms of farming have finally supplanted private capitalism. and private small-scale production (in 1936 the share of socialist agriculture in the country’s national income was 99.1%); The bourgeoisie and kulaks were liquidated as a class. Sov. society began to develop on a unified basis - on a solid socialist basis. production relationships. In the process of approving a new economic the basis of society was brought into line with it and political. superstructure, the cultural revolution was successfully carried out. Having turned into a powerful socialist, industrialized power with a large mechanized agricultural system. x, with an advanced culture, the USSR entered the socialist phase. The problems of the transition from capitalism to the socialist period were solved. The XVIII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1939) noted that in the development of the USSR the period of completion of the construction of a classless socialist movement had arrived. society and the gradual transition to communism (see "CPSU in resolutions...", 7th ed., part 3, 1954, p. 340). Since 1940 in socialist. Another country entered the stage of development - the Mongolian People's Republic, which entered the swarm after the victory of the people. revolutions in 1921, over the course of two decades, deep democracies were carried out. and social transformations that destroyed the feud. system and prepared the necessary prerequisites for the country’s gradual transition to S., bypassing capitalism. After World War II, S. began to take shape in the world system of socialism. As a result of the military defeat of Germany. fascism and Japanese militarism with the decisive role of the Soviets. Union and victory of the people's democrats. revolutions, a number of countries in the Center fell away from the system of imperialism. and South-East. Europe and Asia. For the first time post-war years in Poland, Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary, East. Germany (GDR), China (PRC), North. People's democracy was established in Korea (DPRK) and Vietnam (DRV). build. Entry of the countries democracy on the path of construction of S. had its own characteristics. Anti-imperialist decisions were made. and antifeud. agrarian tasks of the revolution, and in a number of democratic countries. transformations were intertwined with socialist ones (see People's Democracy, People's Democratic Revolution). By the end of the 40s. in most countries. democracy there was a relatively peaceful transition from democratic. stage of the revolution to socialist. Nar. democracy gradually developed into a form of state. power performing the functions of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Along with the growth of socialism in breadth as a result of the loss of more and more links from the system of imperialism, social development is taking place in depth, expressed in the steady advancement of countries that have escaped from the yoke of capitalism along the path of creating a new society, in the development and strengthening of the entire world system of socialism. The main feature of these processes after the 2nd World War is that socialist. revolution and the construction of a new system in each country take place in conditions where one can rely on the fraternal mutual assistance of the socialist community. state-in, on economic. and the military power of the country of the victorious S. - Sov. Union. In the USSR after Vel. Fatherland The war of 1941-45 continued to complete the construction of S., the creation of a fully consolidated developed socialist. society. Produces based on growth. strength, the rise in the material and cultural standard of living of the working people of S. is becoming more and more fully established in economics. and socio-political. relations, in the sphere of societies. consciousness. As a result of the formation of the world socialist. system, strengthening its economic. and defense power, building a developed socialist. society in the USSR S. won the Soviet Union. Union completely, completely. The XXI Congress of the CPSU (1959) characterized a new stage in the development of the Soviet Union. Union, as “a period of extensive construction of communism”, the creation of its material and technical base. The main content and main problems of this period are defined in the CPSU Program. In accordance with the decisions of the XXIII Congress of the CPSU (1966), economic economics are being carried out in the USSR. reform aimed at the consistent and effective implementation of the principles of S., socialist. forms and methods of management in all sectors of the economy. This reform expresses new approach to economic management. “Its essence is to strengthen the role of economic management methods, improve state planning and expand the economic independence and initiative of enterprises, fully introduce and improve cost accounting” (Theses of the CPSU Central Committee, see “50 years of the Great October Socialist Revolution”, 1967, p. .33). Modern stage of development of S. in the Soviet Union. The Union is characterized by the fact that the most important direction of development of the people. x-va, as emphasized in the Theses of the CPSU Central Committee "On the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin", the intensification of production, the widespread use of scientific and technical achievements. revolution. In the countries of the people. democracy with the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat began the decision of the main. tasks of the transition to socialism: socialist. transformations in the sphere of property relations, the creation of material and technical. S. bases, increasing the material and cultural level of the working people. At the 1st stage, socialist. transformations as a result of the nationalization of basic means of production and strengthening the power of the working class in the countries of the people. democracy, the prerequisites for the construction of socialism were created, and the economy of the transition from capitalism to socialism took shape. Socialist property in industry arose as a result of gratuitous confiscation of capitalist. property, socialist nationalization of capitalist property with the use of redemption, use various forms state capitalism, cooperatives of artisans. Having restored the x-in, these countries have begun to create logistics. base C. For a number of developed industrial countries, the solution to this problem was related to Ch. arr. with socialist reconstruction of the industry. In other countries. democracy, the economy of which was predominantly agrarian, construction of material and technical. S.'s base was carried out along socialist paths. industrialization. Due to creatures. differences in the initial level of economic development of material and technical the S. base could not be built simultaneously in all countries. The less developed in economics. relation to the country, the greater the volume of tasks it has to solve in the field of production recovery. strength Socialist conversion to s. x-ve of most countries. democracies developed in the 2nd half. 50s Typically this was a lengthy process. In the beginning 60s There was a further expansion of the system of world socialism thanks to the victory of socialism. revolution in Cuba. To the beginning 60s in most countries Socialist victory was achieved for democracy. production relations in all sectors of the people. x-va. That historic moment has arrived. the milestone when the solution to the problems of the transition from capitalism to socialism is completed. S.'s victory was achieved with different levels economical development and a wide variety of methods, forms, ways and pace of socialist implementation. transformations. But with all these differences and specificity. characteristics of creatures. The features and patterns of the formation of S. were common to all countries. All countries go through basically the same successive stages of the transition from capitalism to socialism: the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat; creating the prerequisites for socialism. construction by concentrating the commanding heights of the economy in the hands of the state; construction of the foundation, foundations of the village; ensuring the victory of the socialist production relations and completing the process of eliminating the exploitation of man by man. The country-specific tasks of this period are determined by the achieved level of development of production, national and other characteristics. With the liquidation of the exploiting classes and the organization of socialist. forms of agriculture, the tasks of developing material production, further raising the living and cultural standards of the working people, and establishing socialism are brought to the fore. ideology and culture among the masses, improving the entire socialist system. society relations - economic, political. and ideological. - and creating the prerequisites for the gradual development of S. into communism. “The socialist world has now entered a period of development,” states the final document adopted by the International Conference of Communist and Labor Parties (June 1969), “when opportunities arise to make much more complete use of the powerful reserves inherent in the new system. This is facilitated by the development and implementation of more advanced economic and political forms that meet the needs of a mature socialist society, the development of which is based on a new social structure" (International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties. Docs and Materials, 1969, p. 302). Among the general problems facing socialists. countries include the following: ensuring the growth of societies. labor productivity based on scientific and technical progress, improvement of the structure of people. x-va, in particular through the accelerated development of progressive industries, full use of the opportunities opening up as a result of scientific and technical. revolution, for accelerated economic. development and satisfaction of the needs of all members of society, eliminating the backlog of p. farms from industry, economic development. cooperation between socialist countries. The use of the enormous opportunities opened up by the new system depends primarily on the communist. and workers' parties in leadership, on their ability to solve socialist problems in a Marxist-Leninist way. development. In modern era due to the collapse of the all-encompassing system of world capitalism and due to the emergence of a new, socialist. system, the growth of its power, its example and assistance became possible specific. form of society. progress of pre-bourgeois countries through a series of intermediate, transitional stages to socialism, bypassing capitalism. Reality is non-capitalist. development paths have been confirmed by the experience of Mongolia and certain peoples of the Soviet Union. Union. In the 60s in the past, colonial countries began democratic and social reforms that rejected capitalism. path of development and having a socialist. perspective. The socio-economic system of socialism. V.I. Lenin pointed out that socialism is not something dead, frozen, given once and for all (see Complete collection of works, 5th ed., vol. 33, p. 99 (vol. 25, p. 443)) . Representing the result of a persistent class. struggle, living creativity, creative labor of the working class, the broadest people. masses, it is constantly being improved and developed. At each given stage, depending on the level of development, it produces. strength and degree of maturity of socio-economic. and political relations, from national features, specifically historical. conditions S. accepts one or another specific. species appears in less or more mature forms. Marxist-Leninist theory has been developed scientifically. criteria allowing to establish characteristic features, basic. principles of S. as a socio-economic. building at different stages of its development. Economical the basis of S. is society. ownership of the means of production. Her socialist character is manifested primarily in the fact that the development and improvement of production serves the goals of more and more fully satisfying the growing material and cultural needs of the people. Society socialist property unites all workers as equal co-owners and participants in production and provides them with an equal opportunity to work according to their ability for socialism. enterprises and receive remuneration for their work according to the quantity and quality of labor expended. It brings to life a new type of society. organization of labor, the distinctive feature of the cut is relations of comradely cooperation and mutual assistance, conscious discipline, socialism. competition, material and moral interest of workers in the results of their work and the activities of the entire team. Within the framework of socialist production relations there is no division of society into such groups of people, of which one can appropriate the work of others, the possibility of exploitation of man by man is excluded, since there is no economic conditions for converting means of production into capital, and labor into goods. Society Ownership of the means of production exists under S. in two forms. The leading role belongs to the state. socialist form property, which is all-national. property. As a rule, it arises and develops at a relatively high technical level. based on large machine production. Secondly, an important component of economics. relations under S. are co-op. form of ownership, i.e. ownership of the means of production of voluntary associations of workers. Reflecting the uniqueness of development according to socialism. paths primarily of the masses of the working peasantry, this form of ownership is also due to the fact that the process of socialization produces. forces in the village x-ve (as in a number of other industries - craft, handicraft, etc.) has not yet reached the same level as in industry. Coop. property, as Lenin showed, is accepted by the socialist. character during the class victory of the proletariat over the bourgeoisie, when the main. means of production in the country are state, national. property (see ibid., vol. 45, pp. 369-77 (vol. 33, pp. 427-35)). Unified social nature of the state. and co-op. property serves as an objective basis for the rapprochement of the two friendships still remaining under S. classes - the working class and the class of the collective farm (cooperative) peasantry - according to their economics. position, level of socialization of production, nature and organization of labor, forms of distribution, the basis for the gradual elimination of classes. differences arising from the unequal level of development and socialization of industry. and agricultural production An integral property of economic. S.'s organization is systematic, sustainable development production, the possibility and necessity to constantly maintain a certain (depending on available resources) correspondence and proportions between all parts of social production. mechanism covering the entire socialist. farming system, in order to meet the needs of society to the maximum extent possible under given conditions. Organization of people's management x-vom is built under S. on the basis of knowledge and application in practice of objective economic laws. development. The decisive role in ensuring the planned development of production is played by the economic and organizational activities of socialists. state-va, cut to scientific. basis, according to the plan, directs the household. life in the country. Forms of government x-vom can be diverse depending on the specific conditions in a particular country, but basically. the content of economic management under S., the defining principle of the structure of economic management bodies. and cultural construction constitutes democratic centralism, connecting the centralists. planning and management with the broad development of local initiative, involving the masses in active participation in all economic affairs. construction. Socialist management x-vom usually includes adm. and economical methods; The latter are characterized by a more complete use in a planned economy, in order to stimulate it, of commodity-money relations, such economics. categories such as household calculation, profitability, cost, price, profit, trade, etc. During the S. period, an administrative management function is also necessary, related to ensuring the universality of labor and the protection of societies. property, maintaining production. discipline, monitoring and accounting for the measure of labor and consumption, material incentives for labor, etc. With S., the principle “from each according to his ability, to each according to his work” is implemented, which allows for the combination of personal and social. interests, ensures the material interest of members of society in the results of labor and stimulates the growth of labor productivity and increased production efficiency. Since labor in socialist society is a unity for its members. source of existence, the rule of universal compulsory labor is implemented here (“he who does not work, does not eat”). At the same time, labor under S. acts not only as a means of livelihood. It acquired new social content. S. highly raised the dignity of all socially useful work in the eyes of people. By creating material and spiritual values, which are used for the benefit of society, workers thereby contribute to the strengthening and development of society. This generates high motivation to work. The development of the economy, science, technology, culture, education system, the rise of the people. welfare, improving working conditions, making it easier - all this expands the objective possibilities for everyone to work according to their abilities, creates increasingly favorable conditions for the use of human abilities and their development. Because everyone's real contribution to society. production in connection with the work performed is ultimately determined by his abilities, then the distribution of labor, directly dependent on this contribution, creates a material incentive to work to the full extent of his abilities, to develop them. Characteristic feature S. is a socio-political. and the ideological unity of society with the leading role of the working class, which unites and leads all working people. The leading role of the working class is determined by its economics. position in the socialist system. production, a huge contribution to the construction of a new society, high organization and moral authority. With the victory of S. and the development of a new social structure of society, the basis for class is eliminated. clashes within the country; fundamental interests of all social groups are socialist. societies (working class, cooperative peasantry, people's intelligentsia) are the same - the development and strengthening of socialism. method of production, strengthening the power, defense capability of the socialist. Fatherland, building communism, class. solidarity with the peoples fighting against imperialism, for peace and S. The main condition for the decisive influence of the working class on the development of S. is the leading and organizing activity of the Marxist-Leninist party, which, under the conditions of a victorious S., acts as the vanguard of the entire people, political. leader of all workers' organizations. C. provides the correct resolution national question based on socialist internationalism. Based on common social and economic building, political system, a single socialist. ideology, a fraternal union of socialist peoples is created and strengthened. state Political The equality of peoples is reinforced by equalizing their economic levels. development; The exchange of material and spiritual values between peoples is becoming more intense and fruitful, and socialism is developing. multinational culture. On the basis of economic, socio-political unity. and the ideological interests of friendly classes and nations, all working people, socialism receives comprehensive development. democracy, which is an integral feature of societies. building S., a necessary factor in the implementation of its principles. Socialist the system is guaranteed by politics. freedom (freedom of speech, press, rallies and meetings, the right to elect and be elected) in the interests of strengthening social rights, social rights (the right to work, to rest, to free education and medical care, to material security in old age and in case of illness or loss of ability to work), equality of women with men in all areas of government, economic, and cultural life, equality of all citizens, regardless of their race and nationality. Socialist democracy as a form of government. the power of workers and peasants with the leading role of the working class, is directed by the Marxist-Leninist Party in the interests of strengthening S. and building communism. In the S. phase, further development of socialism occurs. state, the participation of the masses of workers in the management of societies is expanding. affairs, the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat becomes a nation-wide state, political. an organization of the entire people under the leadership of the working class, led by its vanguard - the Communist Party. A necessary function of a socialist. state is to organize a decisive rebuff to the attempts of the imperialists to undermine the foundations of socialism. state authorities, restore capitalism. Carrying out a radical revolution in economics. the basis of the old society and the principles of its political. organization, S., as a truly humanistic. system, brings moral and cultural renewal of man. New, socialist ones are being formed. consciousness of the masses, new, socialist. morality. Marxist-Leninist ideology, scientifically, gains dominance in society. worldview. Historical trend in the development of socialism. If the prologue of S.'s story is revolutionary. capitalist restructuring society into a socialist one, carried out through class. struggle and dictatorship of the proletariat, then society. development on the basis of the victorious S. loses its former antagonistic character. It is carried out systematically in the interests of the entire society, as a result of conscious and purposeful historical. people's creativity the masses led by the Marxist-Leninist party. The main direction of this process is the further development and improvement of fundamentals. principles of S., its gradual development into communism. Since capitalism still remains in the world, the pace of development of socialism is influenced by the disclosure of its advantages. internal solution socialist tasks countries cannot but be influenced by the struggle between two world systems and the military danger generated by imperialism. There are no such contradictions in the nature of capitalism as are inherent in the nature of capitalism. However, difficulties are encountered in S.'s development. They are due to the objective complexity of the very process of creating a new society and establishing new relations between socialists. countries, and are also associated with the constant desire of imperialism to provide economic., political., ideological. pressure on the countries of S., to introduce elements of discord and alienation into relations between socialists. Mr. you. In conditions where vigilance is weakened, this pressure leads to the activation of right-wing opportunism. and even openly anti-socialist. elements, to strengthen nationalism. moods. Differences in economic levels socialist development countries, in their social structure, international. situation, national features may give rise to certain discrepancies between them. But these differences can be successfully resolved on the basis of proletarian internationalism, since socialist. the system is based on common socio-economic. building, on the coincidence of the fundamental interests and goals of the countries included in it, and should not violate the united front of the socialist. state against imperialism. As the first, initial phase of the new, communist. formations that are coming out of capitalism and have not yet received full development on their own. basis, S. covers relatively continue. period in the history of every nation. Historical socialist framework phase and its duration are determined by a combination of factors, including the level of development of the production process. strength and material well-being of the people, the degree of maturity of new societies. relations, the level of consciousness of society members. During the development of socialism, a transition occurs from the lower forms of its socio-economic. organizations to the highest. The development of agriculture began in countries, the majority of which, under capitalism, achieved a generally average level of industrial development or had a backward, agrarian economic structure. Socialist countries are confidently ahead of capitalist countries. states according to the pace of economic development. According to the UN, from 1958 to 1967 the increase in national product in socialist countries amounted to 83%, in developed capitalist countries. - 55%. On a per capita basis, national growth product over the same years was equal to the socialist. countries 65%, in capitalist. - 39%. Industrial production in the CMEA member countries increased by 5.9 times during 1950-68 and amounted to 31% of all world industrial output, national. income over the same years increased more than 4 times. Historical S.'s task is to ensure faster growth than under capitalism. strength, to surpass the countries of highly developed capitalism in economics. in terms of the standard of living of the population, and then, on the basis of the gigantically increased production, create material abundance. The possibility and necessity of solving this problem follow from the fundamentals. economical S.’s law, the implementation of which leads to the final
SOCIALISM, A, pl. No, m.[from Latin. socialis - public]. 1. The first phase of communism, a social system, the basis of production relations of which is public ownership of the means of production under the conditions of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the destruction of the exploitative classes, and under which distribution according to labor is carried out. -...Socialism is the society that grows directly from capitalism, it is the first type of new society. Communism is a higher type of society, and it can develop only when socialism is fully consolidated. Lenin (1919). Socialism is the first stage of communism... Lenin. From capitalism, humanity can only move directly to socialism, that is, the common ownership of the means of production and the distribution of products as each person works. History of the CPSU(b). Victory of socialism in all areas national economy destroyed the exploitation of man by man. History of the CPSU(b). - ...Soviet society has achieved that it has already realized basically socialism, created a socialist system, that is, it has realized what Marxists otherwise call the first or lower phase of communism. This means that we have already achieved basically the first phase of communism, socialism. Stalin. The USSR implements the principle of socialism: “from each according to his ability, to each according to his work.” Constitution of the USSR. - Our factories and factories work without capitalists. The work is led by people from the people. This is what we call socialism in practice. Toilers of the land work in our fields without landowners, without fists. The work is led by people from the people. This is what we call socialism in everyday life... Stalin. Let socialism built in battle be our common monument. Mayakovsky. 2. The doctrine of building a social system that will replace the capitalist one. ...The founders of modern scientific socialism, Marx and Engels, said: equality is an empty phrase if equality is not understood as the abolition of classes. Lenin. Under the leadership of Lenin, the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class” for the first time in Russia began to implement connecting socialism with the labor movement. History of the CPSU(b). ...Socialism is turning from a dream about a better future for humanity into science. History of the CPSU(b). 3. The name of various bourgeois and petty-bourgeois teachings on the reform of the capitalist social system. Even in the “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” Marx and Engels castigated primitive utopian socialism, calling it reactionary for its preaching of “universal asceticism and crude egalitarianism.” Stalin. Narodnicheskiy village Kateder, sir.(ironic name of a trend in bourgeois political economy that put forward the demand for “social” reforms with the aim of collapsing the revolutionary movement; German Katheder-sozialismus, lit. socialism from the professorial department; political). Policeman s.(see Zubatovism and the policeman). Constructive s.(a reactionary bourgeois doctrine that preaches the idea of “class peace”). Municipal village
What is Socialism
Socialism is an economic and social concept that seeks to protect the rights of people to own public property and natural resources. In a broader sense, this concept presupposes a system of government in which all citizens will have equal opportunities and resources will be distributed according to the needs of each member of society.
What is SOCIALISM - definition in simple words.
In simple words, Socialism is an alternative and model of economic development of the state, in which the production and distribution of resources is controlled directly by society or the government. In other words, we can say this: socialism is an option in which all people work and contribute to the common cause, after which the benefits obtained are distributed among all citizens. It goes without saying that those whose work is more complex and significant will receive more benefits, but this should not cause class imbalance in economic terms.
It should be noted that socialism in its pure form, or so-called “socialism” does not exist in nature, since this concept, like communism, is based on the existence of a utopian ideal society. IN modern realities, many socialist ideas do work effectively, but they all work in conjunction with free market economics and other social and economic concepts.
The essence, ideas, concept and ideology of socialism.
The main mantra of adherents of this socio-economic trend can serve as the basis of socialism as a concept. It goes like this: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.” This means that the essence of socialism is the assumption that all people by nature are disposed to cooperative work, for which they will receive their share of the common good. It should also be noted that the ideology of socialism also includes concern for those who are unable to work for any reason. These could be children, disabled people, pensioners, and so on. The financial burden of providing for these segments of the population is evenly distributed among all able-bodied citizens.
As a result, we can say that the idea of socialism is the creation of a society in which there will be no class inequality, all segments of the population will be protected and provided with everything necessary. Ideally, almost all basic needs of citizens should be free or practically free. These are: education, medicine, transport, cultural recreation, etc.
Having familiarized ourselves with the essence of the concept, we can safely say that the very idea of creating such a society is, of course, very attractive, but alas, it cannot fully and effectively work in the complex. The fact is that, as mentioned earlier, the calculation is made on an already existing morally and socially ideal society. In fact, things are a little different. People, by their nature, are not ready to be content with what they have, and always strive to have more. They need self-realization and recognition.
Another factor not in favor of pure socialism is competitiveness. The fact is that it is the competition inherent in the free market that spurs the development of scientific progress.
However, despite the impossibility of building utopian socialism, many principles have been adopted and are successfully used in developed and developing countries. For example, in many countries you can receive free of charge: first aid, primary education, unemployment benefits, and other services. It should be noted that some prosperous countries that trade in natural resources introduce unconditional income systems for their citizens, which involves constant financial payments as a share of the sale of these resources.
Forms of socialism.
Since socialism is a fairly global, but unattainable concept in its entirety, it has a lot of different branches or forms. Among the main ones are the following:
- Democratic socialism;
- Revolutionary Socialism;
- Market socialism;
- Libertarian Socialism;
- Green socialism;
- Christian Socialism;
- Utopian socialism.
Democratic socialism. In this development model, it is assumed that the main factors of production will be under the control of the government of the chosen path. The government allocates common strategic goods and services such as public transport, housing and energy. The free market allows the distribution of consumer goods.
Revolutionary socialism. This form presupposes the complete destruction of any manifestations of capitalism. All industries are owned by the workers (the state) and controlled through central planning.
Market socialism. In this case, production belongs to workers who distribute profits among themselves. Products are sold on the free market.
socialism. The essence of this concept is the belief that over time, capitalism will evolve into socialism based on society's desire for unity and care for everyone.
Green socialism. It is a socialist economy that places a high value on maintaining natural resources. In theory, this could be possible thanks to state ownership of large corporations. Production will be focused on ensuring that everyone has enough only of the goods that are truly necessary.
Christian socialism. This concept is built on the Christian belief in brotherhood and common values, which is in some ways similar to the idea of socialism.
Utopian socialism. This is more a dream of equality than a concrete plan. Similar ideas arose in the early 19th century before the era of industrialization. In theory, an ideal society should have been created through a series of social experiments, but alas, there are no comforting results yet.