Photo of the year from national geographic. National Geographic Photos of the Year
Saint Rostislav, Grand Duke Kyiv, son of the Grand Duke of Kyiv Saint Mstislav the Great (1132, commemorated June 14/27), brother of the holy Prince Vsevolod-Gabriel (1138, commemorated February 11/24, April 22/May 5 and November 27/December 10), is one of outstanding state and church leaders Rus' of the mid-12th century.
The strengthening and rise of Smolensk, the Smolensk principality and the Smolensk diocese are associated with his name. Until the 12th century, the Smolensk land was integral part single Kyiv State. Its political isolation began in 1125, when the holy prince Mstislav the Great, having inherited the Kiev grand-ducal table from his father, Vladimir Monomakh, gave Smolensk to his son Rostislav (baptized Michael). Thanks to the labors and exploits of Saint Rostislav, the Smolensk principality, which he ruled for more than 40 years, is expanding, being built up with cities and villages, adorned with churches and monasteries, and gaining influence on all-Russian affairs.
Saint Rostislav founded the cities of Rostislavl, Mstislavl, Krichev, Vasiliev and others in the Smolensk land. He became the founder of the Smolensk princely dynasty. In 1136, Saint Rostislav achieved the founding of a separate Smolensk diocese. Its first bishop was Manuel, installed in March-May 1136 by Metropolitan Michael of Kyiv, and its property status was ensured by the Charter of Prince Rostislav, issued in the same year. In addition, on September 30, 1150, with a special letter, Saint Rostislav confirmed the transfer to the Smolensk cathedral of the Cathedral Hill in Smolensk, on which stood the Assumption Cathedral and other diocesan buildings.
Contemporaries highly valued the church construction of Prince Rostislav. Even sources that report nothing more about him note that “this prince built the Holy Mother of God in Smolensk.” These words should be understood not only in the sense of the reconstruction and expansion under Prince Rostislav of the Assumption Cathedral, erected by his grandfather, Vladimir Monomakh, in 1101 (the rebuilt cathedral was consecrated by Bishop Manuel on August 15/28, 1150, on the Assumption). Prince Rostislav was the builder of the Church in more than in a broad sense: he provided the Smolensk Assumption Church financially, transforming it from a city cathedral into the church center of the huge Smolensk diocese. Holy Prince Rostislav was the builder of the Smolensk Kremlin and the Spassky Cathedral of the Smyadyn Boriso-Gleb Monastery, founded on the site of the murder of Holy Prince Gleb (1015, commemorated September 5/18). Later, his son David, perhaps fulfilling his father’s wishes, transferred dilapidated wooden shrines of Saints Boris and Gleb to Smyadyn from Kyiv Vyshgorod, in which their relics rested until they were transferred to stone shrines in 1115.
In the fifties of the 12th century, Saint Rostislav was drawn into a long struggle for Kyiv, which was waged by representatives of the two strongest princely groups - the Olgovichi and Monomakhovichi. Although the main contender for the great reign on the part of the Monomakhovichs was Rostislav's uncle Yuri Dolgoruky, the Prince of Smolensk, one of the most powerful rulers of the Russian land, often had a decisive voice in military and diplomatic rivalry. He, being both a dangerous adversary and a desired ally for everyone, finds himself at the center of events against his will. This had providential significance, because Saint Rostislav stood out among his contemporaries for his statesmanship, strict justice, unconditional obedience to elders, and deep respect for the Church and its hierarchy. For several generations, he became the personified bearer of Russian Truth and Russian righteousness.
After the death of his brother Izyaslav in 1154, Saint Rostislav a short time became the Grand Duke of Kyiv, but owned Kiev together with his uncle Vyacheslav Vladimirovich. After the death of the latter (at the end of the same year), he returned to Smolensk, ceding the reign of Kiev to his other uncle, Yuri Dolgoruky, and withdrew from active participation in the bloody inter-princely strife. He began to reign for the second time in Kyiv in April 1159 and remained Grand Duke until his death (1167), although more than once he had to defend his father’s legacy with a sword in his hands.
The reign of Saint Rostislav falls on one of the most difficult periods in the history of the Russian Church. Rostislav's elder brother, Prince Izyaslav Mstislavovich, a supporter of autocephaly of the Russian Church, elected the Russian learned monk Clement Smolyatich as metropolitan and ordered him to be installed as metropolitan by a council of Russian bishops, without appealing to the Patriarch of Constantinople. This happened in 1147. The Russian hierarchy generally supported Metropolitan Clement and Prince Izyaslav in their struggle for church independence from Byzantium, but some bishops led by Niphon, Saint of Novgorod (April 8/21), did not recognize the autocephalous Russian metropolitan and avoided communicating with him, turning their dioceses, pending clarification of the situation, into unique “autocephalous” church districts. Bishop Manuel of Smolensk did the same. Saint Rostislav understood the danger that the idea of Russian autocephaly posed at that time, in the conditions of fragmentation of Rus'. Constant battle for Kyiv, which was fought by the princes, would have been complicated by the same “battle” for the Kyiv metropolitan see between numerous contenders nominated by one or another princely group.
Saint Rostislav's prediction was completely justified. Yuri Dolgoruky, who adhered to the Byzantine orientation, having occupied Kyiv in 1154, immediately expelled Metropolitan Clement and sent to Constantinople for a new metropolitan. He became Saint Constantine (June 5/18), but he arrived in Rus' only at the end of 1156, six months before the death of Yuri Dolgoruky. And six months later, when on December 22, 1157, Saint Rostislav’s nephew Mstislav Izyaslavich entered the city, Saint Constantine had to flee from Kyiv, and the deposed Clement Smolyatich returned to the metropolitan see. Church unrest began - there were two metropolitans in Rus'. The entire hierarchy and clergy were banned: the Greek metropolitan banned the Russians who supported Clement, Clement banned all henchmen and supporters of the Greek. To stop the temptation, Saints Rostislav and Mstislav decided to remove both metropolitans and ask the Patriarch to appoint a new high priest to the Russian see.
But the difficulties did not end there. Metropolitan Theodore, who arrived in Kyiv in the fall of 1161, died in the spring next year. Following the example of Saint Andrew of Bogolyubsky (July 4/17), who at that time was trying to appoint his associate Bishop Theodore as metropolitan, Saint Rostislav nominated his own candidate, who again turned out to be Clement Smolyatich. The fact that the Grand Duke changed his attitude towards Metropolitan Clement, imbued with the idea of Russian autocephaly, is explained by the influence of the Kiev Caves Monastery and especially Archimandrite Polycarp. Archimandrite Polycarp, guardian of Pechersk legends (in 1165 he became rector of the monastery), was the closest person to Saint Rostislav.
Saint Rostislav had the pious custom of inviting the Pechersk abbot with twelve monks to his table on Saturdays and Sundays of Great Lent, and he himself served them. The prince more than once expressed a desire to become a monk at the monastery of Saints Anthony and Theodosius and even ordered the construction of a cell for himself there. Pechersk monks, who enjoyed enormous spiritual influence in Ancient Rus', supported the prince’s idea of the independence of the Russian Church. Moreover, during these years the Greek bishops in Rus' were even under suspicion regarding their Orthodoxy, in connection with the well-known dispute about fasting (“Leontian heresy”). But Saint Rostislav’s pious desire to obtain from the Patriarch the blessing of the Russian Metropolitan Clement did not come true. The Greeks considered the right to appoint a metropolitan to the Kyiv See as their most important privilege, which was explained not so much by the church as by the political interests of the empire. In 1165, the new Greek metropolitan John IV arrived in Kyiv, and Saint Rostislav, out of humility and church obedience, accepted him.
The new metropolitan, like his predecessor, ruled the Russian Church for less than a year (1166). The Kiev See was again left widowed, and the Grand Duke was deprived of fatherly advice and spiritual guidance from the Metropolitan. His only spiritual consolation was communication with Abbot Polycarp and the holy elders of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery and the Feodorovsky Monastery in Kyiv, founded by his father.
Returning from a campaign against Novgorod in the spring of 1167, Saint Rostislav fell ill. When he reached Smolensk, where his son Roman reigned, his relatives tried to persuade him to stay in Smolensk, but the Grand Duke ordered him to be taken to Kyiv. “If I die on the way,” he bequeathed, “put me in my father’s monastery near St. Theodore. If God heals me, through the prayers of His Most Pure Mother and St. Theodosius, I will take monastic vows in the Pechersk Monastery.”
God did not destined that Rostislav’s long-standing desire would be fulfilled - to end his life as a monk of the holy monastery. The holy prince died on the way to Kyiv on March 14, 1167. (Other sources indicate the year 1168). His body, according to his will, was laid in the Kiev Feodorovsky Monastery.
His memory is celebrated on November 22. on the day of martyrdom, 1st Week after the feast of Sts. Apostles Peter and Paul (June 29) together with the Council of the Tver Princes, July 16 together with the Council of Russian Wonderworkers, glorified by St. Macarius in 1541 and 1549.
The Holy Right-Believing Prince Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tver was the son of Prince Yaroslav Yaroslavich - the brother of St. Alexander Nevsky and was born in 1272, when his father had already died. He was raised by his mother, Princess Ksenia, who later accepted monasticism. His lifestyle in his youth was almost monastic: his cherished desire was to someday become a monk or a martyr. The latter came true. In 1285, he succeeded his elder brother, Prince Svyatoslav, and began his reign with the foundation of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Tver. In 1294, he married the Rostov princess Anna Dimitrievna (her memory is October 2) and had four sons and a daughter from her. He was tall and was distinguished by beauty, strength and courage. The people loved him.
In 1304 it was his turn, as the eldest in the family, to become leader. Prince of Vladimir. But now the grand-ducal throne depended on the arbitrariness of the khan, and Prince Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow, son youngest son St. Alexander Nevsky (married to the sister of Khan Uzbek, Konchak-Agafia), through his machinations ensured that the great reign was granted to him. Mikhail Yaroslavich was ready to give in in order to avoid the shedding of Russian blood, but the Moscow prince invaded the Tver land with a large army and began to devastate it. 40 versts from Tver, near the village of Bortenevo, Prince Mikhail defeated him, and took many prisoners, among whom were Princess Agafia, Khan's ambassador Kavgady and Prince Yuri's brother Boris. The prince received the noble captives with honor and was ready to release them, but, unfortunately, Princess Agathia died suddenly in Tver, and Prince Yuri accused the Tver prince in front of the khan of poisoning her. Other slander was leveled against him, and Uzbek Khan summoned Prince Mikhail to the Horde for trial.
His relatives and sons begged him not to go there himself, but to send one of them, but the prince answered them: “My children, the khan is not calling you or anyone else, but wants my head; If I don’t go, my entire patrimony will be devastated and many Christians will be killed; Afterwards, someday you have to die, so it’s better now I’ll lay down my soul for many souls.” The slander of Prince Yuri and the personal enemy of Prince Mikhail, the ferocious Kavgady, ended with the Khan handing him over to them, and they ordered him to be chained, placed a heavy block on his neck and drove his confessor and his entourage away from him. At this time, the khan went with the whole court to hunt Terek, and the prisoner was dragged after him. His consolation was that his twelve-year-old son Constantine, who lived as a hostage in the Horde, and the clergy were allowed to see him. The sufferer spent whole days reading the daily services and the Psalter.
Since his hands were cuffed, the boy held books in front of him, turning the pages. Sometimes Kavgady ordered him to be taken out in a block to the square and, in the presence of a curious and indifferent crowd, mocked him in every possible way. Once the prince, exhausted by these tortures, wanted to sit down and rest, but his youth suggested that he better return to the tent in order to avoid the indiscreet curiosity of strangers. The prince answered him: “I have become a laughingstock for them: when they see me, they nod their heads” (Ps. 108, 25) - and, getting up, went into the tent. From that day on, tears were constantly in his eyes.
He foresaw his end. There was almost no supervision over him; it was possible to escape, but then those close to him would have suffered, and he decided to stay. On the night of November 21 to 22, he had a revelation about his imminent death. He listened to last time Divine Liturgy, confessed and took communion of the Holy Mysteries of Christ, embraced all the clergy and his entourage, then ordered to call his son Constantine, who lived as a hostage in the Horde, made him last instruction, blessed him and sent him under the protection of the Khanshi. “Give me the Psalter,” he said, “my heart is troubled!” The Psalm opened with the words: “My heart trembles within me, and mortal terrors have fallen upon me” (Ps. 54, 5). “Tell me, what do these words mean?” – he asked the priests. “Sire, do not let your heart be troubled,” they answered. - Further in the same psalm it is said: “Cast your worries on the Lord, and He will support you.” He will never allow the righteous to be shaken" (Ps. 54, 23). Encouraged, the sufferer continued reading.
Suddenly a boy ran into the tent, pale and excited. “Sovereign,” he said, “Yuri and Kavgady are coming with big crowd to your tent! - “I know why they are coming: they want to kill me!” - the passion-bearer answered meekly. At this time, Yuri and Kavgady stopped and sent killers ahead, while they themselves remained waiting. The killers first dispersed those around him, and at this time St. The prince, standing motionless, prayed for the last time on earth. Then they pounced on him like animals, grabbed him by the block and threw him against the wall of the tent with such force that he fell and the wall broke through. The prince immediately stood up, but they again threw him to the ground, trampled him with their feet, and showered him with blows. Finally, one of the killers plunged a knife into his side and, turning him over several times, cut out his heart. This happened on November 22, 1318, between two and three o'clock in the afternoon. The tent was robbed, the prince's clothes were torn off.
Those of those close to him who managed to go with Prince Constantine to the Khansha were saved, but the rest were beaten, robbed and chained. After that, they went to tell Yuri and Kavgady that their order had been carried out. They approached the tent. Kavgady seemed embarrassed and said to Yuri: “Isn’t he your older brother, shouldn’t he be your father instead? Why is his body naked, to be desecrated by everyone? Take him to your land and bury him according to your custom!” Then Yuri ordered to cover the body of the martyr with a cloak. Then his body got lucky on a cart to Moscow. Residents of the cities and villages through which he was transported wanted to cover him with precious fabrics and place him in church for the night. Yuri's guards refused them this, but once she was attacked by such fear that she all ran away. Great signs accompanied the holy relics: above them they saw a cloud brighter than the light of the sun, a rainbow, a pillar of fire, a mysterious crowd with candles and censers; luminous horsemen flew through the air, guarding them. In Tver they knew nothing about the murder of St. the prince and were recognized only when Prince Yuri returned and brought with him Prince Konstantin and the Tver boyars.
On September 6, 1320, the holy relics of the martyr prince were transported from Moscow to Tver and placed with honor in the Transfiguration Cathedral. The smoldering did not touch them at all. Miracles and healings began immediately, and in Tver Prince Michael began to be revered as a saint, but he was canonized only in 1549. During the Polish-Lithuanian invasion, the enemies saw St. the prince on horseback, armed, rode out of the city and recognized him by his holy icon. In 1655, after a prayer service to the blessed Prince Mikhail, the pestilence stopped. In his memory, a procession of the cross was held annually in Tver.
His saints imperishable relics rested until our time in open cancer.
The holy prince was buried in the Spassky Monastery in the Moscow Kremlin, after which his holy relics were transferred to Tver.
... to the Yatvingians- Lithuanian tribe;
Davyd Igorevich- outcast, son of Igor Yaroslavich;
Per year 6621 (1113). A sign appeared in the sun at 1 o'clock in the afternoon. It was clear to all people: there was little left of the sun, it seemed like a month with its horns down, March was on the 19th day, and the moon was on the 29th. These are signs that are not good; There are signs with the sun, or with the moon, or with the stars, not all over the earth, but if in any country there is a sign, that one sees it, but the other does not see it. So in ancient times, in the days of Antioch, there were signs in Jerusalem, people began to appear there in the air, prowling on horses with weapons in their hands, and threatened with weapons, and this only happened in Jerusalem, but in other lands it did not happen. Also, the sign in the sun foreshadowed Svyatopolkov’s death. After this sign, the Easter holiday arrived, and they celebrated it; and after the holiday the prince fell ill. And the noble prince Mikhail, whose name was Svyatopolk, died on the 16th day of April outside Vyshgorod, they brought him in a boat to Kyiv, and brought his body into proper shape, and laid it on a sleigh. And the boyars and his entire squad cried for him; After singing the funeral songs over him, he was buried in the Church of St. Michael, which he himself built. His princess (wife) generously divided his wealth among monasteries, priests, and the poor, so that people were amazed, for no one could create such generous alms. After that, on the tenth day, the people of Kiev held a council and sent to Vladimir (Monomakh), saying: “Go, prince, to your father’s and grandfather’s table.” Hearing this, Vladimir cried a lot and did not go (to Kyiv), grieving for his brother. The Kievans plundered the courtyard of Putyata Tysyatsky, attacked the Jews, and plundered their property. And the Kyivians again sent to Vladimir, saying: “Go, prince, to Kyiv; if you don’t go, then know that a lot of evil will happen, not only the Putyatin yard or the sotskys, but also the Jews will be robbed, and they will also attack your daughter-in-law, and against the boyars, and against the monasteries, and you will have to answer, prince, if the monasteries are also plundered." Hearing this, Vladimir went to Kyiv.
The reign of Prince Vladimir Monomakh.
Vladimir Monomakh sat down in Kyiv on Sunday. Metropolitan Nifont with the bishops and all the people of Kiev met him with great honor. He sat down on the table of his father and his grandfathers, and all the people were glad, and the rebellion subsided. When the Polovtsians heard about the death of Svyatopolk, they gathered and came to Vyru. Vladimir, having gathered his sons and nephews, went to Vyru and united with Oleg, but the Polovtsians fled.
In the same year (Vladimir) imprisoned his son Svyatoslav in Pereyaslavl, and Vyacheslav in Smolensk. That same year, the abbess of the Lazarev Monastery died of holy life, September 14, having lived sixty years in the monastery, and a total of ninety-two from birth. In the same year, Vladimir married his son Roman, Volodar’s daughter, on September 11. In the same year Mstislav founded the stone church of St. Nicholas in the prince's courtyard, near the Merchant in Novgorod. In the same year (Vladimir) imprisoned his son Yaropolk in Pereyaslavl. In the same year, Bishop Daniel was installed in Yuryev, and Nikita in Belgorod.
Per year 6622 (1114). Svyatoslav, son of Vladimirov, died on March 16 and was buried in Pereyaslavl in the Church of St. Michael; There, after all, his father gave him a table, leading him out of Smolensk. In the same year, Mstislav founded (a city) in Novgorod larger than before. In the same year, Ladoga was founded from stone on an embankment by Pavel Posadnik, under Prince Mstislav. When I came to Ladoga, the Ladoga residents told me that “here, when there is a great cloud, children find our glass eyes, both small and large, checked, and others near Volkhov collect those that are splashed out by the water.” I took more than a hundred of these, all different. When I marveled at this, they told me: “This is not surprising; many old people are still alive who went beyond Ugra and beyond Samoyed and saw for themselves in the northern countries how a cloud would descend, and from that cloud young squirrels would fall out, as if they had just been born, and Having grown up, they disperse over the earth, and another time there is another cloud, and small deer fall out of it and, having grown up, disperse over the earth.” I have a witness to this, mayor Pavel of Ladoga, and all the Ladoga residents. If anyone does not believe this, let him read the Chronograph. “During the reign of Provos, during the rain, wheat, mixed with a lot of water, fell from a great cloud, which, having been collected, was poured into large bins. Also, under Aurelius, silver grains fell (to the ground), and in Africa three huge stones fell.” And after the flood and after the division of languages, “first Mester, from the family of Ham, began to reign, after him Jeremiah, then Theosta,” whom the Egyptians called Svarog. “During the reign of this Theosta in Egypt, pincers fell from the sky, and people began to forge weapons, and before that they fought with clubs and stones. The same Theosta issued a law that women should marry one man and lead an abstinent lifestyle, and whoever for adultery, he ordered them to be executed. That’s why they called him Svarog.” “Before, women got along with whomever they wanted, like cattle. When a woman gave birth to a child, she gave it to the one who loved her: “This is your child,” and he arranged a holiday and took the child for himself. Theosta abolished this custom and decreed "One man shall have one wife, and one wife shall marry one husband; but if anyone transgresses this law, he shall be cast into the fiery furnace." “For this reason they called him Svarog, and the Egyptians honored him. And after him his son reigned, named the Sun, who is called Dazhd-God, for 7470 days, which is twenty lunar years and a half. The Egyptians did not know how to count differently: some counted by the moon, while others (...) counted years by days; The number of twelve months was learned later, when people began to give tribute to the kings. The Sun King, the son of Svarog, that is, Dazhd-God, was a strong man; Having heard from someone about a certain rich and noble Egyptian woman and about a certain man who wanted to get along with her, he looked for her, wanting to capture her (at the scene of the crime) and not wanting to break his father’s law, Svarog. Taking with her several of her husbands, knowing the hour at which she would commit adultery, at night, in the absence of her husband, he caught her lying with another man whom she had fallen in love with. He grabbed her, tortured her and sent her to lead her through the land of Egypt in shame, and beheaded that adulterer. And an immaculate life arose throughout the entire land of Egypt, and everyone praised him." But we will not continue the story, but we will say together with David: "Everything that the Lord wished, the Lord did in heaven and on earth, in the sea, in all the abysses, raising clouds from the ends of the earth." That was last land, which we spoke about at the beginning.
In the year 6623 (1115), indictment 8, the brothers, Russian princes, Vladimir, called Monomakh, the son of Vsevolod, and Davyd Svyatoslavich and Oleg, his brother, gathered and decided to transfer the relics of Boris and Gleb, for they built a stone church for them, in praise and in honor and for the burial of their bodies. First they consecrated the stone church on May 1, Saturday; then on the 2nd day the saints were transferred. And there was a great descent of the people who came from everywhere: Metropolitan Nikifor with all the bishops - with Theoktist of Chernigov, with Lazar of Pereyaslavl, with priest Nikita of Belogorod and with Danila of Yuryev - and with the abbots - with Prokhor of Pechersk and Sylvester of St. Michael - and Sava of the Holy Savior, and Gregory of St. Andrew, Peter of Klovsky and other abbots. And they consecrated the stone church. And, having sung mass for them, they dined at Oleg’s and drank, and a great meal was presented, and they fed the poor and wanderers for three days. And so the next day, the metropolitan, bishops, abbots, dressed in holy robes and lighting candles, with incense censers, came to the shrines of the saints and took Boris’s shrine, and placed it on a cart, and the princes and boyars dragged them by ropes; in front walked the monks with candles, behind them were the priests, and the abbots, and the bishops in front of the shrine itself, and the princes walked with the shrine between the portable fences. And it was impossible to transport because of the multitude of people: they broke the portable fence, and others climbed onto the city walls and platforms, so it was scary to look at such a multitude of people. And Vladimir ordered cut pieces of grass and squirrel skins to be scattered to the people, and in other places to throw silver coins to people who were pushing hard; and they easily brought the reliquary into the church, but with difficulty they placed the reliquary in the middle of the church, and they went after Gleb. They brought him in the same way and placed him next to his brother.
And a quarrel arose between Vladimir, on the one hand, and Davyd and Oleg, on the other: Vladimir wanted to put the crayfish in the middle of the church and put a silver tower over them, and Davyd and Oleg wanted to put them under the vault, “where my father planned,” on the right side, where he built the vaults. And the metropolitan and the bishops said: “Cast lots, and wherever the martyrs will be, we will place them there,” and the princes agreed. And Vladimir cast his lot, and Davyd and Oleg their lot for the holy meal; and the lot was drawn for Davyd and Oleg. And they placed them under the vault, on the right side, where they now lie. The holy martyrs were brought, on May 2, from wooden church in stone in Vyshgorod. Glory to them are our princes and intercessors of the Russian land, for they trampled on the glory of this world, but they loved Christ and decided to follow in his footsteps. The sheep of Christ are good, they did not resist when they were dragged to the slaughter, they did not shy away from violent death! That is why they reigned with Christ in eternal joy and received the gift of healing from our Savior Jesus Christ, abundantly giving this healing to the sick who came with faith to their holy temple, champions of their fatherland. The princes, and the boyars, and all the people celebrated for three days, and gave thanks to God and the holy martyrs. And then they each went their separate ways. Vladimir bound the shrines with silver and gold and decorated their coffins, and also bound the vaults with silver and gold, and people worship them, asking for forgiveness of sins.
That same year there was a sign: the sun died and became like the month about which the ignorant speak - the eaten sun. In the same year, Oleg Svyatoslavich died, on the first day of August, and on the second he was buried at the Holy Savior. at the tomb of his father Svyatoslav. In the same year (Vladimir) built a bridge across the Dnieper.
Per year 6624 (1116). Vladimir went on a campaign against Gleb (Vseslavich), after all, Gleb fought with the Dregovichi, burned Sluchesk, and did not repent of this and did not express humility, but contradicted Vladimir even more, reproaching him. Vladimir, relying on God and the truth, went to Minsk with his sons, and with Davyd Svyatoslavich, and the Olgovichs. And Vyacheslav took Orsha and Kopysa, and Davyd and Yaropolk took Dryutsk on the shield, and Vladimir himself went to Smolensk; and Gleb shut himself up in the city. Vladimir began to build a hut in his camp opposite the city. Gleb, seeing this, was horrified and began to send envoys to Vladimir with entreaties. Vladimir regretted shedding blood during Lent and made peace with him. Gleb, leaving the city with his children and his retinue, bowed to Vladimir, and agreed with him on peace, and Gleb promised to obey Vladimir in everything. Vladimir, having given peace to Gleb and giving him instructions about everything, gave him Minsk, and he himself returned to Kyiv. Yaropolk built the wooden city of Zheldi for the Dryuchans, whom he took prisoner.
In the same year, Mstislav Vladimirovich went to Chud with the Novgorodians and Pskovites, and took the city of Chud named Bear's Head, and took countless graveyards, and returned home with great booty.
In the same year, Leon Tsarevich, Vladimir’s son-in-law, went to Alexei Tsar, and several Danube cities surrendered to him; and in the city of Derestre, two Saracens sent by the king killed him by cunning, on the month of August 15. In the same year, Grand Duke Vladimir sent Ivan Voitishich, and he planted mayors along the Danube.
In the same year, Vladimir sent his son Yaropolk, and David sent his son Vsevolod to the Don, and they took three cities: Sugrov, Sharukan and Balin. Then Yaropolk took himself a very beautiful wife - the captive daughter of the Yassy prince. In the same year, Predslava, a nun, the daughter of Svyatoslav, died. In the same year, Vyacheslav went to the Danube with Foma Ratiborich and, having come to Derestre, did not have time for anything, they returned back. That same year there was a battle (near Vladimir) with the Polovtsians, and with the Torks, and with the Pechenegs near the Don, and they fought for two days and two nights, and the Torks and Pechenegs came to Rus' to Vladimir. Roman Vseslavich died that same year. That same year, Mstislav, Igor’s grandson, died. In the same year, Vladimir gave his daughter Agafya to Vsevolodka.
Per year 6625 (1117). Vladimir brought Mstislav from Novgorod, and his father gave him Belgorod, and Mstislavich, his son, grandson of Vladimirov, sat in Novgorod. In the same year, Vladimir went against Yaroslav to the city of Vladimir, with David and the Olgovichs, and Volodar, and Vasilko, and they surrounded him in Vladimir, and stood for sixty days, and made peace with Yaroslav. When Yaroslav submitted and hit his uncle Vladimir with his forehead, Vladimir gave him orders about everything, ordering him to come to him “when I call you.” And so they all went their separate ways peacefully. Then the Polovtsians came to the Bulgarians, and the Bulgarian prince sent them a drink with poison, and after drinking, Aepa and the other Polovtsian princes all died. In the same year, Lazar, Bishop of Pereyaslavl, died on September 6. In the same year, the Belovezhians came to Rus'. That same year, Vladimir married Andrei to his granddaughter Tugorkanova. In the same year, the earth shook on September 26. In the same year, Vladimir brought Gleb out of Minsk, and founded the church on Lta to the martyr... Vladimir sent his son Roman to Vladimir to reign. In the same year, Tsar Alexei died, and his son John reigned.
Photo of the year according to the famous National magazine Geographic turned out to be a drawing, and by a Russian illustrator!
Wow! "Picture of the Year from National Geographic Chief Photographer Bob Burton," he announced.
Users were amazed by the courage of the photographer, who was not afraid to get close to the huge deadly predator and filmed it so closely on camera.
This image was awarded the 2016 Photography Award by National versions Geographic, and its author is professional photographer Bob Burton.
Exposing the fake white shark photo
But some Twitter users decided to check the authenticity of this image, because they did not believe in the photographer’s courage and doubted the photo masterpiece.
It turned out that there was such an employee on staff famous magazine There is no NatsGeo at all, and the photo is nothing more than a fake.
This information was posted on the page of one of the popular Western bloggers, who wrote:
National Geographic gave an award to a fake photo and didn't even check its authenticity. I don't even want to discuss this.
This publication caused a serious resonance in society, and under it appeared a large number of comments on this incident.
According to information from some sources, it became known that the author of the photo of the “flying” white shark was an artist and vector graphics illustrator from Russia, working under the pseudonym Alexyz3d and creating digital photography, design and animation.
The Americans proved that the “false photographer” used a special modeling program to obtain this image.
But there are still those who believe in the authenticity of the photograph.
You all accuse the National Geographic team of professionals of being incompetent, but you yourself are sure that this is a fake? - writes Lucy.I have no doubt about the authenticity of the photograph. Look how accurately they are shown. In addition, there are very often stories of sharks attacking the coast.
What if this happened to Mr. Burton and that’s why he was able to photograph this predator so close?
Everyone blames man, but I won’t go into the ocean again, because I don’t want to end up in the teeth of this dangerous animal.
Oh my God, finally a man was able to film! This is an amazing sight! It is urgent to organize an expedition so as not to miss this ancient predator.
National Geographic's reaction to the sensational photograph
NatGeo itself reacted sharply to the situation with the publication of a fake photograph that was distributed in in social networks.
Representatives from the National Geographic Society stated:
The photo of a giant white shark jumping out of the water has nothing to do with the official publication of the National Geographic Society."Chief National Geographic Photographer" Bob Burton does not actually exist, but the photo is a picture taken using a special program.
It is worth recognizing that, having disturbed the peace of thousands of users of the World Wide Web, it looks very impressive. The photo became public after it was first posted on Facebook and Twitter under the title "Bob Burton's National Geographic Photo of the Year."
In fact, the image depicted in this photo is not a photograph, experts say.The image is taken from a series of computer stock images by Russian illustrator "Alexyz3d". This becomes obvious when the fake photo is enlarged.
And National Geographic officials say they've never heard of a photographer named Bob Burton.
Community response to fake
The man, who published under the pseudonym Bob Burton, claimed (incorrectly) that he took the photo from National Geographic's Photo of the Year list (we don't have an award yet).It shows a shark jumping out of the water (which is clearly fake). But none of the details pointing to the fakeness of this photo confused the audience, and the fake attracted many enthusiastic comments on social networks like “this is amazing”, “incredible spectacle”, “ wonderful job photographer."
National Geographic has risen to the challenge by declaring 2016 the “year of fake news” and urging people who continue to share not to fake anything or contribute to the spread of deception.
Some people mislead us, for example by making up fictitious reports about the US presidential election, wrote Daniel Stone in National Geographic.There were others, more dangerous stories, for example, rumors about Washington, where a man with an assault rifle sat in a restaurant.
Stone continues to debunk the rumors that began around the shark photo opus. He says he understands perfectly well how difficult it is to take a real, high-quality photo of a predator in wildlife and convey an interesting story, but fakes cause irreparable damage to legitimate media sources.
Counterfeiting something known is real threat for those in our business who tell the truth,” Stone said.False stories can undermine the trust of those who crave the truth and rely on experts and the authenticity of their work, not wanting to be content with hoaxes, hoaxes and fakes.
Stone also reminded readers of how difficult and dangerous it is for photographers to get real images, especially successful shots wild animals such as sharks - which is why the fake image has attracted so much attention.
Another loud fake with a shark
In 2001, the entire Internet was in an uproar. sensational photo with a shocking attack giant shark to the helicopter.
This was one of the first “photo-toads” to appear on the Internet.
The shark captured in the photo jumping out of the water at the moment of attacking a helicopter became one of the most popular sensations - millions of letters with the photo were sent to users’ email inboxes as the “Picture of the Year” of one of the projects of the National Geographic magazine.
The image was actually a composite of two photographs, one of which showed a US Air Force combat helicopter performing training maneuvers near the Golden Gate Bridge in American state California, and the other is a photo of a great white shark off the southern coast of Africa.
When, psychologists and marketers immediately began to cite it as an example of the gullibility of Internet users.
Many people are calling for a tough crackdown on so-called fake news. IN Lately, especially after presidential elections in the USA, this topic has become especially relevant.
Hillary Clinton has asked Congress to find a way to "crack down" on fake news, calling it a "threat to democracy."
The former presidential candidate indicated that the "epidemic of harmful fake news" has reached its peak and said:
It has now become clear that so-called fake news can have serious consequences in the real world.
For example, for a passport or visa. Also in this copy shop you can order prints of any photographs, business cards, booklets, calendars and much more. The result will be ready in as soon as possible and for a fairly nominal fee.
Two endangered green iguanas during mating season. Photo by Ryan Huggetta for National Geographic.
Amazing photo done early morning. A praying mantis (predator) landed on a broken flower trunk, and a dragonfly (in this case, food) sat on it, not noticing at all what mortal danger she is exposed.
Photo of the chameleon courtesy of photographer Mehmet Karaca for the National Geographic channel. Most large individuals reach 50-60 cm, the smallest - 3-5 cm.
National Geographic broadcasts documentaries, having mainly to do with science, nature, culture and history.
A woman with a child from the Mursi tribe. This inserts a clay plate into its lower lip, the diameter of which can eventually reach 7 centimeters! The lower teeth are removed to help the jewelry fit better into the cut lip.
Female brown bear with two cubs on the territory national park. Photo courtesy of photographer Ruth Steck for National Geographic.
Women from Kenya (a state in Eastern), south of Mombasa.
Iris Kwok photographed a mother with her two children on a canoe against a dramatic sunset backdrop for National Geographic.
Endless layers and shades of mountains on the Oregon Coast (a mountainous state in the northwest). Visible on the horizon (75 kilometers) Pacific Ocean, illuminated by the setting sun. Ben Leshchinsky provided photos for the National Geographic Channel.
Haitian women go into trance during a voodoo ceremony at Souvenance, 145 kilometers north of Port-au-Prince. Every Easter for over 200 years, thousands of Voodoo devotees have made the pilgrimage. Photo published in National Geographic by Vincent Tremeau.
A huge cargo ship passes under the Golden Gate Bridge in thick fog. The bridge is 1970 meters long and connects the city of San Francisco and southern part Marin County. Its construction lasted more than 4 years, starting on January 5, 1933.
Photographed after sunset by Indranil Mukhopadhyay for display in National Geographic.
Photographer Graham McGeorge captured close-up rare white heron. Photo from National Geographic.
Female bonobo ( pygmy chimpanzee) carries her cub. In this species of monkeys, only one baby is born (with an interval of 5-6 years). Females become sexually mature at 13-14 years of age. The National Geographic photo was submitted by Graham McGeorge.
The girl wore a lace skirt and black high-heeled shoes. Her most cherished dream- become an actress. The black and white photo was published in National Geographic.
A Libyan rebel, dressed to the nines, guards old factory. Photographer Mohannad khatib for the National Geographic channel.
Hagia Sophia is one of the most visited museums and most famous monuments in the world in terms of art and architectural history. It was called the “eighth wonder of the world” back in the 6th century. The cathedral is located in the historical center of Istanbul, Sultanahmet district.
The museum was captured by Melih Sular in a photo that was featured in National Geographic.
The photo was taken in a fishing village in Fujian province.
Fishing at night. Fishermen use bright lights to bring fish close to the boat and catch them.
Grass on the side of a road in southern Pennsylvania. Entered by Mandy Michels in the National Geographic for the 2012 competition.”
After harvesting and processing the crop at the tea factory. Photographer Edoardo Agresti for the National Geographic competition.
A little girl named Onno is from the African Ethiopian Arbore tribe, which lives in the Omo River valley.
Photo of the mansion by photographer Hideyuki Katagiri for National Geographic.
in New Zealand. Looking down from above, the photographer tried to capture peace and tranquility through a palette of autumn colors.
Shallow water is one of the most interesting places in Xiapu, China. Fishermen catch fish, shrimp, oysters, collect seaweed and plants along the riparian zone. Photographer Peng Jiang for the National Geographic channel.
This pond is located in a small town on Severny Island, in. The trees stand in blue pond. It is speculated that the ingredients in the hot spring are the reason why the color of the water changes depending on the season, weather and time. Photographer Yukio Miki captured this beauty early on a June morning and entered it into the National Geographic Photo of the Year 2012 competition.
Photographer Anjum Vahanvati's car suffered a puncture and he miraculously ended up in the small village of Khangral, where he visited the only school in the area. The guys were very excited, some were shy and hid indoors. One little girl boldly approached a stranger and allowed herself to be photographed. Later, the child’s portrait entered the competition of the same National Geographic.
This unusual style of fishing can only be seen in Sri Lanka (a state in the Southern southeast coast Hindustan).
Jamnik, a small village in Slovenia. Fairytale photo made early autumn morning when a thick fog fell on the ground. This masterpiece was submitted to a National Geographic competition by photographer Janez Tolar.
The combination of a dark mountain range, snow-white icebergs, morning fog and mirror-like surface of water - all this creates a truly spectacular spectacle, which was captured by the talented photographer Julia Thomsen. This is one of the photos that was submitted to the National Geographic Photo of the Year competition.
Morning tide on the coast of Oregon, USA. The crash of waves and the sound of water was in the air.
During the parade in Città della Pieve (), a traditional battle with sacks of flour took place. This breathtaking spectacle was captured by the equally talented photographer Andrea Cittadini. Because of huge amount the torment in the air made it difficult to breathe, but no one was going to give up. Photo also courtesy of National Geographic Channel.
Chilly winter in Aranjuez ( locality ).