Speed of the Iskander missile m. Iskander operational-tactical missile system
“Iskander” (9K720) family of operational-tactical missile systems (OTRK) of the ground forces: Iskander, Iskander-E, Iskander-K, Iskander-M. Designed for covert preparation and delivery of effective missile strikes against particularly important small-sized and area targets deep in the operational formation of enemy troops.
The Iskander OTRK (9K720) was created as a result of the joint work of a group of research institutes, design bureaus and factories under the leadership of the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau (KBM Kolomna), known as the company that created the Tochka and Oka missile systems. The launcher was developed by the Titan Design Bureau (Volgograd), the homing system was developed by the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics (Moscow).
Under the conditions of the 1987 INF Treaty and the cessation of the use of nuclear weapons in theaters of operations, a number of fundamentally new requirements are imposed on modern tactical systems:
- use only non-nuclear weapons;
— ensuring precision shooting accuracy;
— control along the entire flight path;
— a wide range of effective combat equipment;
— the presence in the complex of a combat control automation system and an information — — — — support system, including the preparation of reference information for correction and final guidance systems;
— the ability to integrate with global satellite navigation systems (GSSN - GLONASS, NAVSTAR);
— the ability to hit heavily protected targets;
— increased fire performance;
— the ability to effectively overcome the effects of air defense and missile defense systems;
- the ability to hit moving targets.
To meet the above requirements, an export version of the OTRK 9K720 was created, designated “Iskander-E.” “Iskander-E” incorporates the best scientific, technical and design achievements in the field of operational-tactical missile systems and, in terms of the totality of implemented technical solutions, high combat effectiveness is a weapon of a completely new generation, superior in its tactical and technical characteristics to the existing RK 9K72 “Elbrus”, “Tochka-U”, “Lance”, “ATASMS”, “Pluton”, etc.
Main features of the RK 9K720 Iskander:
- highly accurate and effective destruction of various types of targets;
- the possibility of covert training, combat duty and effective missile strikes;
- automatic calculation and input of missile flight missions using launcher means;
- high probability of completing a combat mission in the face of active enemy opposition;
- high probability of trouble-free functioning of the rocket during preparation for launch, as well as in flight;
- high tactical maneuverability due to the high maneuverability of combat vehicles mounted on all-wheel drive chassis,
- strategic mobility due to the transportability of vehicles by all modes of transport, including transport aviation;
- automation of combat control of missile units,
- prompt processing and communication of intelligence information to the appropriate management levels;
- long service life and ease of use.
In terms of its tactical and technical characteristics, Iskander-E fully complies with the provisions of the Missile Technology Non-Proliferation Control Regime. This is a “weapon of deterrence” in local conflicts, and for countries with limited living space - a strategic weapon. The structure of the complex, its control system, automated combat control and information support make it possible to quickly respond to new requirements without significant modification of its combat assets and, as a result, guarantee it a long life cycle.
For arming the Russian army, a version of the Iskander-M missile system with an increased flight range (more than 450 km) has been developed, as well as the Iskander-K, equipped with the R-500 high-precision cruise missile (range up to 2600 km) of the Caliber system developed by Yekaterinburg OJSC OKB Novator. The complex was successfully tested in 2007. at the Kapustin Yar training ground.
In 2007, the training division in Kapustin Yar, which took part in the war with Georgia in August 2008, was equipped with Iskander-M complexes (four combat vehicles).
In the west, the complex received the designation SS-26.
The Iskander complex includes:
- 9M723 rocket;
- self-propelled launcher 9P78 (SPU);
- transport-loading machine 9T250 (TZM);
- command and staff vehicle 9S552 (KShM);
- mobile information preparation station 9S920 (PPI);
- regulation and maintenance machine (MRTO);
- life support machine;
- sets of arsenal and training equipment.
9M723 missile of the Iskander complex
Solid propellant, single-stage with a warhead that cannot be separated in flight. The rocket is controlled throughout its flight path using aerodynamic and gas-dynamic rudders. The flight path of the 9M723 is not ballistic, but controlled. The rocket constantly changes its trajectory plane. She maneuvers especially actively during her acceleration and approach to the target - with an overload of 20 to 30g. In order to intercept a 9M723 missile, the antimissile must move along a trajectory with an overload two to three times higher, and this is practically impossible. Most of the flight path of a missile made using Stealth technology and having a small reflective surface passes at an altitude of 50 km, which also significantly reduces the likelihood of it being hit by the enemy. The 'invisibility' effect is achieved through a combination of design features and the treatment of the rocket with special coatings.
The missile is launched directly at the target using an inertial control system, and then captured by an autonomous correlation-extreme optical homing head (see photo). The principle of operation of the OTR 9M723 homing system is that optical equipment forms an image of the terrain in the target area, which is compared by the on-board computer with the standard entered during the preparation of the missile for launch. The optical head has increased resistance to existing electronic warfare systems and allows successful missile launches even on moonless nights, when there is no additional natural target illumination, hitting the target with an error of plus or minus two meters.
No other tactical system in the world can solve such a problem, except for the Iskander. In addition, optical systems do not require signals from space radio navigation systems, which in crisis situations can be turned off or disabled by radio interference. Integrating inertial control with satellite navigation equipment and an optical seeker makes it possible to create a missile that can hit a given target in almost any imaginable conditions. The homing head can also be used on ballistic and cruise missiles of various classes and types.
The missile can be equipped with various warheads (10 types in total), including:
- cluster warhead with fragmentation warheads for non-contact detonation;
- cluster warhead with cumulative fragmentation warheads;
- cluster warhead with self-aiming combat elements;
- cluster warhead with volumetric detonating action;
- high-explosive fragmentation warhead (HFW);
- high-explosive incendiary warhead;
- penetrating warhead (PBC).
The cluster warhead ensures deployment at an altitude of 0.9-1.4 km with further separation and stabilization of the combat elements. The combat elements are equipped with radio sensors; the combat elements are detonated at a height of 6-10 m above the target.
Thanks to the implementation of terminal control and guidance methods, control along the entire flight path, a wide range of powerful combat units and the integration of onboard control systems with various correction and homing systems, as well as the high probability of completing a combat mission in conditions of active enemy counteraction, typical targets are hit by the launch of only 1- 2 Iskander-E missiles, which is equivalent in effectiveness to the use of nuclear weapons.
Self-propelled launcher 9P78-1 (SPU) RK 9K720 "Iskander-M"
The fully autonomous SPU is placed on an 8x8 all-terrain wheeled chassis (MZKT-7930) and is designed for storing and transporting missiles, preparing for launch and launching within the firing sector ±90° relative to the direction of entry of the SPU. The SPU provides: automatic determination of its coordinates, data exchange with all control levels, combat duty and preparation for launch with the missile in a horizontal position, single and salvo missile launches, storage and testing of missiles. The most important feature of the launcher was the placement on it not of one (as in Tochka and Oka), but of two missiles.
The time the launcher spends at the launch position is minimal and is up to 20 minutes, while the interval between the launches of the 1st and 2nd missiles is no more than one minute. Missile launches do not require launch positions that are specially prepared in terms of engineering and geodesy, which can lead to their discovery by the enemy. Launches can be carried out from the so-called “ready from the march”, i.e. the launcher drives onto any site (except for swampy areas and shifting sands) and its crew prepares and launches the rocket in an automated cycle, without leaving the cabin. After which the launcher moves to the reloading point and, after loading the missiles, is ready to launch a second missile strike from any launch position.
Transport-loading vehicle 9T250-1 (TZM) RK 9K720 “Iskander-M”
The TZM is also located on the MZKT-7930 chassis and is equipped with a jib crane. The total combat weight is 40,000 kg, the TZM crew is 2 people.
Command and staff vehicle 9S552 (KShM) of the Iskander missile system
The automated control system is built on the basis of a command and staff vehicle, unified for all levels of management, built on a KAMAZ family chassis. Setting to a certain management level (brigade, division, starting battery) is carried out programmatically during operation. To ensure information exchange, the launcher houses combat control and communications equipment. Information exchange can be carried out both through open and closed communication channels.
Iskander is integrated with various reconnaissance and control systems. Information about the target is transmitted from a satellite, reconnaissance aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicle (type "Flight-D") to the information preparation point (PPI). It calculates the flight mission for the missile and prepares reference information for missiles with OGSN. This information is then transmitted via radio channels to the command post vehicles (CSVs) of the division and battery commanders, and from there to the launchers. Commands to launch missiles can be generated either in the command post or from the control centers of senior artillery commanders.
It is placed on the chassis of the Kamaz family and is intended for routine checks of on-board equipment of missiles placed on TZM (as well as in containers), checks of instruments included in group sets of spare parts for complex elements and routine repair of missiles by the MTO crew. Vehicle weight - 13500 kg, deployment time - 20 minutes, automated cycle time for routine check of on-board rocket equipment - 18 minutes, crew - 2 people.
Life support vehicle for the Iskander missile system
Designed to accommodate combat crews (up to 8 people) for rest and food.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the Iskander complex (9K720)
Circular probable deviation……….5-7 m (Iskander-M using a missile with a correlation seeker), up to 2 meters.
Launch mass of the rocket………………..3 800 kg
Weight of warhead………………..480 kg
Length………………..7.2 m
Diameter………………..920 mm
Rocket speed after the initial part of the trajectory………..2 100 m/s
Maximum trajectory altitude………………..50 km.
Minimum target engagement range………..50 km
Maximum target engagement range………500 km Iskander-K (2000 km with the R-500 cruise missile); 280 km Iskander-E (export)
Time before the first rocket launch………………..4-16 minutes
Interval between launches…………1 minute (for 9P78 launcher with two missiles)
Photo of the Iskander missile system
Transfer of a brigade set of Iskander-M missile systems to the 112th Missile Brigade.
July 8, 2014 - at the Kaspustin Yar training ground
This is interesting
In world politics there are magic words that make entire governments tremble. For example, the phrase “chemical weapons in Syria” or “nuclear weapons in Iran” evokes a state of extreme military-diplomatic excitement among the political elite of Western countries. However, in terms of the speed of reaction of the progressive public to such phrases, our Iskander has no equal. The mention of the Iskander-M OTRK, especially in the context of its deployment near someone’s borders, inevitably entails a reaction close to hysteria from the media, military and politicians of border countries and their Western overlords. Let's figure out what is the secret of the magical properties of this operational-tactical missile system that so frightens our neighbors.
The problem with the Iskander missile system is that it cannot be caught. Firstly, because during the flight the missile maneuvers with enormous overloads, which are still unattainable for any interceptor missile in service with the countries of the world. Secondly, it flies very low - up to 6 km from the surface at a speed of Mach 4, so it is almost impossible to detect it using standard radar means. Thirdly, it throws out false targets to deceive the enemy’s radar, sets up active radio interference and “jammes” all the emitters by which missile defense systems navigate in space. Those. The Iskander can destroy any object within a radius of 500 km with an accuracy of 2 meters and a probability close to 100%. Theoretically, by launching a missile from Kaliningrad, you can “reach” the government quarter in Berlin, and the destructive force of the strike can be easily increased by “hanging” a nuclear warhead on the missile. No one in the world has such missile weapons. At the same time, Iskander is extremely mobile and secretive - the likelihood of its detection, even by space reconnaissance means, is very low. Within 1 minute, he launched a set of missiles and immediately left the location, turning off all devices.
The rocket is single-stage, has an engine with a single nozzle, is non-ballistic and is controlled along the entire flight path using aerodynamic and gas-dynamic rudders. Most of the flight path of a missile made using Stealth technology and having a small dispersion surface passes at an altitude of 50 km, and on the approach phase - 6-20 km (depending on the type of OTRK), which makes its defeat by the enemy a practically impossible task . The “invisibility” effect is achieved through a combination of design features, in particular, treating the rocket with special nanostructured dispersive coatings, dropping protruding parts after launch, etc. The Iskander trajectory is not only non-ballistic, but also difficult to predict. Immediately after launch and immediately upon approaching the target, the missile performs intensive maneuvering. Depending on the trajectory, overloads range from 20 to 30 units. Accordingly, the interceptor missile must withstand an overload of at least 2-3 times higher, which is technologically impossible within the framework of the existing 4th technological order in the world and even the promising fifth.
The Iskander-M is the main version for the Russian army and is significantly more complex than the Iskander-E available for export. Less noticeable, more maneuverable at the start and during the final phase of the flight. In addition, it has not just an inertial guidance system, like the Iskander-E, but a combined one, including radio correction, GPS, GLONASS, laser and optical homing in the final section. Controlled by lattice rudders. The warhead is not separated in principle, because the body serves to create lift at the final section.
In 2012, another complex was final tested - Iskander-K, which is a further development of the M. It launches even more accurate, already cruise missiles, which are equipped with small load-bearing surfaces, like on the R-37. Thanks to this, it became possible to fire along a flat trajectory, like the OKA complex did in its time, only much more accurately and faster. The missile can fly at an altitude of only 6 km (horizontal radars have no chance), it uses a combined seeker and replaceable warheads. Two missiles in a salvo can be equipped with different guidance systems and fire both along a mounted and flat trajectory.
Experts express the opinion that the combined use of two brothers - Iskander-M and Iskander-K - gives a synergistic effect that none of the existing missile defense systems can counteract. One of the missile technology experts, speaking on forums under the nickname “Evil Critic,” described the new product this way: “It is known that both ballistic missiles (BMs) and cruise missiles (CR), as well as their guidance systems, have a number of limitations on the “current state” of the target object... For example, if you bet ONLY on the Iskander-M, for example, with an optical-correlation system for final guidance on the target target, and if you assume that the object will have to be hit at “hour X” with low clouds and intense visual opposition from the enemy, the bet may be lost. The same applies to the final guidance radar system, which is similar in operating principle to that of the Pershing-2 - here the enemy’s intense electronic warfare can confuse the cards. At the same time, low cloud cover, for example, and intense visual masking of the final object, will be to a certain extent “on the drum” of the CR with an inertial and optical-correlation system that works out navigation corrections throughout the ENTIRE route (similar to the Pendossk ALCM CR).. Here, no amount of masking of the target will help - and here you ONLY need to shoot down the missile, shoot it down on the route or, as a last resort, on the approach to the target.
Finally, let’s imagine a situation where “Iskander-K” and “Iskander-M” “approach” the target (Czech missile defense radar or noble mines with GBI) - AT THE SAME TIME... And each demonstrates “their own proprietary set of gadgets” , - "Iskander-M" - high-intensity maneuvering of a high-flying hypersonic target, "Iskander-K" - an extremely low flight profile (about 6 m) and following the terrain in a practically "autonomous" (i.e., independent of the search for a target onboard sensors) mode... This REALLY is a situation close to 100% probability of hitting the target... So, to combat Euro-missile defense, the COMBINATION of "Iskander-M" + "Iskander-K" is really optimal. The trick is to use these products simultaneously, “in one hit.”
The German newspaper Bild, citing its sources, reported that Russia has deployed Iskander missiles in the Kaliningrad region near the border with Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. This message was followed by the reaction of the US authorities, who immediately, through all channels of interaction, called on Russia not to destabilize the situation by deploying Iskander missiles in the west. "We would not want them to take steps that would destabilize the region," US State Department spokeswoman Marie Harf said. Translated from diplomatic to human, it sounds something like this: “The deployment of Iskanders will upset the entire balance of power in Europe, and not in our direction. Anything but Iskander!” Concerns were also expressed in Poland and Latvia. Lithuanian Defense Minister Juozas Olakas called this alarming news, and Lithuanian Presidential Adviser Dali Grybauskaite said that Russia's actions do not correspond to declarations of desire for closer cooperation with the European Union and NATO. Even China became nervous when it learned that the missile system would be located near its border.
Let us note that with the delivery of Iskander missiles to Armenia, the hands of Azerbaijan, which had recently been trying to flex its military muscles in the region, were tied - the aggressive rhetoric towards Yerevan stopped. In 2014, Armenia will complete the re-equipment of its missile units with ultra-precise and long-range missile systems. Armenian Defense Minister Seyran Ohanyan stated this at a press conference in Yerevan on January 24, answering a question from journalists about whether reports about Yerevan’s acquisition of Russian modern operational-tactical missile systems (OTRK) Iskander-M are true. Please note that it is not the export Iskander-E with a range of 280 km and one missile in the launcher, which has been reduced in capabilities, but a full-fledged "M", firing at a distance of up to 500 km and having 2 missiles at once (by the way, it is still the only OTRK in the world capable launch 2 missiles from one launcher at once). Apparently, an exception was made for our Armenian friends due to the tense geopolitical situation throughout the CIS.
Iskander can deliver cluster (with 54 combat elements), penetrating, high-explosive fragmentation, and nuclear warheads to the target. This allows you to hit small-sized and area targets, including enemy fire weapons, air defense and missile defense systems, aircraft at airfields, command posts, etc. The RK includes a missile, a self-propelled launcher, a transport-loading and command-staff vehicle, a mobile information preparation station, mobile technical and household support units, as well as sets of arsenal and training equipment.
The history of the creation of this OTRK began in the early 80s. The use of conventional (non-nuclear) warheads while maintaining the effectiveness of the weapon forced developers to look for new ways to build a missile control system (CS). The accuracy of the inertial control system for solving this problem is insufficient; it should have been increased
approximately by an order of magnitude. In the 80s Attempts have already been made in our country to solve this problem. Optical homing equipment for the Scud was created (it was even possible to conduct field tests and hand over the missile for trial operation among the troops). A nuclear-free warhead with guidance using a correlation-type radar seeker was developed for the Volga complex. The modernized "Oka" and "Tochka" had not only an inertial control system, but also an optical correlation-extreme guidance system, which was also not only tested, but also underwent trial operation by the troops. During the years of inactivity of our military-industrial complex, the United States achieved great success in this direction: on the American Pershing-2 missile, which was destroyed under the INF Treaty, a radar seeker was installed that identified the terrain in the target area; optical homing systems are used in modern versions of the Tomahawk and CALCM cruise missiles. Their effectiveness was clearly demonstrated in Iraq and Yugoslavia.
The task of creating similar equipment for Iskander was completed by the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics (TsNIIAG), a leading developer of guidance and control systems for domestic tactical and operational-tactical missiles, which has a 25-year track record in the development of homing heads. The main way to solve this problem was to combine an inertial system with optical guidance over the terrain surrounding the target. Moreover, the homing head created at TsNIIAG can be used both as part of the Iskander and on ballistic and cruise missiles of various classes and types (including intercontinental ones). This seeker has already passed flight tests and has shown accuracy better than the Americans achieved with their Tomahawks.
The principle of operation of homing systems, which have the scientific name of correlation-extreme, is that optical equipment forms an image of the terrain in the target area, which is compared in the on-board computer with a reference one, after which corrective signals are issued to the missile controls.
The optical seeker is universal and makes only one requirement for the missile's inertial control system: to bring the latter to the point at which the optics begin to see the target. Existing active electronic warfare systems, which very effectively counteract radar homing systems, are powerless against such a head. The high sensitivity of the seeker allows it to operate even on a moonless night, which distinguishes the new system from existing analogues. In addition, optical systems do not require signals from space radio navigation systems, such as the American NAVSTAR, which in crisis situations can be turned off by its owners or disabled by radio interference. By the way, many potential customers of Iskander-E put forward demands for independence from satellite navigation. At the same time, the integration of inertial control with satellite navigation equipment and an optical seeker makes it possible to create a missile that can hit a given target in almost any conceivable conditions.
Information about the target is transmitted from a satellite, reconnaissance aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicle to the information preparation point (IPP). It calculates the flight mission for the rocket, which is then transmitted via radio channels to the command and staff vehicles (CSVs) of the division and battery commanders, and from there to the launchers. Commands to launch missiles can be generated either in the command post or from the control centers of senior artillery commanders. The PPI and KShM equipment is built on local networks of Russian computers, and the functionality of the control set depends only on the software and can be easily upgraded to control various fire weapons.
On October 11, 2011, it was announced that the first stage of testing of the updated Iskander-M missile system with new combat equipment was completed - with a new electronic warfare system, which provides cover for the missile during the final flight phase. This system includes means of passive and active jamming of enemy air and missile defense surveillance and firing radars through noise and the release of false targets. Since 2013, new missiles began to be supplied to the Russian army.
The 2012 CIA analytical review “On strategic risks and the global military-political situation in the world” contains a very revealing definition: “The Iskander operational-tactical missile system is a weapon capable of influencing the military-political situation in regions of the world if located in Their states do not have an extended territory. Therefore, the issues of deployment of Iskander complexes, as well as their export deliveries, are the subject of political consultations between countries.”
The high-precision operational-tactical missile system of the ground forces 9K720 "Iskander" is designed for covert preparation and delivery of effective missile strikes against particularly important small-sized and area targets deep in the operational formation of enemy troops: fire weapons (missile systems, MLRS, long-range artillery), airplanes and helicopters at airfields, command posts and communication centers, the most important civil infrastructure facilities.
OTRK 9K720 was created as a result of the joint work of a group of research institutes, design bureaus and factories under the leadership of the Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau (KBM Kolomna), known as the company that created the Tochka and Oka missile systems. The launcher was developed by the Titan Design Bureau (Volgograd), the homing system was developed by the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics (Moscow).
Under the conditions of the 1987 INF Treaty and the cessation of the use of nuclear weapons in theaters of operations, a number of fundamentally new requirements are imposed on modern tactical systems:
the use of only non-nuclear weapons;
ensuring precision shooting accuracy;
control along the entire flight path;
a wide range of effective combat equipment;
the presence in the complex of a combat control automation system and an information support system, including the preparation of reference information for correction and final guidance systems;
possibility of integration with global satellite navigation systems (GSSN - "GLONASS", "NAVSTAR");
the ability to hit heavily protected targets;
increased fire performance;
the ability to effectively overcome the effects of air defense and missile defense systems;
the ability to hit moving targets.
To meet the above requirements, an export version of the OTRK 9K720 was created, designated “Iskander-E.” “Iskander-E” incorporates the best scientific, technical and design achievements in the field of operational-tactical missile systems and, in terms of the totality of implemented technical solutions, high combat effectiveness is a weapon of a completely new generation, superior in its tactical and technical characteristics to the existing RK 9K72 "Elbrus", "Tochka-U", "Lance", "ATASMS", "Pluton", etc.
Main features of the RK 9K720 Iskander:
highly accurate and effective destruction of various types of targets;
the possibility of covert training, combat duty and effective missile strikes;
automatic calculation and input of missile flight missions using launcher means;
high probability of completing a combat mission in the face of active enemy opposition;
high probability of trouble-free functioning of the rocket during preparation for launch, as well as in flight;
high tactical maneuverability due to the high maneuverability of combat vehicles mounted on all-wheel drive chassis,
strategic mobility due to the transportability of vehicles by all modes of transport, including transport aviation;
automation of combat control of missile units,
prompt processing and communication of intelligence information to the appropriate management levels;
long service life and ease of use.
In terms of its tactical and technical characteristics, Iskander-E fully complies with the provisions of the Missile Technology Non-Proliferation Control Regime. This is a “weapon of deterrence” in local conflicts, and for countries with limited living space - a strategic weapon. The structure of the complex, its control system, automated combat control and information support make it possible to quickly respond to new requirements without significant modification of its combat assets and, as a result, guarantee it a long life cycle.
For arming the Russian army, a version of the Iskander-M missile system with an increased flight range (more than 450 km) has been developed, as well as the Iskander-K, equipped with the R-500 high-precision cruise missile (range up to 2600 km) of the Caliber system developed by Yekaterinburg OJSC "OKB "Novator". The complex was successfully tested in 2007 at the Kapustin Yar training ground.
In 2007, the training division in Kapustin Yar, which took part in the war with Georgia in August 2008, was equipped with Iskander-M complexes (four combat vehicles).
In the west the complex received the designation SS-26.
Compound
The complex includes:
9M723 rocket;
self-propelled launcher 9P78 (SPU);
transport-loading machine 9T250 (TZM);
command and staff vehicle 9S552 (KShM);
mobile information preparation station 9S920 (PPI);
regulation and maintenance machine (MRTO);
life support machine;
sets of arsenal and training equipment.
The 9M723 rocket is a solid-fuel, single-stage missile with a warhead that cannot be separated in flight. The rocket is controlled throughout its flight path using aerodynamic and gas-dynamic rudders. The flight path of the 9M723 is not ballistic, but controlled. The rocket constantly changes its trajectory plane. It maneuvers especially actively during its acceleration and approach to the target - with an overload of 20 to 30g. In order to intercept a 9M723 missile, the antimissile must move along a trajectory with an overload two to three times higher, and this is practically impossible. Most of the flight path of a missile made using Stealth technology and having a small reflective surface passes at an altitude of 50 km, which also significantly reduces the likelihood of it being hit by the enemy. The “invisibility” effect is achieved through a combination of design features and the treatment of the rocket with special coatings.
The missile is launched directly at the target using an inertial control system, and then captured by an autonomous correlation-extreme optical homing head (see photo). The principle of operation of the OTR 9M723 homing system is that optical equipment forms an image of the terrain in the target area, which is compared by the on-board computer with the standard entered during the preparation of the missile for launch. The optical head has increased resistance to existing electronic warfare systems and allows successful missile launches even on moonless nights, when there is no additional natural target illumination, hitting the target with an error of plus or minus two meters. No other tactical system in the world can solve such a problem, except for the Iskander. In addition, optical systems do not require signals from space radio navigation systems, which in crisis situations can be turned off or disabled by radio interference. Integrating inertial control with satellite navigation equipment and an optical seeker makes it possible to create a missile that can hit a given target in almost any imaginable conditions. The homing head can also be used on ballistic and cruise missiles of various classes and types.
The missile can be equipped with various warheads (10 types in total), including:
cluster warhead with fragmentation warheads for non-contact detonation;
cluster warhead with cumulative fragmentation warheads;
cluster warhead with self-aiming combat elements;
cluster warhead with volumetric detonating action;
high-explosive fragmentation warhead (HFW);
high-explosive incendiary warhead;
penetrating warhead (PBC).
The cluster warhead ensures deployment at an altitude of 0.9-1.4 km with further separation and stabilization of the combat elements. The combat elements are equipped with radio sensors; the combat elements are detonated at a height of 6-10 m above the target.
Thanks to the implementation of terminal control and guidance methods, control along the entire flight path, a wide range of powerful combat units and the integration of onboard control systems with various correction and homing systems, as well as the high probability of completing a combat mission in conditions of active enemy counteraction, typical targets are hit by the launch of only 1- 2 Iskander-E missiles, which is equivalent in effectiveness to the use of nuclear weapons.
The fully autonomous SPU is placed on an 8x8 all-terrain wheeled chassis (MZKT-7930) and is designed for storing and transporting missiles, preparing for launch and launching within the firing sector ±90° relative to the direction of entry of the SPU. The SPU provides: automatic determination of its coordinates, data exchange with all control levels, combat duty and preparation for launch with the missile in a horizontal position, single and salvo missile launches, storage and testing of missiles. The most important feature of the launcher was the placement on it not of one (as in Tochka and Oka), but of two missiles. The time the launcher spends at the launch position is minimal and is up to 20 minutes, while the interval between the launches of the 1st and 2nd missiles is no more than one minute. Missile launches do not require launch positions that are specially prepared in terms of engineering and geodesy, which can lead to their discovery by the enemy. Launches can be carried out from the so-called “ready from the march”, i.e. the launcher drives onto any site (except for swampy areas and shifting sands) and its crew prepares and launches the rocket in an automated cycle, without leaving the cabin. After which the launcher moves to the reloading point and, after loading the missiles, is ready to launch a second missile strike from any launch position.
The TZM is also located on the MZKT-7930 chassis and is equipped with a jib crane. Full combat weight - 40,000 kg, TZM crew - 2 people.
The automated control system is built on the basis of a command and staff vehicle, unified for all levels of management, built on a KAMAZ family chassis. Setting to a certain management level (brigade, division, starting battery) is carried out programmatically during operation. To ensure information exchange, the launcher houses combat control and communications equipment. Information exchange can be carried out both through open and closed communication channels.
Iskander-E is integrated with various reconnaissance and control systems. Information about the target is transmitted from a satellite, reconnaissance aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicle (type "Flight-D") to the information preparation point (PPI). It calculates the flight mission for the missile and prepares reference information for missiles with OGSN. This information is then transmitted via radio channels to the command post vehicles (CSVs) of the division and battery commanders, and from there to the launchers. Commands to launch missiles can be generated either in the command post or from the control centers of senior artillery commanders.
The regulations and maintenance vehicle (MRTO) is located on the chassis of the Kamaz family and is intended for routine checks of on-board equipment of missiles placed on TZM (as well as in containers), checks of instruments included in group sets of spare parts for complex elements and routine repair of missiles by forces MRT calculation. Vehicle weight - 13500 kg, deployment time - 20 minutes, time of the automated cycle of routine check of the rocket's on-board equipment - 18 minutes, crew - 2 people.
The life support vehicle is designed to accommodate combat crews (up to 8 people) for rest and food.
Performance characteristics
Firing range, km: - minimum - maximum |
50 280 (400) |
Firing accuracy (CAO), m: - without homing system - with homing system |
30-70 5-7 |
Number of missiles: - at SPU - on TZM |
2 2 |
First rocket launch time, min: - from the highest readiness - from the march |
no more than 4 no more than 16 |
Interval between starts, min | up to 1 |
Designated service life, years | 10 (of which 3 years in the field) |
Temperature range of application, °C | up to ± 50 |
Altitude above sea level, m | up to 3000 |
Rocket | |
Rocket launch weight, kg | 3800 |
Weight of warhead, kg | 480 |
Length, mm | 7200 |
Maximum diameter, mm: - on yoke clips - by engine |
950 920 |
SPU | |
Gross weight, t | 42 |
Placed load mass, t | 19 |
Maximum speed, km/h: - along the highway - on a dirt road |
70 40 |
Cruising range based on control fuel consumption, km | 1000 |
Calculation, persons | 3 |
KShM | |
4 | |
Maximum radio communication range, km - in the parking lot - on the march |
350 50 |
Combat mission calculation time, s | up to 10 |
Maximum command transmission time, s | 15 |
Number of communication channels | up to 16 |
Data transmission (reception) speed, kbit/s | 16 |
Deployment/collapse time (with antenna deployment/collapse), min | up to 30 |
48 | |
PPI | |
Number of automated workstations, pcs. | 2 |
Time to determine target point coordinates, min | from 0.5 to 2 |
Time to bring target designation to SPL, min | 1 |
Continuous operation time, h | 16 |
The current geopolitical situation is such that in order to maintain sovereignty and authority in international relations, the country simply needs modern weapons. This is especially true when it comes to tactical nuclear systems, which are the last guarantee of peace on the planet. Of course, strategic missiles play the main role in deterring a potential enemy, but even the Iskander missile system can deter many from making rash decisions.
This type of weapon was created to destroy low-visibility targets in layered enemy defenses while on the move. This is all the more important because the modern strategy for conducting military operations presupposes preventive disarmament strikes that will not allow a potential enemy to use his missile defense systems.
Creation conditions
It was created in conditions when the USSR and the USA signed a treaty limiting the number of tactical nuclear warheads (INF Treaty). This happened in 1987. At the same time, potential adversaries agreed on a complete renunciation of the use of nuclear weapons in future combat conditions.
It was precisely because of this that a huge number of requirements were placed on the new complex: a complete abandonment of nuclear destructive elements was required, it was necessary to ensure almost pinpoint accuracy of fire, coupled with the highest possible controllability of the rocket. In addition, specialists were required to ensure the greatest possible degree of automation of both the flight of the rocket and its launch.
Not least because of this, the Iskander missile system in Kaliningrad created a real “furor” among Baltic politicians, who, in panic, began to talk about a new threat looming over their sovereignty.
The role of satellite navigation systems
The main requirement, which corresponds to the realities of our time, was the possibility of using data obtained from satellite positioning systems (GLONASS, NAVSTAR). The new complex was required to be able to hit even moving armored targets with high efficiency, have the highest possible rate of fire, and also overcome the enemy’s deeply layered missile defense system.
First experience
The finished Iskander missile system was first tested back in 2007. S. Ivanov, who was then Prime Minister, reported to the President that the deviation from the target did not exceed one meter. These outstanding results were fully confirmed after reviewing data from all visual controls that were used in testing that day.
All this splendor was created in KBM, Kolomna. This design bureau is known all over the world, since it was from here that the Tochka, Strela and Osa complexes, as well as other samples of domestic air defense systems of various generations, began their “career”. Other elements were manufactured at the Titan Central Design Bureau (launching system), Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics (the most important automatic projectile guidance system).
What is it intended for?
As we have already said, the Iskander missile system was created specifically for targeted strikes against targets deeply hidden behind enemy lines, protected by modern missile defense systems.
The following objects can act as targets:
- Enemy artillery and missile systems, large concentrations of armored vehicles.
- ABM means.
- Aviation formations at the time of deployment at airfields.
- All command and communications personnel of the complex.
- Large infrastructure facilities, the loss of which would have a painful impact on the enemy.
- Other important objects in enemy territory.
Since the Iskander anti-aircraft missile system is distinguished by its stealth and very high speed of preparation for launch, it poses a very serious threat to all potential adversaries.
What is included in Iskander?
The complex includes the following important elements: a self-propelled installation for it, a machine for transporting and loading shells. In addition, there is a separate complex for the repair and maintenance of all equipment, a headquarters and a special machine for analyzing the information received, as well as training tools for personnel.
Characteristics of the rocket used
The Iskander tactical missile system we are considering uses a solid-fuel rocket with one stage, the warhead of which does not separate in flight. Despite vigorous maneuvering in flight, the projectile can be controlled throughout its entire path by an operator from the command post. The product is particularly maneuverable at launch and when approaching the target, when the rocket is under overloads of 30G. Since missile defense systems must approach it at twice the speed, at present there are simply no effective means of countering the Iskander.
The shell body is made using a special technique that reduces its visibility to enemy air defense systems. In addition, the missile travels most of its way at an altitude of more than 50 km, which also reduces the chances of its timely interception tenfold. Invisibility to radar is ensured by special coatings, the composition of which is classified.
This is precisely what explains the triumph of domestic industry when the Iskander was adopted. A missile system (Kaliningrad and its entirety is already equipped) of this type should soon be received by all military units in the country.
Principles of targeting
The launch of the missile to the target is carried out by the complex operators, after which the most complex homing system comes into play. The equipment scans the terrain in flight, forming a digital model of it. It is constantly compared with the image standard that was loaded into the rocket’s memory before the flight.
The optical homing head is characterized by excellent protection against jamming systems, as well as excellent ability to recognize targets in almost any conditions. This allows you to hit a moving target (with an error of no more than a couple of meters) on a completely moonless night. Such accuracy under such conditions cannot be achieved by any of the missile systems in service with NATO.
This is why they don’t like Iskander there. The missile system in Syria, delivered there in December last year, immediately reduced the intensity of passions and helped the legitimate government oust anti-popular forces from the country. In addition, the Russian side received valuable information about the combat use of the latest missiles.
"Independent" rocket
Despite the fact that under normal conditions the Iskander missile system can be guided by signals from satellites of global positioning systems, in the right conditions its operators can do just fine without them. Electro-optical guidance systems are so accurate that they make it possible to hit targets in almost any given conditions.
By the way, the Iskander homing system, if necessary, can be easily installed even on ballistic nuclear missiles, which makes the prospects of a potential enemy completely gloomy. Because of this, the Russian Iskander missile system has a very sinister reputation in the West, although its characteristics clearly do not reach those of intercontinental nuclear weapons.
Characteristics of the warhead
The designers included the possibility of using ten different types of ammunition at once. These include elements with non-contact detonation, combat elements with cumulative action, cluster ammunition with homing elements, as well as simple high-explosive, fragmentation and incendiary varieties. If a missile with homing elements is used, then they will hit multiple targets, exploding at a height of six to ten meters above them.
The projectile itself in firing position weighs almost four tons, and the weight of the warhead itself is 480 kg. Thus, the Iskander-K missile system is one of the most powerful non-nuclear deterrent weapons in service with our army.
Characteristics of other elements
The self-propelled launch system allows you to simultaneously transport up to two missiles, allowing you to launch them at an angle of up to 90 degrees relative to the terrain. It is located on a wheeled chassis with an 8x8 formula, which can even pass through places where there are no roads at all (MAZ-79306 “Astrologer”). Among other things, this ensures the maximum possible mobility of the complex even in wartime.
Some characteristics of control and guidance equipment
The installation can independently determine the coordinates of its location, exchange information with all elements of the Iskander, and provide single and salvo launches of missiles. The time from arrival to salvo is no more than 20 minutes, provided the crew is prepared, and no more than one minute elapses between shell launches. This makes the Iskander missile system, whose characteristics are already impressive, a very dangerous means of attack.
There is no need to prepare starting positions. In addition, the crew does not need to leave the cockpit: having received the order, the specialists stop the Iskander in a given square, prepare all systems and fire a salvo. The only exception is swampy areas, where it is necessary to prepare a more or less stable launch pad. After the launch, the vehicle moves to pre-designated positions for recharging.
Thus, Iskander-M is a new generation missile system that provides reliable protection of state sovereignty.
Information about the chassis and other vehicles
The chassis weight is 42 tons, the weight of the transported payload is at least 19 tons, and on highways and paved country roads the speed is 70 (40) km/h. At one gas station, the Iskander can travel at least 1000 km. The usual crew size is three people, but in wartime their number can be increased.
The vehicle for transportation and loading is also mounted on the MAZ-79306 (“Astrologer”) chassis. Equipped with a hydromechanical loading mechanism. The mass is exactly 40 tons; maintenance will require two people.
Headquarters complex
The heart of the entire complex is the command and staff vehicle. It is produced on the basis of KAMAZ vehicles. Information exchange between all elements of the Iskander can be carried out both in normal and deeply encrypted mode. In the latter case, the speed of information exchange does not suffer in any way.
The headquarters complex is equipped with four fully automated positions for operators; the maximum range of data transmission between vehicles is 350 kilometers for parked vehicles and 50 kilometers in combat march conditions. The continuous operation time of all elements of the guidance and control system is about two days.
Mechanical Maintenance Machine
As in the previous case, it is based on the chassis of KamAZ vehicles. Designed to check the condition of missiles both in the launcher itself and in transport containers, it allows you to check and repair all the devices and mechanisms of the complex without resorting to transporting it to the place of permanent deployment. The machine weighs only 13.5 tons, deploys in less than 20 minutes, and the time to check all systems and mechanisms does not exceed 18 minutes. The complex is serviced by two people.
In general, the Iskander missile system, the performance characteristics of which we are revealing, is distinguished by its rare maintainability even in the most extreme conditions.
Information collection, analysis and preparation point
This machine is used to collect and analyze information that is intended to be entered into the on-board computer of missiles. The structure includes two automated workstations for operators who can detect and transmit the coordinates of attacked targets in one to two minutes. Can carry out continuous combat duty for 16 hours.
Finally, the life support machine. It can be made on the chassis of any commercially produced truck and serves for resting and eating for up to eight people at the same time.
Key features of the complex
Its main advantage is how and by whom Iskander-M was created. designed by outstanding designers based on all the data accumulated by the Soviet and Russian armies. At the moment, it significantly surpasses not only all previous domestic developments, but also all competing foreign models.
In general, the Iskander anti-aircraft missile system has a number of key features:
- Incredibly accurate destruction of even small and well-protected targets from the air.
- Its stealth and rapid deployment make it an extremely dangerous adversary.
- The combat mission can be effectively carried out even in the face of active enemy opposition.
- Excellent tactical maneuverability and cross-country ability, ensured by the high characteristics of the transport chassis.
- The highest degree of automation of all combat processes.
- Long service life and ease of even field repairs.
In addition, the Iskander operational-tactical missile system fully meets all the requirements imposed by international treaties on the non-proliferation of certain types of weapons. In local conflicts it can be considered as a deterrent weapon, and for countries with a small territory it can even be the main type of missile weapons. The structure of the complex suggests the possibility of further modification, which guarantees the Iskander long service in guarding state interests.
Other positives
The control and guidance system is deeply integrated with similar equipment of all similar complexes that are in service with the state. It can receive information not only from a data collection and processing machine, but also from a reconnaissance aircraft, UAV or other equipment. The flight mission is calculated almost instantly. The command for a combat launch can be given not only by the commander of the complex, but also by the high military command from closed positions.
Since one Iskander carries two missiles on board, and not even two minutes pass between their salvos, the power of a division fully equipped with these complexes is comparable to that of a small country. In principle, with the correct choice of ammunition, this type of weapon is quite equivalent to a short-range nuclear weapon.
OTRK "Iskander-M" / Photo: Press service of the Russian Defense Ministry.
In addition to high combat characteristics, the Russian Iskander operational-tactical missile system has an interesting feature - the mere mention of it makes heads of state nervous. And the possibility of deploying Iskander missiles near someone’s borders changes the plans of military-political alliances.
This was the case in Poland. After Russia decided to transfer the OTRK to the Kaliningrad region, the United States abandoned plans to build missile defense facilities in this country. Putin promised the Israeli authorities not to supply Iskander to Syria so as not to upset the balance of power in the region. Even China is concerned about the possibility of new Russian missiles appearing near its borders. “The Iskander operational-tactical missile system is a weapon capable of influencing the military-political situation in regions of the world,” the CIA said in a 2012 analytical review.
Why is the world so afraid of Iskander? Why are dozens of countries queuing for an export modification of the complex that flies half the distance and lacks the main “bells and whistles”? Finally, why did the news about the adoption of a new modification of the missile, the Iskander-K, cause a reaction in NATO that can only be called hysteria? Russia was accused of destabilizing the situation in Europe, threatening a number of countries, violating a bunch of treaties and agreements - all because of one missile.
This is because this missile guarantees the destruction of the target. It is very difficult to notice and impossible to shoot down. And where the Iskander will fly will be hot.
Unkillable
The OTRK missile flies very fast and either very high or several meters above the ground - depending on the modification and combat mission. Flight speed - Mach 4 (almost 5 thousand km/h), range - 500 km. All protruding parts are discarded immediately after launch, the surface of the rocket is treated with dispersive nanostructured coatings, which makes the Iskander invisible to enemy radars.
According to experts, it is not necessary to completely disable enemy air defenses and missile defenses - it is enough to confuse them for the short period of time necessary for the missile to reach its target. Taking into account the speed of the Iskander, this interval is calculated in seconds, and its equipment is capable of such a task. On approach, the missile intensively jams enemy air defense systems and shoots down false targets.
OTRK "Iskander" / Photo: Press service of the Russian Defense Ministry
But this is not the main advantage. Even if we imagine that the enemy’s air defense detected an incoming missile, the enemy will not be able to shoot it down. At the initial and final stages of the trajectory, the Iskander maneuvers unpredictably with overloads of 20-30 units. To defeat, an interceptor missile must maneuver 2-3 times more energetically. But there are no such missiles now, nor will there be in the foreseeable future.
Combined target guidance: inertial system, radio correction, GPS , GLONASS, laser and optical homing at the final stage of the flight. The probable deviation from the target is 2 meters.
Double guarantee
However, the Iskander cannot be called an absolute weapon. A modification of a missile with an optical guidance system can, for example, be confused by intense visual opposition from enemy air defense forces and low clouds in the target area. Such a homing head compares the terrain in the field of view with the image stored in the memory and corrects the flight. But how can we compare if the lasers blind us and we can’t see a damn thing? A missile with a radar seeker can also be led astray - modern electronic warfare systems are created for this purpose. But a cruise missile following a strictly given route, without the help of its own sensors, can only be shot down physically. This is exactly what the Iskander-K is, and it is impossible to destroy it in flight for the reasons stated above.
Picture: tvzvezda.ru
The rocketeers are confident that the launch of two Iskander missiles of different modifications, with different guidance systems and flight paths, guarantees hitting the target. Iskander-K maneuvers intensively, scatters interference, blinds and jams the radars of air defense systems. The Iskander-M silently flies at an altitude of 6 meters, without wasting time searching for the target and knowing exactly where it needs to go. As a result, at least one 480-kilogram warhead of the missile arrives at its destination.
By the way, the OTRK launcher is designed for just two missiles and is capable of firing them almost simultaneously: entering a flight mission via an optical channel takes a couple of seconds. After firing, the launcher secretly reloads and changes position - it is made so as to be invisible to drones and satellites.
Briefly about the main thing
The warhead of the Iskander is interchangeable, of eight varieties. The missile can deliver a cluster warhead with 54 cumulative fragmentation elements, a cluster warhead with self-targeting submunitions, a volumetric explosion, and a penetrating warhead for the destruction of well-fortified objects. As well as several variants of landmines and a thermonuclear warhead with a yield of up to 50 kilotons.