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Biotic relationships Mutually beneficial (++): Beneficial neutral (+0): Mutually harmful (--): Beneficial-harmful (+-): symbiosis mutualism commensalism: freeloading companionship lodgings competition interspecific intraspecific parasitism predation
Symbiosis is the mutually beneficial cohabitation of two organisms in nature. Lichens
Symbiosis legume plants nodule bacteria on legume roots
Symbiosis Birch and boletus Aspen and boletus
Symbiosis Mammals and symbionts of the digestive tract Sea anemone and hermit crab
Mutualism mutually beneficial obligatory or random relationships between organisms buffalo starlings cowbirds and rhinoceros
Mutualism
Mutualism hoof ants
CONCLUSION: Such devices help living organisms survive in nature without harming other organisms.
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Symbiosis Author-compiler: Anastasia Sidorenko, 10th grade student “A” of Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School” No. 16 of Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Region Scientific supervisor: biology teacher, Sergey Vasilievich BolshakovSlide 2
Symbiosis is cohabitation, a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefits from the other. There are several forms of mutually beneficial cohabitation of living organisms (Zakharov V. B. General biology: Textbook for 10-11 grades of general educational institutions / V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. - 7th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2004).Slide 3
Cooperation - the usefulness of the coexistence of organisms is obvious, but their connection is not necessary. The cohabitation of hermit crabs with soft coral polyps - sea anemones is well known. Cancer settles in an empty mollusk shell and carries it along with the polyp.Slide 4
Cooperation Such cohabitation is mutually beneficial: moving along the bottom, the crayfish increases the space used by the anemone to catch prey, part of which, affected by the stinging cells of the sea anemone, falls to the bottom and is eaten by the crayfish.Slide 5
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Slide 8
Some birds also lead a similar lifestyle. They go into the crocodile's mouth and clean itSlide 9
Slide 10
Mutualism is a form of mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them. One of the most famous examples of such relationships is lichens, which are cohabitations of a fungus and algae. In lichen, the hyphae of the fungus, entwining the cells and filaments of algae, form special suction processes that penetrate the cells. Through them, the fungus receives photosynthesis products formed by algae. The algae extracts water and mineral salts from the hyphae of the fungus. Cetraria centrifugaSlide 11
Typical mutualism is the relationship between termites and flagellated protozoa that live in the intestines. Termites feed on wood, but they do not have digestive enzymes or cellulose. Flagellates produce such enzymes and convert fiber into simple sugars.Slide 12
Without protozoa - symbionts - termites die of starvation. The flagellates themselves, in addition to a favorable climate, receive food and conditions for reproduction in the intestines of termites. Intestinal symbionts involved in the processing of rough plant feed are found in many animals: ruminants, rodents, and borers.Slide 13
Cohabitation of nodule bacteria and leguminous plants An example of a mutually beneficial relationship is the cohabitation of so-called nodule bacteria and legume plants (peas, beans, soybeans, clover, alfalfa, vetch, black acacia, groundnuts or peanuts).Slide 14
Nodules on soybean roots These bacteria, capable of absorbing nitrogen from the air and converting it into ammonia and then into amino acids, settle in the roots of plants. The presence of bacteria causes the growth of root tissues and the formation of thickenings - nodules.Slide 15
Cohabitation of nodule bacteria and leguminous plants Plants in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can grow on soils poor in nitrogen and enrich the soil with it. That is why legumes - clover, alfalfa, vetch - are introduced into crop rotations as precursors for other crops.Slide 16
Mycorrhiza is the coexistence of a fungus with the roots of higher plants. On the roots of birch, pine, oak, spruce, as well as orchids, heathers, lingonberries and many perennial grasses, the mycelium of the fungus forms a thick layer.Slide 17
Fungal hyphae Root hairs on the roots of higher plants do not develop, and water and mineral salts are absorbed with the help of the fungus.Slide 18
Mycorrhiza - cohabitation of a fungus with the roots of higher plants. The mycelium of the fungus even penetrates into the root, receiving carbohydrates from the partner plant and delivering water and mineral salts to it. Trees with mycorrhiza grow much better than without it. Various types of mycorrhizaeSlide 19
Symbiosis Some species of ants feed on the sugary excrement of aphids and protect them from predators, in a word - “graze”.Slide 20
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Freeloading Freeloading can take many forms. For example, hyenas pick up the remains of prey left uneaten by lions.Slide 22
Lodging An example of the transition of freeloading into closer relationships between species are the sticky fish that live in tropical and subtropical seas. Their anterior dorsal fin is transformed into a sucker. The biological meaning of the attachment of sticks is to facilitate the movement and settlement of these fish.“Unified State Exam in Biology 2013” - Part A task. Distribution of KIM tasks by content. A section of one of the two chains of a DNA molecule contains 300 nucleotides. Establish a correspondence between the developmental stage of the moss cuckoo flax and its ploidy. A large number of earthworms. Specification. By what features can you recognize a DNA molecule? Documents regulating the development of the Unified State Exam KIM. In task B5-B6 it is necessary to establish a correspondence between the content.
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Slide 2
Symbiosis concept
Symbiosis is cohabitation, a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefits from the other. There are several forms of mutually beneficial cohabitation of living organisms.
Slide 3
Cooperation
- Cooperation - the usefulness of the coexistence of organisms is obvious, but their connection is not necessary.
- The cohabitation of hermit crabs with soft coral polyps - anemones - is well known. Cancer settles in an empty mollusk shell and carries it along with the polyp.
Slide 4
Such cohabitation is mutually beneficial: moving along the bottom, the crayfish increases the space used by the anemone to catch prey, part of which, affected by the stinging cells of the sea anemone, falls to the bottom and is eaten by the crayfish.
Slide 8
They go into the crocodile's mouth and clean it.
Slide 10
Mutualism
- Mutualism is a form of mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them
- One of the most famous examples of such relationships is lichens, which are cohabitations of a fungus and an algae. In lichen, the hyphae of the fungus, entwining the cells and filaments of algae, form special suction processes that penetrate the cells. Through them, the fungus receives photosynthesis products formed by algae. The algae extracts water and mineral salts from the hyphae of the fungus.
rice. Cetraria centrifuga
Slide 11
Typical mutualism
- Typical mutualism - the relationship between termites and flagellated protozoa living in the intestines
- Termites eat wood, but they do not have digestive enzymes or cellulose. Flagellates produce such enzymes and convert fiber into simple sugars.
Slide 12
Without protozoa - symbionts - termites die of starvation. The flagellates themselves, in addition to a favorable climate, receive food and conditions for reproduction in the intestines of termites. Intestinal symbionts involved in the processing of rough plant feed are found in many animals: ruminants, rodents, and borers.
Slide 13
An example of a mutually beneficial relationship is the cohabitation of so-called nodule bacteria and leguminous plants (peas, beans, soybeans, clover, alfalfa, vetch, white acacia, groundnuts or peanuts).
Slide 14
Nodules on soybean roots
These bacteria, capable of absorbing nitrogen from the air and converting it into ammonia and then into amino acids, settle in the roots of plants. The presence of bacteria causes the growth of root tissues and the formation of thickenings - nodules.
Slide 15
Cohabitation of nodule bacteria and leguminous plants
Plants in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can grow in soils poor in nitrogen and enrich the soil with it. That is why legumes - clover, alfalfa, vetch - are introduced into crop rotations as precursors for other crops.
Slide 16
On the roots of birch, pine, oak, spruce, as well as orchids, heathers, lingonberries and many perennial grasses, the mycelium of the fungus forms a thick layer.
Slide 17
Mushroom hyphae
Root hairs on the roots of higher plants do not develop, and water and mineral salts are absorbed with the help of the fungus.
Slide 18
Mycorrhiza - coexistence of a fungus with the roots of higher plants
The mycelium of the fungus even penetrates into the root, receiving carbohydrates from the partner plant and delivering water and mineral salts to it. Trees with mycorrhiza grow much better than without it.
Slide 19
Some species of ants feed on the sugary excrement of aphids and protect them from predators, in a word - “graze”.
Slide 21
Freeloading
Freeloading can take many forms. For example, hyenas pick up the remains of prey left uneaten by lions.
Slide 22
Tenancy
An example of the transition of parasites into closer relationships between species are the sticky fish that live in tropical and subtropical seas. Their anterior dorsal fin is transformed into a sucker. The biological meaning of the attachment of sticks is to facilitate the movement and settlement of these fish.
Co-evolution
Close contact of species during symbiosis causes their joint evolution. An example of this is the mutual adaptations that have evolved between flowering plants and their pollinators.
Slide 29
Literature
- Zakharov V.B. General biology: Textbook. For 10-11 grades. general education Institutions/ V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. – 7th ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2004.
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Symbiosis is cohabitation, a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefits from the other. There are several forms of mutually beneficial cohabitation of living organisms (Zakharov V. B. General biology: Textbook for 10-11 grades of general educational institutions / V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. - 7th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2004). Symbiosis is cohabitation, a form of relationship in which both partners or one of them benefits from the other. There are several forms of mutually beneficial cohabitation of living organisms (Zakharov V. B. General biology: Textbook for 10-11 grades of general educational institutions / V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. - 7th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2004).
Cooperation - the usefulness of the coexistence of organisms is obvious, but their connection is not necessary. The cohabitation of hermit crabs with soft coral polyps - sea anemones is well known. Cancer settles in an empty mollusk shell and carries it along with the polyp.
Mutualism is a form of mutually beneficial cohabitation, when the presence of a partner becomes a prerequisite for the existence of each of them. One of the most famous examples of such relationships is lichens, which are the cohabitation of a fungus and algae. In lichen, the hyphae of the fungus, entwining the cells and filaments of algae, form special suction processes that penetrate the cells. Through them, the fungus receives photosynthesis products formed by algae. The algae extracts water and mineral salts from the hyphae of the fungus.
Typical mutualism is the relationship between termites and flagellated protozoa that live in the intestines. Termites feed on wood, but they do not have digestive enzymes or cellulose. Flagellates produce such enzymes and convert fiber into simple sugars.
Without protozoa - symbionts - termites die of starvation. The flagellates themselves, in addition to a favorable climate, receive food and conditions for reproduction in the intestines of termites. Intestinal symbionts involved in the processing of rough plant feed are found in many animals: ruminants, rodents, and borers. Without protozoa - symbionts - termites die of starvation. The flagellates themselves, in addition to a favorable climate, receive food and conditions for reproduction in the intestines of termites. Intestinal symbionts involved in the processing of rough plant feed are found in many animals: ruminants, rodents, and borers.
Cohabitation of nodule bacteria and leguminous plants An example of a mutually beneficial relationship is the cohabitation of so-called nodule bacteria and legume plants (peas, beans, soybeans, clover, alfalfa, vetch, black acacia, groundnuts or peanuts).
Nodules on soybean roots These bacteria, capable of absorbing nitrogen from the air and converting it into ammonia and then into amino acids, settle in the roots of plants. The presence of bacteria causes the growth of root tissues and the formation of thickenings - nodules.
Cohabitation of nodule bacteria and leguminous plants Plants in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can grow on soils poor in nitrogen and enrich the soil with it. That is why legumes - clover, alfalfa, vetch - are introduced into crop rotations as precursors for other crops.
Mycorrhiza - cohabitation of a fungus with the roots of higher plants. The mycelium of the fungus even penetrates into the root, receiving carbohydrates from the partner plant and delivering water and mineral salts to it. Trees with mycorrhiza grow much better than without it. Various types of mycorrhizae