Scheme illustration of the variety of mushrooms by type of nutrition. Features that distinguish cap mushrooms from other mushrooms
The human navel is one of the most interesting parts human body -
Navels are peculiar birthmarks that we receive at birth. Each of them is unique. Some even pierce them to wear ''jewelry'', thereby showing off them to everyone. Here are 22 belly button facts you've never heard of!
Some people don't have a navelkov.
This is a consequence of a defect in infants called ‘intestinal hernia’. When the intestine pierces the abdominal wall, it causes the belly button to protrude, requiring surgery to correct the defect. This is how a person loses his belly button!
Scar.
What, in essence, is the navel? This is the first scar on our body that appears after the removal of the umbilical cord.
Every mammal has it.
Every mammal has a navel because... is not born from an egg.
Dense forest.
Belly buttons harbor a huge number of different bacteria. One study found that, on average, up to 2,368 species of bacteria can live in one belly button. Gross, right?
Collection of lumps.
Believe it or not, there is a Guinness World Record holder for collecting umbilical lint balls. Graham Baker has been collecting his collection since 1984.
The wound from the piercing does not heal for a long time.
A navel piercing may look attractive, but the healing process of the wound can last from 6 to 12 months. And in case of insufficient care, an infection can be introduced there.
Men have more than women
Men's belly buttons collect more lint than women's. This is due to the presence more hair around the navel.
Navel cheese.
Yes, you heard right. The Dublin Science Gallery has made cheese from human umbilical cord bacteria. And also from oral and axillary bacteria. Bon appetit!
Navel contemplation as a method of treatment.
The meditative technique “omphaloskepsis” involves carefully looking at the navel to calm and increase concentration.
Navel fetish
There are people with navel fetishes who like certain forms and types of this part of the body.
Navel of the earth
Our planet also has its own navel, located in Utah, USA. It is 200 feet wide and 65 feet deep. Can you imagine how many lumps and lint would fit there?
Navel fetish
It's true that some people with belly button fetishes like certain shapes and types of belly buttons.
It couldn't be dirtier.
The navel is the dirtiest part of our body, because... all bacteria, dust, lint, dead skin easily settle in this hole.
Piercing is not recommended.
Piercing can seriously damage the navel and cause a lot of infections.
Convexities and ‘bulges’.
It is known that navels are the most different types and forms. The most common are tubercles and dimples.
There are more dimples.
For most people, the navel is shaped like a dimple. And only 4% of people have bumps, which is the result of improper handling at birth.
Chakra.
In many yoga practices, the navel is considered the center vital energy, influencing which you can improve your health.
Even sharks have belly buttons.
Sharks are mammals, so they also have a belly button.
Navel in Hinduism
The male navel in the Hindu tradition is considered sacred because... According to belief, men are born from the navel of the god Vishnu.
The most attractive.
According to research, the T-shaped navel is the most pleasing to the eye.
Karolina Kurkova does not have a belly button.
Karolina Kurkova is considered one of the most attractive women, even though she doesn't have a belly button.
Uniqueness.
Each person's navel is unique. It is as unique as fingerprints.
The kingdom of mushrooms unites numerous species of lower and higher representatives. In this article you will get acquainted with the structure and diversity of mushrooms; this material will help you better understand the topic, as well as prepare a report for a lesson in 5th grade.
Variety of mushrooms
In nature there are more than 100 thousand species of representatives of this kingdom. All of them are not alike, as they differ in size and structure. Conventionally, mushrooms are divided into lower and higher species.
The lower ones are structured quite simply; they can consist of:
- from a lump of protoplasm;
- in the form of a mononuclear cell with rhizomycelium without a nucleus;
- from a mononuclear cell without rhizomycelium.
The lower species include yeast, mucor and others molds.
Rice. 1. Mukor.
The higher representatives consist not only of mycelium (mycelium), but also have a fruiting body. The systematics of this kingdom depends on the structural features of the fruiting body. Representatives of higher species are cap mushrooms. Their fruiting body consists of a stem and a cap.
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The thickness of the cap can reach 7 centimeters or more, but the width in diameter can be more than 30 centimeters. The shape of the upper part can be varied; the taxonomy of species depends on its type.
In a young organism, the cap is convex, ovoid and round. This is necessary so that the fruiting body quickly and easily appears on the surface.
The lower part of the cap, in which the spores are formed, is called the hymenophore. It can be of various types:
- needle;
- tubular;
- lamellar.
The plates on the bottom of the cap are of great importance for identifying mushrooms. Based on their length and relative position, the type of representative of a given kingdom is determined.
The leg can also be different: central, lateral, eccentric. In its shape it can be straight, curved, flattened, cylindrical. The structure of the legs can be hollow, cellular, or solid.
Rice. 2. Structure cap mushrooms.
The structure of mushrooms
The body of the fungus consists of thin branching threads called hyphae. Together they make up the mycelium. Each such thread is surrounded by a dense chitinous wall.
Clearly cellular structure these representatives do not have. Inside the hypha there may be septa - the so-called septa.
The cytoplasm in hyphae consists of the usual organelles: mitochondria, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and vacuoles.
Rice. 3. The structure of a mushroom cell.
Mushrooms are mistakenly classified as plants. This species combines both plant and animal characteristics. Therefore, representatives of these living organisms were identified as separate kingdom.
Table “Comparative characteristics of living organisms”
Organoid |
Plants |
Animals |
Mushrooms |
Cell wall |
cellulose |
||
Plasma membrane |
|||
Cytoplasm |
|||
yes, there are many nuclei |
|||
Golgi apparatus |
poorly developed |
||
Mitochondria |
|||
Ribosomes, lysosomes |
|||
Plastids |
none |
none |
|
eat with cell juice |
temporary, contractile and digestive |
eat with cell juice |
|
Cell center |
found in mosses and algae |
there are centrioles |
lower representatives have |
Variable cytoplasmic structures |
glycogen |
glycogen |
|
meet for breeding |
none |
What have we learned?
Mushrooms are a special kingdom of living nature that combine the characteristics of animals and plants. These representatives are very diverse in their structure. Lower species have a primitive structure, consisting only of thin threads. The highest representatives have a fruiting body, which consists of a stem and a cap.
Test on the topic
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Average rating: 4.7. Total ratings received: 197.
Mushrooms were classified as lower plants until the end of the 20th century. In 1970, they were finally separated into a separate kingdom, Mushrooms, because have a number of characteristics that distinguish them from plants and bring them closer to animals.
General characteristics
The kingdom fungi are unicellular and multicellular organisms. Currently, taxonomists have counted more than 100 thousand species of fungi.
Fungi are heterotrophic organisms that do not have chlorophyll. They occupy an intermediate position between animals and plants, as they are characterized by a number of properties that bring them closer to animals and plants.
Common signs of fungi and animals:
- The cell membrane contains chitin;
- they accumulate glycogen rather than starch as a reserve product;
- as a result of the exchange, urea is formed;
- absence of chloroplasts and photosynthetic pigments;
General characteristics of mushrooms and plants:
- Unlimited growth;
- absorptive nutrition, i.e. not swallowing food, but absorption;
- the presence of a pronounced cell wall;
- reproduction by spores;
- immobility;
- ability to synthesize vitamins.
Mushroom nutrition
Many species of the kingdom of Fungi live in cohabitation (symbiosis) with algae and higher plants. The mutually beneficial cohabitation of fungal mycelium with the roots of higher plants forms mycorrhiza (for example, boletus with birch, boletus with aspen).
Many higher plants (trees, durum wheat etc.) cannot grow normally without mycorrhiza. Fungi receive oxygen, root secretions, and compounds that do not contain nitrogen from higher plants. Fungi “help” higher plants absorb hard-to-reach substances from humus, activating the activity of enzymes in higher plants, promote carbohydrate metabolism, fix free nitrogen, which is used in a number of compounds by higher plants, provide them with growth substances, vitamins, etc.
The kingdom Mushrooms are conventionally divided into lower and higher. The basis of the vegetative body of mushrooms is the mycelium, or mycelium. Mycelium consists of thin threads, or hyphae, similar to fluff. These threads are located inside the substrate on which the fungus lives.
Most often, the mycelium occupies a large surface. Through mycelium Nutrients are absorbed osmotically. The mycelium of lower fungi is either divided into cells or there are no intercellular partitions.
Mono- or multinucleated fungal cells are in most cases covered with a thin cell membrane. Below it is cytoplasmic membrane, enveloping the cytoplasm.
The fungal cell contains enzymes, proteins and organelles (lysosomes) in which proteolytic enzymes proteins are broken down. Mitochondria are similar to those of higher plants. Vacuoles contain reserve nutrients: glycogen, lipids, fatty acids, fats, etc.
IN edible mushrooms there are many vitamins and mineral salts. Approximately 50% of the dry mass of mushrooms is nitrogenous substances, of which proteins account for about 30%.
Fungi reproduce asexually:
- Specialized cells - spores;
- vegetatively - parts of mycelium, budding.
The process of sporulation may be preceded by the sexual process, which is very diverse in fungi. A zygote can be formed as a result of the fusion of somatic cells, specialized for gametes, and germ cells - gametes (formed in the genital organs - gametangia). The resulting zygote germinates immediately or after a period of dormancy and gives rise to hyphae with reproductive organs in which spores are formed.
Controversy various mushrooms spread by insects, various animals, humans and air currents.
The importance of mushrooms in nature and human life
Molds settle on food, soil, vegetables and fruits. They cause spoilage of benign products (bread, vegetables, berries, fruits, etc.). Most of these fungi are saprophytes. However, some molds are causative agents of infectious diseases in humans, animals and plants. For example, the fungus trichophyton causes ringworm in humans and animals.
Everyone is well aware of the single-celled fungus mucor, or white mold, which settles on vegetables, bread and horse manure. Initially, white mold has a fluffy coating, and over time it turns black, as rounded heads (sporangia) are formed on the mycelium, in which a huge number of dark-colored spores are formed.
Antibiotics are obtained from a number of mold genera (penicillin, aspergillus).
Kingdom Mushrooms
Mushrooms- a large and diverse group of organisms. They are capable of forming huge amount spores that are easily carried by the wind. Among fungi there are unicellular organisms, but most are multicellular organisms. They are varied in structure and size. The uniqueness of fungi is determined by a combination of characteristics of both plants and animals. Like plants, mushrooms are immobile and constantly growing. Like plants, mushrooms are capable of synthesizing vitamins.
Structure of Mushrooms
General signs of mushrooms
The diversity and significance of mushrooms
Lower mushrooms |
Higher mushrooms |
||
Yeast mushrooms |
Molds |
Polypores |
Cap mushrooms |
Single-celled saprotrophic fungi feed on sugary substances. |
Unicellular or multicellular fungi settle on an organic substrate. |
They settle on the forest floor and can form mycorrhiza - a symbiosis with the roots of trees (boletus). |
|
Used in confectionery production and for the production of medicines. |
Used for the production of antibiotics (pe-gaschilip); spoil the products. |
They destroy trees; some are used to obtain medicines (chaga). |
There are edible (morel, fox chickadee, etc.) and poisonous (fly agaric, toadstool). |
Kingdom Lichens
Lichens are unique living beings. They are a symbiosis of fungus and algae. Their body is called a thallus. It consists of fungal hyphae and green algae cells.
The structure of lichens
Main characteristics of lichens
Structure |
Consists of fungal hyphae unicellular algae and root-like outgrowths (rhizoids) |
Lichens absorb moisture over the entire surface of the body. Moisture from dew and fog is enough for them. |
|
Reproduction |
Lichens can reproduce by pieces of the thallus, that is, vegetatively. But some lichens form special balls formed by fungal hyphae and algae cells. In addition, lichen fungi reproduce, as mushrooms do, by spores, and algae reproduce vegetatively. |
Meaning |
The role of lichens in nature is significant: Create soil suitable for colonization by mosses and other plants Rock destruction Animal food Uses them as medicines, dyes Purity index environment |
Types of lichen thalli
_______________
Source of information:
1. Biology in tables and diagrams./ Edition 2, - St. Petersburg: 2004.
2. Biology. Plants. Bacteria. Fungi and lichens / V.P. Viktorov, A.I. Nikishov. -M.: VLADOS, 2012.-256 p.
Currently, there are about 100 thousand species of mushrooms on Earth, and according to some mycologists, their number could be much larger (up to 300 thousand). Mushrooms are distributed almost throughout the entire territory globe, where present organic matter, and the existence of heterotrophic organisms to which they belong is possible. The food for heterotrophs is ready-made organic matter. They live from polar regions to tropical regions, in mountainous areas and in deserts, in various bodies of water.
The wide ecological amplitude characteristic of fungi is due to their morphological and functional diversity, as well as their multiple adaptations to various environmental influences that appeared in the process of evolution. Among the fungi there are both unicellular (yeast) or a number of primitive fungi, and in the overwhelming majority multicellular forms, often having a complex structure.
Mushrooms are all around us, but sometimes we can't see them without help optical instruments– microscope or magnifying glass. Most mushrooms are microscopic in size, so they cannot be detected with the naked eye. They are noticeable only as small turf or plaques different colors, but more often you can only see the results of their vital activity, such as pathological changes in animals or plants, destruction of materials, for example, during the vital activity of smut, rust, powdery mildew fungi. Some types of fungi form molds of various colors on products and materials - green, gray, pink, black, etc. A group of fungi with microscopic sizes are called micromycetes.
Macromycetes are fungi with large fruiting bodies that are clearly visible to the naked eye. The fruiting bodies of such mushrooms have different shapes, consistency and color.
This group includes the well-known cap mushrooms:
a) boletus
b) white
c) fly agarics
d) russula, etc.
But cap mushrooms are only one of many species fruiting bodies macromycetes. U tree mushrooms You can often see a side cap without a stalk or a cap with a poorly developed stalk, like an oyster mushroom. The fruiting bodies of tinder fungi are very diverse. The sizes of fruiting bodies of both cap mushrooms and tinder fungi vary widely - from large in size up to 0.5-1 m to small (no more than 0.5-1 cm).
Sometimes in the forest there are forms that do not look like mushrooms at all. This is a branched tinder fungus (ram mushroom), which is a large bouquet of many cap mushrooms, a horned mushroom, which looks like a highly branched bush, and a coral-shaped blackberry, which looks like coral.
Huge diversity is observed among gasteromycetes, in particular those common in forests temperate zone puffballs, the fruiting bodies of which are covered with spines or scales, and in one of the largest mushrooms on Earth, Langermania gianta, the fruiting body can reach a diameter of 1 m. Gasteromycetes, growing in the tropics and subtropics, are especially diverse. They are also called “flower mushrooms” for greatest variety appearance and brightness of color.
The entire diversity of mushrooms in nature is the diversity of those elements (fruiting bodies, etc.) on which spores intended for reproduction are formed. During the evolution of fungi, they have undergone the greatest changes due to an increase in the number of spores formed and improved methods of their distribution. Regarding the vegetative body of fungi, it should be noted that in most species that are distant in origin appearance mycelium is similar.
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