The sphere of activity of society and the state is national interests. Interests and hobbies in a person’s life are a chance to achieve success
Russia is one of the largest countries in the world with a long history and rich cultural traditions. Despite the difficult international situation and internal difficulties, due to its unique strategic position on the European continent and the world as a whole, significant economic, scientific, technical and military potential, it objectively continues to play a significant role in world processes.
In the future - wider integration of the Russian Federation into the world economy, expansion of cooperation with international economic and financial institutions. Objectively, the common interests of Russia and the interests of other states on many international security issues remain.
At the same time, the efforts of a number of states are intensifying, aimed at weakening Russia’s position in the political, economic, military and other fields. Attempts to ignore Russia’s interests when solving major problems of international relations, including conflict situations, can undermine international security and stability, slow down the ongoing positive changes in international relations and the establishment (maintenance) of constitutional order within the country and, in general, infringe on Russia’s national interests.
The national interests of Russia are a set of balanced interests of the individual, society and the state in the economic, domestic political, social, international, information, military, border, environmental and other spheres. National interests are ensured by institutions of state power that carry out their functions on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
The national interests of Russia are based on the national heritage and national values of the peoples of the Russian Federation, ensured by the capabilities of the economy, political and military organization of the state, and the spiritual, moral and intellectual potential of the multinational Russian society.
The system of national interests of Russia is determined by the totality of the basic interests of the individual, society and the state.
At the present stage, the interests of the individual are in the real provision of constitutional rights and freedoms, personal security, in improving the quality and standard of living, in physical, spiritual and intellectual development.
The interests of society include strengthening democracy, achieving and maintaining public harmony, increasing the creative activity of the population and the spiritual revival of Russia.
The interests of the state are to protect the constitutional order, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia, to establish political, economic and social stability, to unconditionally implement laws and maintain law and order, and to develop international cooperation on the basis of partnership.
The totality of the basic interests of the individual, society and the state determines the national interests of Russia in the field of economics, in the domestic political, international, defense and information spheres, in the social field, spiritual life and culture.
Russia's national interests in the economic field are key. A comprehensive solution to problems associated with the implementation of Russia’s national interests is possible only on the basis of the sustainable functioning of diversified high-tech production, capable of providing leading sectors of the economy with high-quality raw materials and equipment, the army with weapons, the population and social sphere with consumer goods and services, and foreign trade with competitive export goods. goods.
An extremely important factor is the ability of the economy to provide all citizens with decent conditions and quality of life, the opportunity for them to realize their creative powers, spiritual needs and material needs. Poverty as a social phenomenon must be excluded from the life of Russian society. It is necessary to ensure a decent life for veterans, disabled people and the elderly, as well as access to education, culture, medical care, transport, communications, and utilities for the entire population.
From the point of view of national interests in the field of economics, the most relevant is to ensure its functioning in the mode of expanded reproduction, protecting the interests of domestic producers, increasing innovation and investment activity, constant control over the country’s strategic resources, maintaining scientific potential capable of establishing Russia’s independence in strategically important scientific areas -technical progress.
The most important condition for the realization of national interests in this area is the transition of the economy to a model of sustainable development with a certain level of state regulation of economic processes, guaranteeing the stable functioning and development of a mixed economy and providing a balanced solution to socio-economic problems, problems of environmental conservation in order to meet the needs of the present and future generations.
The unity of the economic space and the presence of a large and diverse domestic market are the most important national assets of Russia. Its preservation and development, taking into account the production specialization of the regions, is of consolidating importance for the Russian economy.
In the foreign economic sphere, Russia's national interests lie in establishing economic ties for Russian producers that would ensure the realization of the interests of Russian enterprises and contribute to increasing the competitiveness of domestic products, production efficiency and economic growth. Russia does not accept forceful methods in foreign economic activity.
In the domestic political sphere, Russia's national interests are to ensure civil peace, national harmony, territorial integrity, unity of legal space, stability of state power and its institutions, law and order and the completion of the process of formation of a democratic society, as well as neutralizing the causes and conditions contributing to the emergence of social and interethnic conflicts, national and regional separatism.
Coordinating the interests of the peoples inhabiting the country, establishing their comprehensive cooperation, and pursuing a responsible and balanced state national policy are the most important tasks, the solution of which will ensure internal political stability and unity of Russia. A comprehensive solution to these problems should form the basis of domestic state policy and ensure the development of the Russian Federation as a multinational democratic federal state.
The national interests of the Russian Federation in the fight against crime and corruption require the consolidation of the efforts of society and the state, sharp limitation of the economic and socio-political basis of these illegal phenomena, the development of a comprehensive system of legal, special and other measures for the effective suppression of crimes and offenses, to ensure protection individuals, society and the state from criminal attacks, to create a system of control over the crime level.
The efforts of society and the state should be aimed at creating a system of effective social prevention measures and educating law-abiding citizens.
The fight against organized crime, corruption, terrorism and banditry should be focused on the prevention and suppression of illegal actions, the inevitability of responsibility for any crime and the protection of the right of every person to personal security, regardless of nationality, citizenship, religion, views and beliefs.
National interests in the field of spiritual life, culture and science largely determine the course of reforms and their results. The spiritual revival of society and its moral values directly affect the level of development of the economy and all spheres of life. It is extremely important to establish in society the ideals of high morality and humanism, and to develop the centuries-old spiritual traditions of the Fatherland.
The implementation of this requires a state policy that eliminates the possibility of causing damage to Russian culture, ensures the preservation and enhancement of its national values and national heritage, and further spiritual and intellectual development of society.
The national interests of the Russian Federation in the international sphere require an active foreign policy aimed at strengthening Russia's position as a great power - one of the influential centers of the emerging multipolar world. The main components of this course are: the formation on a voluntary basis of an integration association of member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States; development of equal partnerships with other great powers - centers of economic and military power;
Development of international cooperation in the fight against transnational crime and terrorism;
Strengthening those mechanisms for collective management of world political and economic processes in which Russia plays an important role, and, first of all, strengthening the UN Security Council.
Of course, the priority direction of Russia's foreign policy is and will be activities to ensure the inviolability of borders and the territorial integrity of the state, to protect its constitutional system from possible encroachments by other states.
The implementation of Russia's national interests in the international sphere is largely determined by the nature of relations with leading powers and integration associations of the world community. The development of equal partnerships with them meets the status of the Russian Federation and its foreign policy interests, is designed to strengthen global and regional security, and create favorable conditions for our country’s participation in world trade, scientific, technical and credit and financial cooperation.
Russia's national interests are met by the development of dialogue and comprehensive cooperation with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, America, the Middle East, Western Asia, Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. Russia's national interests in the international sphere also include the protection of life, dignity, and internationally recognized civil rights and freedoms of Russian citizens and our compatriots abroad.
Russia's national interests in the defense sector lie primarily in ensuring the security of individuals, society and the state from military aggression from other states. Ensuring security in the defense sector requires concentrating the efforts of society and the state on systematic military construction.
Russia's national interests in the information sphere determine the need to concentrate the efforts of society and the state on solving such problems as observing the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens in the field of obtaining and exchanging information, protecting national spiritual values, promoting national cultural heritage, moral standards and public ethics, ensuring the rights of citizens to receive reliable information, the development of modern telecommunication technologies. The systematic activities of the state to implement these tasks will allow the Russian Federation to become one of the centers of world development in the 21st century. At the same time, it is unacceptable to use information to manipulate mass consciousness. It is necessary to protect the state information resource from leakage of important political, economic, scientific, technical and military information.
Russia's national interests are long-term in nature and determine the main goals along its historical path, form the strategic and current tasks of the state's domestic and foreign policy, and are implemented through the public administration system.
A necessary condition for the realization of Russia's national interests is the ability to independently solve internal political, economic and social problems, regardless of the intentions and positions of foreign states and their communities, to maintain a standard of living of the population that would ensure national harmony and socio-political stability in the country.
Interest - an emotionally intense focus on objects associated with human needs(from the Latin "interest" - has an internal meaning). Interest is manifested in increased attention to the object.
“If the physical world is subject to the law of motion, then the spiritual world is no less subject to the law of interest. On earth, interest is an all-powerful wizard, changing the appearance of any object in the eyes of all beings.”
Interest is a motivational and regulatory mechanism of human behavior, determined by the hierarchy of formed needs.
However, the connection between interests and needs is not straightforward, and sometimes it is not realized. Interests can be direct or indirect, related to the means of achieving goals.
Interest as a mental state significantly influences mental processes and activates them. In accordance with needs, interests are divided by content (material and spiritual), breadth (limited and versatile) and sustainability (short-term and sustainable).
Satisfying an interest not only does not extinguish it, but forms an even more ramified system of interests.
Acting as the orientational basis of a person’s behavior, interests become the main psychological mechanism of behavior. Interests not only stimulate a person to activity, but are themselves formed in it.
The breadth and depth of a person’s interests determine the fullness of his life. The interests of an asocial personality are characterized, as a rule, by narrowness, selfish orientation, mercantilism, and utilitarianism. Personality characteristics include determining the range of interests of a given person. A person’s interests are closely related to his desires, passions and drives.
Personal desires
Desire is a motivational state in which needs are correlated with a specific object for their satisfaction. Desire is a certain stage in the maturation of a need, correlating it with a goal and an action plan. Desire is associated with desire
- increased emotional attraction to the object.
Human passions
Passion is a very persistent affective desire for a certain object, the need for which dominates over all other needs and gives a corresponding direction to all human activity.
Passion unites volitional and emotional impulses; it can be positive and negative depending on the objective value of what a person strives for. Many negative passions (to acquisitiveness, gambling, etc.) lead to personality degradation and are often a prerequisite for criminal behavior. Positive passions mobilize a person’s strength to achieve socially significant goals (for example, passion for art, science, certain types of work, etc.). “The complete absence of passions, if such could be achieved, would lead to complete stupefaction, and the more impartial a person is, the closer he is to this state. Indeed, passions are the heavenly fire that enlivens the moral world; science and art owe discoveries to passions, and the soul owes nobility.”
in the course "Political Science"
National interests of the Russian Federation
Introduction 2
The concept of national interests of the state 3
National interests of Russia 9
Conclusion 20
Literature 21
The concept of “national interest of the country” in Russia appeared in the early 90s of the 20th century. As the configuration of world politics changed, the topic of national interests began to occupy an increasingly prominent place in the state. Currently, the concept of “national interest” is widely discussed by scientists and journalists, politicians and military leaders. With the adoption of the Law “On Security” in 1992, emphasis began to be placed on the concept of “vital interests of the individual, society, and state.”
In 1996, the term “national interests of Russia” received normative recognition in the Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly, interpreted as “the basis for the formation of strategic objectives of the country’s domestic and foreign policy,” as well as “an integrated expression of the vital interests of the individual, society, and state.”
The concepts of national security and foreign policy of states necessarily contain references to “national interests” as the basis and initial principle for determining state policy priorities. Russia, already in the first years of its existence in a new capacity, formulated its concept of national interests. The Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation, adopted in 1997, and then in its 2000 version, provides a detailed system of Russia’s national interests in the economy, in the domestic political, international, defense and information spheres, in social, spiritual life and culture.
In this work, we will not be able to consider in detail the implementation of national interests in all spheres of state activity, so we will dwell only on a few.
The concept of national interests of the state
Within the boundaries of a national state, the subjects of politics are individuals, social groups (classes, layers), parties, movements pursuing individual and group interests. However, independent states themselves do not develop in a vacuum; they interact with each other and act as subjects of a higher-level policy - international.
The goals of international politics are determined by the specific context of the specific historical situation in which the world community finds itself, and the nature of the relations that exist between states. To the extent that external factors influence the living conditions of a particular state, they also determine the content of international politics.
National interest is the nation’s conscious need for self-preservation, development and security, a set of balanced interests of the individual, society and the entire state in economic, domestic political, social, international, information, military, border, environmental and other spheres of society. National interest can also be defined as awareness and reflection of its needs in the activities of state leaders. This applies to both multinational and ethnically homogeneous states. In fact, national interest means national-state interest.
Traditionally understood, the fundamental national-state interest includes three main elements:
Military security;
Economic Prosperity and Development;
State sovereignty as the basis for control over a certain territory and population or the preservation of a nation as a free and independent state.
Sometimes the following elements are added:
Growth of national welfare;
Protection of the economic and political positions of the state in the international arena;
Expanding his influence in world politics.
However, today both these elements and the content of national interest as a whole are undergoing significant changes under the pressure of new facts and circumstances.
Now states and regions are becoming increasingly permeable to the growing flows of ideas, capital, goods, technologies and people crossing their borders. Traditional bilateral and multilateral ties between states are complemented by new ones operating in a variety of areas, such as transport, economics and finance, information and culture, science and education, etc.
Under these conditions, national interest cannot be ensured without creating such conditions for the existence of the state as internal stability, economic well-being, moral tone of society, security (in the broad sense of the word), a favorable foreign policy environment, prestige and authority on the world stage. It should be borne in mind that ensuring national interest is achieved only when these conditions are balanced, representing an open system of interdependent and complementary elements. Full provision of each of them is possible only ideally. In real practice, cases of insufficient development of one or another of these elements or conditions are typical, which is compensated by more intensive development of others. Ensuring such a balance is the essence and art of international politics.
There is a distinction between constant (fixed) and variable content of national interest. The constant part includes the task of ensuring the external security of the state. The variable content is viewed through the prism of national traditions, personal qualities of political leaders, trends in the economic and social spheres of public life, etc. Real material and political needs for the development of a state may change, and along with them, interests, goals, means and foreign policy activities change accordingly. A change in the needs and interests of the state leads to a change in ideological values.
In relation to the surrounding outside world, national interests are expressed in the totality of the foreign policy interests of the state, which differ in their importance for its life. There are two levels of national interests of the state: the level of main foreign policy interests and the level of specific interests. The first is associated with ensuring its security and integrity as a socio-economic, political, national-historical and cultural community, with the protection of the economic and political independence of the state. The state ensures its main interests by all military, economic, diplomatic and ideological means.
The second level covers individual, relatively private, although important in themselves, interests of the state in the sphere of international relations.
National interests are fundamentally objective, because they reflect the aspirations of the citizens of the state to ensure stable and sustainable development of society, its institutions, and improve the standard of living of the population; minimizing threats to the personal and public safety of citizens, the system of values and institutions on which the existence of society is based.
These aspirations of citizens are embodied in the concept (doctrine) of national interest, the specific content of which is also determined primarily by objective parameters, such as:
The geopolitical position of the state on the world stage, whether it has allies or opponents who pose a direct threat to the national-state interests of the country;
Position in the system of international economic relations, degree of dependence on foreign markets, sources of raw materials, energy, etc.;
The general state of the system of international relations, the predominance in it of elements of rivalry or partnership, force or law.
The concept of “national interest” was developed by G. Morgenthau. He defined the concept of “interest” in terms of power. The concept of national interest consists of three elements: 1) the nature of the interest that must be protected; 2) the political environment in which the interest operates; 3) national necessity, which limits the choice of goals and means for all subjects of international politics.
G. Morgenthau included the following in the concept of “national interest”:
1. National interest is an objective fact. It is based, firstly, on the uniqueness of the geopolitical position of the state and the associated features of geo-economic and socio-cultural development; secondly, it is mediated by the peculiarities of human nature.
2. Statesmen must assume that good policy is rational policy based on a properly understood national interest. The basis of such a policy is a clearly constructed image of the state, through which the perception of national interest occurs.
3. National interest is fundamentally different from public interest. National interests are ensured by foreign policy, and public interests by domestic policy. They should neither be opposed nor merge.
The foreign policy of an independent state, according to G. Morgenthau, should be based on a certain physical, political and cultural “reality” that is capable of realizing the nature and essence of its own national interest. This “reality” is the nation. All nations of the world in the international arena strive to satisfy their primary need, namely the need for physical survival. In a world divided into blocs and alliances, where the struggle for power and resources continues, all nations strive to protect their physical, political and cultural originality (identity) in the face of outside invasion.
Probably, this position of G. Morgenthau was relevant during the Cold War, when the world community was divided into two opposing camps: socialist and capitalist. In the modern world, when countries, for various reasons, are interdependent and interconnected with each other, their survival and development can only be ensured through their cooperation and interaction. Under these conditions, any state, while pursuing its own national interest, must respect and take into account the interests of other states.
By combining its own interests and the needs of other states, a nation can ensure its security. National security means the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and state from internal and external threats, the ability of the state to maintain its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and to act as a subject of international law.
The concept of “security” for the individual, society and the state does not coincide in everything. Personal security means the realization of his inalienable rights and freedoms. For society, security consists in preserving and increasing its material and spiritual values. National security of a state presupposes internal stability, reliable defense capability, sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity.
Nowadays, when the danger of nuclear war remains, national security is an integral part of global security. Until recently, global security was based on the principles of “deterrence through deterrence,” confrontation and confrontation between nuclear powers (USSR, USA, France, Great Britain, China). But truly universal security cannot be ensured by infringing on the interests of any states; it can only be achieved on the principles of partnership and cooperation. The turning point in the formation of a new system of universal security was the recognition by the world community of the impossibility of victory and survival in a world nuclear war.
It is impossible to ensure national security without the identification, awareness, and declaration by the state of vital national interests. Otherwise, the foundations of national security can be easily destroyed by anyone - as happened in the USSR during perestroika, and then in independent Russia. Unidentified, unconscious and undeclared national interests are not protected in any way, i.e. are areas of vulnerability, Achilles heels, and therefore the main directions of a new war.
In a viable and effective state, the priority of national interests is determined by their vital importance. The state protects national interests by all available means. It should also be taken into account that interests that are not vital and even alien to the nation can be proclaimed as national interests; priorities of national interests may change; Relevant problems may not be adequately formulated and addressed. In this case, the country will self-destruct using its own forces and means.
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The national interests of Russia are a set of balanced interests of the individual, society and the state in economic, domestic political, social, international, information, military, border, environmental and other spheres of life. As a rule, they are long-term in nature and determine the main goals, strategic and current tasks of the domestic and foreign policy of the Russian state.
National interests are ensured by institutions of state power that carry out their functions, including in interaction with public organizations operating on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the Russian Federation. The interests of the individual are in the implementation of constitutional rights and freedoms, in ensuring personal safety, in improving the quality and standard of living, in the physical, spiritual and intellectual development of man and citizen.
The interests of society lie in strengthening democracy, in creating a legal, social state, in achieving and maintaining public harmony, in the spiritual renewal of Russia. Accordingly, the interests of the state lie in the inviolability of the constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia, in political, economic and social stability, in the unconditional provision of legality and maintenance of law and order, in the development of equal and mutually beneficial international cooperation. The realization of Russia's national interests is possible only on the basis of sustainable development of the economy of the entire country as a whole. Therefore, Russia’s national interests in this area are key.
Thus, the transition to a highly efficient and socially oriented market economy in our country should be carried out through the gradual formation of optimal mechanisms for organizing social production and distribution of goods and services in order to maximize the welfare of society and every citizen of the Russian state. What comes to the fore here are the tasks associated with eliminating deformations in the structure of the Russian economy, ensuring accelerated growth in the production of high-tech products and highly processed products, with mandatory support for industries that form the basis of the country’s expanded reproduction, and ensuring employment for the population.
Also essential are strengthening government support for investment and innovation activity, taking measures to create a stable banking system that meets the interests of the real economy, facilitating enterprises’ access to long-term loans to finance capital investments, and providing real government support for targeted industrial restructuring programs.
The most important tasks in order to realize national interests in the field of economics are the rapid development of competitive industries and production, as well as the expansion of the market for high-tech products. Solving these problems involves concentrating financial and material resources on priority areas of development of science and technology, providing support to leading scientific schools, accelerating the formation of a scientific and technical basis and a national technological base, attracting private capital, including through the creation of funds and the use of grants, implementation of programs development of territories with high scientific and technical potential, creation, with state support, of infrastructure that ensures the commercialization of research results with simultaneous protection of intellectual property within the Russian Federation and abroad, development of a publicly accessible network of scientific, technical and commercial information.
The Russian state must promote the creation of equal conditions for the development and increase in the competitiveness of enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership, including the formation and development of private entrepreneurship in all areas where this contributes to the growth of public welfare, the progress of science and education, the spiritual and moral development of society, and the protection of rights consumers, etc.
The priority of economic factors in the social sphere is fundamentally important for strengthening the state, for real state provision of social guarantees, for the development of mechanisms of collective responsibility and democratic decision-making, and social partnership. At the same time, it is important to pursue a socially fair and economically efficient policy in the field of income distribution. Organizing the work of federal executive authorities and executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation to implement measures aimed at preventing and overcoming threats to Russia’s national interests in the economic field also requires further improvement of the legislation of the Russian Federation in this area and ensuring its compliance by all economic entities.
Bringing together the interests of the peoples inhabiting the country, establishing their comprehensive cooperation, carrying out a responsible and balanced state national and regional policy will ensure internal political stability in Russia, and an integrated approach to solving these problems should form the basis of internal state policy that ensures the development of Russia as a multinational democratic federal state . Strengthening Russian statehood, improving federal relations and local self-government should help ensure Russia's national interests.
The implementation of the constitutional principle of democracy requires ensuring the coordinated functioning and interaction of all government bodies, a rigid vertical executive branch and the unity of the Russian judicial system. This is ensured by the constitutional principle of separation of powers, the establishment of a clearer functional distribution of powers between state institutions, and the strengthening of the federal structure of Russia by improving its relations with the constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the framework of their constitutional status. The main directions of protecting the constitutional system in Russia are:
Ensuring the priority of federal legislation and improving on this basis the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
Development of organizational and legal mechanisms for protecting state integrity, ensuring the unity of the legal space and national interests of Russia;
Development and implementation of regional policies that ensure an optimal balance of federal and regional interests;
Improving the mechanism that prevents the creation of political parties and public associations pursuing separatist and anti-constitutional goals, and suppressing their activities.
It should be noted that Russia is extremely interested in eradicating the economic and socio-political basis of crime and corruption, developing a comprehensive system of measures to effectively protect individuals, society and the state from criminal attacks. Here, the priority is the formation of a system of measures for effective social prevention and education of law-abiding citizens. These measures should be aimed at protecting the rights and freedoms, morality, health and property of every person, regardless of race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership of public associations, as well as other circumstances.
The most important tasks in the fight against crime are:
Identification, elimination and prevention of the causes that give rise to crime; strengthening the role of the state as a guarantor of public security, creating the necessary legal framework and mechanism for its application;
Strengthening the system of law enforcement agencies, primarily structures that combat organized crime and terrorism, creating conditions for their effective activities;
Involvement of government bodies, within their competence, in activities to prevent illegal acts;
Expanding mutually beneficial international cooperation in law enforcement, primarily with the CIS countries.
Decisions and measures taken by state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of combating crime must be open, specific and understandable to every citizen, they must be proactive in nature, ensure equality of all before the law and the inevitability of responsibility, and also rely on the support of society.
To prevent and combat crime, it is first of all necessary to develop the legal framework as the basis for reliable protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, as well as compliance with the international legal obligations of the Russian Federation in the field of combating crime and respecting human rights. In order to prevent corruption and eliminate conditions for the legalization of illegally acquired capital, it is necessary to create an effective system of financial control, improve measures of administrative, civil and criminal law, develop a mechanism for verifying the property status and sources of income of officials and employees of organizations and institutions, regardless of forms of ownership, as well as the correspondence of their expenses to these incomes.
Russia's national interests in the international sphere lie in ensuring sovereignty, strengthening Russia's position as a great power - one of the influential centers of a multipolar world, in developing equal and mutually beneficial relations with all countries and integration associations, primarily with the CIS member states and Russia's traditional partners, in universal respect for human rights and freedoms and the inadmissibility of terrorism and other similar phenomena.
Thus, based on international agreements, it is necessary to effectively cooperate with foreign states, their law enforcement agencies and special services, as well as international organizations whose task is to combat terrorism. It is also necessary to make wider use of international experience in combating this phenomenon, create a coordinated mechanism to counter international terrorism, and reliably block all possible channels of illicit trafficking in weapons and explosives within the country, as well as their arrival from abroad.
Russia's national interests in the spiritual sphere are to preserve and strengthen the moral values of society, the traditions of patriotism and humanism, and the cultural and scientific potential of our country. Ensuring the national interests of the Russian Federation also includes the protection of cultural, spiritual and moral heritage, historical traditions and norms of public life, the preservation of the cultural heritage of all peoples of Russia, the formation of state policy in the field of spiritual and moral education of the population, the introduction of a ban on the use of airtime in electronic media for the distribution of programs that promote violence, exploit base manifestations of human nature, and also includes countering the negative influence of foreign religious organizations and missionaries.
The spiritual renewal of society is impossible without preserving the role of the Russian language as a factor in the spiritual unity of the peoples of multinational Russia and the language of interstate communication of the peoples of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States. In order to ensure the preservation and development of our cultural and spiritual heritage, it is necessary to create socio-economic conditions for the implementation of creative activities and the functioning of cultural institutions.
In the field of protecting and promoting the health of citizens, it is necessary to increase the attention of society and government authorities of the Russian Federation to the development of medical care, the implementation of state protectionism in the medical and pharmaceutical industries, the implementation of federal programs in the field of sanitation and epidemiology, child health, provision of ambulance and emergency medical care, disaster medicine.
Russia's national interests in the environmental sphere lie in the preservation and improvement of the environment. Thus, the most important areas of state activity in the environmental sphere include:
Rational use of natural resources and education of the ecological culture of the population;
Preventing environmental pollution by increasing the degree of safety of technologies associated with the burial and disposal of toxic industrial and household waste;
Prevention of radioactive contamination of the environment, minimizing the consequences of previous radiation accidents and disasters;
Environmentally safe storage and disposal of decommissioned weapons (nuclear submarines, ships and vessels with nuclear power plants, nuclear ammunition, etc.);
Safe storage and destruction of chemical weapons stockpiles for the environment and public health;
Creation and implementation of safe production, searching for ways to practically use environmentally friendly energy sources, taking environmental measures in environmentally hazardous regions of the Russian Federation.
In order to protect and ensure national interests, the foreign policy of the Russian Federation should be aimed at:
Carrying out an active foreign policy course;
Strengthening key mechanisms for multilateral management of global political and economic processes;
Providing favorable conditions for the economic and social development of the country, to maintain regional stability;
Protection of the legal rights and interests of Russian citizens abroad, incl. using measures of a political, economic and other nature;
Development of relations with the CIS member states in accordance with the principles of international law, development of integration processes that meet the interests of Russia within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States;
Promoting conflict resolution;
Achieving progress in the field of nuclear arms control, maintaining strategic stability in the world based on the implementation by states of their international obligations in this area;
Fulfillment of obligations in the field of reduction and elimination of weapons of mass destruction, conventional weapons, implementation of measures to strengthen confidence and stability, ensuring international control over the export of goods and technology, provision of military services;
Promoting the creation of zones free of weapons of mass destruction, as well as the development of international cooperation in the fight against transnational crime and terrorism, etc.
Russia's national interests in the military sphere are to protect its independence, sovereignty, state and territorial integrity, to prevent military aggression against Russia and its allies, and to ensure conditions for the peaceful, democratic development of the state. In preventing wars and armed conflicts, Russia gives preference to political, diplomatic, economic and other non-military means. However, Russia's national interests require sufficient military power to defend itself. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation play a major role in ensuring the military security of the Russian Federation.
Also, the most important task of the Russian Federation is to implement deterrence in the interests of preventing aggression of any scale, including the use of nuclear weapons, against Russia and its allies.
One of the most important strategic directions in the field of ensuring Russia's military security is effective interaction and cooperation with the CIS member states. The interests of ensuring Russia's national interests predetermine, under appropriate circumstances, the need for Russia's military presence in some strategically important regions of the world. The deployment of limited military contingents there on a contractual and international legal basis, as well as on the principles of partnership, should ensure Russia’s readiness to fulfill its obligations, contribute to the formation of a stable military-strategic balance of power in the regions and enable the Russian Federation to respond to a crisis situation in its initial stage , contribute to the implementation of the foreign policy goals of the state.
The national interests of Russia in the border area lie in the creation of political, legal, organizational and other conditions to ensure reliable protection of the state border of the Russian Federation, in compliance with the procedures and rules established by the legislation of the Russian Federation for carrying out economic and other types of activities in the border space of the Russian Federation. The main tasks of the Russian Federation in the border area are:
Creation of the necessary regulatory legal framework;
Development of interstate cooperation in this area;
Counteraction to economic, demographic and cultural-religious expansion into Russian territory by other states;
Suppressing the activities of transnational organized crime, as well as illegal migration;
Implementation of collective measures to ensure the security of the border space of the CIS member states.
Russia's national interests in the information sphere lie in observing the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens in the field of obtaining and using information, in the development of modern telecommunications technologies, and in protecting state information resources from unauthorized access. Thus, the most important tasks of ensuring information security of the Russian Federation are:
Implementation of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation in the field of information activities;
Improving and protecting the domestic information infrastructure, integrating Russia into the global information space;
Countering confrontation in the information sphere.
The system for ensuring the national interests of Russia is created and developed in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation, and federal programs in this area.
So, the most important components of Russia’s national interests are the protection of individuals, society and the state from terrorism, including international terrorism, as well as from emergencies of a natural and man-made nature and their consequences, and in wartime - from dangers arising during the conduct of military operations or as a result of these actions.
Russia is one of the largest countries in the world with a long history and rich cultural traditions. Despite the difficult international situation and internal difficulties, due to its unique strategic position on the European continent and the world as a whole, significant economic, scientific, technical and military potential, it objectively continues to play a significant role in world processes.
In the future - wider integration of the Russian Federation into the world economy, expansion of cooperation with international economic and financial institutions. Objectively, the common interests of Russia and the interests of other states on many international security issues remain.
At the same time, the efforts of a number of states are intensifying, aimed at weakening Russia’s position in the political, economic, military and other fields. Attempts to ignore Russia’s interests when solving major problems of international relations, including conflict situations, can undermine international security and stability, slow down the ongoing positive changes in international relations and the establishment (maintenance) of constitutional order within the country and, in general, infringe on Russia’s national interests.
The national interests of Russia are a set of balanced interests of the individual, society and the state in the economic, domestic political, social, international, information, military, border, environmental and other spheres. National interests are ensured by institutions of state power that carry out their functions on the basis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
The national interests of Russia are based on the national heritage and national values of the peoples of the Russian Federation, ensured by the capabilities of the economy, political and military organization of the state, and the spiritual, moral and intellectual potential of the multinational Russian society.
The system of national interests of Russia is determined by the totality of the basic interests of the individual, society and the state.
At the present stage, the interests of the individual are in the real provision of constitutional rights and freedoms, personal security, in improving the quality and standard of living, in physical, spiritual and intellectual development.
The interests of society include strengthening democracy, achieving and maintaining public harmony, increasing the creative activity of the population and the spiritual revival of Russia.
The interests of the state are to protect the constitutional order, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia, to establish political, economic and social stability, to unconditionally implement laws and maintain law and order, and to develop international cooperation on the basis of partnership.
The totality of the basic interests of the individual, society and the state determines the national interests of Russia in the field of economics, in the domestic political, international, defense and information spheres, in the social field, spiritual life and culture.
Russia's national interests in the economic field are key. A comprehensive solution to problems associated with the implementation of Russia’s national interests is possible only on the basis of the sustainable functioning of diversified high-tech production, capable of providing leading sectors of the economy with high-quality raw materials and equipment, the army with weapons, the population and social sphere with consumer goods and services, and foreign trade with competitive export goods. goods.
An extremely important factor is the ability of the economy to provide all citizens with decent conditions and quality of life, the opportunity for them to realize their creative powers, spiritual needs and material needs. Poverty as a social phenomenon must be excluded from the life of Russian society. It is necessary to ensure a decent life for veterans, disabled people and the elderly, as well as access to education, culture, medical care, transport, communications, and utilities for the entire population.
From the point of view of national interests in the field of economics, the most relevant is to ensure its functioning in the mode of expanded reproduction, protecting the interests of domestic producers, increasing innovation and investment activity, constant control over the country’s strategic resources, maintaining scientific potential capable of establishing Russia’s independence in strategically important scientific areas -technical progress.
The most important condition for the realization of national interests in this area is the transition of the economy to a model of sustainable development with a certain level of state regulation of economic processes, guaranteeing the stable functioning and development of a mixed economy and providing a balanced solution to socio-economic problems, problems of environmental conservation in order to meet the needs of the present and future generations.
The unity of the economic space and the presence of a large and diverse domestic market are the most important national assets of Russia. Its preservation and development, taking into account the production specialization of the regions, is of consolidating importance for the Russian economy.
In the foreign economic sphere, Russia's national interests lie in establishing economic ties for Russian producers that would ensure the realization of the interests of Russian enterprises and contribute to increasing the competitiveness of domestic products, production efficiency and economic growth. Russia does not accept forceful methods in foreign economic activity.
In the domestic political sphere, Russia's national interests are to ensure civil peace, national harmony, territorial integrity, unity of legal space, stability of state power and its institutions, law and order and the completion of the process of formation of a democratic society, as well as neutralizing the causes and conditions contributing to the emergence of social and interethnic conflicts, national and regional separatism.
Coordinating the interests of the peoples inhabiting the country, establishing their comprehensive cooperation, and pursuing a responsible and balanced state national policy are the most important tasks, the solution of which will ensure internal political stability and unity of Russia. A comprehensive solution to these problems should form the basis of domestic state policy and ensure the development of the Russian Federation as a multinational democratic federal state.
The national interests of the Russian Federation in the fight against crime and corruption require the consolidation of the efforts of society and the state, sharp limitation of the economic and socio-political basis of these illegal phenomena, the development of a comprehensive system of legal, special and other measures for the effective suppression of crimes and offenses, to ensure the protection of the individual, society and the state from criminal attacks, to create a system of control over the crime level.
The efforts of society and the state should be aimed at creating a system of effective social prevention measures and educating law-abiding citizens.
The fight against organized crime, corruption, terrorism and banditry should be focused on the prevention and suppression of illegal actions, the inevitability of responsibility for any crime and the protection of the right of every person to personal security, regardless of nationality, citizenship, religion, views and beliefs.
National interests in the field of spiritual life, culture and science largely determine the course of reforms and their results. The spiritual revival of society and its moral values directly affect the level of development of the economy and all spheres of life. It is extremely important to establish in society the ideals of high morality and humanism, and to develop the centuries-old spiritual traditions of the Fatherland.
The implementation of this requires a state policy that eliminates the possibility of causing damage to Russian culture, ensures the preservation and enhancement of its national values and national heritage, and further spiritual and intellectual development of society.
The national interests of the Russian Federation in the international sphere require an active foreign policy aimed at strengthening Russia's position as a great power - one of the influential centers of the emerging multipolar world. The main components of this course are:
formation on a voluntary basis of an integration association of member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States;
development of equal partnerships with other great powers - centers of economic and military power;
development of international cooperation in the fight against transnational crime and terrorism;
strengthening those mechanisms for collective management of world political and economic processes in which Russia plays an important role, and, first of all, strengthening the UN Security Council.
Of course, the priority direction of Russia's foreign policy is and will be activities to ensure the inviolability of borders and the territorial integrity of the state, to protect its constitutional system from possible encroachments by other states.
The implementation of Russia's national interests in the international sphere is largely determined by the nature of relations with leading powers and integration associations of the world community. The development of equal partnerships with them meets the status of the Russian Federation and its foreign policy interests, is designed to strengthen global and regional security, and create favorable conditions for our country’s participation in world trade, scientific, technical and credit and financial cooperation.
Russia's national interests are met by the development of dialogue and comprehensive cooperation with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, America, the Middle East, Western Asia, Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. Russia's national interests in the international sphere also include the protection of life, dignity, and internationally recognized civil rights and freedoms of Russian citizens and our compatriots abroad.
Russia's national interests in the defense sector lie primarily in ensuring the security of individuals, society and the state from military aggression from other states. Ensuring security in the defense sector requires concentrating the efforts of society and the state on systematic military construction.
Russia's national interests in the information sphere determine the need to concentrate the efforts of society and the state on solving such problems as observing the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens in the field of obtaining and exchanging information, protecting national spiritual values, promoting national cultural heritage, moral standards and public ethics, ensuring the rights of citizens to receive reliable information, the development of modern telecommunication technologies. The systematic activities of the state to implement these tasks will allow the Russian Federation to become one of the centers of world development in the 21st century. At the same time, it is unacceptable to use information to manipulate mass consciousness. It is necessary to protect the state information resource from leakage of important political, economic, scientific, technical and military information.
Russia's national interests are long-term in nature and determine the main goals along its historical path, form the strategic and current tasks of the state's domestic and foreign policy, and are implemented through the public administration system.
A necessary condition for the realization of Russia's national interests is the ability to independently solve internal political, economic and social problems, regardless of the intentions and positions of foreign states and their communities, to maintain a standard of living of the population that would ensure national harmony and socio-political stability in the country.