The smallest temperature difference on earth. Yakut frosts and other temperature records of the earth
In cold weather we are often interested in which low temperature ever recorded by meteorologists, and in the heat, what is the highest. Here are some weather records that surprised people with the generous climate of our planet.
Highest air temperature
The maximum air temperature was recorded on September 13, 1922 in Libya, in the city of Al-Aziziya. Thermometers of the townspeople then showed 58.7 ̊ C. And the highest average annual air temperature was in 1960, in Ethiopia (the city of Dallol) and it was 34.4 ̊ C.
Lowest air temperature
Meteorologists recorded the minimum air temperature of -89.2 ̊С (!) at the Antarctic Vostok station in 1983. There, in Antarctica, at the Pole of Inaccessibility in 1958, the lowest average annual air temperature was recorded. It was -57.8 ̊С.
Maximum precipitation
The maximum amount of precipitation in a minute of 31.2 mm fell on July 4, 1956 in American city Unionville.
Daily allowance maximum quantity precipitation of 1870 mm was recorded from March 15 to 16, 1952 on the island Indian Ocean Reunion, in the city of Cilaos.
The maximum amount of precipitation in a month, 9299 mm, fell in July 1861 in Indian city Cherrapunji. There and in the same year the maximum was recorded annual quantity precipitation – 26461 mm.
Maximum and minimum atmospheric pressure
Maximum atmospheric pressure, normalized to sea level, was recorded on December 31, 1968, in the village of Agata Krasnoyarsk Territory and it was equal to 812 mm Hg.
The minimum atmospheric pressure was recorded on September 24, 1958 in the center of the typhoon near the Philippines. Its value was only 654.8 mmHg.
Wind speed records
The maximum wind speed (gust), 104 m/s, at a height of ten meters above the Earth's surface, was measured on April 12, 1934 in America, on Mount Washington. There and at the same time it was measured maximum speed winds for several minutes – 101 m/s.
The maximum average monthly wind speed was recorded in July 1913 at Cape Denison (Antarctica) and was 24.9 m/s.
The average annual maximum wind speed, measured there from April 1912 to February 1913, was 19.4 m/s.
The maximum height of snow cover was recorded in the spring, on May 9 (!) 1911 in the village of Tamarack, California. The thickness of the “snow blanket” was 11.5 meters!
The most big hailstone, which fell on September 3, 1970 in American town Coffeyville, weighed 750 grams!
And another natural record: greatest number sundial per year recorded in the Sahara Desert. There are 4700 of them or 97% of all possible ones.
The scorching heat generated by the grill in the restaurant... The same one humid heat, which comes after a summer downpour, which makes even just moving uncomfortable... The air inside the car when you left the windows closed because you were afraid that someone would steal something from it, enveloping you in the heat... Yes, it may seem like a very high temperature when you experience these phenomena for yourself, but you can find out what really high temperatures are in our list. By at least, these are the highest temperatures recorded.
Since the most famous region Australia is an Outback, many assume that Australia is a vast desert wasteland. In fact, about 70 percent of Australia is either desert or semi-desert. IN recent years Australia also recorded the hottest summer periods. However, the most high mark temperature reached more than 50 years ago, before people knew about the term " global warming“and, accordingly, there was not much noise about this. The temperature was recorded in the city of Oodnadatta on South Australia. Less than 300 people live in the town of Oodnadatta. Considering that the record temperature was so hot that it killed bed bugs within seconds, it is not surprising that the population is so small.
8. The highest temperature in Europe
Temperature: 48°C
Date: July 10, 1977
Europe as a whole is characterized by a temperate or cold climate. There are no vast deserts here and even southern countries there is the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, which keep their weather within reasonable limits. However, in Athens, Greece, temperatures reached an all-time high in the same year that marked the start of Europe's warming trend. Greece is a fairly moderate country, so it was quite unusual phenomenon. Less anomalous was an unconfirmed record in Seville, Spain. Here, on August 4, 1881, temperatures allegedly reached 50°C, which would put Europe virtually on par with Australia.
7. Highest temperature in South America
Temperature: 48.88°C
Date: December 11, 1905
Unlike Europe, we consider South America a hot spot. Extensive rain forests The Amazon seems the most likely candidate for the hottest spot. You might think that the hottest temperatures might be reached in the 105,000 square kilometer Atacama Desert, which is the driest place on the planet, but in fact the temperatures in the desert are quite moderate. As it turned out, the highest temperature was recorded in Rivadavia, a city in northern Argentina. Unfortunately, record high temperatures in South America one day did not greatly increase the influx of tourists to this city.
6. Highest temperature in Asia
Temperature: 53.7°C
Date: May 26, 2010
Before researching this topic, we would have thought that the highest temperature in Asia was most likely recorded in the Gobi Desert. But we would be wrong. No, temperatures were not recorded in either the West Indies or tropical Asia. And not even in the Iranian desert. The hottest city was Multan, the fifth largest city in Pakistan, which suffers frequent floods. Unlike most items on this list, this record was set very recently and during this period Pakistan suffered from a period extreme heat, from which several dozen people died.
Incidentally, Asia also recorded the highest surface temperature. The remaining regional items on the list relate to air temperature. The temperature of sand in the Dasht-Lut Desert was measured in 2005 and recorded as 70.7 °C. Chicken eggs begin to fry at about 70 °C, so this is where you could fry an egg on the ground.
5. The highest temperature in Africa
Temperature: 55°C
Date: July 7, 1931
Regarding the high temperature, registered in this part of the world, there is a surprisingly fierce debate. Until April 2013, the record was held by El Aziza, small town near the capital of Libya, Tripoli. The record temperature was 57.77 °C, making it the highest temperature on the planet. But then, after 90 years at the top of the list, the methods used to measure this temperature were revised. As it turns out, the thermometer was located on the ground, so it was actually measuring surface temperature, as in the case of the desert in the previous paragraph, instead of air temperature. After the Meteorological Society recovered from the scandal, the highest temperature in Africa was lowered to the record set in Kebili, Tunisia. We hope that later it will not turn out that this record was also incorrectly measured!
4. Highest temperature in North America
Temperature: 56.6°C
Date: July 10, 1913
Finally, we have reached the highest temperature in the entire world. Surprisingly, the phenomenon was recorded in the United States of America, and not Canada. Moreover, it happened in Death Valley, Nevada. This area is famous for being well below sea level and most likely the driest area in all of North America. It's surprising that anyone was sent to check the temperature in those years, given that the weather here is so bad that it regularly approaches a mark that would break the current record. In fact, in 1913, at the time of the record, Death Valley was going through a heat wave that lasted 10 days, with temperatures exceeding 51 degrees each day. This was in the days when air conditioning was just experimental, so it's hard to imagine how people survived back then.
3. The highest temperature in the oceans
Temperature: 46.4°C
Date: 2005
All this talk of near-deadly heat makes you want to take a dip in the ocean. On the other hand, these temperatures are quite cool compared to some parts of the ocean. Admittedly, these are small, remote parts of the ocean, but they are there, so it's not worth the risk.
At a depth of three kilometers in Atlantic Ocean Along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, scientists have discovered volcanic craters that raise water temperatures to levels that science had never previously imagined. Since then, the water, heated to such an extent that it can melt lead, has been called Sisters Peak and the village of Two Boats and Sisters Peak. The water is so hot and under such pressure that instead of evaporating, it actually bubbles up. hot water, which is on the verge of evaporation.
2. Hottest natural temperature
Temperature: 55,555,537.77°C
Date: approximately 2000 BC
If you are wondering where or how on Earth the temperature could reach such a level, the answer is that, fortunately, this temperature was very far from Earth. In fact, this happened very far from the solar system, even on a cosmic scale. The phenomenon occurred in a supernova, from the point of view of a person on Earth, in approximately a part of the sky known as the constellation Gemini. The supernova left behind a vast cloud of gas known as the Medusa Nebula. When it happened, the supernova reached a temperature 10,000 times the temperature of our Sun.
1. Highest man-made temperature
Temperature: 5,499,999,999,726.85°C
Date: August 13, 2012
Of course, these unimaginably high temperatures were short-lived and confined to a small space, but breaking such records definitely feels like a sprint rather than a marathon. At the famous Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, Switzerland, lead ions (that is, lead atoms where the number of protons and electrons are not the same) were used in atomic collision experiments. The resulting high temperature was caused by subatomic matter, quark-gluon plasma - what the theory said the Universe was made of before the Big Bang. The most important thing is that humanity has completely surpassed the highest concentration of heat that the natural Universe could create.
Winter is already over, but memories of frost and cold are still fresh in my memory. When it’s below zero, your breath takes away, your lips begin to crack, your skin dries out... Your legs and arms freeze. Every year there are reports of people who decided to take a short break in a snowdrift. And no amount of civilization, science, medicine, nanotechnology can save you from this very terrible victim winter.
However, in most Russian cities winter temperature rarely drops below 30-40 degrees from zero, whereas this is not the limit at all. Even on our warm and cozy planet there are places with a rather frightening climate. And the lowest temperature on Earth can impress anyone.
Oymyakon
A small village in Yakutia is considered a real pole of cold. It is the coldest locality. About five thousand people live in it, who are accustomed to local climate and consider it a completely worthy payment for life in native land.
And the climate here is truly more than harsh. The village is not only located far in the north, it is also quite high relative to sea level and remote from the oceans. And due to the fact that it lies in a lowland, frosty air flows here in winter. The sum of these factors gives impressively low average annual temperatures, A absolute minimum was -64.3 degrees Kelvin. It’s not very comfortable, but people have adapted to this too.
Vostok station
No matter how paradoxical it may be, the lowest temperature is at South Pole. Of course, “southern” in this case means “located at the bottom of the map,” and not “in the warm and pleasant south.” The coldest continent is frozen through, only in the summer does a small surface layer of soil thaw, allowing a limited amount of flora and fauna to survive.
Nice summer day
People do not live there, with the exception of particularly extreme scientists studying this inhospitable region. There are stations there from many countries, including Russia. And it was the inhabitants of the Russian “Vostok” who recorded the temperature, which for a long time was considered minimal - -89.2 degrees. This happened historical event June 21, 1983. And for almost twenty years this record seemed absolute.
Fuji Dome
Antarctica is an extremely inhospitable continent, but there are some impressive places there, for example, the Fuji Dome, also known as Mount Valkyries. This hill is located in Queen Maud Land, one of the coldest areas. In addition, it is located at an altitude of 3600 meters above sea level, which makes the climate even more harsh. By the way, the Fuji Dome is one of the most high points continent, which contributes to obtaining unique weather conditions.
Bad day
It was in this area that the existing at the moment temperature minimum– 91.2 degrees. It's interesting not only that it minimum temperature, but also the first recorded to cross the line of 90 degrees below zero.
The method for detecting this temperature also differs. The fact is that most often the temperature is measured with ordinary alcohol or electronic thermometer. The result obtained shows the temperature of the surface layer of air. But the new temperature record was measured not in the usual way, but from a satellite. Thus, the temperature of the earth's surface was measured, and therefore many question the validity of this record.
Somewhere over Sweden
If we talk not about the surface temperature, but about the entire planet, including the atmosphere, then the lowest temperature will differ significantly from the values already mentioned.
Thus, in the Earth’s atmosphere at an altitude of 85 kilometers above Sweden in 1963, a temperature minimum that had no analogues was recorded -143 degrees below zero Celsius.
On the other hand, if you continue to rise, the temperature will decrease until it reaches -270 degrees, characteristic of outer space. True, it will no longer be considered a planet.
Somewhere in the laboratory
In 2001 Nobel Prize in physics was given to a group of scientists who were able to develop theoretical foundations cooling the substance to ultra-low temperatures and testing them in practice. To do this, the gas is cooled in a magnetic trap, where it cannot come into contact with the walls and be heated by them.
Later, based on this technique, the lowest temperature on the planet and in the entire Universe was obtained - 0.0000000001 Kelvin, which is one picokelvin higher absolute zero.
It is unlikely that this particular thermometer was used, but the result would be similar
IN outer space and even higher, because its space is heated by the background radiation left after the Big Bang. Now average temperature in interstellar space is about 3 degrees Kelvin. The Universe is gradually cooling, but very slowly, by about 1 degree every 3 billion years.
Therefore, so far the lowest temperature has been recorded on Earth, of course, if there are no other civilizations on other planets with their own scientists seeking to learn the secrets of matter and energy.
What is the highest temperature in the Universe?
It's amazing, but the highest temperature in the Universe, 10 trillion degrees Celsius, was obtained artificially on Earth. According to the resource, the absolute temperature record was set on November 7, 2010 in Switzerland during an experiment at the Large Hadron Collider - LHC (the world's most powerful particle accelerator).
As part of the experiment at the LHC, scientists set the task of obtaining quark-gluon plasma, which filled the Universe in the first moments of its emergence after the Big Bang. To this end, at a speed close to the speed of light, scientists collided beams of lead ions with colossal energy. When heavy ions collided, “mini-big explosions” began to appear - dense fiery spheres that had such a monstrous temperature. At such temperatures and energies, the nuclei of atoms literally melt and form a “broth” of their constituent quarks and gluons. As a result, in laboratory conditions and quark-gluon plasma with the highest temperature since the beginning of the Universe was obtained.
Before this, in no experiment had scientists ever been able to obtain such an unimaginably high temperature. For comparison: the temperature of the decay of protons and neutrons is 2 trillion degrees Celsius, the temperature of a neutron star, which is formed immediately after a supernova explosion, is 100 billion degrees.
Our native Sun is a yellow dwarf and has a core temperature of 50 million degrees. Thus, the temperature of the resulting quark-gluon plasma was 200 thousand times higher than the temperature of the solar core. At the same time, pristine cold usually reigns in the surrounding space, since the average temperature of the Universe is only 0.7 degrees above absolute zero.
What is the coldest temperature in the Universe?
Now guess where and how the lowest temperature in the Universe was obtained? Right! Also on Earth.
In 2000, a group of Finnish scientists (from the Low Temperature Laboratory University of Technology in Helsinki), who studied magnetism and superconductivity in the rare metal “Rhodium,” managed to obtain a temperature of 0.1 nK, writes. This is currently the lowest temperature recorded on Earth and the lowest temperature in the Universe.
The second lowest temperature record was set in Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2003, they managed to obtain ultra-cold Sodium gas.
Obtaining ultra-low temperatures artificially is an outstanding achievement of mankind. Research in this area is extremely important for studying the effect of superconductivity, the use of which (in turn) can cause a real industrial revolution.
In nature, the lowest temperatures were recorded in the Boomerang Nebula. This nebula expands and ejects cooled gas at a speed of 500,000 km/h. Due to the enormous speed of release, the gas molecules were cooled to -271 °C. This is the lowest officially recorded natural temperature.
For comparison. Typically, in outer space the temperature does not drop below -273 °C. Lowest temperature in solar system, -235 °C on the surface of Triton (a satellite of Neptune). And the lowest natural temperature on Earth, -89.2 °C, is in Antarctica.
Our Earth is amazingly beautiful. We have the opportunity every day to enjoy its beauty and use its gifts. But there are places where a person begins to realize how pathetic he is before the greatness of nature. For example, the hottest regions of the planet. Often Earth temperature record people can hardly measure and record - the “baking” is simply unbearable! So, the hottest journey on planet Earth begins.
The first stop will be. Today this city is a ghost. From 1960 to 1966, the average annual temperature here reached +34,4 °C, which is a record for today. The heat in Dallol lasts almost whole year. This place is also famous for its hydrothermal vents. Dallol, located near the Afar Basin, experiences constant volcanic activity. The alien landscapes near the volcano look fantastic!
Next we go to. In the early autumn of 1922, in the Al-Azizia region, Earth temperature record - +57,7 °C. However, it is not officially recognized due to measurement errors. It is also interesting that this place is located near the Mediterranean Sea.
Temperatures set world records and in. The air temperature in the Kebali desert oasis is up to +55 °C.
High temperatures were also recorded in the United United Arab Emirates. meet you with incredible heat, with air temperatures +56 °C. Rain here is very rare, the precipitation level never exceeds 3 cm. This desert is very inhospitable.
The state of California in the USA is also ready to compete for the temperature record on Earth. acquired the name “Death Valley” for its dry and hot air. This place is recognized by the World meteorological organization world record holder with maximum +56,7 °C. It is surprising that some species of animals live in Death Valley. At night, foxes, lynxes and many rodents crawl out of their holes. The valley becomes very beautiful when it rains. During this period, it is covered with various colors. This is very mysterious place, where stones move in an unknown way, leaving traces of their movements.
Talking about temperature records on Earth, Australia is not to be missed. This continent is the driest. Most- this is a desert. In 2003, the temperature was recorded in the region +69,3 °C on the surface.
Israel also experienced high temperatures. , is famous for its unbearable heat. In 1942 it was recorded here record temperature air for all of Asia - +53,9 °C.
is another " hot spot"on our planet. The area is very picturesque - there are spectacular ravines of red sand. A NASA satellite measured mountain system Tien Shan temperature +66,8 °C on the surface.
Residents who are located in... suffer from constant heat. Collections of ancient manuscripts are still kept here. Unfortunately, the elements make their own adjustments: many streets are covered with sand, and huge dunes are formed. The Aborigines are haunted by the constant heat. The air temperature here reaches +55 °C. The only salvation for local residents from the unbearable heat is the Niger River, which flows 24 kilometers from the city.
And finally, let's remember. From 2004 to 2009, this desert established more than one absolute Earth temperature record. In 2005, the highest temperature on the surface of our planet was measured in the Dasht-Lut desert - +70,7 °C.
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