From what date is Indian summer counted? When does Indian summer begin? See what “Indian Summer” is in other dictionaries
White pyramid in China for several decades now it has been one of the most coveted objects of study for the world scientific community. Heated debates around this unusual historical and cultural object do not subside to this day, and the reason for this is not the secrets of the pyramids in China, but the very fact of their existence.
Until recently, only a few foreigners were lucky enough to see the White Pyramid, located near the Chinese city of Xi'an, thanks to which the news of its existence spread throughout the world. This seemingly unique find was supposed to become a place of pilgrimage for representatives of the scientific world, as happened with the Egyptian pyramids, but White pyramid is located in China, a country closed to foreigners without appropriate permission from the Chinese authorities. And the latter, for some unknown reason, are in no hurry to issue such permission.
This is what archaeologists have to do if they want to unravel the secrets of the White Pyramid in China. be content with studying old photographs taken by the American pilot James Gussmann back in 1945, the results of an expedition to this area German archaeologist Hartwig Hausdorff, as well as fragmentary historical references and satellite photographs from Google Earth. And all this despite the fact that White pyramid. perhaps it is the largest ancient architectural monument on our planet, because According to scientists' calculations, its height is about 300 m, and the length of the side of the base square is 485 m!
Known and accurate geographical coordinates location of the White Pyramid on the map - 34? 26’05” N and 108? 52’12” E. (Chinese province of Shaanxi), but even this fact does not allow scientists to get to it and see this miracle with their own eyes, not to mention thorough research. Why the Chinese authorities take such a position remains unknown and incomprehensible to many. After all, most other historical and cultural monuments of the Celestial Empire are open to free access by foreigners. Therefore, scientists can only speculate as to what the White Pyramid in China actually is and what secrets it hides from us.
Giant white pyramid in China
White pyramid in China should have long ago become a sensation and the object of careful study by archaeologists. Its height is more than 2 times the height famous pyramid Cheops. The height of the white pyramid is 300 m, and the height of the world-famous Cheops pyramid is 148 m.
The giant white pyramid, 300 m high and 485 m long at the base, became famous thanks to an aerial photograph taken by US Air Force pilot James Gossman in the spring of 1945 during World War II.
Gossman was flying between India and China. Due to engine problems, the pilot was forced to descend to a higher altitude. low height. In a message to an intelligence officer, Gossman wrote:
I banked to avoid the mountains and we reached valley level. Directly below us was a giant white pyramid. It looked like something out of a fairy tale. It was shimmering white. Perhaps it was metal, or some kind of stone. It was pure white on all sides. Remarkable was the crystal at the top of the pyramid, sparkling like a huge gem. We weren't able to land even though we wanted to. We were amazed at the unusualness of what we saw.*
A photograph of a white pyramid in China, south of the city of Xi'an, was published by the New York Sunday News on March 30, 1947. The white pyramid in the photograph immediately became the center of endless research and speculation. Bruce L. Catty, after studying the works of Hartwig Hausdorff** in 1978, indicated the exact location of the white pyramid in China: 34º 26’05” N. and 108º 52’12” E. in Shaanxi province
It remains a mystery why the Chinese authorities are not only not interested in archaeological research of the White Pyramid, but for a long time denied and carefully concealed the fact of its existence.
Today, the pyramids in China can be viewed using Google Earth. However, the largest pyramid in China cannot be seen from a satellite, the question arises why? Was it disguised or destroyed? What secrets do the pyramids in China hide, why are they so carefully hidden from archaeologists and simply curious people. Throughout the world, the tourism business is one of the most profitable sources of government income. What secrets of the pyramids outweigh the material interest in the development of tourism? The question remains open and further fuels interest in the pyramids in China.
The mystery of the huge White Pyramid in China
It is known that in China, in the Shang Xi region north of the city of Hean, there are 400 ancient pyramids. Scientists have determined that these pyramids are burial mounds. Their height is from 25 to 100 m. But the Chinese still hide the great white pyramid from the eyes of the public and the press. It is located north of the others, in the area of the Zya-Lin River. And this is what is known about her today.
The white pyramid is huge. Its height is approximately 300 m. I.e. almost 2 times higher than the Cheops pyramid. It was first discovered at the end of World War II by the American pilot James Gausman. He was returning from an operation to a base in India. His plane began to stall on Chinese territory in the Hean region. Flying at low altitude, Gausman saw an incredible pyramid. The pilot even managed to take a photograph of her, and attached this photo to the report.
Another American saw, inspired by Gausman's stories, went in search of the pyramid in 1947 and found it. The gigantic structure was impressive. Even from above it seemed huge and dazzlingly white. But the Chinese did not want foreigners to conduct further research. And only in the 90s, an Austrian scientist managed to tour the areas of China closed to foreigners adjacent to the city of Hean. He carefully examined the White Pyramid. Jewelly crafted giant slabs, carefully laid and fitted to each other. What tools did the ancient Chinese use? How did they manage to move the slabs and then raise them to unprecedented heights?
According to ancient Chinese legend, the pyramids testify to the visit of our planet by aliens from other galaxies. Manuscripts indicate that the emperors ancient China were convinced of the existence alien civilizations. And moreover, some of them claimed to be descendants of the sons of heaven strange creatures, who roared down to Earth on iron dragons. But almost every legend contains some truth.
Sources: piramidu.ru, tajny-nlo.ru, sekretymira.ru, www.i-feel-good.ru, www.proza.ru
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There is a time of nature's special light,
Dim sun, gentle heat...
It's called Indian summer
And in delight he argues with spring itself...
Olga Bergolts
So summer is gone, as if it never happened... It is being replaced by a special time in nature, called “Indian summer” - an amazingly soulful time filled with a transparent haze of light air, gentle warm rays of the sun, special languor, peace and a certain sadness from the approach of autumn bad weather. After all, autumn is often sad.
“Indian Summer” and why they call it that
What is “Indian summer” and why is it called that? Here's what Wikipedia tells us about this:
“Indian summer,” according to the Brockhaus and Efron dictionary, is dry, clear weather at the end of August and beginning of September, when the web of the sidewalk spider flies in the air. In a word, Indian summer is the last warm days of the passing summer.
According to Dahl’s dictionary, “Indian summer” (Marfino’s summer) begins on Semyon-day, or the day of Simeon the summer guide (September 14) and ends on Aspos’ day or Autumn (September 21) or on the day of the Exaltation (September 28).
Here, at Dahl’s, there is a young “Indian summer”, which takes place from August 28 (Feast of the Assumption) to September 11.
U Eastern Slavs This time is called “gypsy summer”, in Holland it is “after summer”, in Germany it is “summer of elderly women”, in Italy it is “summer of St. Martin”. IN North America – « Indian summer”, but here we have a simple and clear “woman’s…”) Why is it called that?
As you can see, the start dates Indian summer depend on regions and time. This time has no strict framework, maybe twice - a “young” Indian summer and after that wait for a “mature” one. It may be very short, not at all, or long as it promises to be in 2018. Everything is so unpredictable in our nature.
Why is it Indian summer?
Here are a few options for where the name came from:
- Since ancient times, by this time summer field work had been completed, because of which the peasant woman had not seen the red summer. New work lay ahead to process the crop and prepare for cold winter. And like a gift from nature, these few days of warmth, a respite from hard work, like the last piece of summer...
- But here’s a very simple explanation: this is the name for the time when older women can still bask in the autumn sun. It’s not for them to warm themselves in the summer heat. 🙂
- Or maybe as some kind of last chance... for a woman, as an analogy with the approaching “autumn of life”, as a tiny opportunity to feel the warmth of the passing summer on the eve of the dull melancholy of autumn, as an alluring hope.... Well, something like this... In short, this is our summer).
How science explains Indian summer
Well, this is how science interprets the phenomenon of warming before the autumn cycle cloudy days: This heat in the atmosphere is generated by emissions from trees huge amount heat during chemical reaction decomposition of chlorophyll during the period of rapid yellowing of foliage.
Why do the leaves turn yellow? Because everything in this world has its end and its beginning, and in nature this is especially acutely felt. So, when the trees begin to turn yellow, it means Indian summer has arrived.
Indian summer in 2018
So what about the Indian summer, the velvet season on Black Sea coast?
In 2016, in central Russia and even in southern regions There was no Indian summer, immediately at the end of August it became sharply cold everywhere, and in mid-September, instead of the usual sunny Indian summer for these days, there were rains and even frosts.
Last year, Indian summer pleased us until mid-September. Autumn was truly fabulous. September was a wonderful traditional continuation of summer, only more gentle and outwardly attractive.
Forecasters and meteorologists say that in most parts of the country September will be 1.5-2 degrees warmer than usual. And even at the end of September dry and sunny days. Heavy rains not expected, but short-term ones, of course, cannot be avoided.
Muscovites and surrounding areas will experience fabulous weather from September 17 to 23, it will be sunny, dry and warm. New ones are possible temperature records why summer is so generous this year.
In Siberia and the Urals, summer most likely will not return in the usual sense; it will be cool and rainy there.
Lots of rain storm winds waiting Far East and the Amur region.
But on the Black Sea coast, rains in early September confused the plans of vacationers and again on September 14 they came to Kuban. The bad weather will last for three days and is already at the beginning next week It will be dry, sunny and warm. We will rejoice until the end of September velvet season be. Maybe you won't be able to swim very well.
There will definitely be an Indian summer in Central Russia, you just need to have time not to miss these days. We will all bask in the rays of its languid sun, with light cobwebs on the crimson clusters of viburnum and rowan, wander through the fallen yellow leaves, rustling them and listening to the great mystery of the world.
In nature, everything is harmonious, natural and always on time...
There is in the initial autumn
A short but wonderful time -
The whole day is like crystal,
And the evenings are radiant...
Where the cheerful sickle walked and the ear fell,
Now everything is empty - space is everywhere,
Only a web of thin hair
Glistens on the idle furrow.
F. Tyutchev.
Do you have favorite poems about autumn or Indian summer? Add in the comments, I will be grateful. 🙂
Indian summer was first mentioned in the 18th century in America. In the United States, this period was called “Indian summer,” either because of the last raids of Indians before autumn, or in honor of their war paint, similar to the color of autumn foliage. The British adopted this name, although they used to call it warm days"St. Martin's Summer.
The Slavs adopted the name Indian summer. There are several versions of its origin.
Proponents of astronomical theory believe that Indian summer got its name because of the constellation Pleiades, which appears in the sky in September. In Rus' it was called “Duck’s Nest” or “Baba”.
Another version is that Indian summer was the period when all field work ended and women could finally take a break from worries. In fact, the end of the agricultural season only meant a transition from one job to another - in the fall, women began to weave and sew for winter.
Among the attempts to explain the name “Indian summer” there are openly mystical ones. There is a myth that women used to be able to use witchcraft to influence the weather and return the seasons back.
One of the most plausible versions is associated with women's “second youth”. When a woman's hair begins to show the first gray, like autumn cobwebs, she is entering the prime of life that precedes old age. In the same way, Indian summer precedes frosts and the beginning of winter. This version is supported by German name"Altweibersommer" or "summer of old women". In the old days the name was different autumn summer called "Weibensommer" from "Spinnweben" - to weave a web.
The head of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia, Roman Vilfand, said that residents of the Moscow region will most likely experience an “Indian summer” in September. Interfax reports this. “There is clearly no direct connection between the very hot fourth or fifth five-day period in August and the period of warm weather in September. But according to ensemble forecasts, we shouldn’t say goodbye to summer just yet. And next month there may be bursts of heat that we associate with the so-called “Indian summer,” Vilfand said.
According to him, all conditions for an “Indian summer” in metropolitan region there is, on the basis of which it can be stated that “it will happen.” However, weather forecasters are not yet ready to name exact dates. " Accurate forecast will be a few days in advance, then we will be able to name specific dates. We will announce them with pleasure,” said the head of the Hydrometeorological Center.
Indian Summer: Other names
Indian summer early period Western or Eastern Slavs call it autumn. In the south it is called Gypsy, in Serbia - Mikhailov. In Croatia there is a third name - Martin's Summer. In German-speaking - old woman's, in Holland - after summer, in North America - Indian, in Italy - St. Martin, in France - St. Denis. In Portuguese-speaking - Veraniko (Letochko), in Spanish-speaking - several names that depend on the month. For example, in August-September - St. Miguel, and in October or November - St. Juan.
Indian Summer History
Why is Indian summer so called: the very first mentions were associated with the time when elderly women faced cold weather in last time this year they could bask in the sun. It was then that all work in the field ended, and the village peasant women began to do other things: they soaked, ruffled and weaved flax.
Why is Indian summer so called: in the old days, cucumbers were often pickled during this period, and old conflicts were also settled and peace was made. This period of time was considered rural holiday. Indian summer, why was it called that: on these days, women often held gatherings, sang, spun, and when the cold came, they began to do needlework and tinker with canvases. The name of this period of time was often associated with a popular expression: “when almost everything is lost, only a woman can warm it up greatly.”
Indian summer: Duration, how long does it last
Sometimes, after the onset of cold weather, people think about the question: will there be an Indian summer this year? Of course, yes, it happens every year. When does Indian summer start? It is impossible to determine the exact number, since it may “come” in different times and its duration may vary. Most often it lasts one or two weeks, which occurs in mid-September, and sometimes it can extend to the beginning of October. In Russia, the approximate beginning of Indian summer is September 14. In other countries, months and dates may vary. Everything depends on the climate.
If we consider modern scientific explanation, then to the question “why is Indian summer called that”, you can get the following answer: this is the time when a persistent anticyclone is established, affecting the warming of the weather. During this period, the soil and air do not cool much at night, but warm up well during the day. But still, the heat is already a thing of the past. Why does an anticyclone form? With the onset of cold weather, the foliage begins to wilt sharply, releasing a large amount of heat in the process. It rises, completely disperses the clouds, and contributes to an increase in atmospheric pressure. This is how an anticyclone appears.
Indian Summer: Customs and Signs
The people have also developed their own signs that relate to this period of time. When Indian summer arrives, peasants use it to determine the weather that will happen in autumn and winter. Some folk signs and beliefs:
- According to one of the customs, on the day when Indian summer began, it was necessary to go out on horseback with my teenage son to hunt. They believed that because of this, dogs become kinder and do not get sick, and horses become bolder;
- if during this period a rainbow appears in the sky, then the autumn will be long and warm;
- With the rainy Indian summer, bad weather was expected;
- When Indian summer has arrived, cobwebs fly through the air - this is a sign that the winter will be cold and the autumn will be clear.
What is the natural essence of this period?
When Indian summer arrives, at this time all of nature is preparing for the coming winter. The process of destruction of green chlorophyll occurs in the leaves, and orange and yellow, red and purple colors– carotene, xanthophyll and anthocyanin. It is these changes that influence wilting and are the cause autumn leaves fall. They promote the release large quantity heat.
With one leaf or several blades of grass, this effect would not have occurred. It is millions of tons of vegetation that cause a significant increase in temperature - by several degrees at once. This is the reason for such a sudden warming after the onset of cooling. Why does Indian summer happen at different times? It always depends on the weather last summer and on the condition of the bushes, grasses and trees.
The southern and north winds, and also weather conditions. But the heat that is released disperses all the clouds, and, consequently, very little precipitation falls. And here it turns out that it is not the anticyclone that causes “ golden age", but vice versa. Therefore, the period when the leaves have not yet begun to fall, and at the same time they are green, cannot be called Indian summer.
Indian Summer: Folk Calendar
According to this calendar in Rus', the “golden age” has long been divided into several names. The young Indian summer “stood” between August 28 and September 11. And the old one - from September 14 to 24. Initially, this period was used to simply determine what autumn would be like. There were some signs. But then Indian summer began to be associated with a warm and dry period, when nature provides the opportunity to enjoy the last sunny, fine days before the cold weather.
Indian Summer: Can Indian Summer happen twice a year?
It's pretty controversial issue, since in general it is believed that it can occur only once. But if August was warm and no cold weather was observed, then sometimes people think that Indian summer has already passed. And when it begins in September, they believe that this is already the second time. However, no, this means that Indian summer is “old” this year. It usually starts around September 14th. This is the day of remembrance of the Summer Guide - Simeon the Stylite.
Periodically, two periods of his arrival are distinguished. Starting from August and ending in September. According to Orthodox calendar, it begins on the day of the Assumption Holy Mother of God and lasts exactly until the day of John the Baptist (the day of the Beheading). The second period is considered more mature, and it falls entirely in September, starting from the day of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary and ending with the Exaltation.
But in modern world Meteorologists still insist that Indian summer can happen only once a year, and cannot happen again. It’s just that the boundaries of its onset and end are blurred, which leads people to confusion and controversial issues.
What happens during Indian summer
At this time, it is no longer worth swimming, since the water does not have time to warm up during the day and cools down much at night. But the general mood of peace, clear warm sunny days set people up for positive emotions. Previously, this was a period of the end of field and agricultural work, reconciliation, forgiveness. No wonder it coincides with church holidays.
Why is Indian summer so called: it is primarily associated with women, especially elderly ones, who in the villages during this period loved to sit on the rubble and “warm their bones.” By folk tradition It is at this time that a lot of wedding celebrations and various holidays are held. Nature is conducive to reflection, comprehension and even the beginning of a new period in life. It was during Indian summer that in the old days they tried to make plans for the future, believing that they would definitely come true.
Indian Summer: Mushroom Period
People, especially villagers, always looked at the weather and gave great value signs associated with her. If it rained on September 14, it meant that there would be quite a lot of mushrooms. When the trees begin to shed their leaves, thick fogs appear, and this precedes a wave of honey mushrooms. The period is short - only about ten days. It just precedes Indian Summer. Then install warm weather, which makes mushroom pickers so happy, and they enthusiastically begin their “ silent hunt", looking for white caps under fallen colorful leaves. You can find them not only directly in the forest, but also on the edges. In general, Indian summer is a great time to collect boletus and other mushrooms for pickling. Moreover, during this period, thanks to the heat that comes from fallen leaves, there are quite a lot of them.
Indian summer is the name given to several days of thaw after the first autumn cold. Meteorologically, this period is, of course, not constant, and the date of its actual arrival varies from year to year. However, the calendar day for the onset of Indian summer is considered to be September 14 (the day of Simeon the Summer Guide), and the end day is September 21 (Asposov's day). It’s interesting that you can thank autumn itself for these gentle days. Active wilting of foliage is associated with the release of a large amount of heat, which then rises, and this affects atmospheric pressure, raising it.
There are a lot of folk signs associated with Indian summer. If a rainbow appears on these days, autumn will be warm, if it rains, it will be dry, and if there is none, then it will be stormy and rainy. With the advent of these days of warmth, the custom of making peace and resolving conflicts has also become traditional among the people.
Summer came to us in September,
Everyone calls him womanish.
Dressed in yellow leaves,
Everyone loves him and is waiting for him!
How nice it is to plunge
Back in the summer warmth,
Sun, sky, smile.
The soul is light and light!
Happy Indian summer.
Let the fire burn in your heart.
Good summer, I know
And it will give you happiness!
Indian summer is coming
Like the eighth wonder of the world,
As the last greetings,
Warm autumn signs.
I congratulate everyone on Indian summer,
I want everyone to see this -
Cobweb - the poet's sadness
And stories of human works.
Time got lost somewhere
Indian summer has returned to us!
Indian summer has arrived, congratulations on this wonderful and beautiful times. Let this season become a little holiday for the soul, let the rays of the sun warm your soul, filling you with a feeling of joy, inspiration and love. Silvery cobwebs, the first breath of autumn, farewell to summer and an incomprehensible feeling of happiness and delight. Let all this remain a warm memory in your heart.
Indian summer has arrived
And we want to wish
To be bright and free
You could always dream.
So that all wishes come true,
And dreams led forward.
To have more in life
And miracles and kindness.
And may the queen be autumn
He’s already in a hurry to see us on the road,
Relax in Indian summer,
And walk from the heart.
Indian summer is coming -
Everything is dressed in cobwebs.
The leaves are spinning, the sun is shining.
How wonderful it is to live in the world!
Congratulations on Indian Summer,
Let it fly to you with greetings
Luck on its wings.
Let all problems be solved!
Sun, sea, warm beach -
Everything is left somewhere.
Sends the last kiss
It's Indian summer for us.
May the last days
What warms our souls,
Warm, sunny mood
They will be able to save us.
Let it fill you with positivity
This is a wonderful time.
I wish you faith in miracles,
Understanding, good.
Still dressed in foliage,
Even though it's autumn, it's only summer,
Amazing, wonderful,
Indian summer brings happiness,
Happiness, just a little more
The sun is shining on the path
The sun is shining, warming,
The warm season is prolonging.
Indian summer is a chance
The light and warmth will last,
Well, there’s plenty of sunshine
It will be useful to us in winter.
My friend, take advantage of the moment
Relax in nature
Do not skimp on compliments,
Welcome Indian summer.
Let there be enough warmth
Also in your destiny,
Let people meet
Only good things for you!
Indian summer has come to us,
Warmed up by the sun,
So that in your soul too
Everything was blooming and singing.
So that on the beach you have yourself
The place has been staked out
Well, who doesn't love him?
To be loved.
Like summer days
We note again
Without sadness and longing
We always want to live.
Autumn is not a reason to climb into a den,
After all, summer has returned for two weeks.
And the sun lights the road again
Towards a happy, successful destiny.
Let ray of sunshine warms with warmth
And the soul, and the heart, and the whole secret world,
And Grandma washes Summer with rain,
So that we can arrange a festive feast for you later!
Indian summer is the golden time,
A warm gift before the cold winds,
Soon the autumn anthem will play,
And the trees will shed their cover.
My friends and I are walking in the park,
Finally trying to warm up,
We keep our naive faith,
As if you can get away from autumn.
The sun smiles, says goodbye,
Pulls golden rays towards us,
And nature slightly apologizes,
That rooks are flying south.
Congratulations: 32 in verse, 4 in prose.