Russian sport added to the Olympic Games. What kinds of sports are included in the Olympic Games? Summer Olympic sports
The first Olympic Games are believed by historians to have taken place in 776 BC. The name of these worldwide competitions actually has no connection with the famous Olympus, where the ancient Greek gods lived. The small town of Olympia, located on the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece, gave its name to a truly epoch-making phenomenon that is still alive today - the Olympic Games.
In ancient times, Olympia was a small town, typical for its time. Its main attractions, in addition to the sanctuaries dedicated to the gods, were the stadium, hippodrome and gymnasium - a special place for training and gymnastic exercises. Only citizens of Olympia itself and residents of neighboring cities could participate in the first sports games.
This tradition then spread throughout Ancient Greece. At that time, it consisted of many small city-states endlessly warring with each other. During another threat, Olympia asked for protection from Sparta, pledging in return to hold an annual sports celebration in her city. As a result, this city became neutral territory, which should never have its own army or participate in any conflicts. This peaceful tradition extended to the Olympic Games themselves as they gained widespread popularity. During the sports festival, as legend says, peace was established throughout Ancient Greece.
Ancient Greek games lasted for a thousand years.
Modern Olympic Games
At the end of the nineteenth century The tradition of peaceful and democratic sports competitions attracted the attention of many lovers of gymnastics and a healthy lifestyle. Several attempts have been made to recreate the Olympic Games in Greece and Scandinavia. However, this wonderful idea was embodied by the Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin.
He was extremely persistent in implementing his idea and initially created a committee to promote physical education in his own country. Then he established contacts with other organizations of physical education supporters in other countries. He proposed a wonderful idea to organize sports competitions in the image of ancient games. The idea was received with great enthusiasm, and in 1894, at the Sorbonne, delegates from France, England, Greece, Sweden, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Hungary and Russia founded the International Olympic Committee.
The basis of the current Olympic Games are ancient sports disciplines. Then, little by little, Olympic sports expanded their list. At first, there were no winter scenes in the games, because snow never fell in Ancient Greece.
By the way, the Winter Olympics were born in the 20th century. The first time international winter sports competitions were held in France was in 1924. Athletes from different countries competed in the following disciplines:
- ski race,
- biathlon,
- ski jumping,
- figure skating,
- ice-skating race,
- bobsled.
The enthusiasm of the participants and the admiration of the audience was incredible. Therefore, the IOC decided to hold the Winter Olympic Games on a permanent basis.
Olympic disciplines
In total, the Summer Olympic sports include approximately forty disciplines. Then By decision of the IOC, twelve of them were excluded:
- baseball,
- water sports,
- same de pam,
- cricket,
- croquet,
- lacrosse,
- pelota Basque,
- polo, rackets,
- rocky,
- tug of war.
The last one, already in 2008, was excluded from the list of disciplines: softball.
The problem is that these types were not very popular among sports fans, and therefore have not spread widely in different countries of the world.
The selection criteria for inclusion in the list of Olympic disciplines are very serious. For summer men's sports, the discipline can acquire the corresponding status when it becomes widespread in at least seventy-five countries on four continents of the planet. The female summer look must have followers in forty countries on three continents of the world. For winter species, a “quota” is established in twenty-five countries and three continents.
At the same time, a sport applying for the title of Olympic must be a regular participant in cup, national, regional and world championships. Organizers and athletes are required to comply with the charter and comply with all prescribed conditions of the World Anti-Doping Code.
How different sports are introduced into the Olympic Games program
The IOC has consistently fought against excessive expansion of the Olympic program. Therefore, all kinds of requirements for the Olympic classification of sports are being tightened. Nowadays, entertainment, reach of a television audience, recognition among young people, commercial return and many other criteria have become important.
The IOC session can exclude and introduce different sports types into the Olympic program, and individual disciplines can be excluded by the IOC Executive Committee.
Today the Olympic program is presented twenty-eight summer and seven winter species. The majority of them belong to the International Sports Federations of the relevant disciplines.
However, a number of sports are included in only one International Sports Federation. These are aquatic sports, in particular swimming, diving, synchronized swimming and water polo. Gymnastics, which is represented by artistic and rhythmic gymnastics, trampolining. Speed skating, which includes sports such as speed skating, figure skating and short track speed skating. And finally, skiing includes racing, biathlon, alpine skiing, ski jumping, snowboarding, freestyle and other types.
Back in the Soviet Union, it was not customary to combine individual sports types into groups; they were considered as independent. Russia and the CIS countries remained committed to precisely this idea. Therefore, according to this version, the Olympic program includes forty-one summer sports disciplines and fifteen winter ones.
A sports discipline that aspires to become an Olympic discipline gains more fans, becomes much more prestigious and gains international popularity. However, it cannot be said that if a sporting discipline is not Olympic, then it is somehow worse. Many types of sports competitions that are not related to the Olympics have a huge number of fans and participants. They are no less prestigious and well funded.
One of the main requirements for O. century. With. – wide distribution (holding world, regional and national championships, cup competitions): among men in no less than 75 countries on four (any) continents for the Summer Olympic Games and in no less than 25 countries on three continents for the Olympic Winter Games; among women in no less than 40 countries on three continents for the Summer Olympic Games and in no less than 25 countries for the Olympic Winter Games. According to Olympic Charter, O.v. With. should serve the harmonious development of physical and moral qualities and be based on a large amount of physical activity. A prerequisite for recognition of a sport as Olympic is the presence of an International Sports Federation (ISF) leading its development, and its recognition by the IOC (an application for inclusion of a sport in the program is accepted only from the ISF). The most desirable sports are those in which there are objective criteria for determining the results of competitions and the performance of athletes can be assessed with a minimum number of subjective errors; training and competitions should not be associated with excessive costs and organizational difficulties. In principle, those sports in which the designs of sports equipment and equipment are not standardized and do not provide the same conditions for competition participants, and sports based on the use of mechanical driving force, are not recognized as Olympic. The authority to include or exclude a sport belongs to the IOC Session, and in relation to a discipline or type of competition – to the IOC Executive Board.
In different years among O. v. With. were: polo (1900, 1908, 1920, 1924, 1936), Basque pelota (the prototype of modern squash; 1900), jeu-de-paume (an indoor ball game reminiscent of tennis; 1908), cricket (1900), croquet ( 1900), lacrosse (1904, 1908), rocky (a type of croquet; 1904), rackets (a type of tennis; 1908), tug of war (1900–20), motorboating (1908), baseball (1992–2008, since 2020 ), softball (1996–2008, since 2020). Some sports (golf, rugby, tennis, etc.) were periodically excluded from the O. century. With. , and then turned on again. Winter Olympic sports were included several times in the program of the Summer Olympic Games: figure skating (1908 and 1920), ice hockey (1920).
For the types of sports and the number of awards won in them at the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro (2016) and the Olympic Winter Games in Sochi (2014), see Tables 1 and 2.
The program of the Summer Olympic Games (2020): rowing, badminton, basketball, baseball, boxing, wrestling (freestyle and Greco-Roman), cycling [road and track racing, mountain biking, bicycle motocross - BMX], water sports (water polo, swimming, diving, synchronized swimming), volleyball (including beach), handball, golf, kayaking and canoeing (including rowing slalom), gymnastics (sports and artistic , trampolining), judo, equestrianism (dressage, show jumping, eventing), athletics, table tennis, sailing, rugby, modern pentathlon, softball, shooting, archery, tennis, triathlon, taekwondo, weightlifting, fencing , football, field hockey.
The program of the Olympic Winter Games (2018): biathlon, bobsleigh (including skeleton), curling, speed skating (speed skating, figure skating, short track), skiing (alpine skiing, Nordic combined, cross-country skiing, jumping ski jumping, snowboarding, freestyle), luge, ice hockey.
On the days of the Olympics, the organizers can (officially since 1912) include in the program the so-called. demonstration (or demonstration) sports, as a rule, are especially popular among the population of the country in which the Olympic Games are held. For example, among such demonstration sports were: glima - Old Norse wrestling (Stockholm, 1912); korfball - a sports game reminiscent of netball and basketball, was popular in Belgium and the Netherlands (Antwerp, 1920; Amsterdam, 1928); Savate - French boxing (Paris, 1924); lacrosse is a sports game invented by American Indians (Los Angeles, 1932; London, 1948); Australian Football (Melbourne, 1956); baseball (multiple times, from St. Louis, 1904 to Seoul, 1988); taekwondo (Seoul, 1988; Barcelona, 1992); Basque pelota is the prototype of squash (repeatedly, from Paris, 1900 to Barcelona, 1992), etc.
Table 1. Summer sports at the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, 2016
Kind of sport | Number of award sets |
---|---|
Rowing | 14 |
Badminton | 5 |
Basketball | 2 |
Boxing | 13 |
Struggle: | |
freestyle | 9 |
Greco-Roman | 9 |
Bicycle: | |
BMX | 2 |
mountain bike (mountain bike) | 2 |
road racing | 4 |
track racing | 10 |
Water: | |
water polo | 2 |
swimming | 34 |
diving | 8 |
synchronized swimming | 2 |
Volleyball: | |
volleyball | 2 |
Beach volleyball | 3 |
Handball | 2 |
Gymnastics: | |
trampolining | 2 |
gymnastics | 14 |
gymnastics | 2 |
Golf | 2 |
Kayaking and canoeing: | |
kayaking and canoeing | 12 |
rowing slalom | 4 |
Judo | 14 |
Equestrian: | |
dressage | 2 |
show jumping | 2 |
triathlon | 2 |
Athletics | 47 |
Table tennis | 4 |
Sailing | 10 |
Rugby 7 | 2 |
Modern pentathlon | 2 |
Shooting | 15 |
Tennis | 5 |
Triathlon | 2 |
Taekwondo | 8 |
Weightlifting | 15 |
Fencing | 10 |
Football | 2 |
Field hockey | 2 |
Table 2. Winter sports at the Olympic Games in Sochi, 2014
February 27th, 2018Well, we are already accustomed to all sorts of curling and freestyle, although some time ago we could not even think that this could be an Olympic sport.
Applications are constantly submitted to the International Olympic Committee to consider new sports as Olympic sports. And even despite meeting all the requirements, the application may ultimately be rejected.
What sports are next in line to receive Olympic recognition?
Cricket
Including cricket as an Olympic sport makes perfect sense as it has almost 2 billion fans. Now there is talk about its possible inclusion in the program of the 2024 Olympics. Well, we'll wait and see.
Speedskating
If speed skaters are full-fledged participants in the Winter Olympics, then it would seem that speedskating has a place in the summer ones. However, this sport, oddly enough, is still not an Olympic sport. The efforts of speedskating organizations have not yet been successful.
Ultimate Frisbee
At first glance, this game is not very suitable for the Olympics, but it requires strong players - quite at the level of Olympic athletes, and besides, it is very entertaining. There are rumors that frisbee will make the list, thanks to the IOC's desire to keep up with modern trends.
Parkour
Instead of scoffing at the idea of parkour being included in the Olympic program, consider whether it is a form of artistic gymnastics. It requires excellent preparation. Some are against the inclusion of parkour because it has difficulties with scoring, but many liked the idea.
Wakeboarding
Wakeboarding could fit in nicely with the Olympic sports and attract the attention of spectators. However, somehow it turned out that it still hasn’t passed. And yet we have a chance to see wakeboarding competitions at the 2024 Olympics.
Billiards
Many of us associate the word “billiards” with smoky bars and student dormitories. However, the competition in this sport is very high, and it is quite exciting to watch. The World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association is making efforts to include the game in the list of Olympic sports.
Chess
Some people chuckle and think that chess is not a sport, but they are wrong. The IOC recognized chess as a sport, but did not include it in the Olympic program. There is a small chance that the situation could change for the 2020 games in Tokyo.
Beach Soccer
This is regular football, but not on a grass field, but on the beach. He actively promoted to the Rio games, but was rejected. Perhaps one day he will have better luck.
Mini football
Another version of football. It is usually played indoors and does not have as much of a following as regular football. Just like beach soccer, it was considered for games in Rio, but was rejected.
Winter swimming
It would not be an exaggeration to call winter swimming an extreme sport. The water in which the swimmers are located has a temperature of about 4 degrees Celsius. In Europe, winter swimming has many supporters who want to see it among the Olympic sports. However, critics call it "too dangerous." Although the same could be said about bobsleigh.
Fights without rules
If judo and wrestling are considered Olympic sports, then why is fighting without rules worse? However, the Olympic Committee considers them “too harsh.”
Floorball
Floorball is essentially hockey without ice. Instead of a puck there is a ball. The game is simple, but very entertaining. It seems a crime that this game has not yet been included in the Olympic program.
Ice climbing
For most people, being able to climb a wall seems like an unimaginable achievement. Athletes who are capable of this dream of taking part in the Olympic Games. And there is a chance that in 2022 they will have such an opportunity.
Sports ballroom dancing
Although ballroom dancing has not yet received the status of a “sport” from the Olympic Committee, the official DanceSport organization is making considerable efforts to change the situation.
Cheerleading
Shearing
Sheep shearing as a sport will probably make you smile, but many farmers will disagree with you. Some even believe that it is time to give this sport Olympic status, although the likelihood of such an event is extremely low. It would be funny to see.
Which of all this do you consider most worthy?
sources
http://mixstuff.ru/archives/138831
While the 2016 Summer Olympics are in full swing, we offer you another post dedicated to this wonderful international sporting event. More than 11,000 athletes from more than 200 countries are taking part in 28 Olympic disciplines this year in Rio de Janeiro!
While the Olympics (summer or winter) are always the most important sporting event of a given year, the number of athletes, participating countries and sports included in the competition may vary. For various reasons, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) excludes some sports, replacing them with others.
Known as canceled sports, they were usually excluded from the Olympic Games due to lack of interest in them or the absence of an appropriate governing body. Some sports (such as tennis or archery) were once excluded by the Committee, but later managed to return to the Olympic program. However, some sports have been banned for years and the IOC is unlikely to ever bring them back. In general, they didn’t take root.
To honor those sports that used to be part of the Olympic Games but were then excluded, a list of these 25 Olympic sports has been compiled.
From tug of war and ski ballet to lacrosse and rope climbing, here are 25 sports that you won't believe were once included in the official Olympic program.
25. Tug of War
The sport, which is now widely practiced as a popular sport at children's summer camps, was once a common sport that was part of the Olympic Games from 1900 to 1920. Over the past five Olympics, the British have won the largest number of medals in tug-of-war competitions.
24. Ski ballet
Also known as acroski, ski ballet was a freestyle skiing discipline from the late 1960s until 2000. Ski ballet was a demonstration sport at the Winter Olympics in 1988 and 1992, but then its popularity waned and it was eventually excluded from the Olympics.
23. Military patrol competitions, or patrol race
Military Patrol Competition is a winter team sport in which athletes compete in cross-country skiing, mountain skiing, and rifle target shooting. Having similar rules to modern biathlon (considered the forerunner of biathlon), the sport was part of the Winter Olympics in 1924, 1928, 1936 and 1948 for the last time.
22. Swimming with obstacles
The steeplechase competition was held only once, at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, and featured 12 swimmers from 5 countries. There were three obstacles over the 200-meter distance: first, athletes had to climb over the first two (a pole and a row of boats), and then swim under the third obstacle (another row of boats).
21. Bendy (bandy)
Although bandy is the second most popular winter sport (based on the number of athletes participating), it has only been included in the official Winter Olympics program once (in 1952 in Oslo). Then only 3 teams took part in the competition: the national team of Finland, Norway and Sweden, which won the tournament.
20. Speed competition (alpine skiing)
As one of the fastest and most dangerous non-motorized land sports, speed competition was included in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville. This discipline was excluded from the official program of the Olympic Games after the death of one of the athletes during training. The current world speed record is 255 km/h (254.958 km/h to be exact).
19. Jumping into water at a distance ("plunging")
Distance diving is a sports competition that was most popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when it was even included in the program of the Summer Olympic Games in 1904. By 1920, the sport began to lose its popularity and gradually disappeared from competitive swimming in the United States and England. Soon the discipline was excluded from the Olympic Games.
18. Exercises with clubs (club swinging)
As a type of juggling, mace exercise is an artistic competition that was held as part of rhythmic gymnastics at the 1904 Summer Olympics. This was the only time that clubs were included in the Olympic program. Three athletes from one country (USA) took part in the competition, and the winner was Edward Hennig.
17. Jeu de paume
Meaning "playing with the palm" in French, jeu de paume was born in France over 250 years ago. An indoor precursor to modern tennis, the sport was the official sport of the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.
16. Powerboating
The first speed competitions on motor boats were held in 1903 in the waters of the English Channel, and this sport was even included in the summer program of 1908. Unfortunately, most of the races had to be canceled due to bad weather conditions, and the sport was later excluded from the Olympic Games.
15. Skijoring
Skijoring is a winter sport in which the skier controls a dog (or dogs) that pulls him along the ski course. The athlete can also move behind a horse or car.
Skijoring with a horse is said to have originally been a way of winter travel, but today it is mainly a competitive sport. It appeared in the Winter Olympics in 1928, but has since been excluded from the official Olympic program.
14. Roque, or rocky (roque)
An American version of croquet played on a hard, level surface, roque was included in the official program of the 1904 Summer Olympics. At that time, this sport was practically unknown to the rest of the world, and only Americans (only 4 athletes) took part in the competition.
13. Basque pelota
Basque pelota is a sport that is the prototype of squash. It was played in France, Spain and some Latin American countries such as Cuba and Argentina. It was an official discipline at the Summer Olympics in Paris in 1900. In addition, Basque pelota was a demonstration sport at the Olympics in 1924 (men's), 1968 (men's), and 1992 (men's and women's).
12. Croquet
Croquet is a sport in which participants, using special hammers on a long handle, move balls through embedded hoops placed on the playing court, which act as a kind of goal.
There are several variations of croquet that are played today. They differ in the scoring system, the order of shots and the location of the “gates”. Croquet was included in the program of the 1900 Summer Olympics.
11. Shooting live pigeons
In the 1900 Summer Olympics, athletes took part in shooting competitions, the goal of which was to kill as many live pigeons as possible. Almost 400 poor birds were killed during the competition. This was the first and last time in the history of the Olympic Games that animals were killed on purpose.
10. Standing high jump
The standing high jump is an athletics event that was included in the official program of the Olympic Games from 1900 to 1912. Standing high jumps are performed in the same way as high jumps, the only difference being that the athlete does not run up: he must stand still and then jump up with both feet.
9. Singles synchronized swimming
Perhaps the very mutually exclusive name of this sport - single synchronized swimming - was the reason for its exclusion from the official program of the Olympic Games. In fact, this unusual swimming discipline appeared at the Olympics only once - at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
8. Throwing weights
Competitions in weight throwing weighing 25.4 kg were held twice: in 1904 and 1920. It was part of the athletics program. Weight throwing is a very popular sport in Scotland, where competitors are only allowed to use one hand, but at the Olympics athletes were able to use both hands.
7. Lacrosse
A contact team game between two teams, played with a long-handled stick and a small rubber ball. Lacrosse is a hard contact sport that may have dated back to 1100 AD. among the indigenous peoples of North America.
This discipline was included in the official program of the Olympic Games in 1904 and 1908, and in addition, lacrosse was a demonstration sport during the 1928 and 1932 Olympics.
6. Baseball
Widely recognized as the national sport of the United States, baseball made its unofficial debut at the Summer Olympics in 1904, becoming an official discipline years later at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
This competition was last held at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, when the South Korean team was the gold medalist. However, this year it became known that baseball will again be included in the official program of the Olympic Games, which will be held in Tokyo in 2020.
5. Polo
is a team sport played on horseback in which the goal is to score as many goals as possible against the opponent's goal. Popular in many parts of the world, the game is an active sport in 77 countries, but its tenure as an official discipline at the Olympic Games was limited to the period from 1900 to 1939.
4. Shooting a “running deer” with double shots
The 1908 Olympics featured a men's shooting competition known as the Running Deer Double Shot. In this competition, deer silhouette targets made 10 "runs" over 23 meters, and shooters had to fire two shots during each run. American Walter Winans won the gold medal in this discipline.
3. Shooting with a dueling pistol
Later standardized by the International Olympic Committee, dueling pistol shooting was part of the official program of the 1912 Summer Olympics. 42 shooters from 10 countries took part in the competition, and the winner was the American Alfred Lane.
2. Rope climbing
Today, rock climbing is widely practiced at the World Police and Fire Games, but the sport was once an official part of Olympic gymnastics. The discipline made its debut at the Olympics in 1896, and rope climbing was part of the Olympic program until the sport was dropped after the 1932 Olympics.
1. Tandem bicycle racing
Tandem bicycles are now mainly used in competitions such as the Paralympics, which involve blind and visually impaired cyclists riding in pairs with a sighted rider sitting in front. Tandem bicycle racing was an Olympic sport in the 1908 Summer Olympics and again from 1920 to 1972.