Russian movement of schoolchildren is a territory of self-government. RDS – territory of self-government
1. Classification of roads in accordance with federal law No. 257 dated November 8, 2007 “On highways and road activities in the Russian Federation”:
1. 1. ADepending on their significance, motorable roads are divided into:
A) car roads federal significance;
b) highways of regional or intermunicipal importance;
c) highways local significance;
d) private roads.
Highways in depending on the type of permitted use divided into highways common use and non-public roads.
To roads common use include motor roads intended for traffic Vehicle unlimited number of persons.
To roads non-public use include highways owned, in possession or in use by executive bodies state power, local administrations (executive and administrative bodies municipalities), physical or legal entities and used by them exclusively to meet their own needs or for state or municipal needs.
1.2. Public highways of federal significance are the following highways:
— connecting the capital Russian Federation— the city of Moscow with the capitals of neighboring states, with the administrative centers (capitals) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
— included in the list of international highways in accordance with international agreements of the Russian Federation.
1.3. Public highways of federal significance may include the following highways:
- connecting each other administrative centers(capitals) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
- being access roads connecting public roads of federal significance, and having international significance the largest transport hubs (sea ports, river ports, airports, railway stations), as well as special facilities of federal significance;
- being access roads connecting the administrative centers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that do not have public roads connecting the corresponding administrative center of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation with the capital of the Russian Federation - the city of Moscow, and the nearest seaports, river ports, airports, railway stations.
1.4. The list of public roads of federal significance is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
1.5. Attribution criteria public roads to public roads of regional or intermunicipal importance and a list of public roads of regional or intermunicipal importance are approved higher executive body state power of the subject Russian Federation. The list of public highways of regional or intermunicipal importance cannot include public highways of federal significance and their sections.
1.6. Public roads of local importance of the settlement are public roads within the boundaries settlements settlements, with the exception of public roads of federal, regional or intermunicipal importance, private roads. The list of public roads of local significance of the settlement may be approved by the authority local government settlements.
1.7. Public roads of local significance of the municipal district are public roads within the boundaries of a municipal district, with the exception of public roads of federal, regional or intermunicipal importance, public roads of local significance in settlements, private roads. The list of public roads of local significance in a municipal district may be approved by the local government body of the municipal district.
1.8. Public roads of local importance of the urban district are public roads within the boundaries of the urban district, with the exception of public roads of federal, regional or intermunicipal importance, private roads. The list of public roads of local importance in a city district may be approved by the local government body of the city district.
1.9. To private roads public roads include roads owned by individuals or legal entities that are not equipped with devices that restrict the passage of vehicles of an unlimited number of persons. Other private roads are classified as private non-public roads.
1.10. Car roads public use, depending on the conditions of travel through them and access to them by vehicles, are divided into motorways, expressways and ordinary roads.
1.11. To motorways include roads that are not intended to serve adjacent territories and:
a) which have several carriageways along their entire length and a central dividing strip not intended for road traffic;
b) which do not cross other roads at the same level, and also railways, tram tracks, bicycle and pedestrian paths;
c) access to which is possible only through intersections at different levels with other roads, provided no more often than every five kilometers;
d) on the roadway or roadways on which stopping and parking of vehicles is prohibited;
e) which are equipped with special rest areas and parking areas for vehicles.
Highways classified as highways must be specifically designated as highways.
1.12. To express roads These include highways, access to which is possible only through traffic junctions or signalized intersections, on the roadway or roadways of which stopping and parking of vehicles is prohibited and which are equipped with special rest areas and parking areas for vehicles.
1.13. To regular roads include roads not specified in paragraphs 1.11 – 1.12 of this article. Conventional highways may have one or more carriageways.
2.1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 28, 2009 N 767 approved the Rules for the classification of highways in the Russian Federation and their classification into categories of highways.
2.2. Based on traffic conditions and access to them, highways are divided into the following classes:
a) highway;
b) expressway;
c) a regular road (low-speed road).
2.3. For a motorway class highway, it is established 1A category.
2.4. For a highway class “high-speed highway” 1B is installed category.
2.5. For a motor road of the “regular motor road (low-speed motor road)” class, 1B, II, III, IV and V categories.
2.6. Based on transport and operational characteristics and consumer properties, highways are divided into categories depending on:
A) total number traffic lanes;
b) lane width;
c) shoulder width;
d) the presence and width of the dividing strip;
e) type of intersection with the road and access to the road.
2.7. The classification of operated highways into categories of highways is carried out in accordance with the main indicators of transport and operational characteristics and consumer properties highways given in the appendix to this resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation (Table 1).
Table 1.
Element Options roads |
Road class |
||||||
auto- |
soon- |
regular road (low-speed road) |
|||||
Total number of traffic lanes, pieces | |||||||
Lane width, m | |||||||
Curb width (not less), m |
|||||||
Width of dividing strip, m | |||||||
Intersection with roads |
at different levels |
at different levels |
Allowed |
on one level |
on one level |
on one level |
on one level |
Intersection with railways |
at different levels |
at different levels |
at different levels |
at different levels |
at different levels |
on one level |
on one level |
Road access from adjacent road on one level |
not allowed |
not allowed more often |
allowed no more than after 5 km |
allowed |
allowed |
allowed |
allowed |
Maximum level of road traffic load |
3. Highways depending on the estimated intensity movements according to SNiP 2.05.02 - 85 as of July 1, 2013 are divided into the following categories:
Estimated traffic intensity, given units/day. |
||
(motorway) |
||
(highway) |
||
Ordinary roads (non-express roads) |
||
St. 2000 to 6000 |
||
St. 200 to 2000 |
||
Note: coefficients of reduction of various vehicles to for a passenger car, the value of which is taken to be 1, are specified in GOST 2.05.02-85 as amended on July 1, 2013.
Autotrans-consultant.ru.
Roads around the world are so diverse that it is customary to classify them into different categories. The construction of new roads, as well as the repair of old ones, is financed from the treasury at different levels, depending on what purpose is planned for it. But this should not have a detrimental effect on the work being carried out; all roads should be built on high level. After all, the comfort of citizens and the service life of vehicles directly depend on the quality of workmanship and the materials used.
Road Definition
A highway is a unique complex of engineering structures designed to ensure the safe movement of automobiles and other types of non-rail transport, as well as pedestrians in any weather. The road and related structures are located within the right of way. Vehicles move along a road strip called a carriageway. It is adjacent to curbs on both sides.
Interesting to know! The first road appeared in 1911 in the USA in Detroit on Woodward Avenue. It was a central dividing line to define traffic lanes. This was proposed by Edward N. Hines, a member of the Michigan Road Commission.
It is placed on a special subgrade, constructed in order to provide good stability and smooth out various types of relief irregularities. To prevent water falling on the road from accumulating on it, special drainage channels and flume structures are built in low areas.
If the road base is crossed by water flowing from the mountainous side, then during the construction of the road special structures are installed to allow water to pass through.
If the road being laid intersects with another road or railway tracks, the roadbed is either leveled or brought to a different level relative to the object being intersected. In the second case, special tunnels, overpasses and overpasses are installed to ensure traffic flow. If a highway intersects with railway tracks, then to ensure its increased safety and capacity, it is laid at different levels with others, as well as with railway infrastructure
. When the road is not overcrowded with moving vehicles, and trains rarely move along the tracks, then their intersection at the same level with the railway crossing equipment is allowed. Maintenance of highways, as well as their maintenance, is entrusted to the road service, which owns complexes of linear structures located in populated areas near the passing road. Along
In order for special structures to be erected on both sides of the road, as well as special Men at work for repairs or construction, strips of land are allocated that belong to the road administration department. The width of such strips is adjusted depending on the category of the road surface and the design of the ground substrate.
When constructing roads on these lanes, special paths are built that are necessary for carrying out construction work and subsequently used as summer tractor paths. The diversion lines also have paths for pedestrians and cyclists. To ensure the normal activities of the road maintenance service, a communication line is laid along the entire length of the road.
Classification
Roads are usually classified into different types. By administrative subordination, economic and cultural significance Russian highways are divided into the following:
National highways of federal significance. They are intended for long trips and connect the capitals of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation, large industrial and cultural centers and the road network of Russia with highways of neighboring countries.
Roads of regional and regional significance, which act as a link between the center and other areas with a common road network and important arrival points and piers.
Regional roads, which connect regional centers or individual villages with each other and with railway stations, public roads and marinas.
Resort roads, which serve mainly for the movement of passenger transport between resort areas.
Driveways, connecting megacities and industrial centers with nearby areas.
Roads of cities and towns.
Roads passing through industrial enterprises, state farms, collective farms and forestry enterprises, through which on-farm transportation is carried out.
Depending on the value
According to its meaning Highways are divided as follows:
Federal significance. They are the most important in Russia. These roads are owned by the Russian Federation, and their funding comes from the state treasury.
Regional or intermunicipal significance– these are roads that are owned by state entities, and their financing comes from their budgetary funds. Depending on what type they are, they are assigned a prefix P, A or K, as well as a number.
Local roads– these are road routes that are in common use and run within the boundaries of populated areas.
Private roads owned by various individuals and legal entities. They are not equipped with structures that restrict passage for different groups of people. Other private roads are not available for public use.
Depending on the type of permitted use
In this case, public and non-public roads are distinguished. The first type includes those on which all persons who wish have the right to move. The second type includes roads that are in the possession or use of executive government agencies, local administrations, individuals and legal entities, which are used only to meet their own, state or municipal needs.
This is interesting!The title of “Worst Road in the World” can rightfully be awarded to the road located in Lommel in Belgium. It was specially built on the territory of the Ford test center. All models of the manufacturer entering the European market are tested there.
To roads common use include the following:
Connecting Moscow with the capitals of other certain states and with other capitals of the Russian Federation.
Those included in the list of international highways respectively international agreement RF.
TO federal highways in general use include the following:
Those that connect the capitals of the Russian republics.
They are access roads connecting federal highways general meaning, and having large transport hubs along with special federal facilities.
Access roads that connect administrative centers of Russia, devoid of public roads, and unite them with Moscow, as well as the nearest ports, airports and railway stations.
Highway classes
Highways can be divided into three classes:
1. Motorway.
2. Speedway.
3. A non-high-speed highway or a regular road.
TO motorways The following roads include:
1.
Throughout which there is a dividing strip running down the center.
2.
3. Access to which is possible only through multi-level intersections, which are arranged at least every five kilometers.
Interesting to know! In America, in the state of Utah, a road runs through dry Lake Bonneville, which is not subject to the current speed limits, which are set by the state authorities at 130 km/h.
TO highways the following can be included:
1. Along which there is a multi-lane roadway, divided by a central strip.
2. Not having single-level intersections with other roads, railways and tram tracks, as well as places for pedestrians and bicycle paths.
3. Access to which is possible only through multi-level intersections, which are arranged at a frequency of at least every three kilometers.
Regular roads include all those that are not included in the two previous classes:
1. Those that have only one roadway or are separated by a central strip.
2.
You can access them through multi-level and single-level junctions and intersections no more than every 600 meters for roads with categories IB, II, III, category IV - no more than 100 meters and category V - no more than 50 meters from each other.
Categories of highways
Highways are divided into several categories depending on their consumer properties and transport qualities. It depends on the following:
1. Number of lanes and their width.
2. The presence of central dividing markings.
3. Types of intersections with other roads, rail tracks and paths equipped for pedestrians and cyclists.
4. Conditions of access to the road with a connection at the same level.
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TO category:
Construction of highways
Classification of highways
A highway is a complex of structures designed for the transportation of passengers and cargo by vehicles and ensuring year-round continuous, safe and convenient movement of vehicles at designed speeds and loads. A highway includes a subgrade, pavement, bridges, tunnels, pipelines, and retaining walls. The road will be equipped road signs, recreation areas, fuel and lubricant filling stations and parking structures.
Highways are divided into the following groups.
Roads of national importance connect the capitals of the union republics, large industrial and cultural centers, resorts of union significance, as well as the capital of the USSR with large centers of neighboring states. These roads are distinguished by the highest technical perfection.
Roads of republican significance connect the main administrative, cultural and economic centers of the union republics, territories and regions with the capital of the union republic and among themselves.
-
Local roads are divided into roads of regional, regional, district significance and economic or departmental roads. Departmental roads are intended for communication between collective farms, state farms, and factories. Local roads are served by individual farms and departments.
Roads and streets populated areas used for transport communications within populated areas. Some of these roads and streets may serve transit traffic.
According to the technical level, roads are divided into five categories (SNiP N-D.5-72). The classification is based on the national economic importance of highways, daily traffic intensity (Table 1) or annual traffic intensity and other indicators.
Table 1. Main technical indicators of highways
Category IV includes roads of regional or district significance, roads of local significance, access roads of the general network, industrial enterprises, large construction projects, state farms and collective farms. For access roads of industrial enterprises where vehicles are used especially heavy lifting capacity and size, the cargo load is set at 1 million tons per year or more for category III and less than 1 million tons per year for category IV.
The width of the carriageway of streets and roads is established according to (SNiP P-60-75) depending on the traffic intensity per hour, but not less than that indicated in the table. 2. Expressways are designed for travel at a design speed of 120 km/h.
Table 2. Width of streets and roads
The capacity of one lane of the roadway is, pcs.:
Passenger cars – 600-1500;
Freight - 300-800;
Buses – 100-300;
Trolleybuses – 70-130.
The width of the carriageway of main roads is 7-15 m and provides passage for all types of transport, production - 6-7 m. The latter connect workshops and other objects with each other and with main roads. The width of the roadway of driveways and entrances is 4.5-6 m.
Highways are structures of varying lengths made from soil and other road-building materials, intended for the passage of motor vehicles and connecting cities, towns, factories, farms, etc. automobile transport currently accounts for up to 75% of transported cargo, and every year specific gravity road transport will increase.
Depending on their purpose, highways are divided into union, republican, regional and local. There are also on-farm, urban, industrial, and resort roads. If we look from the point of view of their design, arrangement, lighting and the duration of their use per year, then roads can be divided into highways and local roads permanent action throughout the year, seasonal, used only in winter (ice roads, winter roads), and natural, suitable for travel to certain time of the year.
In the USSR, there is currently a general technical classification of highways depending on their significance and traffic intensity. According to SNiP P-D.5-72 they are divided into five categories.
Highways of industrial enterprises connect the sites of factories, mines, power plants, and quarries. The construction of these roads is included in technological process production of work at the enterprise. These roads are divided into three types: main roads, industrial roads, driveways and entrance roads.
The width of the carriageway of main roads is 7-15 m and provides passage for all types of transport, industrial - 6-7 m.
The latter connect workshops and other facilities with each other and with main roads. The width of the roadway of driveways and entrances is 4.5-6 m. They are intended for the transportation of non-essential goods.
The freight load of driveways and entrances is less than 600 thousand tons per year.
Highways, depending on their importance in the overall transport network of the USSR and the size of the average daily traffic intensity, are divided into the following five categories:
I - highways of national importance, main highways of republican importance with a traffic intensity of over 6,000 vehicles per day;
II - highways of national importance, main highways of republican importance with traffic intensity from 3,000 to 6,000 cars per day;
III - highways of republican or regional significance, connecting economic and administrative regions, industrial and cultural centers and having a traffic intensity of 1000 to 3000 vehicles per day;
IV-V - highways, which, as a rule, have local economic and administrative significance.
The traffic intensity for category IV roads ranges from 200 to 1000 vehicles per day, and for category V roads it is less than 200.
Depending on the category of the road, cars can move along it at different speeds. These speeds are calculated; they can be used to judge the main parameters of the road. The estimated speeds for vehicles on roads are: for category I - from 80 km/h in mountainous to 150 km/h in flat terrain; for category II - respectively from 60 to 120 km/h, for category III - from 50 to 100 km/h, for category IV - from 40 to 80 km/h and for category V - from 30 to 60 km/h . Depending on the category of the road and the estimated speed of movement, the main parameters of the roadbed and roadway are determined.
In the USSR, the following basic parameters of the roadbed and roadway have been adopted: various categories(Table 1).
Roads are being built from various types road pavements and carriageways. The choice of one or another type of coating and road pavement design is made based on transport and operational requirements, road category, composition and traffic intensity, climatic conditions and the availability of local building materials.
In order to increase the economic efficiency of capital investments, road pavements and coatings are sometimes built in stages, that is, road pavements and coatings of a transitional type are built and then transferred to a higher class.
The following main types of coatings are accepted in our country:
improved capital:
a) cement concrete - monolithic and prefabricated;
b) asphalt concrete - laid in a hot and warm state; from durable crushed stone materials of selected composition, processed in mixers with viscous bitumen or tar;
c) pavements made of paving stones and mosaics on a stone or concrete base;
improved lightweight:
a) from crushed stone and gravel materials treated with organic binders;
b) from cold asphalt concrete;
c) from soil treated in a plant with viscous bitumen;
transitional:
a) crushed stone made from natural stone materials and slag, as well as gravel;
b) from soils and local weak mineral materials treated with liquid organic binders;
c) pavements made of cobblestones and crushed stones;
lower coverings: soil, reinforced with various local materials.
Asphalt concrete pavements are laid from granular mixtures that provide strength, durability and sufficient shear resistance of the pavement, as well as a rough surface without surface treatment.
Cement concrete pavements are laid in areas insufficiently supplied with local stone materials, in the presence of heavy traffic, and under unfavorable soil and hydrological conditions.
Pavements made of paving stones, mosaic tiles and concrete slabs are used on sections of roads within populated areas, high embankments and other places where settlements of the subgrade are possible.
Cobblestone and mosaic pavements are laid in places with the movement of tracked vehicles.
Pavements made of cold asphalt concrete, crushed stone and gravel materials treated with organic binders (bitumen, tar, emulsions) are built with a traffic intensity of 1,500 to 3,000 cars per day.
Coverings made from soils and local weak mineral materials treated with liquid binders are installed with a traffic intensity of 500 cars per day.
To protect road pavements from destruction, a wear-resistant protective layer is made by double surface treatment. Surface treatment includes the following work: preparation of the surface to be treated, usually leveling the base; pouring of binding material performed by asphalt distributors, distribution of stone material with a layer thickness of one crushed stone, leveling of the distributed material and its compaction. For double and triple surface treatments, these operations are performed 2 or 3 times, respectively.