Republic of Sakha-Yakutia. Presentation, report on the beliefs of the ancient Yakuts Yakutia as part of the Russian state
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Yakuts
Yakuts (self-name: Sakha) are a people in the Russian Federation (443.9 thousand people, 2002), the indigenous population of Yakutia (432.3 thousand). There are four ethno-territorial groups - Amginskolensky, Vilyuisky, Olekminsky and northern Yakuts. The latter inhabit the tundra zone of the Anabar, Olenek, Kolyma, Yana, Indigirka river basins, and in the west - to the border with the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
They speak the Yakut language of the Turkic group of the Altai language family, which has groups of dialects: Central, Vilyui, Northwestern and Taimyr. Writing since the middle of the 19th century.
The Yakut believers are Orthodox; traditional cults (shamanism) have also been preserved.
Ethnogenesis
The ethnogenesis of the Yakuts occurred during the migration to the steppe part of the middle Lena of Turkic-Mongolian tribes of pastoralists from the Baikal region (Xiongnu, Kipchaks, Uighurs, Khakass, Kurykans, Mongols, Buryats) and their assimilation of the indigenous, mainly Tungusic population. The ethnic group was finally formed by the 17th century. But subsequently, acculturation took place - the perception of the traditions of neighboring peoples. Thus, the northern Yakuts are close in culture to the Yukagirs and Evenks; the Olekmin Yakuts are strongly influenced by Russian culture. In 1922, the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created, and since 1990, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
Dynamics and numbers in urban and rural areas Settlement. The gigantic territory of the largest region of Russia with an area of more than 3 million square meters. km for some reason it is customary to compare with France, which is 7 times smaller. In terms of space development, there is nothing in common between them. Less than a million people already live in Yakutia; the population density (0.3 people per sq. km) is one of the lowest among Russian regions. A quarter of the population is concentrated in the capital of the republic, Yakutsk, and there are also two medium-sized cities - the coal-mining Neryungri and the most important diamond mining center for the republic's economy, Mirny. A network of 10 small towns and 55 urban-type settlements (in an area the size of almost 1/6 of Russia!) is mainly tied to resource extraction sites and has an extremely underdeveloped infrastructure. In Yakutia, the smallest city in Russia has been preserved - Verkhoyansk (1.4 thousand inhabitants), which in the 16th-18th centuries. was one of the strongholds of colonization in the vast northeast of the country, and then a place of political exile.
Although Yakutia is located in the north, it has the highest proportion of rural population among the Far Eastern regions, second only to the Koryak Autonomous Okrug, which has no cities at all. During the intercensus period, the share of the rural population increased from 33 to 36%, although in previous decades it had been declining. The changes are associated with two reasons: the rural population, mainly Yakut, retained its natural increase, and from cities with a predominantly Russian population during the transition period there was a strong migration outflow, as elsewhere in the Far North. At the same time, Yakutsk, unlike most capitals of the northern regions, continued to be replenished with migrants from the village and its population grew by 11%, to 246 thousand people. The relatively prosperous position of the main industrial center of Yakutia, the city of Mirny, also contributed to the preservation of the population, but other cities and towns were rapidly depopulating. For example, Neryungri lost almost a quarter of its population and ceased to be a large city.
Demographics and ethnic composition. The more favorable demographic situation in the republic is explained by the high proportion of the titular population that has not completed the demographic transition. Yakutia is the only region of the Far East where natural population growth has remained (in Chukotka it is close to zero), while the birth rate in the republic is 1.5 times higher than the Russian average, and the mortality rate is 60% lower due to the younger age structure of the population . However, this well-being is relative, since natural growth is gradually decreasing, and according to socio-demographic indicators, Yakutia lags behind most regions of the country; it has worse indicators of both infant mortality and life expectancy.
In the age structure of the population of Yakutia, the proportion of both the working-age population (63.5%) and children (26.5%) is increased compared to the national average (61 and 18%, respectively). The age structure of the rural population of the republic is the most rejuvenated - 33% of children (compared to 23% for the urban population). However, Yakutia, like other northern regions, is already faced with the problem of an aging population. During the transition period, a younger and more mobile population left the North, while residents of older working age and pensioners were forced to remain in the republic, having lost their savings during the period of hyperinflation. Although in Yakutia this problem is still less acute than in the European North, the almost twofold increase in the proportion of the elderly population increases social tension, because the pensions of northerners do not reach the subsistence level.
Religion
Orthodoxy spread among the Yakuts in the 18th-19th centuries. However, the Christian cult was combined with belief in good and evil spirits, the spirits of deceased shamans, master spirits, etc. Elements of totemism were preserved: the clan had a patron animal, which was forbidden to kill, call by name, etc. Before Christianity, aerial burial method. Then they began to bury them in the ground, but with weapons, household items, and food.
Both men and women could be shamans among the Yakuts. They were divided into whites and blacks. The first served the celestials and ruled the Ysyakh holiday. The latter fought against evil spirits. Each shaman had his own patron spirit, his image was sewn to his clothes. The shamanic tambourines of the Yakuts were oval, with a wide rim (like those of the Evenks). In addition to shamans, the Yakuts had common healers, each of whom specialized in one of the diseases.
Traditional activities
According to their economic and everyday life, the Yakuts are divided into cattle breeders (the majority) and northern ones - reindeer herders, hunters and fishermen. The main traditional occupations of the population of the steppe zone of Central Yakutia are horse breeding (in Russian documents of the 17th century, the Yakuts were called “horse people”) and cattle breeding. Men looked after the horses, women looked after the cows. Local cattle were hardy, but unproductive. In the north, deer were bred. Fishing is developed everywhere. Horseless poor people, etc., specialized in it. "foot Yakuts" Fish was caught mainly in the summer - with horsehair seines, nets, muzzles, tops, and speared. Hunting is especially common in the north, being the main source of food here (reindeer, elk, hare, bird). Fur hunting was known even before the arrival of the Russians. There was gathering - the collection of pine and larch sapwood (the inner layer of bark), stored in dried form for the winter, roots (saran), greens (wild onions, horseradish, sorrel), and to a lesser extent berries (raspberries were not consumed, they were considered unclean). Agriculture (barley) began to spread with the arrival of the Russians, but only in the southern and central regions of Yakutia.
Among the traditional crafts of the Yakuts are blacksmithing, which had commercial value, smelting and minting of silver and copper, since the 19th century. - carving on mammoth bone. The processing of wood, birch bark, fur, and leather was developed. Dishes were made from leather, rugs were made from horse and cow skins sewn in a checkerboard pattern, blankets were made from hare fur, and various weaves and embroideries were made from horsehair. Wooden cups for kumys (chorona) and hitching posts for horses were covered with artistic carvings. The production of molded ceramics has been preserved, which distinguishes the Yakuts from other peoples of Siberia. They moved mainly on horseback, and carried loads in packs. Skis and sleighs were known, in the north - sledges, birch bark boats, like the Evenks.
Traditional home
Yakut settlements were divided according to seasonal and economic criteria into winter and summer. Winter roads consisted of one to three yurts and were located near hayfields and reservoirs. Summer camps were placed near pastures and numbered up to a dozen yurts.
The winter dwelling - a booth - was rectangular in shape, had low sloping walls made of thin logs coated with clay and manure, and a low gable roof made of bark and turf. Since the 18th century Polygonal log yurts with a pyramidal roof are spreading, which outwardly resemble a tent with a diameter of five and a height of ten meters. Outbuildings included stables (khotons) for keeping livestock, barns, ice cellars, and corrals for horses.
An indispensable attribute of the Yakut estate were hitching posts - serge. Northern Yakut reindeer herders used a Samoyed-type tent and a house on runners - beams.
National costume
The national clothing of the Yakuts is a single-breasted caftan (son), in winter - fur, in summer - from horse or cow skin with the wool inside, for the rich - from fabric. The costume was complemented by short leather pants, leather leggings and fur socks. Later, fabric shirts with a turn-down collar appeared. Men girded themselves with a leather belt with a knife and a flint; for the rich, with silver and copper plaques.
The Yakut women's wedding costume was highly valued and passed on by inheritance: a fur coat made of expensive fabrics, a hat made of noble fur with a plume made of bird feathers, everything was rich
decorated with silver plaques, beads and fringe. Women's clothing was complemented by a belt, chest and neck decorations, bracelets, rings and braids made of silver and gold (less commonly). Traditional shoes are winter high boots made of deer or horse skins with the hair on the outside, summer boots made of suede with a top covered with cloth, for women - with appliqué.
National cuisine
Preference was given to dairy foods: kumys was prepared from mare’s milk, and yogurt (suorat, sora), cream, and butter from cow’s milk. They drank the butter melted or with kumiss. Suorat was prepared frozen for the winter with the addition of berries, roots, etc. A stew called butugas was prepared from it with the addition of water, flour, roots, and pine sapwood. Fish food played a major role for the poor. The fish was eaten raw (freshly caught) and fried; it was frozen and fermented in pits for the winter. Meat was consumed infrequently, mainly boiled and fried. Especially
horse meat was valued, and in the north - venison. In the 19th century barley flour is used: unleavened flatbreads, pancakes, salamaat stew were made from it
.
Family and household relations
Until the 19th century The Yakuts maintained polygamy, and the wives often lived separately, and each ran her own household. The bride price usually consisted of livestock, part of which was intended for the wedding feast. The bride was given a dowry, the value of which was about half of the dowry - mainly items of clothing and utensils. The wedding was accompanied by games and dances of the youth.
There were customs of blood feud (usually replaced by ransom), military initiation of boys, collective fishing (in the north - catching geese), hospitality, and exchange of gifts (beleh).
The main celebration of the Yakuts is the spring-summer koumiss festival Ysyakh, which was accompanied by libations of koumiss from large wooden cups (chorons), games, sports competitions, etc.
Culture
In Yakut folklore, the heroic epic (olonkho) was developed, performed in recitative by special storytellers (olonkhosut) in front of a large crowd of people. Other genres were also popular: historical legends, fairy tales (especially about animals), proverbs, songs, and peculiar tongue twisters.
Traditional musical instruments are a harp (khomus), a three-string bowed lute, wind flutes, and various percussion instruments. Among the dances, the round dance osuokhai, various play dances, etc. are common.
In the 1850s The Yakuts received writing based on Russian graphics. From the second half of the 19th century. Church books and records of folklore began to be published in the Yakut language from the beginning of the 20th century. - newspapers and magazines.
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The Republic of Sakha is located in the northeastern part of Siberia. Yakutia is the largest subject of the Russian Federation and the largest administrative-territorial unit in the world. The Republic of Sakha borders on the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the west, on the Irkutsk region in the southwest, on the Amur and Chita regions in the south, on the Khabarovsk Territory in the southeast, on the Magadan Region and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the east, and on the north the composite boundaries form the Laptev and East Siberian seas.
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In the west - the Central Siberian Plateau, in the east - the Verkhoyansk, Chersky ridges, the Yano-Oymyakon Highlands located between them, in the south - the Aldan Highlands and the border Stanovy Range. In the northern part are the North Siberian Yano-Indigirskaya and Kolymskach lowlands. In the northeast is the Yukagir Plateau.
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Yakutia is one of the most riverine (700 thousand rivers and streams) and lake (over 800 thousand) regions of Russia. The total length of all its rivers is 2 million km, and their potential hydropower resources are estimated at almost 700 billion kW. The largest navigable rivers are: Lena (4400 km), Vilyuy (2650), Aldan (2273), Kolyma (2129), Indigirka (1726), Olekma (1436), Anabar (939) and Yana (872 km). It is washed by the Laptev and East Siberian seas.
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Almost the entire continental territory of Yakutia is a zone of continuous permafrost, which only in the extreme southwest turns into a zone of discontinuous distribution. The average thickness of the frozen layer reaches 300-400 m, and in the Vilyui River basin - 1500 m: this is the maximum freezing of rocks on the globe. In the mountains of Eastern Yakutia there are 485 glaciers with a total area of 413 square meters. km. And with a fresh water reserve of about 2 thousand cubic meters. m.
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The climate is sharply continental, characterized by long winter and short summer periods. The maximum amplitude of average temperatures of the coldest month - January and the warmest - July is 70-750C. In terms of the absolute value of the minimum temperature (in the eastern mountain systems - basins, depressions and other drops to minus 700C) and its total duration (from 6.5 to 9 months per year), the republic has no analogues in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Most of the territory of Yakutia is located in the middle taiga zone, which to the north gives way to forest-tundra and tundra zones. The soils are predominantly frozen-taiga, sod-forest, alluvial-meadow, mountain-forest and tundra-gley. Forests (Daurian larch, pine, dwarf cedar, spruce, fir, birch, etc.) occupy about 4/5 of the territory. Meadows are common in river valleys and alas. On the coast and mountain tops there are shrubby, herbaceous vegetation and lichens. Arctic fox, sable, white hare, ermine, fox, muskrat, reindeer, wapiti, musk deer, and bighorn sheep have been preserved; pink gull, white crane, etc. In the seas - omul, muksun, nelma, broad whitefish. In the rivers - whitefish, pike, perch, sturgeon, burbot, taimen, lenok. Olekminsky Reserve, Ust-Lena Reserve.
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Minerals: diamonds, gold, tin, mica, tungsten, polymetallic and iron ores, coal, natural gas, mineral springs, etc. The Republic of Sakha ranked first in the world in terms of explored diamond reserves (45%). The explored coal reserves in Yakutia (9617.8 million tons) can provide production in the amount of 150 million tons per year.
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The population of Yakutia is 950.7 thousand people. The share of the urban population is 64.2%, population density is 0.3 people/km2.
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The indigenous population of Yakutia (365 thousand people), the Yakut language belongs to the northeastern branch of the Turkic group of Altai languages. Believers are Orthodox. The Yakuts were formed as a result of the absorption of local tribes of the middle reaches of the Lena by southern Turkic-speaking settlers. Racially, the Yakuts are representatives of the Central Asian anthropological type of the North Asian race. The traditional economy and material culture of the Yakuts have many features similar to the culture of the pastoralists of Central Asia. The inclusion of the Yakuts into the Russian state (1620-30s) accelerated their socio-economic and cultural development. In the 17th-19th centuries, the main occupation of the Yakuts was cattle breeding; from the second half of the 19th century, a significant part began to engage in agriculture; hunting and fishing played a supporting role. The main type of dwelling was a log booth (yurt), in summer - a collapsible urasa. Clothes were made from skins and fur. In the second half of the 18th century, most of the Yakuts were converted to Christianity, but shamanism also persisted.
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The main industry is mining: diamonds (“Diamonds of Russia-Sakha” - Alrosa), gold (“Gold of Yakutia”, “Aldanzoloto”), tin (“Deputatskolovo”), mica, antimony, coal (“Yakutugol”). Gas production (Yakutgazprom), forestry and woodworking industries (Yakutles), production of building materials, etc. are developed. The basis of energy is the Vilyuiskaya hydroelectric power station, Chulmanskaya, Yakutskaya state district power station. The Lenno-Vilyui oil and gas province, which has great prospects, has been discovered in the Republic. Promising projects for the development of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Sakha include the development of the Chayandinskoye natural gas field with its transfer to the Eastern Siberia-China-South Korea gas pipeline planned for construction in the future, as well as the construction of a cascade of Power Plants on the Uchur and Timpton rivers with a total capacity 5 million kWh
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Most of the cargo traffic is carried out by water transport. The republic's automobile network is developing. By 2008, it is planned to eliminate soil gaps on the Kolyma federal highway (Yakutsk - Magadan). By 2015, it is planned to connect the road of republican significance "Vilyuy" with Ust-Kut of the Irkutsk region and give it federal status (Yakutsk - Mirny - Lensk - Ust-Kut - Tulun). In the future, it is planned to connect the Amaga highway (Yakutsk – Amaga – Ust-Maya) to the port of Ayan in the Khabarovsk Territory. It is also planned to build year-round operating routes “Yana” (Khandyga – Batagai – Ust-Kuiga) and “Anabar” (Mirny – Udachny – Olenek – Yuryung-Khaya). At the same time, the federal highway "Lena", which connects Yakutsk with the all-Russian road network, requires very serious repairs. Air transport is developed. There are 32 airports in the republic. The construction of the Amur-Yakutsk railway to Yakutsk continues. The Berkakit – Aldan – Tommot section is in operation.
Mirny MAOU "Secondary School No. 8"
TOPIC: REPUBLIC OF SAKHA (YAKUTIA)
Primary school teacher: Zubakina Valentina Nikitichna
Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)(Yakut. Sakha Respublikata, Sakha Sire) - a state entity within the Russian Federation, a subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Far Eastern Federal District.
The same geographical region was part of the USSR as the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
The largest region of Russia. In addition, Yakutia is the largest administrative-territorial unit in the world. If Yakutia were an independent state, it would take eighth place in the world in terms of territory. However, the population of Yakutia is less than one million people, which makes its population density one of the lowest in Russia (only the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug have a lower density).
Yakutia is a region with a high level of natural resource economic potential.
The capital is the city of Yakutsk.
Yakutia as part of the Russian state
The annexation of Yakutia into the Russian state played historical significance in the fate of the indigenous peoples of the region. In the first quarter of the 17th century, Cossack explorers reached the banks of the Lena. The winter huts and forts founded by the Russians: Yakutsk, Zhigansk, Verkhoyansk, Zashiversk, Srednekolymsk and others became outposts for the advance of Russian colonists to the northeast of Asia, the Far East and the northwest of America.
In 1632, the Yakut fort was founded on the right bank of the Lena, which laid the foundation for the future city of Yakutsk, now the capital of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). This date is considered the date of the annexation of Yakutia into the Russian state. In 1638, the Yakut district was formed, later transformed into the Yakut province (1775) and the Yakut region (1784) of the Irkutsk province.
A separate page in the history of Yakutia is the exile, which began in the 1640s. At the beginning, the majority were exiled “to the arable land”, “to the service”, “to the estate”. Since the 19th century, Yakut exile has largely become political. Decembrists, participants in the Polish uprising of 1863, populists, and social democrats went into exile in Yakutia. The streets of cities and towns in Yakutia are named after many of them. N. G. Chernyshevsky served his exile in the upper reaches of the Vilyuy; A village in the Mirny district is now named after him.
Yakutia during the Civil War
After the October Revolution, the anti-Bolshevik forces of Yakutia created the Committee for the Defense of the Revolution, which supported the idea of convening a Constituent Assembly. On July 1, 1918, the Red Guard detachment of A. S. Rydzinsky occupied Yakutsk. An executive committee of the Council of Workers' Deputies was created in the city, headed by M.K. Ammosov. Bodies of Soviet power were also formed in the city of Vilyuysk, Nyurbinsky, Suntarsky and other uluses. In November 1918, Soviet power was eliminated and Yakutia came under the authority of the Kolchak government. As a result of the defeat of the White Guard troops in Siberia at the end of 1919 - beginning of 1920, Soviet power was again restored in Yakutia.
In September 1921, an anti-Soviet uprising broke out in Yakutia. The rebels turned for help to Russian emigrant circles in Harbin, from where a large White Guard detachment was sent to help them. In March 1922, a Provisional Yakut Regional People's Administration was created in Churapcha. On March 23, 1922, the White Guards occupied Yakutsk. On April 27, 1922, the Bolsheviks created the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (YASSR) as part of the RSFSR. In the summer, the White Guards were driven out of Yakutsk, but continued to resist for about another year, and only in June 1923 did Yakutia completely come under the control of Soviet power.
Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
The Soviet period in the history of Yakutia is associated with large-scale industrial development of its natural resources, which began with the development of Aldan gold deposits in the 1920s. In the 1930s, the operation of the Northern Sea Route began, the Tiksi seaport was built at the mouth of the Lena River; shipping and air routes connected previously inaccessible areas of the republic. In the 1950s, with the discovery of diamond deposits in the west of the republic, a powerful diamond mining industrial infrastructure was created.
- Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated October 23, 1990 No. 603 “On expanding the independence of the Yakut-Sakha SSR in solving socio-economic problems in the context of the transition to market relations”;
- Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic;
- ;
- Federative Agreement, Economic Agreement and Property Distribution Agreement;
- Decree of the President of the RSFSR No. 277 of December 11, 1991 “On the powers of the Yakut-Sakha SSR to dispose of the natural resources of the republic.”
Constitution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)- The Basic Law of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) on April 4, 1992. Changes and additions were made by republican laws of January 26, 1994, April 20, 1994, July 7, 2000, June 15, 2001, July 17 and 18, 2001, January 28, 2002, March 6, 2002, April 29, 2002, July 10, 2003, April 25, 2006
Consists of:
preamble
“We, the multinational people of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Expressing the will to preserve the historically established statehood of the republic, Based on the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic, Considering the republic a subject of the Russian Federation on the principles of constitutional and treaty relations, Realizing the generally recognized rights to self-determination and equality of peoples, Respecting contribution of previous generations to the development of the republic, Based on high responsibility to present and future generations, Recognizing the principles of a democratic society, Caring for the preservation and original development of the people of the republic, Expressing the interests and will of all citizens of the republic for freedom, equality, peace and progress, We accept this Constitution and we consider it henceforth to be the Basic Law of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - a state within the Russian Federation,”
2 sections,
11 chapters and 127 articles in section I,
and 4 articles in Section II (transitional provisions).
Political structure
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is a democratic, legal state entity within the Russian Federation.
State power in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is exercised by the President, the State Assembly (Il Tumen), judicial power in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is exercised by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), ulus (district), city federal courts, as well as the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and magistrates.
Head of the Republic
- The head of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and its highest official is the president, who also heads the executive branch of the republic and performs his duties for 5 years. After the signing by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin of the Federal Law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power of the Subjects of the Russian Federation” and to the Federal Law “On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate” in a referendum of citizens of the Russian Federation”, the President of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is elected on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation by the State Assembly (Il Tumen) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
The President of Yakutia at the moment is Borisov Egor Afanasyevich. There is an institute of vice-presidency (from March 15, 2007 to April 2010, the vice-president of the Republic is Dmitry Evgenievich Glushko).
State Assembly (Il Tumen)
The highest representative, legislative and control body of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is the State Assembly (Il Tumen) - the parliament of the republic.
The State Assembly (Il Tumen) is a unicameral legislative body and consists of 70 deputies. The Assembly is elected for a period of 5 years.
The Chairman of the State Assembly (Il Tumen) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is V. N. Basygysov (since March 20, 2008).
Government
The Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) represents the executive power in the republic. The structure and composition of the government are determined by decisions of the president and government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Currently, the government of Yakutia consists of a chairman (prime minister), two first deputy chairmen, six deputy chairmen, 17 ministers and three chairmen of State Committees.
Since June 2010, Galina Innokentievna Danchikova has been appointed Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) by decree of the President of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). She replaced Egor Afanasyevich Borisov, who became the President of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).